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LEMPRIERE'S 

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 

CONTAINING 

A FULL ACCOUNT 

OF ALL THE 

PROPER NAMES MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS, 

WITH 

Cables of €oim, 315Eetg!)ts, ant) JBeasura, 

IN USE AMONG 

THE GREEKS AND ROMANS: 

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, 

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



A NEW AND COMPLETE EDITION. 



LONDON: 
HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
M. DCCC LIIT. 



48 65 5 5 

JUL Z i 94i 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 



FROM 

Cfje Creation of tfjt 3Horitr 

TO 

THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 

IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST. 



Before Christ.* 

The world created in the 710th year of the Julian period . . 4004 

The deluge . . . . . . 2348 

The tower of Bahel built, and the confusion of languages . . 2247 

Celestial observations first made at Babylon .... 2234 

Kingdom of Egypt supposed to have begun under Misraim, the son 

of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188 

The kingdom of Sicyon established . . . . . 2089 

The kingdom of Assyria begins ..... 2059 

The birth of Abraham . . . . . 1996 

The kingdom of Argos established under Inarchus . . • . 1856 

Memnon the Egyptian said to invent letters, 15 years before Phoroneus 1822 
The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 years, 

till the coming of Cecrops . . . . . 1764 

Joseph sold by his brethren . . . . . 1728 

The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins about this time, 
fixing here the arrival of Cecrops into Attica, an epoch which other 

writers have placed later by 26 years . . . . i582 

Moses born . . . . . . 1571 

Kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt with 

a colony of Saites. Happened about 780 years before first Olympiad 1556 

Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy . 1546 

The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly . 1503 

The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens . . . . 1495 

Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes . 1493 

The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idoei Dactyli . 1453 
The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies 

the following year, aged 110 ..... 1452 

Minos flourishes in Crete : and iron is found by the Dactyli, by the ac- 
cidental burning of the woods of Ida in Crete . . . 1406 
The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus . 1356 
The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus, king of Corinth . 1326 
The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by 
Adrastus, king of Argos . . . . . 1 2^3 

* In the following- table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras 
of before (B.C.) and after (A.D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not 
wish the exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe, that, as the first year 
of the Christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required 
either before or after Christ, will easilv be discovered bv the application of the rules of 
subtraction or addition. The era from "the foundation of Rome (A. U.C.) will be found 
with the same facility, by recollecting- that the citv was built 753 years before Christ ; and 
the Olympiads can "likewise be recurred to by the consideration, that the conquest of 
Corcebus f B. C. 776) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were cele- 
brated after the revolution of four years. 



ri A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Bef. Christ. 

Gideon flourishes in Israel ..... 1245 

The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles . . . 1225 

Olympic games celebrated by Hercules .... 1222 

The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris . . 1213 
Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. iEneas sails to Italy . . 1184 

Alba Longa built by Ascanius . . . . 1152 

Migration of the iEolian colonies . . . .1124 

Return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus, 80 years after taking of 
Troy. Two years after, they divide Peloponnesus among themselves : 
here begins kingdom of Lacedaemon under Eurysthenes and Procles 1104 
Saul made king over Israel . . . . . 1095 

The kingdom of Sicyon ended ..... 1088 

The kingdom of Athens ends in the death of Codrus . ... 1070 

Migration of Ionian colonies from Greece, and settlement in Asia Minor 1044 
Dedication of Solomon's temple . . . . 1004 

Samos built ...... . 986 

Kingdom of Judah and Israel divided .... 975 

Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the Marbles 907 
Lycurgus, 42 years old, established his laws at Lacedaemon, and, with 
Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores Olympic games at Elis, about 108 
years before the era which is commonly called the first Olympiad . 884 
Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and measures, 

and coined silver at iEgina. Carthage built by Dido . . 869 

Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed 
80 years earlier by Justin . . . . 820 

Kingdom of Macedonia begins, continues 646 years, till battle of Pydna 814 
The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years . . 797 

Triremes invented by the Corinthians ... . 786 

Monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes elected 779 
Coroebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the institu- 
tion of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, about 23 
years before the foundation of Rome . .... 776 

Ephori introduced into the government of Lacediemon by Theopompas 760 
Isaiah begins to prophesy ..... 757 

The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the first . 754 
Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 
of- the Julian period . . . . . . 753 

The rape of the Sabines ...... 750 

Era of Nabonassar, king of Babylon, begins . . . . 747 

First Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to taking of Ithome 743 
Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony . . . . 732 

Kingdom of Israel finished by taking of Samaria by Salmanasar, king of 

Assyria. First eclipse of moon on record, March 19, according to Ptolemy 721 
Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne . 718 
Tarentum built by the Parthenians ..... 707 

Corcyra built by the Corinthians . . . . 703 

Second Messenian war begins, continues 14 years, to taking of Ira, after 

a siege of 1 1 years. The poets TyrUeus and Archilochus flourished . 685 
The government of Athens entrusted to annual archons . . 684 

Cypselus usurps government of Corinth, and keeps it for SO years . 659 
Bvzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians . . . 658 

Cyrene built by Battus . . ... . 630 

Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession 28 years . 624 
Draco established his laws at Athens . . . 623 

Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies . . . 606 
The Phoenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this time 
flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. . . . 604 

The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares . . 596 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. vii 

Bef. Christ. 

Pythian games established at Delphi. Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epi- 

menides, Solon, the prophet Ezekiel,iEsop, and Stersichorus, nourished 591 

Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th June, after siege of 18 months 587 

Death of Jeremiah the prophet ..... 577 

The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon . > . 562 

Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens . . 560 
Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, Bias, 

Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus ; also, the prophet Daniel . 559 

Croesus conquered by Cyrus. Theognis and Pherecydes flourished . 548 
Marseilles built by the Phocsaans. The age of Pythagoras, Simonides, 

Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon . ... 539 

Babylon taken by Cyrus . . . . . . 538 

Return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and rebuilding of the temple 536 

Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built . . 526 

Egypt conquered by Cambyses . . . . 525 

Polycrates, of Samos, put to death .... 521 

Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourished 

Confucius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher . . . 521 

The tyranny of the Pisistratidse abolished at Athens . . . 510 
Consular government begins at Rome after expulsion of the Tarquins, 

and continues independent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia . 509 
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burned, which became afterwards the 
cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time 

flourished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. 504 

The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome ... . 498 

The battle of Marathon . . . . . . 490 

Battles of Thermopylae, Aug. 7th, and Salamis, Oct. 20th. iEschylus, 

Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c, flourished , 480 

Persians defeated at Plataea and Mycale on the same day, Sept. 22nd 479 
Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes . . .471 

The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon . . 470 

The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years . . 465 

Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by the Athenians 463 
Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time flourished 
Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus 

the tragic, Leocrates, Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. . . 454 

The first sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi . , 448 

The Athenians defeated at Chaeronea by the Boeotians . . 447 
Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives pub- 
lic honours in his 39th year. Empedocles, Hellanicus, Euripides, 

Herodicus, Phidias, Artemones, Charondas, &c, flourished . . 445 

A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians . . . . 444 

Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained 3 years in force 440 

A war between Corinth and Corcyra . .... 439 

The Peloponnesian war begins, May 7th, and continues about 27 years. 
About this time flourished Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, 
Euctemon, Malachi the last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, 

Thucydides, Hippocrates, &c. . . . . . 431 

The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. A plague 

at Athens for five years ..... 430 

A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, 
which is kept only during six years and ten months, though each con- 
tinued at war with the other's allies . . . . 421 

The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The Agrarian 
law fiist moved at Rome . . . . . .416 

Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtaeus is appointed king . 414 
The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera, 

but they are repulsed by Hermocrates . . . 409 



•iii A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Bef. Christ. 

The battle of JEgospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius . 405 
Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April, the end of the Peloponnesian 

war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. 

About this time flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, 

Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. . . . . . 404 

Cyrus the Younger killed at Cunaxa. Glorious retreat of the 10,000 

Greeks, and expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens by Thrasybulus 401 
Socrates put to death ..... . . 400 

Agesilaus, of Lacedsemon's, expedition into Asia against the Persians. 

The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagorus, Aris- 

tippus of Cyrene, and Archytas . . . . . 396 

The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, Thebans, 

Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedsemon . . « . 395 

The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus ; a 

few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronse, by Agesilaus . 394 

The battle of Allia, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls . . 390 

Dionysius besieges Rhegium and takes it after 11 months. About this 

time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. . 389 
The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antalcidas, 

between the Lacedaemonians and Persians . . . 387 

War of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two year? • 385 
The Lacedaemonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos, by Chabriss. 

About this time flourished Philistus, Isseus, Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, 

Diogenes the cynic, &c. .... . 377 

Artaxerxes sends an army into Egypt, under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 

Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates . . . 374 

The battle of Leuctra, where the Lacedaemonians are defeated by 

Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans . . . 37* 

The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to Peloponnesus 370 
One of the consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians . 367 

Battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after death of Pelopidas 363 
Agesilaus assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of the governors of 

Lesser Asia revolt from Persia ..... 362 
The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip of 

Macedon ever won in Greece . . .... 360 

Dionysius the Younger expelled from Syracuse by Dion. Second Sacred 

War begins, on the temple of Delphi being attacked by the Phocians 357 
Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. 

About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, surnamed Ibis, Theo- 

pompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. .... 354 
The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip 353 
Egypt is conquered by Ochus ..... 350 
Sacred War is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the Phocians . 548 
Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after ten years' banishment 347 
Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant . . . 343 

The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About this 

time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, vEschines, Xeno- 

crates, Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades,&c. 340 
Battle of Cheronsea, where Philip defeated the Athenians and Thebans . 338 
Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander, in the 

following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, &c. . . . 336 

The battle of the Granicus .... . 334 

The battle of Issus . . . . . 333 

Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, Alexandria built 332 
The battle of Arbela . . . . . .331 

Alexander's expedition against Porus. About this time flourished Apel- 

les, Cailisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, 

Calippus, Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. . 327 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ix 

Bef. Christ. 

Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire divided into four king- 
doms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt . 323 
Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. The age 
of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, 
Polemon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes . . . 820 

Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus 
governs Athens for 10 years . . . . .317 

Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army . . . 315 

Seleucus takes Babylon, and here begins the era of the Seleucidse . 312 
The conquests of Agathocles in Africa . . . 309 

Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes . . 307 

The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander . 306 

The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy, 
Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flourished 
Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Crantor, &c. . 1 . 301 

Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege . . 296 

The first sundial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and the time 
first divided into hours ..... 293 

Seleucus, about this time, built 40 cities in Asia, which he peopled with 
different nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician, Arcefilaus, 
Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zeno- 
dotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. . . . . . .291 

The Athenians revolt from Demetrius . .... 287 

Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus . . . 286 

Pharos of Alexandria built. Septuagint supposed to be translated . 284 
Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war be- 
gins, and continues 10 years. The Achaean league begins . .281 
Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines . . 280 

The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of Delphi. 
About this time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus, Theo- 
critus, Dionysius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persseus, &c. 278 
Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus . . . 274 

The first coining of silver at Rome ... . 269 

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years . . 268 
First Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. Chronology of the 
Arundelian Marbles composed. About this time flourished Lycon, 
Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus, Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. . 264 
Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus . . 262 
The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius . . . 260 

Regulus defeated by Zanthippus. Athens restored to liberty by Antigonus 256 
Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league. About 
this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Timseus, Cal- 
limachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, 
Hanno, Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes ... . 251 

The Parthians, under Arsaces, and the Bactrians, under Theodotus, 
revolt from the Macedonians . . . . . 250 

The sea-fight of Drepanum . . . . 249 

Agis, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to settle an Agrarian 
law. Antigonus Carystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollo- 
nius of Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, Agesilaus the ephor, &c, flourished 241 
Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus . . 240 
Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son ' . 237 

The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa . 235 

The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years . . . 234 

The original manuscripts of Euripides, iEschylus, and Sophocles, de- 
posited with Pompey by the Athenians, for the loan of 15 talents . 233 
First divorce at Rome, by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica conquered 23 1 
The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth . 22? 

A 3 



x A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Bef. Christ. 

War between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues five years . 21:7 
The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Romans 
first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. Chry- 
sippus, Polystratus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Messala, C. Nae- 
vius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristoleus, Fabius Pictor, 
the first Roman historian, Philarchus, Lysiades, Agro, &c, flourished 224 
The battle of Sellasia . . . . . .222 

Social War between the JEtolians and Achaeans, assisted by Philip . 220 
Saguntum taken by Annibal . . . . . 219 

The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years . . 218 

Battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year, that of Cannae . 217 

The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus, which is 
continued by intervals for 14 years . . . .214 

Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years . . 212 

Philopcemon defeats Machanidas at Mantinea . . . 208 

Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archagathus, 
Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion, Ennius, Hieronymus 
of Syracuse, Thepolemus, Epicydes ..... 207 

The battle of Zama . . . . . . . 202 

The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near four years . 200 
The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopes .' . . 198 
The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated . . .197 
The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years . 192 
Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by Philopcemen . . 191 
The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome through achievements of Antiochus 189 
The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philopcemen 188 
Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time 
flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Laelius, 
Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus, Masinissa, the 
Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. ..... 

A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, 
till the death of Annibal . . ... 

Philopoemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates 
Numa's books found in a stone coffin at Rome . 
Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage 

Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelusium 

and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 
Battle of Pydna, and fall of the Macedonian empire. Attalus the astro 

nomer, Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus 

Heraclides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c, flourished about this period 
First library formed at Rome, with books obtained from Macedonia 
Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented by Scipio 

Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials . 
Andriscus, the Pseudophilip, assumes the royalty in Macedonia 
Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander Balas 
The third Punic war begins. Prusias, king of Bithynia, put to death 

by his son Nicomedes . . . . . 

The Romans make war against the Achaeans, which is finished the next 

year by Mummius . ..... 

Carthage destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius 
Viriathus defeated by Laelius, in Spain . • 

The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 
Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, defeated by 4,000 Numantines 
Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offered 

to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristo 

bulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaseas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, 

Nicander, Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. 
The famous embassy of Scipio, MetuKus, Mummius, and Panaetius, into 

Egypt, Syria, and Greece . . . 136 



187 

184 
183 
179 
175 

171 



1G8 
167 

159 
152 
150 

149 

148 
147 
146 
141 
138 



137 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xi 

Bef. Christ. 

The history of the Apocrypha ends. The servile war in Sicily Degins, 
and continues for three years . . . . . 135 

Xumantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman era p.re . . 133 

Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna 130 
The Romans njake war against the pirates of the Baleares. Carthage 

rebuilt by order of the Roman senate . . . 123 

C. Gracchus killed . . . . . .121 

Dalmatia conquered by Metellus . . . < . .118 

Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erymneaus, 
Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, Herodicus, L.Caelius, 
Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. . . . . .116 

The Jugurthine war begins, and continues five years . .111 

Sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses of eating every day 110 
Teutones and Cimbri begin war against Rome, and continue it 8 years 109 
The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone . 105 

The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at A quae Sextiee . . .102 

The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus . . .101 

Dolabella conquers Lusitania . . . ... 99 

Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans . . . 97 

The Social War begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla 91 
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years . . 89 

The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six year3 . 88 

Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome . 86 

Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator . . 82 

Death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, Ascle- 
piades, Apellicon, L. Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius, Gallus, 
Diotimus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. . 78 
Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans . . . .75 

The servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years after, the rebel 

general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus . . 73 

Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus . . .69 

Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is subdued 

by Metellus, after a war of two years . . . 66 

Reign of the Seleucidse ends in Syria on conquest of country by Pompey 65 
Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself . 63 
First triumvirate, in the persons of J. Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. 
Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa, 
Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurina, An- 
dronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c, nourished . 60 
Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year . . 58 

Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain . 55 
Crassus is killed by Surena ... . . 53 

Civil war between Caesar and Pompey . . . .50 

The battle of Pharsaiia . . . . . . 48 

Alexandria taken by Caesar . . . . .47 

The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year of 
confusion, because the calendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the 
year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days .* . .46 

The battle of Munda . . . . .45 

Caesar murdered . . . . . . . 44 

Battle of Mutina. Second triumvirate, in Octavius, Antony, and Le- 
pidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Nepos, Diodorus 
Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. 43 
The battle of Philippi . . . . . . 42 

Pacorus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the 
disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day . . . .38 

Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius . . . 36 

Octavius and Antony prepare for war . . . . 32 



iii A CHKONOLOGICaL TABLE. 

Bef. Christ 

Battle of Actium. The era of the Roman emperors properly begins here 3 
Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province . . 30 
The title of Augustus given to Octavius . . . . .27 

The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Virgil, 
Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrippa, Strabo, 
Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, 
Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. . . . .2a 

The conspiracy of Muraena against Augustus . . 22 

Augustus visits Greece and Asia . . . . ' . 21 

The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius . 20 , 

The secular games celebrated at Rome . . . . . 17 

Lollius defeated by the Germans . . . . 16 

The Rhaeti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus . . . 15 

The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius . ... .12 

Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus . . .11 

Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years to be 
without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, Hy- 
ginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and 
Dionysius the geographer . . . ... 8 

Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years ... .6 

Our Saviour born, four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4710 of 
the Julian period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth of the 193 Olympiad . 4 

Anno Doni. 

Tiberius returns to Rome . . . . . . . 2 

The leap-year corrected, having formerly been every third year . 4 

Ovid banished to Tomos ... . . .9 

Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius . . .10 

Augustus dies at Nola, and is succeeded by Tiberius. Age of Phsedrus, 

Asinius Gallus, Velleius Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel, Celsus, &c. 14 
Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake . . .17 

Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch . . . .19 

Tiberius goes to Capreae . . . . . . . 26 , 

Sejanus disgraced . . . . . 31 t 

Our Saviour crucified. [Put four years earlier by some chronologists] 33 
St. Paul converted . . . . . 36 

Tiberius dies, and is succeeded by Caligula. About this period flourished 
Valerius Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo 
Judaeas, Artabanus, and Agrippina . . . .37 

Name of Christians first given at Antioch to the followers of Our Saviour 40 
Caligula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by Claudius . . 41 

The expedition of Claudius into Britain . . . .43 

Caractacus carried in chains to Rome . . ... 51 

Claudius succeeded by Nero ... . ... 54 

Agrippina put to death by her son Nero . . . 59 

First persecution against the Christians . . .64 

S&neca, Lucan, and others, put to death . . . .65 

Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persias, 
Q. Curtius, Pliny the Elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, 
Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. . . . . .66 

St. Peter and St. Paul put to death . . . .67 

Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba . . . 68 

Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitel- 
lius defeated by Vespasian's army . . . . 69 , 

Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus . . . . 70 

The Parthians revolt . . . . . .77 

Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and Pom- 
peii destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius . . . 7£ 
Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Sil. Itallicus, 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xiii 

Anno Dom. 

Martial, Apollon, Tyanseus, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, 
Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &o. . . . . .81 

Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every 4th year 86 
Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins . . 88 

Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c, and succeeded by Nerva. 

The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. . . 96 

Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan . . . .98 

Pliny made proconsul of Bithynia . . . 102 

Dacia reduced to a Roman province . . 103 

Trajan's expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished Florus, 

Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Byblius, Dion Prusseus, Plutarch, &c. 106 
Trajan's column erected at Rome . . . . 114 

Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian . . • .117 

Adrian builds a wall in Britain . . » . . 121 

Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years . - .126 

He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter . .180 
The Jews rebel, and are defeated, after a war of five years, and ail banished 13 1 
Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of 
Adrian flourished Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, 
Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, &c. . . 138 

Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians • . 145 

The worship of Serapis brought to Rome . . . 146 

Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the last 
of which reigned nine years. In his reign flourished Maximus Tyrius, 
Pausanias, Diophantus, Lucian, Hermogenes, Aulus Gellius, Po- 
lysenus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. . 61 
A war with Parthia, which continues three years . .16^ 

A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years . . 16S? 

Another, which continues three years . . . 177 

M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flourished 

Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athseneus, Montanus, Diogenes Laertius 180 
Commodus makes peace with the Germans . . .181 

Commodus put to death by Martia and Lsetus. He is succeeded for a 
few months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 493, and four rivals arise, 
Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, and Albinus. Under 
Commodus flourished J. Pollux, Theodotion, St. Irenseus., &c. • 192 

Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus . . . 194 

Albinus defeated in Gaul . . . . .198 

Severus conquers the Parthians . . . « . 200 

Severus visits Britain and builds a wall there . . . 207 

Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his 
reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of 
Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas . . .211 

Geta killed by his brother Caracalla . . . .212 

Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered byMacrinus. Oppian flourished 217 
Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Heliogabalus 218 
Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. Goths exact annual payment 

not to invade or .molest the Roman empire. Age of Julius Africanus 222 
The Arsacidse of Parthia conquered by Artaxerxes, king of Media, and 

their empire destroyed , . . . 229 

Alexander defeats the Persians ..... 234 

Alexander killed, and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time flourished 

Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius . . . 234 

The two Gordons succeed Maximinus, and put to death by Pupienus, who 

soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by soldiers of younger Gordian 236 
Sabinianus defeated in Africa . . . . . 2h0 

Gordian marches against the Persians .... 242 

He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace with Sapor. 
About this time flourished Censorinus, and Gregory Thaumaturgus . 244 



xiv A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Anno Dom. 

Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished . 249 

Decius succeeded by Gallus . . . . . . 251 

A great pestilence over the empire . . . . 252 

Gallus dies, and is succeeded by JEmilianus, Valerianus, and Gallienus. 

In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cypi'ian and Plotinus . . 254 

The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively . . . 258 

Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive . . . 2(50 

Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus . . . 264 

The Scythians and Goths defeated . . . , . 207 

Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished 
Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. . . . . 268 

Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia takes 
possession of Egypt ....... 269 

Aurelian succeeds . . ...... 270 

Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa ..... 273 

Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor . . . . 274 

Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of six 

months, succeeded by Florianus, and, two months after, by Probus . 275 
Probus makes an expedition into Gaul ..... 277 

He defeats the Persians in the east . . . . . 280 

Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Carinus 
and Numerianus ........ 282 

Dioclesian succeeds ..... ... 284 

The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Dioclesian takes 
Maximianus as his imperial colleague .... 286 

Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation of 10 years. Alexandria 
taken by Dioclesian . . . . . . . 296 

Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement, 
succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus, the two 
Csesars. About this period flourished J- Capitolinus, Arnobius, 
Gregory and Hermogenes, the lawyers, iElius Spartianus, Hierocles, 
Flavius Vopiscus, Trebellius Pollio, &c. .... 304 

Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son . . . . 306 

At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, Maximia- 
nus, and Maxentius ....... 308 

Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine . . . 312 

The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion . 319 
Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine . . . 324 

The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops, who sit 
from June 19 to August 25 ..... 325 

The seat of empire removed from Rome to Constantinople . . 328 

Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on May 11th . 330 

Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed . . 331 

The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constan- 
tinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine 
flourished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius . . 337 

Constantine the Younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia 340 
Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius . . . - 350 

Gallus put to death by Constantius ..... 354 

One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an earthquake 358 
Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but the former 
dies the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this 
period flourished iElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian, 
Marcellinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. .... 3G0 

Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign flourished 

Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. . . 363 

Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valen- 
tinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east 
and the other of the west ..... 364 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv 

Anno Dom. 

Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian . . 367 

Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated ..... 373 

Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First . . . 375 

The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the Huns 376 

Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire . . 379 

Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius . . . . 383 

The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius . 388 

Eugenius usurps western empire, and, 2 years after,defeated by Theodosius 3S2 
Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east, and 
Honorius in the west. In his reign nourished Ausonius, Eunapius, 

Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. 395 

Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself . . . 398 

Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulae • . 405 

The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, permitted to settle in Spain and France 406 
Theodosius the Younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isde- 

gerdes, king of Persia, as his guardian, appointed by his father . 408 

Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths . . . 410 

The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain . . . . 412 

The kingdom of the Burgundians begun in Alsace . * . 413 

The Visigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouse . . . 414 
The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths . . .417 

The kingdom of the French begins on the lower Rhine . . 420 
The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian the Third. 
Under Honorius flourished Sulpieius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, 
Panodorus, Stobseus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, 

Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates, &c. .... 423 

Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and attempts 

the restoration of learning . . . . . 425 

The Romans abandon Britain ..... 426 

Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals 

pass into Africa ...... 427 

The French defeated by JStius . . . . . 428 

The Theodosian code published ..... 435 

Genseric, the Vandal, takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the 

Vandals in Africa . . . . . . 439 

The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated com- 
plaint to iEtius against the Picts and Scots, and three years after 

the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern . 446 

Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe . . . . 447 

Theodosius the Second dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. Zozimus, 

Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c, flourished . 450 

The city of Venice first began to be known . . . 452 
Death of Valentinian III., who is succeeded by Maximus for two months, 

Avitus for ten, and after an interregnum of ten months, by Majorianus 454 

Rome taken by Genseric ..... 455 

Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian . 457 

Severus succeeds in the western empire . . . 461 

Anthemius succeeds in western empire, after an interregnum' of 2 years 467 
Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next year, by 

Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos . . . . . 472 

Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, though 
an infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern empire, and, 
some months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno . . 474 
The western empire destroyed by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who 
assumes the title of king of Italy. About that time flourished Euty- 
ches, Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Apollinaris, &c. . . 476 
Clovis defeats Siagrius the Roman general at Soissons . . . 485 
After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius, sur- 
named the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne . . 49 
b 2 



xvi A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Anno Dom. 

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and conquers 

Italy. About this time flourished Boethius and Symmachus . 493 

Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis . . 496 

Paris made the capital of the French dominions . . 510 

Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned with a 
brazen speculum by Proclus . . . . .514 

Computing of time by the Christian era, introduced first by Dionysius 516 
Justin the First, a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor . 518 

Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Under his glorious 
reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, Simpli- 
cius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus, Narses, Priscian, &c. . . 527 
Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws . . . 529 

Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after . 534 
Italy invaded by the Franks . . . . . 538 

The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian . . . 542 

The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia . . . . 545 

Rome taken and pillaged by Totila .... 546 

The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe, by monks 551 
Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy . . . 552 
Justin the Second, son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian, succeeds . 505 
Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards, who formed a kingdom there 568 
Tiberius II., an officer of the imperial guard, is adopted, and succeeds 578 
Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time . . 5b 1 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds . 582 

Gregory the First, surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter's chair at Rome. 
The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this century, 
were, Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours, the father of French his- 
tory, Evagrius, and St. Augustin the monk . . . 590 
Augustin the monk, with 40 others, preaches Christianity in England 597 
About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in England . . OUO 
Phocas, a simple centurion, elected emperor, after the revolt of the 

soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children . . 602 

Power of the Popes begins to be established by the concessions of Phocas 606 
Heraclius, an African officer, succeeds, after murder of usurper Phocas 610 
The conquests of ChosroeS; king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia 

Minor, and, afterwards, his siege of Rome . . 611 

The Persians take Jerusalem, with dreadful slaughter . .614 

Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Friday July 16, 

which forms the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622 
Constantinople besieged by the* Persians and Arabs . . 626 

Death of Mahomet . . . . . 632 * 

Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after, Alexandria 
and its famous library destroyed .... 637 

Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partnership with Hera- 
cleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. 
Constantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constan- 
tine's son Constans declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his 
mother Martina, wished to continue possession of the supreme power 1541 
The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus . . 653 

Constantine the Fourth, surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the murder 

of his father in Sicily. Constantinople first besieged by the Arabs . 668 
Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed by 
the Greek fire . . . . . .673 

Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 
10 years the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tibe- 
rius. His restoration happened 704. The only men of learning ia 
this century, were, Secundus, Isidorus, Theophylactes, Geo. Pisides, 
Callinicus, and the venerable Bede . . . 685 

Africa finally conquered by the Arabs .... 709 

Barnades, surname^ Philippicus, succeeds, on the murder of Justinian 711 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xtfl 

Anno Dom. 

Spain conquered by the Arabs. Accession of Artemius, or Anastasius 
the Second, to the throne . . . . . 713 

Second siege of Constantinople by the Arabs. Anastasius abdicates, 
and is succeeded by Theodosius III., who, two years after, yields to 
the superior influence of Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty . 716 
Constantine the Fifth, surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father Leo 741 
Computation of time from birth of Christ first used in historical writings 748 
Bagdad built, and made the capital of the caliphs of the house of Abbas 762 
Violent frost began Oct. 1, and continued 150 days . . . 763 

Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine . . . 770 

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the Lombards, 
after a duration of 206 years . . . . 774 

Leo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and, five years after, is 

succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine the Sixth . 775 
Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men of learning in 
this century were, Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus 
Diaconus, and George the monk .... 797 

Charlemagne crowned Emperor of Rome and of the western empire. The 

Popes separate themselves from the princes of Constantinople, about 800 
Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the 

Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after . . .801 

Nicephorus the First, great treasurer of the empire, succeeds . 802 

Stauracius, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the First, surnamed Rhan- 

gabe, the husband of Procopia, sister of Stauracius, assume the purple 81 1 
Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace, as- 
cends the throne of Constantinople . . . . 813 

Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Alamon, who made obser- 
vations on the sun, &c. ..... 816 

Michael the Second, the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds, 
after the murder of Leo . . . . . 821 

Theophilus succeeds his father Michael .... 82£ 

Origin of the Russian monarchy . . . . 839 

Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother Theodora 842 
The Normans get possession of some cities in France . . . 853 

Michael murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First, the Macedonian 867 
Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice . . 872 

Basil succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the philosopher. In this 
century flourished Mesue, the Arabian physician, Eginhard, Rabanus, 
Albumasar, Godeschalcus, Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John Scotus, 
Anastasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser. 
Oxford university founded about this time by Alfred . . 886 

Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years . .901 
Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds, with his nephew Constantine the 
Seventh, surnamed Porphyrogenitus . . . .911 

The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo . .912 
Romanus the First, surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps the 

throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen,and Constantine VIII. 91 9 
Fiefs established in France 923 
Naples seized by the Eastern emperors . . . 942 

The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults 

this occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus . 945 

Romanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh, by Helena, the 
daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds .... 953 

Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophano, succeeded by Nicephorus 
Phocas the Second, whom the empress, unable to reign alone under 
the title of protectress of her young children, had married • 963 

Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire . . 964 

Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, murdered by John 
Ziraisces, who assumes the purple - • . 969 

b 3 



xviii A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Anno Dom. 

Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two sons of Romanus 

by Theophano, succeed on the death of Nimisces . . 975 

Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the Saracens 991 
The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The learned 
men of this century were, Eudes de Cluni, Azophi, Luitprand, Alfa- 
rabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Albirunius, Aimoin, Gerbert, &c. . 996 
Old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner of architecture. 

Next year a pestilence raged over all Europe, and continued 3 years 1004 
The Normans first invade Italy . . . ... 1018 

Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother . 1025 

Romanus the Third, surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds, by mar- 
rying Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch . . . 1028 
Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money-lender, causes 
her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and, afterwards, marries her 
favourite, who ascends the throne under the name of Michael IV. . 1034 
The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon begin .... 1035 

Zoe adopts for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father 

(careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates . 1041 
Zoe and her sister, Theodora, are made sole empresses by the populace, 
but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes, for her third 
husband, Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds . . . 1042 

The Turks invade the Roman empire . 1050 

After death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the sovereignty, and, 19 

months after,adopts as her successor Michael VI., surnamed Stratioticus 1054 
Isaac Commenus the First chosen emperor by the soldiers . . 1057 

Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he ap- 
points his friend Constantine the Eleventh, surnamed Ducas . 1059 
Jerusalem conquered by the Turks ..... 10fi5 

The crown of England transferred from Harold by the battle of Hast- 
ings, Oct. 14th, to William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy . 1066 
On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his 
three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the so- 
vereignty, and marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes . 1067 i 
Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes 
ascend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapinaces the 
Seventh, Andronicus the First, and Constantine the Twelfth . 1071 

The general Nicephorus Botoniates the Third, assumes the purple . 1078 
Doomsday-Book begun to be compiled from a general survey of the 

estates of England, and finished in six years . . . 1080 

Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First, ascends the 
throne. His reign i3 rendered illustrious by the pen of his daughter, 
the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert of Apulia, 
invade the eastern empire . . . . .1081 

Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks .... 1084 

Accession of William the Second to the English throne . . 1087 I 

The first crusade . . .... 1096 j 

Jerusalem retaken by the crusaders. The learned men of this century 
were Avicenno, Mesue oPMaridin, Campanus, Guy d'Arezzio, Glaber, 
Hermannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. Cedre- 
nus, Berenger, Psellus, Marianus, Scotus, Arzachet, William of Spiers, 



Suidas, Peterihe Hermit, Sigebert, Rascelinus . . . 1099 

Henry the succeeds to the throne of England . . 1100 

Learning revived at Cambridge . . . . 1110 

John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople .1118 

Order o e Knights Templars instituted . . . 1118 

Accession of Stephen to the English crown . . . 1135 

Manuel, son of John, succeeds at Constantinople . . . 1143 

The second crusade ... ... 1147 

The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years' labour . .1151 

The party nainos of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy • . 1154 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xix 

Anno Don!. 

Henry the Second succeeds in England . * . . .1154 
The Teutonic order begins . . . . . . 1164 

Conquest of Egypt by the Turks . . . . .1169 

Conquest of Ireland by Henry the Second . . . . 1172 

Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England „ 117^ 

Alexius the second succeeds his father Manuel . . . 1180 

English laws digested by Glanville . . . . 118 J 

From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of 
Alexius, Andronicus, the grandson of the great Alexius, is named 
guardian, but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne . . 1183 
Andronicus cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant of the 

great Alexius by the female line, succeeds . . . 1185 

The third crusade . . . . . 1 188 

Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in England . . 1189 

Saladin defeated by Richard of England, in the battle of Ascalon . 1192 
Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps the sovereignty, 
by putting out the eyes of the emperor . . . .1195 

John succeeds to the English throne. The learned of this century were, 
Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, Athelard, Mesue of Corduba, St. Ber- 
nard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Frisin- 
gensis, Maimonides, Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, JeofFry of 4 Mon- 
mouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, 
Henry of - Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph 
Glanville, Roger Hovedon, Campanus, William of.Nevvburgh, &c. . 1199 
Constantinople besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac taken from 
his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. This 
year is remarkable for the fourth crusade . . 1203 

The father and son murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Constantino- 
ple besieged and taken by the French and Venetians, who elect Bald- 
win, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. In the meantime Theo ■ 
. # dore Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice ; Alexius, grandson 
of the tyrant Andronicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond ; and Mi- 
chael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus 1204 
The emperor Baldwin defeated by the Bulgarians, and, next year, suc- 
ceeded by his brother Henry ...... 1205 

Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first emperor of the 

Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death, 1227 . . . 1206 

Aristotle's works,imported from Constantinople, forbid by council of Paris 1 209 
Magna Charta granted to the English barons by King John . 1215 

Henry the Third succeeds his father John on the English throne . 1216 
Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of the two last em- 
perors, Baldwin and Henry, made emperor by the Latins . . 1217 
Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds .• 1220 
Theodore Lascaris succeeded on throne of Nice by John Ducas Vataces 1222 
John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Peter, succeed . 1228 
Baldwin alone . . . . . 1237 

Origin of the Ottomans ...... 1240 

The fifth crusade . . . . . - . . 1248 

Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso the Eleventh of Castile . 1253 
Ducas Vataces succeeded by his son, Theodore Lascaris II. . . 1255 
The Tartars take Bagdad and finish the Saracen empire . . 1258 

Lascaris succeeded by his son, John Lascaris, a minor . . 1259 

Michael Palseologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore Las- 
caris, ascends the throne, after murder of the young prince's guardian 1260 
Constantinople recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors of Nice 1261 
Edward I. succeeds on the English throne, and, in 1283, conquers Wales 1272 
Michael Palseologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had already 

reigned nine years conjointly with his father, ascends the throne . 1283 
The learned men of this century were, Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter 
of Coventry, Accursius, Antony of Padua, John Sacrobosco, Alexander 
Halensis, William of Paris, Peter de Vignes, Mathew Paris, Grosse- 



xx A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

Anno Doiu. 

teste, Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, Nassar 
Eddin, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond 
Lulli, Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit, &c. . . ]283 
The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia .... 1298 | 

The mariner's compass invented or improved by Flavio . . 1302 

The Swiss Cantons begin ..... . 1307 

Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown . . . 1307 

Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues 

about 70 years, till the return of Gregory the Eleventh . . 1308 

Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson, the 
younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts against his 
grandfather, who abdicates ...... 1320 

Edward the Third succeeds in England .... 1327 

First comet observed, whose course is described with exactness, in June 1337 
About this time nourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at Florence, 
Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, where may be 
fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy . . 1339 

Andronicus succeeded by his son, John Palseologus, in the ninth year 
of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardian of the 
young prince, assumes the purple ..... 1341 

The battle of Crecy . . . . . .1346 

Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship . 1347 
Order of the Garter in England . . . . .1349 

The Turks first enter Europe ...... 1352 

Cantacuzene abdicates the purple .... . 1355 

The battle of Poictiers .... . 1356 

Law pleadings made in English, by favour of Edward the Third, instead 

of French, which had continued from the time of the Conqueror . 1362 
Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and his 

extensive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years . 1370 

Accession of Richard the Second to the English throne • . 1377 

Manuel succeeds his father John Palssologus . . . . 1391 

Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of this century 
were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus Villa, Durandus, Nicholas 
Lyra William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras, Abulfeda, Leontius Pi- 
latus, Matthew of Westminster, Wicklilf, Froissart, Nicholas Flamel 1399 
Henry the Fourth succeeded by his son, Henry the Fifth . .1413 

Battle of Agincourt . . . . . . . 1415 

The Island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese . . 1420 

Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople 

besieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkish emperor . . 1422 
John Palseologus the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . 1424 

Cosmo de Medici recalled fr.om banishment, rise of that familyat Florence 1434 
The famous pragmatical sanction settled in France . . 1439 

Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years . 1440 
Constantine, one of Manuel's sons, ascends throne after his brother John 1448 
Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, besieges and takes Con- 
stantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the Eastern empire. The 
captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial families 
of the Commeni and Palseologi. About this time, the house of York 
in England began to aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious 
views, to deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of 
the 15th century were, Chaucer, Leonard Are tin, John Huss, Jerome 
of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza, Frank Philel- 
phus, Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemistus Plotho, Laurentius Valla, Ulugh 
Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus. 
Peurbachius, iEneas Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas a Kempis, Argyro 
pulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus, Lascaris, 
Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus, Politian, 
Hermolaus, GroGyn, Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuchlin, Demetr. 
Chalcondyles, Alexander ab Alexandro, Lynacre, &c. . . 1453 



CLASSICAL 

&c. 



A 

DICTIONARY, 

&c, &c. 



ABA 

ABA, and AB/E, a town of Pliocis, famous 
for an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abaeus. 
The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of 
Thracian origin. After the ruin of their 
country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eu- 
bcea, which from them was called Abantis. 
Some of them passed afterwards from Eu- 
bcea into Ionia.— Herodot. 8, c. 33.— Pans. 

10, c. 55. A city of Caria. Another of 

Arabia Felix. A mountain near Smyrna. 

—Plin. 5, c. H.—Strab. 10. 

ABACENE, a country of Sicily, near 
Messana. —Diod. 14. 

ABALUS, an island in the German 
ocean, where, as the ancients supposed, 
the amber dropped from the trees. If a 
man was drowned there, and his body 
never appeared above the water, propiti- 
atory sacrifices were offered to his manes 
during- a hundred years. Plin. 37, c. 2. 
ABANA,a placeof Capua. Cic.conlraRull. 
ABANTES, a warlike people of Pelopon- 
nesus, who built a town in Phocis, called 
Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also 
their name originated; they afterwards 
went to Eubasa. [Vide Abantis. \Herod. 1,146. 

ABANT1AS, & Abantiades, a patronymic 
given to the descendants of Abas, king of 
Argos, sucli as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, 
Atalanta, See— Ovid. 

ABANTIDAS, made himself master of 
Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias, the 
father of Aratus. He was himself soon 
after assassinated, B. C. 251.— PI. Aral. 

ABANTIS, or ABANTIAS, an ancient 
name of the island of Euboea, received from 
the Abantes, who settled in it from Pliocis. 

PL 4, 12. A country of Epirus.— fa. 5, 22. 

ABARBAREA, one of the Naiades, mo- 
ther of /Esepus and Pedasus, by Bucolion, 
Laomedon's eldest son. — Homer 11. 6, v. 23. 

ABAR1MON, a country of Scythia, near 
mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said 
to have their toes behind their heels, and 
to breathe no air but that of their native 
country.— Plin. 7, c. 2. 
ABARIS, a man killed by Perseus. 

Ovid Met. 5, v. 66. A Rutu'lian killed 

by Euryalus.— Virg. Mn. 9, v. 344. A 

Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of 
Crcesus, or the Trojan war, who received 
a flying arrow from Apollo, with which 
he gave oracles, and transported himself 



ABA 

wherever lie pleased. He is said to have 
returned to the Hyperborean countries 
from Athens without eating, and to have 
made the Trojan Palladium with the bones 
of Pelops. Some suppose that be wrote 
treatises in Greek; and it is reported, 
that there is a Greek manuscript of his 
epistles to Phalaris, in the library of Augs 
burg. But there were probably two per. 
sons of that name.— Herod. 4, 36,—Stra. 7. 
—Pa. 3, 13. 

ABARUS, an Arabian prince, who per- 
fidiously deserted Crassus in his expedition 
against Parihia.— Appian in Parlh. — He is 
called Mezeres by Flor. 3, c. 11, and Al- 
anines by Pint, in Crass. 
ABAS, a mountain in Syria where the 

Euphrates rises. A river of Armenia 

Major, where Pompey routed the Albani.— 

Pint, in Pomp. A son of Metanira, or 

Melaninia, changed into a lizard for laugh- 
ing at Ceres.— Ovid. Met, 5, fab. 7. The 

11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say 
of Lvnceus and Hypermnestra, was famous 
for his genius and valour. He was father to 
Prcetus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built 
Abee. He reigned 23 years, B. C. 1384. 
Pans. 2, c. 16, 1. 10, c. 33.— Hygin. 170, 

&c. — Apollod. 2, c. 2. One of vEneas's 

companions, killed in Italy. — Virg. Mn. 

10, v. 170. Another, lost in the storm 

which drove /Eneas to Carthage.— VirgMn. 

1, v. 125. A Latian chief, who assisted 

/Eneas against Turnus, and was killed bv 

Lausus.— Virg. Mn. 10, v. 170, &c. A 

Greek, son of Eurydamas, killed by /Eneas 
during the Trojan war.— Virg. Mn. 3, v. 

286.— Homer II. 5, v. 150. A centaur, 

famous for his skill in hunting.— Ovid. 

Met. 12, v. 306. A soothsayer, to whom 

the Spartans erected a statue in the temple 
of Apollo, for his services to Lysander. 

—Paus. 10, c. 9. A son of Neptune.— 

Hygin. Fab. 157. A sophist, who wrote 

two treatises, one on history, the other on 
rhetoric : the time in which he lived is un- 
known. A man who wrote an account of 

Troy. He is quoted by Servius in V. Mn. 2. 

ABASA, an island i'n the Red Sea, near 
^Ethiopia.— Paus. 6, 26. 
A6ASITIS,a partof Mvsia, in Asia. -Sir. 
ABASSENA,or Abassinia. Vidt Abyssinia. 
ABASSUS, a town of Phrygia.- Xrtv.3815. 



ABA-ABI 



2 



ABI -ABR 



A BASTOR, one of Pluto's horses. 

ABA TOS, an island in the lake near 
Memphis, in Egypt, abounding with flax 
md papyrus. Osiris was buried there. 
— Lncan'w, 323. 

ABDALONIMTJS, one of the descend- 
ants of the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to 
maintain himself he worked in a garden. 
When Alexander took Sidon, he made him 
king, in the room of Strato, the deposed 
monarch, and enlarged his possessions on 
account of the great disinterestedness of 
his conduct.— Jus.\ 1,10. Cur. 4, l. Diod.M. 

ABDERA, a town of Hispania Baetica, 

built by the Carthaginians.- Slrab. 3. A 

maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules, 
in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. 
The Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. 
Some suppose that Abdera, the sister of 
Diomedes, built it. The air was so un- 
wholesome, and the inhabitants of such a 
sluggish disposition, that stupidity was 
commonly culled Abderitica mens. It gave 
birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras, 
Anaxarchus, and Hecatseus. — Mela. 2, 2.— 
Cic. Alt. A, ep. \d.—Herod.l, 186.— Mart. 10, 
ep. 25. 

ABDERI A, a town of Spain.— Apol. 2, 5. 

ABDERITES,apeopleof Pseonia, obliged 
to leave their country on account of the 
great number of rats "and frogs which in- 
fested it. — Justin. 15, c. 2. 

ABDERUS, a man of Opus, in Locris, 
arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by 
the mares of Diomedes, which the hero 
had entrusted to his care when going to 
war against the Bistones. Hercules built a 
city, which, in honour of his friend, he 
called Abdera. — Apol. 2, 5. — Phil. 2, 25. 

ABEAT/E, a people of Achaia, probably 
the inhabitants of Abia.— Pa. 4, 30.— PI. 4, 6. 

ABELLA, a town of Campania, whose 
inhabitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, 
called avellan<c, and also its apples, were 
famous.— V.JEn.l ,740.— Ju. 20,5.— SW. 8,544. 

ABELUX, a noble of Saguntum, who 
favoured the party of the Romans against 
Cartilage. — Lit. 22, c. 22. 

ABENDA, a town of Caria, whose in- 
habitants were the first who raised temples 
to the city of Rome.— Lio. 45, c. 6. 

ABIA, formerly he, a maritime town of 
Messenia, one of the seven cities promised 
to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called 
after Abia, daughter of Hercules, and nurse 
of Hvllus. ~Pa. 4, 3U.— Stra. 8. — H. II. 9, 292. 

ABI I, a nation between Scythia and 
Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond 
of celibacy, and enemies to war.— H.I1.13,Q. 
According to Curt. 7, 6, they surren- 
dered to Alexander, after they had been 
independent since the reign of Cyrus. 

ABI LA, or ABYLA, a mountain of Africa, 
in that part which is nearest to the oppo- 
site mountain called Calpe, on the coast of 
Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These 
two mountains are called the columns of 
Hercules, and were said formerly to be 
united, till the hero separated them, and 
made a communication between the Medi- 
terranean and Atlantic sea&.— Strab. c-j— 
Mfia, I. 5, 1. 2, 6.— Plin. 3. 



I ABISARES, an Indian prince, who offer- 
! ed to surrender to Alexander.— Curt. 8, 12. 
j AB1SARIS, a country beyond the Hy- 
daspes in India. — Arrian. 
I ABISOMES, some inhabitants of the 
i Alps.— Plin. 3, c. 20. 

ABLETES, a people near Troy.— Strab. 
ABNOBA, a mountain of Germany. Ta.G. 
ABOBRICA, a town of Lusitania."— Plin. 

4, 20. Another in Spain. 

ABOZCRITUS, aBceotian general, killed, 
with a thousand men, in a battje at Chae- 
ronea, against the ^Etolians. Ptut. in Aral. 

ABOLANI, a people of Latiuru, near 
Alba. -Plbi. 5, c. 5. 
ABOLUS, a river of Sicilv.— PI. Tim. 
ABON1TEICHOS, a town of Galatia.— 
Arrian in Peripl. 
ABORACA, a town of Sarmaria. 
ABORIGINES, the original inhabitants 
of Italy ; or, according to others, a nation 
conducted by Saturn into Latium, where 
they taught the use of letters to Evander, 
the" king of the country. Their posterity 
was called Latini, from Latin us, one of 

their kings. They assisted ^Eneas against 

Turnus. Rome was built in their country. 
Tiie word signifies without origin, or whose 
origin is nut known, and is generally ap- 
plied to the original inhabitants of anv 
country.— Lit;, i, c. l, &c.—Dio. H. 1,10.— 
Ju. 43, \.—Pl. 3, D.—Str. 5. 

ABORRAS,a river of Mesopotamia. 
ABRADATES, a king of Susa, who, 
when his wife, t'anthea, had Deen taken 
prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, 
surrendered himself and troops to the con- 
queror. He was killed in the first battle 
he undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and 
his wife stabbed herself on his corpse. 
Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. 
— Xenopli. Cyrop. 5, 6, &e. 

ABRENTIUS, was made governor of 
Tarentum by Annibal. He Detrayed his 
trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a 
beautiful woman, whose brother was in the 
Roman arm v. — Poly&n. 8. 

ABROCO.MAS. son of Oarius, was in the 
army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. 
He vvas killed at Ti:ermopvla:.—Heroi/.7, 224. 
— Plut. in Cleom. 

ABRODl/E'i US, a name given to Parr- 
hasins the painter, on account of the 
sumptuous manner of his living. Vide 
Parrhasius. 

ABRON, an Athenian, who wrote some 
treatises on the religious festivals and sacri- 
fices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his 
works are preserved. — Suidas. A gram- 
marian of Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at 
Rome. — —Another who wrote a treatise on 

Theocritus. A Spartan, son of Lycurgus 

the orator.— Plut. in 10 Oral. A natne 

of Arg-os, famous for his debauchery. 

ABR.ON I US, Silo, a Latin poet in the 
Augustan age. He wrote some fables. — Sen. 

ABRON1CUS, an Athenian, very ser- 
viceable to Themistocles in his embassy to 
Sparta.— Thueyd. 1, c.91.— Herod. 8,c. 21. 

'ABROTA, the wife of Nisus, theyoungesi 
of the sons of /Lgeus. As a monument to 
her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered 



A BR — AC A 



3 



ACA— ACA 



the garments which she wore to become 
the models of fashion in Megara.— Plut. 
{incest. Grose. 

ABROTONUM, the mother of Themis- 

tocles. Pl.Th. A town of Africa, near the 

Svrtes. PLo,\. A harlot of Thrace.Pi.^. 

"ABRUS,acity of theSapad. Paus.l, c. 10. 

ABRYPOLIS, an ally of Rome, driven 
from his possessions by Perseus, the last 
king- of Macedonia. L'iu. 42, c. 13 & 41. 

ABSEUS, a giant, son of Tartarus and 
Terra. Hygin. Prmf. fab. 

ABSINTH1I, a people on the coasts of 
Pontus, where there is also a mountain of 
the same name. — Herod. 6, 34. 

ABSORUS, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands 
in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Ab- 
syrtus was killed, whence their name.— 
Slrab. 7 .—Apollod. l,9.—Lucan.3, 190. 

ABSYRTOS, a river falling into the 
Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus was mur- 
dered. — Lucan. 3, 190. 

ABSYRTUS, a son of iEetes, king of 
Colchis and Hypsea. Mis sister Medea, as 
she fled away with Jason, tore his body to 
pieces, and strewed his limbs in her father's 
way, to stop his pursuit, borne say that 
siie murdered him in Co.chis, others, near 
Istria. It is said, by others, that he was 
not murdered, but that he arrived safe in 
lllyricum. The place where he was killed 
has been called Tomos, and the river ad- 
joining to it, Absvrtos. — Luc. 3, 190.— Sir. 7. 
Hys. F. 23—Apol. 1, 9. — Fl. 8, 261.— Ov. 
-Tr. 3, el. 9.-CL: N. 1). 3, 19.— PL 3, 21 
k 26. 

ABULITES, governor of Susa, betrayed 
his trust to Alexander, and was rewarded 
with a province. Curt. 5, c. 2—Diod. 17. 

ABYDENUS, a disciple of Aristotle, too 
much indulged by his master. He wrote 
some historical treatises on Cvprus, Delos, 
Arabia, and Assyria. Ph.Ju. Jos. contr.Ap. 

ABY DOS, a town of Egypt, where was 
the famous temple of Osiris. — Pint, de lsid. 

&r Osir. A city of Asia, opposite Sestos 

in Europe, with which, from the narrow- 
ness of the Hellespont, it seemed, to those 
who approached it by sea, to form only 
one town. It was built by the Milesians, 
by permission of king Gyges. It is famous 
for the amours of Hero and Leander, and 
for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built 
there across the Hellespont. The inhabi- 
tants being besieged by Philip, the father 
of Perseus, devoted themselves to deatii 
with their families, rather than fall into the 
hands of the enemv.— Lie. 31, 18. — Luc. 2, 
674.— Ju. 2, 13.— Mus. H.SfLea.—Fl. 1, 285. 

ABY LA. ^i^Abila. 

ABYLON, a city of Egvnt. 

ABYSSINIA, a iarge kingdom of Africa, 
in upper ^Ethiopia, where the Nile takes 
its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of 
Arabian origin, and were little known to 
the ancients. 

ACACALLIS. a nymph, mother of Phi- 
lander and Phylacis by Apollo. These 
children were exposed to the wild beasts in 
Crete; but a goat gave them her milk, 
and preserved their life. Pans. 10, c. 16. 
A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon, 



by Mercury, and of Amphithemis by Apollo 
—Pa. 8, c. 53.— Apol.A , 1493. 

ACACES1UM, a town of Arcadia, buill 
by Acacus, son of Lycaon. Mercury, sur- 
named Acacesius, because brought up by 
Acacus as his foster-father, was worshipped 
there.— Pans. 8, 3, 36, &c. 

ACACIUS, a rhetorician in the age of 
the emperor Julian. 

ACADEMIA, a place near Athens sur 
rounded with high trees, and adorned with 
spacious covered walks, belonging to Aca 
demus, from whom the name is derived. 

Some derive the word from the Greek 

" ehas demos," removed from the people. 
Here Plato opened his school of philosophy, 
and from this every place sacred to learn 
ing has ever since been called Academia. 
To exclude from it profaneness and dissi- 
pation, it was even forbiddfn to laugh 
there. It was called Academia vetus, to 
distinguish it from the second Acadvmy, 
founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few 
alterations in the Platonic philosophy, and 
from the third, which was established byCar- 
neades.— Cic.Viv.l ,3.-Diog.3.-ML V.H.^,35. 

ACADEMUS, an Athenian, who dis- 
covered to I astorand Pollux w here Theseus 
had concealed their sister Helen, for which 
thev amplv rewarded him.— Pint, in Thes. 

ACALANDRUS, or Acalyndrus, a rivet 
falling into the bay of Tarentum— PL 3, 11. 

ACALLE, a daughter of Minos and 
Pasiphae.— Apol. 3, 1. 

ACA MARCH IS, one of the Oceanides. 

ACAMAS, son of Theseus and l J ha;dra, 
went with Diomedes to demand Helen from 
the Trojans after her elopement from Me- 
nelaus. In his embassy he had a son called 
Munitus, bv l.aodice the daughter of Priam. 
He was concerned in the Trojan war, and 
afterwards built the town of Acaniantium 
in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece 
called a tribe after his own name at Athens. 
Pans. 10, c. 26.— Q. Calab. 12.— Hygin. 108. 

A son of Antenor in the Trojan war. 

H. 11. II, 60, &c. A Thracian auxiliary 

of Priam in the Trojan war. — //. //. 11. 

ACA MPS IS, a river of Colchis.— A rrian. 

ACANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo, 
and changed into the flower Acanthus. 

ACAN THUS, a town near mount A .hos, 
belonging to Macedonia, or, according to 
others, to Thrace. It was founded by a 
colony from Andros. Thuc. 4, 84. — Mel. 2, 2. 

Another in Egypt near the Nile, caLled 

also Dulop<lis.— PL 5, 28. An island 

mentioned by PL 5, 32. 

ACARA, a town of Pannonia. Ano- 
ther in Italy. 

ACARIA, a fountain of Corinth, where 
Iolas cut oft the head of Eurystheus.— Str. 8. 

ACARNAN1A, (anciently Curetis,) a 
country of Epirus, at the* north of the 
Ionian sea, divided from /Etolia by the 
Achelous. The inhabitants reckoned only 
six months in the year; they were lux- 
urious, and addicted to pleasure, so that 
porcus Acarnas became proverbial. 'Their 
horses were famous. It received its name 
from Acarnas. PL 2, 90.— Mel. 2, 3.— 
Sir. 7 Sc 9.~Pu. 8, 24.— Luc. Dial. Mcrctr. 
B 2 



ACA— ACC 4 

ACARNAS and AMPHoTERUS, sons 
of Alcmaeon and Callirhoe. Alcmaeon being 
murdered by the brothers of Aiphesiboea 
his former wife, Callirhoe obtained from 
Jupiter, that her children, who were still 
in the cradle, might, by a supernatural 
power, suddenly grow up to punish their 
father's murderers. This was granted. 
Vide Alcmaeon.— Pa. 8, 24.— Ov. M. 9, 10. 

ACARNAS and ACARNAN,a stony moun- 
tain of Attica.— Senec. in Hippol. v." 20. 

ACASTA, one of the Oceanides.#es.7\356. 

AC AST US, son of Pelias, king of Thes- 
saly, by Anaxibia, married Astydamia or 
Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peieus, 
son of ".rEacus, when in banishment at her 
husband's court. Peieus, rejecting the 
addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before 
Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and 
soon after, at a chace, exposed to wild 
beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, deli- 
vered Peieus, who returned to Thessaly, 
and put to death Acastus and his wife. 
Vide Peieus and Astydamia. — Ov. M. 8, 306, 

Her.\3, 25. — Apol, 1, 9, &c. The second 

archon at Athens. 

ACATHANTUS, a bay in the Red Sea.— 
St tab. 16. 

ACCA LAURENTIA, the wife of Faus- 
tulus, shepherd of king Numitor's flocks, 
who brought up Romulus and Remus, who 
had been exposed on the banks of the 
Tiber. From her wantonness, she was 
called Lupa, (a prostitute,) whence the 
fable that Romulus was suckled by a she- 
wolf. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 18.— Liv. I, c. 4. 

— Aul. Gell. 6, c. 7. The Romans yearly 

celebrated certain festivals [vide Lauren- 
ialia] in honour of another prostitute of the 
tsame name, which arose from this circum- 
stance: tiie keeper of the templeof Hercules, 
one day playing at dice, made the god one 
of the number, on condition that if Her- 
cules was defeated, he should make him a 
present, but if he conquered, he should be 
entertained with an elegant feast, and share 
nis bed with a beautiful female. Hercules 
was victorious, and accordingly Acca was 
sonducted to the bed of Hercules, who in 
reality came to see her, and told her in 
the morning to go into the streets, and 
salute with a kiss the first man she met. 
This was Tarru tius, an old unmarried man, 
who, not displeased with Acca's liberty, 
loi ed her, and made her the heiress of all 
his possessions. These, at her death, she 
gave to the Roman people, whence the 

honours: paid to her memory. — PIMu.R. 

A companion of Camilla. — V. Mn. 11, 620. 

ACCIA or ATIA, daughter of Julia and 
M. Atius Balbus, was the mother of Au- 
gt^tus, and died about forty years B.C.— 
JJio.—Suct. in Aug. 4. Variola, an illus- 
trious female, whose cause was eloquently 
pleaded by Pliny. — Pi. 6, ep. 33. 

ACCILA, a town of Sicily.— Liv. 24, c. 35. 

L. ACC1DS, a Roman tragic poet, whose 
roughness of style Quintilian has imputed 
to the unpolished age in which he lived. 
He translated some of the tragedies of So- 
I hocles, but of his numerous pieces only 
some of the names are known ; and among 



ACC -ACE 

these his Nuptiae, Mercator, Neoptolemu^, 
Phcenice, Medea, Atreus, 6cc. The great 
marks of honour which he received at liome 
may be collected trom this circumstance : 
that a man was severely reprimanded by a 
magistrate for mentioning his name with- 
out reverence. Some few of his verses are 
preserved in Cicero and other writers. He 
died about ISO years B. C.—Hor. 2, ep. l, 56 
— Ov.Am. 1, el". 15, 19.— Quin. 10, l. — Cic. 

Atl. Br. de Oral. 3, 16. A famous orator 

of Pisaurum in Cicero's age. — -Labeo, a 

foolish poet mentioned Pers. 1, 50. 

Tullius, a prince of the Volsci, very inimi- 
cal to the Romans. Corioianus, wheu 
banished by his countrymen, fled to him, 
and led his armies against Rome.— Liv. 2, 
37.— Plu. Cor. 
ACCO, a general of the Senones in Gaul. 

Cccs. bell. Gall. 6, c. 4, 44. An old woman 

who fell mad on seeing her deformity iu 
a looking-glass.— Hesycti. 
ACC I] A, a town in Italy.— Liv. 24, c. 20 
ACE, a town iu Phoenicia, called also 
Ptolemais, now Acre. C. A>/>. in Datam, 
c 5. A place of Arcadia near Megalo- 
polis, where Orestes was cured from the 
persecution of the furies, who had a temple 
there. — Pans. 8, v. 34. 

ACERATUS, a soothsayer, who remained 
alone at Delphi when "the approach of 
Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants.-- 
Herodot. 8, c. 37. 

ACERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, 
who married Dido. Vide Sichaeus. Jus.i6,-i. 

ACERINA, a colony of the Brutii in 
Magna Graecia, taken by Alexander of 
Epirus.— Liv. 8, c. 24. 

ACERR./E, an ancient town of Campania, 
near the river Clanius. it still subsists, 
and the frequent inundations from the river 
which territied its ancient inhabitants, are 
now prevented by the large drains dug 
there. — Virg. G. 2, v. 225. — Liv. 8. c. 17. 

ACER.ESCOMES, a surname of Apollo, 
which signifies unshorn.— Jul: 8, v. 128. 
ACES, a river of Asia.— Herodot. 3, c. 117. 
ACESIA, part of the island of Lemnos, 
which received this name from Philoctetes, 
whose wound was cured there.— Philostr. 
ACES1NES, a river of Sicily.— Thu. 4, 25. 
ACES1NUS or ACES1NES, a river of 
Persia falling into the Indus. Its banks 
produce reeds of such an uncommon size 
that a piece of them, particularly between 
two knots, can serve as a boat to cross the 
water. — Justin. 12, c. 9. — Plin. 4, c. 12. 

ACESIUS, a surname of Apollo, in Elis 
and Attica, as god of medicine. Puns. 6,c.24. 

ACESTA, a town of Sicily, called aiier 
kin-; Acestes, and known also by the name 
of Segesta. it was built by JEntds, who 
left here part of his crew, as he was going 
to Italy. — Virg. JEn. 5, v. 74l, <.vc. 

ACESTES, son of Crinisus and Egesta, 
was k.ng of the country near Drepanum in 
Sicily. He assisted Priam iu the Trojan 
war, anu kindly entertained /Eneas during 
his voyage, and helped him to bury Ins 
father on mount Eryx. , In commemoration 
of this, /Eneas bull t a city there, called 
Acesta, from Acestes.— Virg. /tn. 5, v. 74u 



ACE-ACH 



ACH — ACH 



ACESTIL'M, a woman who saw all ner of Adramastus, and one of the companions 

relations invested with the sacred office of of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast ot 

•orch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. Pans. Sicily, where /Eneas, in his vovage to Italy, 

1 c. 37. found him.— V. En. 3, 624.— Ov. lb. 417. 

ACESTODORUS, a Greek historian, who ACH /EO RUM LITTUS, a harbour in 

mentions the review which Xerxes made of Cyprus.— Stra. In Troas, in yEolia 

his forces before the battle of Salamis. PL. Th. in Peloponnesus, on the Euxine. — 

ACERTOR1 DES, an Athenian archon.— Pans. 4, c. 31. 

A Corinthian governor of Syracuse. DiodAQ. ACH/EORU M STATIO, a place on tlie 

ACETES, one of Evander's attendants. — coast of the Thracian Chersonesus, where 



Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of 
Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polym- 
nestor, whohad murdered her sonPolydorus. 
ACH/EUS, a king of Lydia, hung by his 



Virg. En. 11, v. 30. 

ACHABYTOS,a lofty mountain inRhodes, 
where Jupiter had a temple. 

ACH./EA, a surname of Pallas, whose 
temple in Daunia was defended by dogs, subjects for his extortion.— Ovid, in lb. 
who fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely A son of Xuthus, of Thessaly. He fled 
attacked ail other persons.— Aris.M. — - after the accidental murder of a man, to 
Ceres was called Achaea, from her lamen- Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants were 
lations (ac/umj at the loss of Proserpine, called, from him, Achaei. He afterwards 
PI. Is. Sf Os. returned to Thessaly. Strab. 8.— Pans. 7, 

ACH/El, the descendants of Achaeus, at c. 1. A tragic poet of Eretria, who 

first inhabited the country near Argos, but wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the 
being driven out by the Heraclidse, 80 years titles are preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, 
after the Trojan war, they retired among Cvcnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, 
the lonians, whose 12 cities they seized and Theseus, Uulipus, &c. ; of these only one 
kept. The names of these cities are Pelena, obtained the prize. He lived some time after 

-lEgira, vEges, Bura, Tritaea, /Egion, Rhy- Sophocles. Another of Syracuse, author 

pee, Olenos, Helice, Patrae, Dyme, and of 10 tragedies. A river which falls into 

Phar?e. — The inhabitants of these three last the Euxine. — Arrian in Peripl. A rela- 

began a famous confederacy, 284 years tion of Antiochus the Great, appointed go- 
15. C, which continued formidable upwards pernor of all the king's provinces beyond 
of J30 years, under the name of the Taurus. He aspired to sovereign po'wer, 
Achcean league, and was most illustrious \ which he disputed for eight years with 
whilst supported by the splendid virtues Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a 
and abilities of Aratus and Phiiopoemen. j Cretan. His limbs were cut off, and his 
Their arms were directed against the j body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was ex- 
vEtolians for three years, with the assist- j posed on a gibbet.— Pol. 8. 
ance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew | ACH A I A, called also Hellas, a country 
powerful by the accession of neighbouring ! of Peloponnesus, at the north of Elis, on 
states, and freed their country from foreign ! the bay of Corinth, which is now part of 
slavery, till at last they were attacked by Livadia. It was originally called /Egialus 



the Romans, and, after one year's hostili- 
ties, the Achaean league was totally de- 
stroyed, B. C. 147. The Achaeans extended 
the borders of their country by conquest, 
and even planted colonies in Magna Grae- 
cia. — The name of Achcei is generally ap- 
plied to all the Greeks indiscriminately, by 
the poets. Vide Achaia.— Herod. 1, 145. 
I. 8, 36.— Sta. Th. 2, 164.— Poly. —Liv. 1. 
27, 32, kc.— Pl. in Phil.—Pli. 4, 5.— Ov. 

M. 4, 6"5.— Pa. 7, i, &c. Also, a people 

of Asia, on the borders of the Euxine. 
— Ov. Pont. 4, el. 10,237. 

ACH/EIUM, a place of Troas, opposite 
Tenedos. Slrab. 8. 

ACHGiMENES, a king of Persia, among 
the progenitors of Cyrus the Great ; whose 
descendants were called Achaemenides, and 
formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which 
the kings were members. Cambyses, son 
of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his 
cobles, and particularly the Achzemenides, 
not to suffer the Medes to recover their 
former power, and abolish the empire of 
Persia. — Herod. 1,125, i. 3, 65, I. 7, 11.— 
Hor. 3.od. 12,21. A Persian, made go- 
vernor of Egypt by Xerxes, B. C. 484. 

ACH/EMEN1A, part of Persia, called 
a iter Achaemenes. Hence Achaemenius.— 
Horat. Epod. 13, v. 12. 

ACH/EMEN I DES, a native of Ithaca, son 



(shore), from its situation. The lonians 
called it Ionia, when they settled there; 
and it received the name of Achaia from 
the Achaei, who dispossessed the lonians, 
Vide Achaei. — -A small part of Phthiotis was 
also called Achaia, of which Alos was the 
capital. 

ACMAICUM BELLUM. Tide Achaei. 

ACHARA, a town near Sardis. Stra. 14. 

ACHARENSES, a people of Sicily, near 
Syracuse.— Cic. in Ver. i. 

AC HA RN/E, a village of A ttica. Thu.2, 1 9. 

ACHATES, a friend of /Eneas, whose 
lidelity was so exemplary that Fidus Achates 

became a proverb. V. Mn.i, 316. A river 

of Sicily. 

ACHELOIDES, a patronymic given to 
the Sirens, as daughters of Achelous. 
Ov. M. 5, f. 15. 

ACH ELOR1 U M, a rivefof Thessaly. P0/.8. 

ACHELOUS, the son of Oceanus or Sol, 
by Terra, or Tethys, god of the river of 
the same name, in Epirus. As one of the 
numerous suitors of Dejanira, daughter of 
Gineus, he entered the lists against Her 
cules, and being inferior changed himself 
into a serpent, and afterwards into an ox. 
Hercules broke off one of his horns, and 
Achelous being defeated, retired in disgrace 
into his bed of waters. The broken horn was 
taken up by the uvmpbs, and tilled wifr 
B 3 



ACH — ACH I 
fruits and flowers ; and after it had for some 
time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it 
was presented to the goddess of plenty. 
Some say that he was changed into a river 
after the "victory of Hercules. This river is 
in Epirus, and rises in mount Hindus, and 
after dividing Acarnania from jEtolia, fails 
into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud 
w hich it carries down, have formed some 
islands at its mouth. This river is said by 
some to have sprung from the earth after 
the deluge. — Herod. 2,\0. Sua. \Q.—*Ov.M. 
8, f. 5, 1. 9, fab. 1.— A mor. el, 3, 6, v.35.— 

Apol. I, 3, 7, 1. 2, c. 7. — Hyg. prcef. A 

river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. 
— —Another flowing from mount Sicylus. — 
Pn. 8, 38. 

ACHERDUS, a tribe of Attica; hence 
Acherdusis in Demosth. 

ACH ERl Ml, a people of Sicily. — Cic. 3.V 

ACHERON, a river of Thesprotia, in 
Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia. 
Homer called it, from the dead appearance 
of its waters, one of the rivers of hell, and 
the fable has been adopted by all succeed- 
ing poets, who make the g-od of the stream 
to be the son of Ceres without a father, 
and say that he concealed himself in hell 
for fear of the Titans, and was changed 
into a bitter stream, over which the souls 
of the dead are at first conveyed. It re- 
ceives, say they, the souls of the dead, be- 
cause a deadly languor seizes them at the 

hour of dissolution. Some make him 

son of Titan, and suppose that he was 
plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying 
the Titans with water. The word Acheron 
is often taken for hell itself.— Hot. i,od. 3, 
36.— Virg. G. 2, 292.— £n.-2,29o,&cc— Slra.l. 

—Liic.3,\6.—Sil.2,Silv.6,ti0.—Li.S,c.24. 

A river of Elis, in Peloponnesus. Another 

in the Riphaan mountains.— Orph. Also 

a river in the country of the Brutii, in 
Italy.— Ju. 12, 2. 

ACHERONTIA, a town of Apulia, on a 
mountain, thence called Nidus by Hor. 3, 
od. 4, 14. 

ACHERUSIA, a lake of Egypt, near 
Memphis, over which, as Diodorus, lib. l, 
mentions, the bodies of the dead were con- 
veyed, and received sentence according to 
the actions of their life. The boat was 
called Baris, and the ferryman Charon. 
Hence arose the fable of Charon and the 
Styx, &c, afterwards imported into Greece 
by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion 

of the country. There was a river of 

the same name in Epirus, and another in 
Italy, in Calabria. 

ACHERUSIAS, a place or cave in Cher- 
sonesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is 
reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell.— 
Xenqph. Anab. 6. 

ACHETUS, a river of Sicily.— Sil. 14. 

ACHILLAS, a general of Ptolemy, who 
murdered Pompev the Great.— Pi. Po.— 
Jju. 8, 538. 

ACHILLEA, a peninsula near the mouth 
of_the Borysthenes. — Mela, 2, c. 1. — Hero- 
dot. 4, c. "o5 and 76. An island at the 

mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb 
of Achilles, over which it is said that birds 



ACH— ACH 

never flew.- P/in. 10, c. 29. A foun- 
tain of Miletus, whose waters rise salted 
from the earth, and afterwards sweeten in 
their course. — Athen. 2, c. 2. 

ACHILLEUS, or AQUILEUS, a Roman 
general in Egypt, in the reign of Diocle- 
sian, who rebelled, and for five years main- 
tained the imperial dignity at Alexandria. 
Dioclesian at last marched against him ; 
and because he had supported a long siege, 
the emperor ordered him to be devoured 
by lions. 

ACHI LLEIENSES, a people near Mace- 
donia. — Xenoph. Hint. Gr<ec. 3. 

ACHILLEIS, a poem of Statius, in which 
he describes the education and memorable 
actions of Achilles. This composition is im- 
perfect. The poet's premature death de- 
prived the world of a valuable history of 
the life and exploits of this famous hero. — 
Vide Statius. 

ACHILLES, the son of Peleus and The- 
tis, was the bravest of all the Greeks in the 
Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis 
plunged him in the Styx, and made every 
part of his body invulnerable, except the 
heel by which she held him. His education 
was entrusted to the centaur Chiron, who 
taught him the art of war, and made him 
master of music, and, by feeding him with 
the marrow of wild beasts, rendered him 
vigorous and active. He was taught elo- 
quence by Phoenix, whom he ever after 
loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent 
him from going to the 'I rojan war, where 
she knew he was to perish, privately sent 
him to the court of Lycomedes, where he 
was disguised in a female dress, and, by 
his familiarity with the king's daughters, 
made Deidamia mother of Neoptolemus. 
As Troy could not be taken without the aid 
of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of 
Lycomedes, in the habit of a merchant, 
and exposed jewels and arms to sale. 
Achilles, chosing the arms, discovered his 
sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the 
entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit 
of armour, which was proof against all 
weapons. He was deprived by Agamem- 
non of his favourite mistress, Briseis, who 
had fallen to his lot at the division of the 
booty of Lyrnessus. For this affront he re- 
fused to appear in the field till the death of 
his friend Patroclus recalled him to action, 
and to revenge. {Vide Patroclus.] Heslew 
Hector, the bulwark of Troy, tied the 
corpse by the heels to his chariot, and 
dragged it three times round the walls of 
Troy. After thus appeasing the shades of 
his friend, he yielded to the tears and en- 
treaties of Priam, and permitted the aged 
father to ransom and carry away Hector's 
body. In the tenth year of the war, Achilles 
was charmed with Polyxena; and as he so- 
licited her hand in the* temple of Minerva, 
it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his 
vulnerable heel, of which wound he died. 
His body was buried at Sigieum, and divine 
honours were paid to him, and temples 
raised to his memory. It is said, that after 
the taking of Troy," the ghost of Achilles 
appeared to the G'veeks, and demanded oi 



ACH—ACI J 
them Polyxena, who accordingly was sa- 
crificed on his lonib by his son Neoptole- 
nius. Some say that this sacrifice was 
'oluntary,and that Polvxenawas 60 grieved 
it his death thai she killed herself on his 
bnib. The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a 
flack and a white bull on his tomb. It is 
sported that he married Helen after the 
siege of Troy ; but others maintain that 
this marriage happened after his death, in 
the island of Leuce, where many of the an- 
cient heroes lived, as in a separate ely- 
sium. [ Vide Leuce.] When Achilles was 
young, his mother asked him, whether he 
preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and 
retirement, or a few years of military "fame 
and glory 1 and that, to his honour, he made 
choice of the latter. Some ages after the 
Trojan war, Alexander going- to the con- 
quest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the 
tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero 
who had found a Homer to publish his fame 
to posterity. — Zen. V. — Plu. A. De Facie in 
orbeLun. lie Music. iJe Amic. mult.Qu. Grec. 

—Pa. 3, 18, &.c.—Diod. ll.—St. Ach Ov. 

M. 12, fab. 3, &c. Trist. 3, el. 5, 37, &c— 
V. Mil. 1, 472, 4S8, 1. 2, 275, I. 6, 58, <kc— 
ApoL 3, Vi—tiyg. Fa. 96 & 110— Sir. 14.— 
PI. 3.3, 15. — M. Tyr. Orat. T,.—Hor. 1, 
od. 1,2, od. 4 & 16, 1. 4, od. 6, 2 ep. 2, 42.— 
H. 11. Sr Od.—Dict. C. 1 , 2, 3, Ike. Dar. Phr. 

Juv. 7, 210. ApoL. 4. Arg. 869. There 

were other persons of the same name. The 
most known were : a man who received Ju- 
no when she fled from Jupiter's courtship; 
the preceptor of Chiron, the centaur; a son 
of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to 
be fairer than Venus ; a man who instituted 

ostracism at Athens. Tatius, a native 

of Alexandria, in the age of the Emperor 
Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted 
to Christianity, and made a bishop. He 
wrote a mixed history of great men, a trea- 
tise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on 
the loves of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. 
Some manuscripts of his works are pre 
served in the Vatican and Palatinate libra- 
ries. The best edition of his works is that 
in J2mo. L. Bat. 1640. 

ACHILLEUM, a town of Troas, near the 
tomb of Achilles, built by the iMitvleneans. 
PL 5, 30. 

ACH1VI, the name of the inhabitants of 
Argos and Lacedaemon before the return 
of the Heraclidse, by whom they were ex 
pelled from their possessions 80 years after 
the Trojan war. Being without a home, 
they drove the lonians from /Egialus, seized 
their 12cities, and called the country Achaia. 
The lonians were received by the Atheni- 
ans. The appellation of Achivi is indiscri- 
minately applied by the ancient poets to all 
the Greeks. — Pa.l, 1, &c. — Vide Achaia. 

ACHLAD/EUS, a Corinthian general, 
killed bv Aristomenes. — Pa. 4, 19. 

ACHOLCE, one of the Harpies.— 
Hyg. H. 

AC1CHORIUS, general with Brennus, 
in ihe expedition which the Gauls under- 
took against Pseonia. — Pa. 10, 10. 

AC1DAL1A, a surname of Venus, from 
a fountain of the same name in Bceolia, sa 



ACI-ACO 
cred to her. The Graces bathed in the foun- 
tain.— JEn. 1, 720.— Ov. F. 4, 468. 

AC1DASA, a river of Peloponnesus, 
formerly called Jardanus.— Pa. 5, 5. 

AC1L1A, a plebeian family at Rome, 
which traced its pedigree up to the Tro- 
jans. The mother of Lucan. 

AC1LIA LEX was enacted, A.U.C. 556, 
by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of 
five colonies in Italy. Liv. 32, 29. — Another, 
called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 6d4, which 
enacted, that no person convicted of ambi- 
tus, or using bribes at elections, should be 
admitted in the senate, or hold an office. — 
Another, concerning such as were guilty of 
extortion in the provinces. 

M. ACILIUS BALBUS, was consul with 
Portius Cato, A.U.C. 638. It is said, that 
during his consulship, milk and blood fell 
from heaven. PL. 2, 56. Glabrio, a tri- 
bune of the people, who with a legion 
quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Be- 
ing consul with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, 
A.U.C. 561, he conquered Antiochus at 
hermopylae, for which he obtained a tri- 
umph, and three days were appointed for 
public thanksgiving. He stocd for the cen- 
sorship against Cato, but desisted on ac- 
count of the false measures used by his 
competitor.— Ju. 31,6. — Li. 30, 40, 1. 31,50, 
1. 35, 10, &c- — The son of the preceding, 
erected a temple to Piety, which his father 
had vowed to this goddess when fighting 
against Antiochus. He raised a golden sta 
tue to his father, the fir«t that appeared in 
Italy. The temple of Piety was built on 
the spot where once a woman had fed with 
her milk her aged father, whom the senate 
had imprisoned, and excluded from all ali- 
ments Val. Max. 2, 5. The enactor of a 

law against bribery. A pretor in the 

time that Verres was accused by Cicero. 

A man accused of extortion, and twice de- 
fended by Cicero. He was proconsul of 
Sicily, and lieutenant to Caesar in the civil 

wars.— Cues. Bell. Civ. 3, 15. A consul, 

whose son was killed by Domitian, because 
he fought with wild beasts. The true cause 
of this murder was, that young Glabrio was 
stronger than the emperor, and therefore 
envied. — Juv. 4, 94. 

AC1LLA, a town of Africa, nearAdrume 
turn. Some make it Acolla.— Ctzs. Ajr. 33. 

ACIS, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus 
and the nymph Simeethis. Galateea passion- 
ately loved him ; upon which his rival, 
Polyphemus, through jealousy, crushed him 
to death with a piece of a' broken rock. 
The gods changed Acis into a stream, which 
ises from Mount JEtm..~Ov. M. 13, fab. 8. 

ACMON, a native of.Lyrnessus, who ac- 
companied ./Eneas into Italy. His father's 
name was Clvtus. — V. JEn. 10, 128. 

ACMON IDLS, one of the Cy lops.— Ov. 
F. 4, 288. 

ACCETES, the pilot of the ship whose 
crew found Bacchus asleep, and carried 
him away. As they ridiculed the god, they 
were changed into sea monsters, out Acu> 
tes was preserved.— Ov. M.3,f.8. Fzc^cAcetes. 

ACONTES, one of Lvcaon's liftv bous. 
—ApoL 3, 6. 



ACO-ACR 



3 



ACR-ACIl 



ACONTKUS, a famous hunter, changed 
into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the 
nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda.— Or. 

M. 5, 201. A person killed in the wars of 

iEneas and Turnus, in Italv.— V. JEn.\ l ,615. 

ACONTIUS, a youth of Cea, who, when 
he went to Delos to see the sacrifices of Di- 
ana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful 
virgin, and being unable to obtain her on 
account of ihe obscurity of his origin, wrote 
these verses on an apple, which he threw 
into her bosom : — 

Juro tibi sanctcz per mystica sacra Diana, 
Me tibi vcnturam comitem, sponsamque 
futuram. 

Cyd'ippe read the verses, and being com- 
pelled by the oath she had inadvertently 

made, married Acontius. — Ov. H. ep.20. 

A mountain of Boeotia.— PZ. 4, 7. 

ACONTOBU LUS, a place of Cappadocia, 
under Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons 
—Apol. arg. 2. 

ACORIS, a king of E?ypt, who assisted 
Evaq-oras, king of Cyprus, against Persia, 
—Diod. 15. 

ACRA, a town of Italy,— Euboea,— Cy- 
prus, — Acarnania, — Sicily,— -Africa, — Sar- 

matia, &c. A promontory of Calabria, 

now Cape di Leuca. 

ACRA DIN A, the citadel of Syracuse, 
taken by Marcellus, the Roman consul. 
— PL M.—Cic. V. 4. [2, 34. 

ACR/£,amountain of Peloponnesus.— Pa. 

ACR/EA, a daughter of the river Asteri- 

on. A surname of Diana, from a temple 

built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near 
Ars-os. A surname of Juno.— Pa. 2, 17. 

AC R iE P H N I A , a to wn in Boeotia; whence 
Apoiio is called Acreephnius. — Her. 

ACRAGALLIDA, a dishonest nation liv- 
ing- ancientlv near Athens. Azsch.con. Ctes. 

ACRAGAS. Vide Agragas. 

ACRATUS, a freed man of Nero, sent 
into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. 
-Toe. An. 15, 45. 1. 16, 23. 

ACRIAS, one of Hippodamia's suitors. 

Pa. 6, 21. He built Acria, a town of La- 

conia.— Id. 3, 21. 

ACRIDOPHAGI, an Ethiopian nation, 
who fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond 
their 40th year. At the approach of" old 
age, swarms of winged lice attacked them, 
and gnawed their belly and breast, till the 
patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, 
which increased their number, and ended 
in his death.— Di. 3— PL 11.— Str. 16. 

ACkION, a Pythajorean philosopher of 
Locris.— Cic. Fi. 5, 29. 

ACRISIONEUS, a patronymic applied 
to the Argives, from Acrisius', one oi their 
ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town 
of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acri- 
sius, of thesame name.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 410. 

ACRISOMADES, a patronymic Df Per- 
seus, from his grandfather Acrisius. — Ov. 
Met. 5, v. 70. 

ACRISIUS, son of Abas, king of Argos, 
by Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He 
was born at the same birth as Prcetus, 
with whom it is said that he quarrelled 
even in his mother's womb. Alter many 
dissensions Prcetus was driven from Argos. I 



Acrisius had Danae, by Eurydice daughter 
of LacedcEinon ; and being told by an 
oracle, that his daughter's son would put 
him to death, he confined Danae in a 
brazen tower to prevent her becoming a 
mother. She however became pregnant, 
by Jupiter changing into a golden shower; 
and though Acrisius ordered her, and her 
infant called Perseus, to be exposed on 
the sea, yet they were saved ; and Perseus 
soon after became so famous for his actions, 
that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned 
a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Per- 
seus, wishing to show his skill in throwing 
a quoit, killed an old man who proved to 
be his grandfather, whom he knew not, 
and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. 
Acrisius reigned about 31 vears.' — Hyg. f. 
63.— Ov. M. 4, f, \&.—Ho'r. 3, od, 16.— 
ApoL 2, c. 2, &c. — Pa. 2, 16, Ax. Vide 
Danae, Perseus, Polydectes. 

AC RITAS, a promontory of Messenia, 
in Peloponnesus.— PL 4, 5.— Me. 2, 3. 

ACROATHON, or ACROTHOOS, a town 
on ihe top of mount Athv>s, whose inhabi 
tants lived to an uncommon old age.— 
Me. 2, 2.— PL 8, 10. 

ACROCERAUNIUM, a pron.o-ntory of 
Epirus, with mountains called Acrocerau- 
nia, which projeet between the Ionian and 
Adriatic seas. The word comes from 
akros, high, and keraunos, thunder ; be- 
cause, on account of their great height, 
they were often struck with thunder. — 

Liter. 6, v. 520.— PL 4, I.— V.JEn. 3, 506 

Stra. 6.— Hot. 1, od. 3, v. 20. 

ACROCOR1NTHUS, a lofty mountain 
on the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Ara- 
tus, B. C. 243. There is a tempie of Venus 
on the top, and Corinth is built at the 
bottom.— Stra. 8.— Pa. 2, 4.— PL Ar.—St. 
Th. 7, 106. 

ACRON, a king of Cenina, kiUeo. by 
Romulus in single combat, after the rape 
of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated 

to Jupiter Feretrius. — Plut. in Romul. 

A physician of Agrigentum, B. C. 439, 
educated at Athens with Empedocles. He 
wrote physical treatises in the Doric, dia- 
lect, and cured the Athenians of a plague 
bv lighting fire near the houses of the in- 
fected. — PI. 29, I . — PL Is. One of the 

friends of /Eneas, killed by Mazentius. — 
V. /En. 10, 719. 

ACROPATOS, one of Alexander's offi- 
cers, who obtained part of Media after 
the King's de*th.— Ju. 13, 4. 

ACROPOLIS, the citadel of Athens, 
built on a rock, and accessible only on 
one side. Minerva had a temple at the 
bottom. — Pans, in Attic. 

ACROTATUS, son of Cleomenes, king 
of Sparta, died before his father, leaving 
called Areus.— Pans. I, c. 13, I. 3, 

c. 6 A son of Areus. who was greatly 

loved by Chelidonis, wife of Cleonyujus. 
This amour displeased her husband, who 
called Pyrrhus the Epirot to avenge his 
wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by 
Pyrrhus, Acrotatus wis seen bravely light- 
ing in the middle of the enemy, and 
commended by ihe multitude, who con- 



ACR — ACT 



ACT— ADA 



gratulated Chelidonis on being- mistress to 
Buch a warlike lover. — Pint, in Pyrrh. 

ACROTHOOS. Vide Aeroathon. 

ACTA or ACTE, a country of Attica, 
This word signifies shore, and is applied 
to Attica, as being near the sea. It is 
derived by some writers, from Actseus a 
king, from whom the Athenians have been 
called ActEei,— Ov. M. 1, 312. — V. Eel. 2, 3. 

ACTA, a place near mount Athos, on 
the JEsean Sea.—Thucyd. 4, 109. 

ACT.EA. one of the Nereides.— Hes. T. 

250.— H. II. 18, 41. A surname of Ceres. 

A daughter of Danaus. — Apol. 2, 1. 

ACTjEON, a famous huntsman, son of 
Aristaeus and Autonoe, daughter of Cad- 
mus, whence he is called Autonehis heros. 
He saw Diana and her attendants bathing- 
near Gargaphia, for which he was changed 
into a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. — 

Pa. 9, 2.-0 v. M. 3,f. 2. A beautiful youth, 

son of Melissusof Corinth, whom Archias, 
one of the Heraclidae, endeavoured to 
debauch and carry away. He was killed 
in the struggle which in consequence of 
this happened between his father and ra- 
visher. Melissus complained of the in- 
sult, and drowned himself ; and soon after, 
the country being visited by a pestilence, 
Archias was expelled. — PL A. 

ACTiEUS, a powerful person who made 
himself master of a part of Greece, which 
he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos 
married Cecrops, whom the Athenians 
called their first king, though Actseus 

reigned before him.— Pa. 1, 2, 14. The 

word is of the same signification as 
Atticus, an inhabitant of Attica. 

ACTE, a mistress of Nero, descended 

from Attalus.— Suet. N. 28. One of the 

Horae. — Hyg. fa. 183. 

AC'J'IA, the mother of Augustus. As she 
slept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamed 
that a dragon had lain with her. Nine 
months after, she brought forth, having 
previously dreamed that her bowels were 
scattered all over the world.— Suet. A.M. 
Games sacred to Apollo, in commemo- 
ration of the victory of Augustus over M. 
\ntony at Actium. They were celebrated 
very third, sometimes fifth, year, with 
great pomp, and the Lacedeemonians had 
the care of them.— PL A.— Sir. l.— V.lEn. 

3, 280, 1. 8, 675. A sister of Julius Caesar. 

— PL C. 

ACTIS, son of Sol, went from Greece 
into Egypt, where he taught astrology, 
and founded Heliopolis. — Diod. 5. 

ACTISANES, a king of ^Ethiopia, who 
conquered Egypt, and expelled king Ama- 
sis. He was famous for his equity, and his 
severe punishment of robbers, whose noses 
he cut off, and whom he banished to a 
desert place, where they were in want of 
all aliment, and living only on crows — Di.\. 

ACTIUM, now Azio, a town and pro- 
montory of Epirus, famous for the naval 
victory which Augustus obtained over 
Antony and Cleopatra, the 2d of September, 
B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror 
built there the town of Nicopolis", and 
instituted games. Vide Actia.— PL A. — 



Sue. A. A promontory of Corcvra. -* 

Cic. Att. 7, 2. 

ACTIUS, a surname of Apollo, from 
Actium, where be had a temple.— V. JEn. 

8, 704. A poet. Vide Accius. A prince 

oftheVolsci. Vide Accius. 

ACTIUS NAVIUS, an augur who cut a 
loadstone in two with a razor, before Tar- 
quin and the Roman people, to convince 
them of his skill as an augur. — Flor. l, o. 
Liv. 1, 36. Labeo. Vide Labeo. 

ACTOR, a companion of Hercules in 

his expedition against the Amazons. 

The father of Mencetiusby jEgina, whence 
Patroclus is called Actorides. — Ov. T. 1, 

el. 8. A man called also Aruncus.— - 

V. JEn. 12, 93. One of the friends of 

-/Eneas. — Id. 9, 500. A son of Neptune 

by Agameda.— Hyg. fa. 14. A son of 

Deion and Diomede. — Apol. 1, 9. The 

father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas. 

Apol. 2, 7. -A son of Acastus, one of the 

Argonauts. —Hyg. fa. 14. The father 

of Astyoche. — H. II. Q.— Pa. 9, 37. A 

king of Lemnos.— Hyg. 102. 

ACTORIDES, a patronymic given to 
Patroclus, grandson of Actor. — Ov.M. 13, 

fab. 1. Aiso to Erithus, son of Actor. — 

Id. 31. 5, fab. 3. Two brothers so fond 

of each other, that in driving a chariot, 
one generally held the reins, and the other 
the whip ; whence they are represented 
with two heads, four feet, and one body. 
Hercules conquered them. — Pindar. 

ACTOR IS, a maid of Ulysses.— H.Od.23. 

M. ACTORIUS NASO, a Roman histo- 
rian.— Suet. Jul. 9. 

C. ACULEO, a Roman lawyer celebrated 
as much for the extent of his understand- 
ing, as for his knowledge of law. He was 
uncle to Cicero. — Cic. O. 1, 43. 

ACUPH1S, an ambassador from India to 
Alexander. — Plu. A. 

ACUSILAUS and DAMAGETUS, two 
brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the 
Olympic games. The Greeks strewed 
flowers upon Diagoras their father, and 
called him happy in having such worthy 

sons. — Pa. 6, 7. An historian of Argos", 

often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on 
genealogies in a style simple and destitute 
of all ornament. — Cic. 0. 2, 19,—Suidas. 

An Athenian who taught rhetoric at 

Rome, under Galba. 

M.ACUTICUS, an ancient comic writer, 
whose plays were known under the names 
of Leones, Gemini, Vnus, Bceoiia, &c. 

ADA, a sister of queen Artemisia, who 
married Hidricus. After her husband's 
death, she succeeded to the throne of 
Caria ; but being expelled by her younger 
brother, she retired to Alindae, which she 
delivered to Alexander after adopting him 
as her son.— Curt. 2, B.—Str. 14. 

ADAD, a deity among- the Assyrians, 
supposed to be the sun. 

ADIEUS, a native of Mitylene, who 
wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. — 
Allien. 13 

ADAMANTiEE, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, 
who suspended him in his cradle to a tree, 
that he might be found neither in the 



ADA— ADM 



10 



ADO— ADR 



earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the 
infant's cries, she had drums beat, and cym- 
bals sounded around the tree. — 

ADA MAS, a Trojan prince, killed by 

Merion.— H. II. 13, 560. A youth who 

raised a rebellion on being- emasculated 
by Cotys, kin<r of Thrace.— Arist. P. 5, 10. 

ADAMASTUS, a native of Ithaca, father 
of Achtemenides. — V. J£n. 3, 614. 

A DAS PI 1, a people at the foot of mount 
Caucasus.— Ju. 12, 5. 

ADDEPHAGIA, a goddess of the Sici- 
lians.— Mlian, 1, V. H. 27. 

ADDUA, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, falling into the Po.— PL 2, 103. 

ADELPHIUS, a friend of M. Antoninus, 
(vhom he accompanied in his expedition 
into Parthia, of which he wrote the his- 
tory.— Str. 11. 

ADEMON, raised a sedition in Mauri- 
tania to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom 
Calieula had put to death.— Sucton. C. 35. 

ADES, or HADES, the god of hell 
among the Greeks, the same as the Pluto 
of the Latins. The word is derived from 
a and eidein [non videre], because hell is 
deprived of light. It is often used for 
bell itself bv the ancient poets. 

A DGANDES TR1US. a prince of Gaul 
who sent to Rome for poison to destroy 
Arminius, and was answered by the senate, 
that the Romans fought their enemies 
openly, and never used perfidious measures. 
— Tacit. A. 2, "8. 

ADHEREAL, son of Micipsa, and grand- 
son of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, 
and put to death by Jugurfha, after vainly 
imploring the aid of Rome, B.C.I 12.— Sal.J. 

ADH EK.BAS, the husband of Dido. Vide 
Sichseus. 

ADIANTE, a daughter of Danaus.— 

Apol. 2, 11. 

ADIATORIX, a governor of Galatia. 
who to gain Antony's favour, slaughtered, 
in one night, ail the inhabitants of the 
Roman colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. 
He was taken at Actium, led in triumph 
byAugustus,and strangled in prison. -Str. 12. 

ADIMANTUS, a commander of the 
Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All 
the men of the fleet were put to death, 
except Adimantus, because he had opposed 
the designs of his countrymen, who in- 
Vended to mutilate all the Spartans. — 
Xen. H. G.— Pausanias says, 4, 17, 1. 10, 9, 

that the Spartans had bribed him. A 

brother of Plato. Laert. 3. A Corinthian 

general, who reproached Then«stocles with 

his exile. A king struck with thunder, 

for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacri- 
fices.— Ou. fbin. 337. 

ADMETA, daugliterof Eurystheus, was 
priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She 
expressed a wish to possess the girdle of 
the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules 

obtained it for her.— Apol. 2, 23. One 

of the Oceanides.— Hes. T. 365. 

ADM ETUS, son of Pheres andClvmene, 
iingof Pherae in Thessaly, married Theone, 
daughter of Thestor, and after her death, 
Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when 
banished from heaven, is sa d to hive 



tended his flocks for nine years, and to 
have obtained from the Parcse, that Adme- 
tus should never die, if another person 
laid down his life for him ; a proof of un- 
bounded affection, which his wife Alceste 
cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself 
voluntarily to death. Admetus was one of 
the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of the 
Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his 
daughter in marriage only to him who 
could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion 
and a wild boar; and Admetus effected 
this by the aid of Apollo, and obtain i<d 
Alceste's hand. Some say that Hercules 
brought him back Alceste from hell.— Sen. 
M.~Hyg. fa. 50, 51, and 243.— Ov. A.Am. 

3.— Apol. 1, 8, and 9, 6cc. Tibid. 2, el. 3. 

— Pa. 5, 17. A king of the Molossi, to 

whom Themistocles fled for protection. — 

C. Nep. T. 8. An officer of Alexander, 

killed at the siege of Tyre.— Dio. 17. 

ADONIA, festivals in' honour of Adonis, 
first celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. 
They lasted two days, the first of which 
was spent in howlinp* and lamentations, 
the second in joyful c-_ mours, asif Adonis 
was returned to life. In some towns of 
Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days ; 
the one half of which was spent in lamen- 
tations, and the other in rejoicings. Only 
women were admitted, and such as did 
not appear were compelled to prostitute 
themselves for one day ; and the money 
obtained by this shameful custom was de- 
voted to the service of Adonis. The time 
of the celebration was supposed to be very 
unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from 
Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many 
unfortunate omens were drawn. — Plu. A. 
Ammian. 22, 9. 

ADONIS, son of Cinyras, by his daughter 
Myrrha, [Vide Myrrha] was" the favourite 
of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and 
was often cautioned by his mistress not to 
hunt wild beasts, for fear of being killed 
in the attempt. This advice he slighted, 
' and at last received a mortal bite from a 
| wild boar which he had wounded, and 
! Venus, after shedding many tears at his 
i death, changed him into a flower called 
anemony. Proserpine is said to have re- 
stored him to life, on condition that he 
j should spend six months with her, and (he 
j rest of the year with Venus. This implies 
i the alternate return of summer and winter. 
Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because 
the festivals of both were often begun with 
mournful lamentations, and finished with 
I a revival of joy, as if they were returning 
I to life again. Adonis had temples raised 
to his memory, and is said by some to have 
been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus.— 
! Apol. 3, 14.— Pro. 2, el. 13, 53.— V. Eel. 
1 10, IS. — B. Adon.—Hyg. 58, 164, 248, &c. 
Ov. M. 10, fab. 10.— M. Her.— Pa. 2, 20, 

9, 41. A river of Phoenicia, which falls 

into the Mediterranean below Bvbius. 

A DRAM VTTIUM, an Athenian oolony 
on the sea-coast of Mvsia, near the Cay- 
cus.— Str. 13.— T/i. 5, i. 

ADRANA, a river in Germany.— 7*. Ann. 
I, 56. 



ADR— ADR 



I) 



ADR — JEX 



AD RAN UM, a town of Sicily, near 
/Elna, with a river of the same name. The 
chief deity of the place was called Adra- 
nus, and his temple was guarded by 1000 
do?s.— Plut. T. 

ADRASTA, one of the Oceanides who 
nursed Jupiter.— Hyg. fa. 182. 

ADRASTIA, a fountain of Sicyon. Pa. 
2, 15. A mountain.— Pln.L. A coun- 
try near Troy, called after Adrastus, who 
built there a temple to Nemesis. Here 
Apoilo had an oracle. Sir. 13. A daugh- 
ter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is called 
by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of 
injustice. The Egyptians placed her above 
the moon, whence she looked down upon 
the actions of men.— Str. 13. A daugh- 
ter of Melisseus, to whom some attiibute 
the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as 
Adrasta. — Apol. 1,1. 

ADRASTII CAMPI, a plain near the 
Granicus, where Alexander first defeated 
Darius.— Ju. 11,6. 

ADRASTUS, son of Talaus and Lysi- 
mache, was king of Argos. Polynices, 
being banished from Thebes by his brother 
Eteocles, fled to Argos, where' he married 
Argia, daughter of Adrastus. The king 
assisted his son-in-law, and marched against 
Thebes with an army headed by seven of 
his most famous generals. All perished in 
the war except Adrastus, who, with a few 
men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens, 
and implored the aid of Theseus against 
the Thebans, who opposed the burying 
of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus 
went to his assistance, and was victorious. 

Adrastus, after a long reign, died 

through grief, occasioned by the death of 
his son /Egialeus. A temple was raised 
to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn 
festival was annually celebrated. H. II. 
5.— V. JEn. 6. 480. -Apol. 1, 9, 3, 7.— St. 
Tn. 4 and 5.— Hyg. fa. 68, 69, and 70.— 
Fa. 1 1 39, I. 8, 25, 1.10, 90.— Her. 5, 67, &c. 

A peripatetic philosopher, disciple of 

Aristotle. It is supposed, that a copy of 
Ills treatise on harmonics is preserved in 

the Vatican. A Phrygian prince, who 

having inadvertently killed his brother, fled 
to Crcesus, where he was humanely re- 
ceived, and entrusted with the care of his 
son Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adras- 
tus slew the young prince, and in his des- 
pair killed himself on his grave. — Her. 1, 

35, &c. A Lydian, who assisted the 

Greeks against the Persians.— Pa. 7, 5. 

A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son of 

Merops.— H. II. 2 and 6. The father of 

Eurydice, who married Ilus the Trojan 

Apol. 2, 12. A king of Sicyon, who 

reigned four years, B. C. 1215. — — A son of 
Hercules.— Hyg. 242. 

ADR1A, ADR1ANUM, or ADRI ATI 
CUM MARE, a sea lying between Uiyri- 
cum and Italy, now called the gulph of 
Venice, first made known to the Greeks 
bv the discoveries of the Phocaeans. Her. 
l.-Hor. 1 , od. 33, 3, od. 3 k 9.—Catull. 4, 6. 
ADRIANOPOL1S, a town of Thrace on 

the Hebrus. Another in jfctolia,— in Pi- 

sidia,— Bitliynia. 



ADRIAN US, or Hadrian us, the I5fti 
emperor of Rome. He is represented as 
an active, learned, warlike, and austere 
general. He came to Britain, where he 
built a wall between the modern towns of 
Carlisle and Newcastle 60 miles long, to 
protect the Britons from the incursions of 
the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,00^ 
Jews who had rebelled, and built a city 
on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he called 
jElia. His memory was so retentive, that 
he remembered every incident of his life, 
and knew all the soldiers of his army by 
name. He was the first emperor "who 
wore a long beard, and this he did to hide 
the warts on his face. His successors fol- 
lowed his example, not through necessity, 
but for ornament. Adrian went always 
bareheaded, and in long marches gene 
rally travelled on foot. In the beginning 
of his reign, he followed the virtues of his 
adopted father and predecessor, Trajan ; 
he remitted all arrears due to Ins treasury 
for 16 years, and publicly burnt the ac- 
count-books, that his word might not be 
suspected. His peace with the Parthians 
proceeded from a wish of punishing the 
other enemies of Rome, more than from 
the effects of fear. The travels of Adrian 
were not for the display of imperial pride, 
but to see whether Justice was distributed 
impartially ; and public favour was courted 
a condescending behaviour, and the 
meaner familiarity of bathing with the 
common people. It is said that he wished 
to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; 
but his apparent lenity towards the Chris- 
tians was disproved, by the erection of 
a statue to Jupiter, on the spot where 
Jesus rose from the dead, and one to Venus 
mount Calvary. The weight of diseases 
became intolerable. Adrian attempted 
to destroy himself ; and when prevented, 
he exclaimed, that the lives of others were 
in his hands, but not his own. He wrote 
an account of his life, and published it 
under the name of one of his domestics. 
He died of a dysentery, at Baiae, July 10, 
A. D. 138. in the 72d year of his age, after 

a reign of 21 years. — Dio. An officer of 

Lucullus.— PL L. A rhetorician of Tyre 

in the age of M. Antoninus, who wrote 
seven books of metamorphoses, besides 
other treatises now lost. 

ADR 1 M ETUM, atown of Africa, on the 
Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians. — 
Sal. J. 

ADUATACA, a town- of Belgic Gaul, 
now Tongres, on the Maese. 

ADULA, a mountain among the Rhfe- 
tian Alps, near which the P«.hine takes its 
rise, now St. Hothard. 

ADVRMACH I DJE, a maritime people 
of Africa, near Egypt.— Her. 4, 168. 

yEA, a huntress changed into an island 
of the same name by the gods to rescue 
her from the pursuit of her lover, the 
river Phasis. It had a town called /Ea, 
which was the capital of Colchis.— PI, 5, 

426. A town of Thessaly. Of Africa, 

A fountain of Macedonia, near Amy- 

don. 



MA-2EC I 

T'ACEA, games at iEginea, in honour ol 
&.acns. 

/EACIDAS, a king of Epirus, son of 
Neopotolemus, and brother to Olympias. 
He was expeiled by his subjects 'for his 
continual wars with' Macedonia. He left 
a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom 
Chaucus, king ot lllyricum, educated.— 
Pa. i, 11. 

jEACIDES, a patronymic of the descen- 
dants of iEacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, 
Telamon, Pyrrhus, kc.~ V. Mn. 1, 103, &c. 

iEACUS, son of Jupiter by /Eginae, daugh- 
ter of Asopus, was kin<r of the island of 
CEnopia, which was called by his mother's 
name. A pestilence having- destroyed all 
his subjects, he entreated J upiter to re- 
people his kingdom ; and according to his 
desire, all the ants which were in an old oak 
were changed into men, and called by 
/Eacus myrmidons, from murmez, an ant. 
Alacus married Endeis, by whom he had 
Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had 
Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. 
He was a man of such integrity that the 
autients have made him one of the judges 
of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. 
Hor. 2, od.13, 1. 4, od. 8.— Pa. 1, 44, 2, 29. 
Ov. M. 7. f. 25, 1. 13, 25.— Pro. 4, el. 12. Pi. 
Apol.—Apol. 3, 12.— Dw. 4. 

JE/E, ftL-x, or iEsea, an island of Colchis, 
in the Phasis. Vide JEn.—Apol. 3. 

JEJEA, a name given to Circe, because 
born at JEde.—V. JEn. 3, 386. 

jEANTEUM, a city of Troas, where 

Ajax was buried.— PL 5, 30. An isiand 

near theThracian Chersonesus. — Id. 4, 12. 

iEANTIDES, a tyrant of l.ampsacus, 
intimate with Darius." He married adaugh- 
ter of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. — 77m. 6, 
59.— One of the seven poets, called Pleiades. 

jEAxNTIS, an Athenian tribe.— PL S. 2. 

JEAS, a river of Epirus falling into the 
Ionian sea. In the fable of lo, Ovid de- 
scribes it as falling into the Peneus, and 
meeting other rivers at Tempe. This 
some have supposed to be a geographical 
mistake of the poet. — Luc. 6, 3G1. — Ov. M. 
1, 580. 

jEATUS, son of Phillip, and brother of 
Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. 
An oracle having said that whoever of the 
two touched the land after crossing the 
Achelous should obtain the kingdom, Poly- 
clea pretended to be lame, and prevailed 
upon her brother to carry her across on 
his shoulders. When they came near the 
opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from 
her brother's back, exclaiming that the 
kingdom was her own. flatus joined her 
in her exclamation, and afterwards mar- 
ried her, and reiffned conjointly with her. 
Their son Thessalus gave his name to 
Thessalv.— Pol. 8. 

iECHMACORAS, a son of Hercules, by 
Phyllone, daughter of Alcimedon. When 
the father heard that his daughter had 
had a child, he exposed her and the infant 
in the woods lo wiid beasts, where Her- 
cules, conducted by the noise of a magpye 
which imitated the cries of a child, found 
and delivered them.— Pa. 8, 12. I 



12 JEC — JED 

/ECU MIS, succeeded his father Polym- 
nestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the 
reign of Theopompus, of Sparta. — Pa. 8, 5. 

vEDEPSUM, a town of Eubsea.-P/. 4. 
12.— Sir. 10. 

jEDESSA, or Edessa, a town near Pella. 
Caranus king of Macedonia took it by fol- 
lowing goats that sought shelter from the 
rain, and called it from that circumstance 
(aigas, capras) iEgeas. It was the bury- 
ing-place of the Macedonian kings ; and 
an oracle had said, that as long as the 
kings were buried there, so long would 
their kingdom subsist. Alexander was 
buried in a different place; and on that 
account, some authors have said that the 
kingdom became extinct. — Ju. 7, 1. 

jEDICULA Ridiculi. a temple raised to 
the srod of mirth, from the following cir- 
cumstance: after the battle of Cannee, 
Hannibal marched to Rome, whence he 
was driven back by the inclemency of the 
weather ; which caused so much joy in 
Rome, that the Romans raised a temple 
to the srod of mirth. This deity was wor- 
shipped at Sparta.— PL L. Agi. & C. — 
Pausanias also mentions a theos gelolos. 

^EDILES, Roman magistrates, that had 
the care of all buildings, baths, and aque- 
ducts, and examined the weights and mea- 
sures, that nothing might be sold without 
its due value. There were three different 
sorts ; the /Ediles Plebeii, or Minores ; the 
Majorrs iEdiles, and the iEdiles Cereales. 
The plebeian ediles were two, lirst created 
with the tribunes ; they presided over the 
more minute affairs of the state, good 
order, and the reparation of the streets. 
They procured all the provisions of the 
city, and executed the decrees of the peo- 
ple. The Majores and Cereales had greater 
privileges, though they at first shared in 
the labour of the plebeian ediles ; they ap- 
peared with more pomp, and were allowed 
to sit publicly in ivory chairs. The office 
of anedile was honourable, and was always 
the primary step to srreater honours in the 
republic. The ediles were chosen from 
the plebeians for 127 years, till A. U. C. 
338.— Far. L. L. 4, 14.— Ci. L. 3. 

iEDIPSUS, a town in Enbcea, now 
Dipso, abounding in hot-baths. 

.vEDITUUS VAL, a Roman poet before 
the age of Cicero, successful in amorous 
poetry and epigrams. 

iEDON, daughter of Pandarus, married 
Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she 
had a son called Itylus. She was so jeal- 
ous of her sister ISiobe, because she had 
more children than herself, that she re- 
solved to murder the elder, who was edu- 
cated with Itylus. She by mistake killed 
her own son, and was cnanged into a 
goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. 
— H. Od. 19, 518. 

/ELU1, or Hedui, a powerful nation of 
Celtic Gaul known for their valour in the 
wars of Caesar. When their country was 
invaded by this celebrated general," they 
were at the head of a faction in opposition 
to the Sequani and their partizans, and 
l they had established their superiority iu 



JEE — MG 13 
frequent battles. To support their cause, 
however, the Sequani obtained the assis- 
tance of AriovUtus king- of Germany, and 
soon defeated their opponents. The arri- 
val of Caesar changed the face of affairs ; 
the jEdui were restored to the sovereignty 
of the country, and the artfu! Roman, by 
employing- one faction against the other, 
was enabled to conquer them all, though 
the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that 
more powerfully supported by Vercinge- 
torix, shook for a while the dominion of 
Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of 
the conqueror. — C<e. G. 

/EETA, or /Eetes, king of Colchis, son of 
Sol, and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was 
father of Medea, Absyrcus, and Chalciope, 
by Idya, one of the Oceanides He kii.eel 
Phryxus 9on of Athamas, who haa tied to 
ftis court on a golden ram. This murder 
he committed to obtain the fleece of the 
golden ram. The argonauts came against 
Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece 
by means of Medea, though it was guard- 
ed by bulls that breathed fire, and by a 
venomous dragon. Their expedition has 
been celebrated by all the ancient poets. 
Vide Jason, Medea, and Pliryxus. — Apol. 
1, D.—Ov. M. 7, f. 1, &c— Pa. 2, 3.— 
Jti. 42, l.—Fla. Orph. Arg. 

/EETIAS, a patronymic given to Medea, 
as daughter of betas'.— Ov. M. ?, 9. 

./EGA, an island of the ./Egean sea between 
reneiios and Chios. 

/EGEAS, a town, whose inhabitants are 
called /Egeates. Vide Odessa. 

/EGEA, a city of Macedonia, the same 
as Edessa. Some writers make them dif- 
ferent, but Justin proves this to be erro- 
neous, 7,1.— PL 4,10. A town of Eubcea, 

whence Neptune is calied JEgxus.—Str. 9. 

JEGJEM, a town and sea port of Cilicia. 
•^Luc. 3, 2*27. 

/EG/ED N ,one of Ly caon's 50 sons. — Apol. 

3, 8. The son of Caelns, or of Pontus and 

Terra, the same as Briareus. [Vide Bria- 
reus.] It is supposed that he was a noto- 
rious pirate chiefly residing at /E2-a,whence 
his name; and that the faole about his 100 
hands arises from his having 100 men to 
manage his oars in his piratical excur- 
sions.— V. JEn. 10, 565.— Hes. T. 149.—//. 
LI. 10, 404 Ov. M. 2, 10. 

AZG&UM-MAKE, (now Archipelago) 
part of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece 
from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, 
some of which are called Cyclades, others 
Sporades, <kc. The word jEgaeum is de- 
rived by some from iEgae, a town of Eu- 
bcea ; or from the number of islands which 
it contains, that appear above the sea, as 
aiges, goats ; or from the promontory 
/Ega, or from /Egea, a queen of the Ama- 
zons, or from iEgeus, who is supposed 
to have drowned himself there.— Pi. 4, 1 1. 
~Sl. 7. 

■/EG/EUS, a surname of Neptune, from 

iEgae in Eubcea.— Str.9. A river of Cor- 

cyra. A plain in Phocis. 

/EGALEOS, or /Egaleum, a mountain 
of Attica opposite Salamis on whichXerxes 
sat during the engagement of h'» lieet wi*'i 



3ZG—IE : 



the Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Hir. 
8, 90.~Thu. 2, 19. 

/EGAN, [Gr<ec. aigan, or aigaon] the 
/Egean sea.— Sta. T 5, 56. 

/EGAS, a place of Eubcea. Another 

near Daunia in Italy.— Pot. 3. 

AGATES, a promontory of /Eolia. 

Three islands opposite Carthage, calied 
Arae by V. JEn. 1, near which the Romans, 
in the first Punic war, defeated the Car- 
thaginian fleet, under Hanno, 242 B. C. - 
Li. 21,10, and 41,22, b\.-Mela 2, 7.-5^.1,61. 

/EGELEON, a town of Macedonia, taken 
by king Attalus.— Li. 31, 46. 
iEGERI A. Vide Egeria. 
.&GESTA, the daughter of Hippotes, 
and mother of jEgestus, called Acestes. — 

V. JEn. i, 554. An ancient town of Sicily 

near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agatho- 
cles. It was sometimes called Segesia and 
Acesta.— Dio. 10. 

/EGEUS, king of Athens, son of Pan- 
dion, being desirous of having children, 
went to consult the oracle, and in his re- 
turn, stopped at the court of Pittheus king 
of Troezene, who gave him his daughter 
./Ethra in marriage. He left her pregnant, 
and told her, if she had a son, to 
send him to Athens as soon as he could lift 
a stone under which he had concealed his 
sword. By this sword he was to be known 
to iEgeus, who did not wish to make any 
public discovery of a son, for fear of his 
nephews, the Pallantides, who expected 
his crown. /Ethra became mother of The- 
seus, whom she accordingly sent to Athens 
with his father's sword. At that time 
/Egeus lived with Medea, the divorced 
wife of Jason. When Theseus came to 
Athens, Medea attempted to poison him ; 
but he escaped, and upon shewing iEgeus 
the sword he wore, discovered himself to 
be his son. When Theseus returned from 
Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he 
forgot, agreeably to the engagement made 
with his father, to hoist up white sails as a 
signal of his success ; and ./Eg-ens, at the 
sight of black sails, concluding that his 
son was dead, threw himself from a high 
rock into the sea ; which from him, as 
some suppose, has been calied the ./Egean. 
iEgeus reigned 48 years, and died B. C. 
235. He is supposed to have first intro- 
duced into Greece the worship of Venus 
Urania, to render the goddess propitious 
to his wishes in having a son. [Vide The- 
Minotaurus, and Medea.] — Apol. 1, 
8,9, 1.3, 15.— Pa. 1, 5. 22,38, 1. 4, 2. — PI. 
T.—Hyg. Fa. 37, 43, 79/173. 

/EG I ALE, one of Phaeton's sisters chang- 
ed into poplars, and their tears into amber. 

They are called Heliades. A daughter 

of Adrastus, by Amphitea, daughter of 
Pronax. She married Uiomedes, in whose 
absence, during the Trojan war, she pros- 
tituted herself to her servants, and chiefly 
to Cometes, whom the king had left mas- 
ter of his house. At his return, Uiomedes 
being told of his wife's wantonness, went 
to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus 
implanted those vicious and lustful pro- 
pensities in vEgiale, to revenge herself ol 



2EG—/EG 



14 



^G— .^EG 



Diomedes, who had wounded her in the 
.Trojan war. — Ov. lb. 35u. — H. 11. 5, 412.— 
Apol. 1, 9.— Sta. 3, Si. 5, 48. 

/EGIALEA, an island near Peloponnesus, 
in the Cretan sea. Another in the Io- 
nian sea, near the Echinades. — PL 4, 12. — 
Her. 4, 107. The ancient name of Pelo- 
ponnesus. — Str. 12. — Mela 2, 7. 

ZEGI ALEUS, son of Adrastus by Amphi- 
teaor Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, 
i. e. one of the sons of those generals who 
were killed in the first Theban war. They 
went against the Thebans, who had re- 
fused to give burial to their fathers, and 
were victorious. They all returned home 
safe, except /Egialeus, who was killed. 
That expedition is called the war of tne 
Epigoni.— Pa. I, 43, 44, I. 2, 20, 1. 9, 5.— 

Apol. 1, 9, 1. 3, 7. The same as Absyr- 

tus, brother to iMedea.— Ju. 42, 3.— Cic.A\ 
D. 3.~Dio. 4. 

/EG I ALUS, son of Phoroneus, was en- 
trusted with the kingdom of Achaia by 
king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus 

was called /Egialea from him. A man 

who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 
before the christian era, and reigned 52 yrs. 

/EG I ALUS, a n;«.;ne given to part of 
Peloponnesus. [Vide Achaia.]— Pa. 5, I, 

i. 7, 1. An inconsiderable town of Pon- 

tus. A city of Asia Minor. A city of 

Thrace, near the Strymon. A moun- 
tain of Galatia. A city of Pontus. 

Another in /Ethiopia. [//. 1, 265. 

jEGlDES, a,patronymic of Theseus.— H. 
./EG I LA, a place in Laconia, where 
Aristomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd 
of religious women whom he had attacked. 
-Pa. 4, 17. 

j£GIL!A, an island between Crete and 
Peloponnesus. — Aplacein/Eubaea.H^-.e.lGl 
jEGIMIUS, an old man who lived, ac- 
cording to Anacreon, 200 years. — PL 7, 

48. A king of Doris, whom Hercules 

assisted to conquerthe Lapithae.— Apol. 2,7. 

/EGlMORUS.or /EGIMURUS, an island 
near Libya, supposed by some to be the 
same which Virgil mentions under the 
name of Arae.— PL 5, 7. 

/EGINA, daughter of Asopus, had iEacus 
by Jupiter changed into a flame of lire. 
She afierwards married Actor, son of 
Myrmidon, by whom she had some chil- 
dren, who conspired against their father. 
Some say that she was changed by Jupiter 
into the island which bears her name. PL 
4, 12. -Sir. 8.— Me. 2, 7-— Apol. 1, 9, 1. 3, 

12.— Pa. 2, 5, and 29. An island formerly 

called G^nopia and now Engia, in a part 
of the /Egean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, 
about 22 miles in circumference. The in- 
habitants were once destroyed by a pesti- 
lence, and the country was re-peopled by 
ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the 
prayer of Kins: /Eacus. They were once 
a very powerful nation by sea, but they 
cowardly ga\e themselves' up to Darius 
when he demanded submission from ali 
the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles 
made war against them ; and alter taking 
7o of their ships in a naval battle, they ex- 
pelled them irom /Egina. The fugitives 
settled in Peloponnesus, and alter the ruin 



of Athens by Lysander, they returned to 
their country, biit never after rose to their 
former power or consequence. — Her. 5, 6. 
and 7.— Pa. 2, 29, 1. 8, 44.— Sir. 
V. H. 12, 10. 

/EGINETA PAULUS, a physician born 
in /Egina. He flourished in the 3d, or, ac. 
I cording to others, the 7th century, an^ 
' wrote De Re Medica. He also revised and 
pub ished the compositions of Galen. 

/EG1 NETES, a king of Arcadia, in whose 
age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. 
—Pa. 1,5. 

/EGIOCHUS, a surname of Jupiter, from 
his being brought up by the goat Amal- 
thaea,and using her skin instead of a shield, 
in the war of the Titans.— Ui. 5. 

/EG I PAN, a name of Pan, because he 
had goat's feet. 

/EG1RA, a town between ^Etolia and 

Peloponnesus, A town of Achaia. — 

Pa. 7, 26. — Her. I, 145. . [1, 941. 

y£GI ROESSA, a town of ^.tolia. — Her. 

iEGIS, the shield of Jupiter apotesaigos, 
a goat's skin. This was the goat Amal- 
tbaea,with whose skin he covered his shield. 
The goat was placed among the constella- 
tions. Jupiter gave this shield to Palla*', 
who placed upon it Medusa's head, which 
turned into stones all those who lixed their 
eyes upon it.— V. /tn. 8, 352, 435. 

/EGISTHUS, king of Argos, was son of 
Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyes- 
tes being at variance with his brother 
Atreus, was told by the oracle, that his 
wrongs could be revenged only by a son 
bom of himself and his daughter. To 
avoid such an incest, Pelopea h;id been 
consecrated to the service of Minerva by 
iier father, who some time after met her 
in a wood, and ravished her, without know- 
ing who she was. Pelopea kept the sword 
of her ravisher, and finding it to be her 
father's, exposed the child she had brought 
forth. The child was preserved, and when 
grown up, presented with the sword of 
ins mother's ravisher. Pelopea, soon after 
this melancholy adventure, had married 
her uncle, Atreus, who received into his 
house her natural son. As Thyestes had 
debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus 
sent iEgisthus to put him to death ; but 
Thyestes knowing the assassin's sword, 
discovered that he was his own son, and 
fully to revenge his wrongs, sent him back 
to murder Atreus. After this murder Thy- 
estes ascended the throne, and banished 
Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or 
as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. 
These children fled to Polyphidus ol Sicj* 
on; but as he dreaded the power of theiv 
persecutors, he remitted the protection of 
them to Gineus, king of /Etoha. By their 
marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus, 
king ol Sparta, they were empowered to 
recover the kingdom of Argos, to w hich 
Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus 
reigned in his father in-law's place. /Egis- 
tiius had been reconciled to the sons of 
Atreus ; and when they went to tfie Trojan 
war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon's 
kingdom, and of ids wife Civ temnestra. 
/i- -is thus fell in love with Clytemnestra 



/EG-7EG 



15 



iEG— JEG 



and lived with her. On Agamemnon's re- 
turn, these two adulterers murdered him, 
and, by a public marriage, strengthened 
♦Jiemselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, 
Agamemnon's son, would have shared his 
lather's fate, had not his sister Electra 
privately 6ent him to his uncle Strophius 
king of Phocis, where he contracted the 
most intimate friendship with his cousin 
Pylades. Some time after Orestes came to 
Mycenae, the residence of ./Egisthus, and 
resolved to punish the murderers of his fa- 
ther, in conjunction with Electra, who lived 
in disguise in the tyrant's family. To effect 
this more effectually, Electra publicly de- 
clared that her brother Orestes was dead ; 
upon which iEgisthus and Clytemnestra 
went to the temple of Apollo to return 
thanks to the pod for his death. Orestes, 
who had secretly concealed himself in the 
temple, attacked them, and put them both 
to death, after a reign of seven years. They 
were buried without the city w'alls. [Vide 
Agamemnon, Thyestes, Orestes, Clvtem- 
nestra, Py lades, and Electra.]— Ov. R. A. 
161, Tr. U, 396.— Hyg. fa. 87, 88.— Ml. V. 
H. 12, 42.— fa. 2, c. 16, &cc.—Soph. EL 
JEsch. 4- Sen. Ag.-H. Od. 3, Sc U.—Lac. 

Th. I, 684. Pompey used to call J. 

Caesar, iEgisthus, on account of his adultery 
with his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated 
after she had borne him three children. — 
Sue. C<es. 50. 

/EGITUM, a town of iEolia, onamoun- 
tain eight miles from the sea. — Th. 3, 97. 

iEGIUM a town on the Corinthian isth- 
mus, where Jupiter was said to have been 
fed by a goat, whence the name. — Str. 8. — 
Li. 28,7. 

/EQLE, the youngest daughter of jEscu- 
lapius and Lampetie. A nymph, daugh- 
ter of Sol and Nesera.— V. Ec. 6, 20. 

A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved 
by Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Plu. 

Th. One of the Hesperides. One of 

the Graces. A prostitute. Mart.\,ep.95. 

jEGLES, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. 
Seeing some unlawful measures pursued 
in a contest, he broke the string which 
held his tongue, through the desire of 
speaking 1 , and ever after spoke with ease. 
— Va. Ma. 1, 8. 

/EGLETES, a surname of Apollo. 

./EG LOG E, a nurse of Nero.- Sue.Ner.SO. 

jEGOBOLUS, a surname of Bacchus at 
Potnia in Bceotia. 

./EGOCEROS, or Capricornus, an animal 
into which Pan transformed himself when 
flying before Typhon in the war with the 
giants. Jupiter made him a constellation. 
—Luc. 1,613. 

/EG ON, a shepherd.— V. Ecl.-Theo. Id. 

A promontory of Leinnos. A name of 

the /Egean sea.— Flac. 1, 628. A boxer 

ofZacynthus; who dragged a large bull 
by the heel from a mountain into the city. 
— Theo. Id. 4. 

ALGOS POTAMOS, i. e. the goat's river, 
a town in the Thraciau Chersonesus, with 
a river of the same name, where the Athe- 
nian fleet, consisting of iso ships, was de- 
feated by Lysander, on the 13th December, 
B. C. 40o, in the last year of the Pelopon- 



nesian war.— Me. 2, 2.— PL 2, 58.— Pa. 3, 
6, Sc 11. 

/EGOSAG./E, an Asiatic nation under 
Attalus, with whom he conquered Asia, 
and to whom he gave a settlement near 
the Hellespont.— Pol. 5. 

jEGUS and ROSCILLUS, two brothers 
amongst the Allobroges, who deserted 
from Caesar to Pompev.— C<es. b. c. 3, S9. 

jECUSA, the middle island of the jEgates, 
near Sicily. 

JEGY, a town near Sparta, destroyed 
because its inhabitants were suspected by 
the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians.— 
Pa. 3, 2. 

/EG Y PANES, a nation in the middle of 
Africa, whose body is human above the 
waist, and that of a goat below. Me. 1, 4 & 8. 

/EGYPSUS, a town of the Getse, near 
the Danube.— Ov. Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4,ep. 7. 

jEGYPTA, a freedman of Cicero.— Ad. 
Att. 8. 

/EGYPTII, the inhabitants of Egypt.— 
Vide iEgyptus. 

iEGYPl lUM MARE, that part of the 
Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of 
Egvpt. 

jEGYPTUS, son of Belus, and brother 
to Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to 
the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, 
who had established himself at Argos, and 
was jealous of his brother, who, by follow- 
ing him from Egypt into Greece, seemed 
envious of his prosperity, obliged all his 
daughters to murder their husbands the 
first night of their nuptials. This was ex- 
ecuted ; but Hypermnestra alone spared 
her husband Lynceus. Even iEgyptus was 
killed by his niece Poly xena. [ Vide Danaus, 
Danaides, Lynceus. ].iEgyptus was king, 
after his father, of apart of Africa, which 
from him has been called ^Egyptus. — Hyg. 
fab. 168, 170.— Apol. 2, l.—Ov. H. 14.— 

Pa. 7, 21. An extensive country of 

Africa watered by the Nile, bounded on 
the east by Arabia, and on the west by 
Libya. Its name is derived from iEgyptus 
brother to Danaus. Its extent, according 
to modern calculation, is 160 leagues from 
north to south, and it measures 120 leagues 
on the shore of the Mediterranean ; but 
at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, 
it diminishes so much as scarce to measure 
7 or 8 leagues between the mountains on 
the east and west. It is divided into lower, 
which lies near the Mediterranean, and 
upper, which is towards the south. Upper 
Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, 
but Lower Egypt was the most peopled, 
and contained the Delta, -a number of large 
islands, which, from their form, have been 
called after the fourth letter of the Greek 
alphabet. This country has been the mother 
of arts and sciences. "The greatest part of 
Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud 
and sand carried down by the Nile. The 
Egyptians reckoned themselves the most 
ancient nation in the universe, ( Vide Psam- 
metichus.] but some authors ma's them 
of Ethiopian origin. They were remark- 
able for their superstition ; they paid as 
much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the 
bull, and even to onions, as to lsis. Rain 
C 2 



2E G — 2E h 



16 



iEL— J£L 



never or seldom falls in this country ; the 
fertility of the soil originates in the yearly 
inundations of the Nile, which rises about 
25 feet above the surface of the earth, and 
exhibits a large plain of waters, in which 
are scattered here and there, the towns 
and villages, as the Cyclades in the iEgean 
sea. The air is not wholesome, but the 
population is great, and the cattle very 
prolific. It is said that Egypt once con- 
tained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of 
which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, 
Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was 
governed by kings who have immortalized 
themselves by the pyramids they raised 
and the canals they opened. The 
priests traced the existence of the 
country for many thousand years, and 
fondly imagined that the gods were 
their first sovereigns, and that their mo- 
narchy had lasted 11,340 years, accord- 
ing to Herodotus. According to the cal- 
culation of Constantine Manasses, the 
kingdom of Egypt lasted 1663 years, from 
its beginning under Misraim the son of 
Ham, 2188 B. C, to the conquest of Cam- 
byses, 525 B. C. Egypt revolted after- 
wards from the Persia'n power, B.C. 414, 
and Amyrtaeus then became kin?. After 
him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign 
began 408 B. C. : Nephereus, 396 : Acoris, 
389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites four 
months, and Nectanebis, 375 : Tachos, or 
Teos, 363 : Ncctanebus, 361. It was con- 
quered by Oehus, 350 B. C. ; and after the 
conquest of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy 
refounded the kingdom, and began to reign 
325 B. C. ; Philadelphus, 2S4 : Evergetes, 
246 : Philopater, 221 : Epiphanes, 204 : 
Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with 
Evergetes It. or Physcon, for six years: 
Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter, and 
his mother Cleopatra, 116; Alexander of 
Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106 : Lathurus 
Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six 
months, with Alexander the second nine- 
teen days, 81 : Ptolemy, surnamed Alexan- 
der III. 80: Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 
65; Dionysius II., 'with Cleopatra III. 51 , 
Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46. 
and in 30 B. C. it was' reduced by Augus- 
tus to a Roman province. The history of 
Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three 
epochas : the first beginning with the 
foundation of the empire, to the conquest 
of Canibyses ; the second ends at the death 
of Alexander; and the third comprehends 
the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at 
the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Au- 
gustus.— Ju. \.—Hir. Al. 24.— Mac. som. 
Sc. I , 19 Sc 21.— Herod. 4, 9.— Sir. 17.— 
Herod. 2, 3 & l.—Theo. Id. 17, 79.— Pol. 
\o.—Diod. 1. —PL 5, I, I. 14, 7.— Marcel. 
22, 40. — hi. l.—C. Nep. Pa. 3, Iph. Dal. 
3.—Cu. 4, c. 1.— Ju. 15, 175.— Pa. 1, 14.— 
PL— Mel. l,9.—ApoL 2, I & 5. A minis- 
ter of Mausolus king of Caria. Poly. 6. 

! The ancient name of the Nile.—//. Od. 

X, 258.— Pa. 9, 40. 

.iGVS. Vide /Egy. 

/EGYSTHUS. Vide /Eeisthus. 

/ELI A, the wife of Svlla.— PL S'jL 



The name of some towns built or repaired 
by the emperor Adrian. 

JELl\ LEX, enacted by jElius Tubero 
the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to send two co 
lonies into the country of the Brutii.— 

Liv. 34, 53. Another A.U.C. 568, or- 

daining that, in public affairs, the augurs 
should observe the appearance of the sky, 
and the magistrates be empowered to post- 
pone the business. Another, called iElki 

Sextia, by JElius Sextus, A.U.C. 756, which 
enacted, that all slaves w ho boreariy marks 
of punishment received from their masters, 
or who had been imprisoned, should be set 
at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizen*. 

iELI APETIN A, of the family of Tubero, 
married Claudius Caesar, by whom she had 
a 9on. The emperor divorced her to marry 
Messalina.— Sue. Cla. 26. 

jELIANUS CLAUDUS, aRoman sophist 
of Praeneste, in the reign of Adrian. He 
first taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being 
disgusted with his profession, he became 
author, and published treatises on animals 
in 17 books, on various history in 14 books, 
&c. in Greek, a language which he pre- 
ferred to Latin. In his writings he shews 
himself very fond of the marvellous, and 
relates many stories which are often devoid 
of elegance and purity of style ; though 
Philostratus has commended his language 
as superior to what could be expected from 
a person who was neither born nor edu- 
cated in Greece. ./Elian died in the 60th 
year of his age, A.D. 140. The best edition* 
of his works collected together are that of 
Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tiguri, 
1556, though now seldom to be met with, 
and that or Kuenius, 2 vol. 8vo. Lips.l78C. 
Some attribute the treatise on the tactios 
of the Greeks to another ./Elian. 

iELI US & iELI A, a family in Rome, so 
poor that 16 lived in a small house, and 
were maintained by the produce of a little 
field. Their poverty continued till Paulus 
conquered Perseus king of Macedonia, and 
gave his son- in-law SA. Tubero five pounds 
of gold from the bootv.— Va. Ma. 4, 4. 

iELI US ADRIAN US', an African, grand- 
father to the emperor Adrian. Gallus, 

a Roman knight, the first who invaded 
Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with 
Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the 
NHe with him to take a view of the coun- 
try.— PL 6, 28. Publius, one of the first 

questors chosen from the plebeians atRome. 

Li. 4, 54. Q. JEl. Pectus, son of Sextus 

or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, 
a wood-pecker perched on his head ; upon 
which a soothsayer exclaimed, that if he 
preserved the bird, his house would flourish, 
and Rome decay ; and if he killed it, the 
contrary must' happen. Hearing this, 
yElius, in the presence of the senate, bit off 
the head of the bird. All the youths of hi» 
family were killed at Cannae, and the 
Roman arms were soon attended w ith suc- 
cess.— Fa. Ma. 5, 6. Saturninus, a sati- 
rist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock 

for writing versesagainst Tiberius. Seja- 

nus, Vide Sejanus. Sextus Catus, censor 

with M. Cethegus. He separated the 



JEL—MM 17 
senators from the people in the public jEMONIA, a country of Greece, which 
spectacles. During his consulship, the received its name from £mon, or £mu>, 
ambassadors of the jEtolians found him and was afterwards cailed Thessalv. Achil- 



feasting in earthen dishes, and offered hi 
siiver vessels, which he refused, satisfied 
with the earthen cups, <s:c. which, for his 



les is called JEmoiiius, as beinif born there. 
Ov. Tr. 3, e. 11, 4, e. 1.— Hor. 1, o. 37. 
It was also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, 



virtues, he had received from his father- ! Deucalion's wife, who reigned there.- 
in-law, L. Paulus, after the conquest of i The word has been indiscriminately applied 



Macedonia.— PI. ,3, II. -Cic. Or. 



• to all Greece by some writers. — PI. 4, 7. 



Spartianus, wrote the lives of the emperors 1 J£.~S\OS 1 D MS, a priest of Apollo, in Italy, 



Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aurelii 
He flourished A. D. 240. Tubero, grand- 
son of L. Paulus, was austere in his morals, 
and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. 
His grandson was accused before Ctesar, 
and ably defended by Cicero. — Ci. B 



killed by Ameas.-F. JEn. 10,537.' 

£.MU'S, an actor in Domitian's reign.— 
Juv. 6, 197. 

1 iEMYLIA, a noble family in Rome, de- 
scended from Mamercus, son of Pythago- 
who, for his humanity, was called 



Verus Caesar, the name of L. C. Commodus ; Aimulos, blaudus. A vestal who rekin- 

Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. He died the fire of Vesta, which was extin- 



guished, bv putting her veil over it.— Va- 
Ma. 1, l.—' Bio. H. 2. The wife of Afri- 



was made pretur and consul by the emperor, 
who was soon convinced of his incapacity 

in the discharge of public duty. He killed canus'the elder, famous for her behaviour 



himself by drinking an antidote 
toninus, suruamed Pius, was adopted in his 



to her husband, when suspected of infide- 
lity. — Va. Ma. 6, 7. Lepida. daughter of 



place. jElius was father to Antoninus ! Lepidus, married Drusus, the younger, 

Verus, whom Pius adopted. A physician ! whom she disgraced by her wantonness. 

mentioned by Ga en. L. Gallus, a law- j She killed herself when accused of adultery 

yer, who wrote 12 books concerning the j with a slave.— T. 6, 40 A part of Itaiy^ 



signification of all Jaw words, 



-Sextus 1 called also Flaniinia.— Mart. 



Paetus, a lawyer, consul at Rome A.U.C 'public road leading from Placentia to Ari 
554. He is greatly commended by Cicero mintim ; called after the consul /Emy litis, 
for his learning, and called cordalus liomo who is supposed to have made it. Mart.3, 



.4. 



by Ennius for his knowledge of law. — Ci. iEMYLlANUS, a name of Africanus, the 

Or. l,48,i?ti?r.20. Stilo, anative of Lanu- younger, son of P. TEmylius. In him the 

vium, master to N. Ter. Varro, and author families of the Scipios and jEmylii were 

of some treatises. Lamia, Vide Lamia, united. Many of that family bore the same 

AELLO,one of the Harpies(from "clousa name. — Juv. 8, v. 2. 
allo,' n aiienumtolle7is,or"aella,' , iempeslas.) < jEMYLII, a noble family in Rome, de- 
Pl. l, 450. — Hes. T/i. 267. — Ov. M. 13, scended from iEmylius, the son of Ascanius . 

710. One of Actaeon'sdogs.— O v. M. 3,220. —Plutarch says that they are descended 

,/ELURUS, (a cat.) a deity worshipped from Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras, 
by the Egyptians ; and atVir death em- surnamed JUmilius, from the sweetness of 
balmed, and buried in the city of Bubastis. ; his voice, in Num. Bimyl. — The family 



-Her. 2, 66, &c— Dio. l.-Ci. Na. D. I.— 
A, Gel. 20, 7.— PL. Ar. 

/EMATHiO.N, and /EMATH 1 A. Vide 
Emathion. 

/EMILIA LEX, was enacted by the dic- 
tator iErnilius, A.U.C. 309. It'ordained 
that the censorship, which was before 
quinquennial, should be limited to one 



was distinguished in the various branches 
of the Lepidi, Manierci, Mamercini, Bar- 
bulae, Pauli, and Scauri. 

/EMYLILS, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, 
whose wife met mith the same fate as Pro- 

cris. Vide Procris. Censorinus, a cruel 

tvrant of Sicily, who liberally rewarded 
those who invented new ways of torturing. 



year and a half. — Li. 9, 33. Another in I Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for 

the second consulship of /Emilius Mamer- j this purpose, and the tyrant made the first 
cus, A.U.C. 392. It gave power to the j experiment upon the donor.— Pin. Fo.Ro. 

eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol | Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in 

on the ides of September. Li. 7, 3. The I the capitol, for saving the life of a citize 

driving of a nail was a superstitious cere- j in a battle. — Va. Ma. 4. 1. A triumvir 

moiiy, by which the Romans supposed that j with Octavius. — Vide Lepidus. Macer, a 

a pestilence could be stopped, or an im- poet of Verona, in the Augustan age. He 



pending calamity averted. 



j wrote some poems upon serpents, birds, 



jEMILIANUS, C. Julius, a native of > and, as some suppose,- on bees.--Vide 

Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the j Macer. Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who 

death of Decius. He marched against Gal- j flourished about 100 years B. C, and wrote 
lus and Valerian, but was informed that • three books concerning his own life. — Ci.Br. 



they had been murdered by their own 



-A poet, in the age of Tiberius, who 



troops. He soon after shared their fate. ; wrote a tragedy cailed Athens, and de- 
One of the thirty tyrants who rebelled , 6troyed himself. Sura, another writer 



in the reign of Gallienus. 
jEMILIUS. Vide jEmylius. 



the Roman year. Mamercus, three- 
times dictator, conquered the Fidenate: 



IE M N ESTUS, tyrant of Enna, was de- ! and took their city. He limited to one 



po-ed bv Diuvsius the elder. - 
/EM ON. Vide Haemon. 
/EM ON A, a large city of Asia.- Ci. PI. 



j year and a half the censorship, which before 
I his time was exercised during five years. 

-Li. 4, 17, 19, &c. Papinianus, son o 

C S 



iEN — JEN 



IS 



JEN— TEN 



Hostilius Papinianus, was in favour with 
the emperor Severus, and was made gover- 
nor to his sons Geta and Caracalla. Geta 
was killed by his brother, and Papinianus 
for upbraiding him was murdered by his 
soldiers. From his school the Romans have 
had many able lawyers, who weie called 

Papinianists. Pappus, a censor, who 

ban shed from the senate P. Corn. Ruffinus, 
who had been twice consul, because he had 
at his table ten pounds of silver plate, 

A.U.C. 478. Li. 14. Porcina, an elegant 

orator.— Cu Br. Rectus, a severe go- 
vernor of Egypt, under Tiberius. — Dio. 

Regillus conquered the general of An- 

tiochus at sea, and obtained a naval tri- 
umph.— Li. 37, 31. Scaurus, a noble. 

bnt poor citizen of Rome. His father, to 
maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. 
Me was edile, and afterwards pretor, and 
fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus 
was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edile- 
ship he built a verv magnificent theatre... 

PL 36, 15. A bridge at Rome, called also 

Sublicius.— Juv. 6, 32. 

/ENARIA, an island in the bay of Pute- 
oli, abounding mith cypress trees. It re- 
ceived its name from jEneas, who is sup- 
posed to have landed there on his way to 
Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the 
Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous 
once for its mineral waters. , Li. 8, 22. — 
PL 3, 6, I. 31, 2.— St. 3. Sy. 5, 104. 

jENARIUM, a forest near Olenos, in 
Achaia, sacred to Jupiter. 

iENASIUS, one of the Ephori at Sparta. 
—-77*. 9, 2. 

iENEA, or iENEIA, a town of Mace- 
donia, 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded 
bv yfeneas.— Li. 40, 4, 1. 44, 10. 

'^ENEADES, a town of Chersonesus, built 
by ./Eneas. Cassander destroyed it, and 
carrie-d the inhabitants to Thessalonica, 
lately built.. .Dio. H. 1. 

jENEAD.E, a name given to the friends 
and companions of JTneas, by V.Mn.\,\&[. 

iENEAS, aTrojan prince, son of Anchises 
and the goddess Venus. The opinions of 
authors concerning his character are dif- 
ferent. His infancy was intrusted to the 
care of a nymph, and at the age of five he 
was recalled to Troy. He afterwards im- 
proved himself in Thessaly, under Chiron, 
a venerable sage, whose house was fre- 
quented by the young princes and heroes of 
the age. Soon after his return home he 
married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by whom 
he had a son, called Ascanius. During the 
Trojan war he behaved with great valou 
in defence of his country, and came to an 
engagement with Diomedes and Achilles, 
Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of 
Halicarnassus, and Dares of Phrygia, ac- 
cuse him of betraying his country to the 
Greeks, with Anten'or, and of preserving his 
life and fortune by this treacherous mea- 
sure. He lived at variance with Priam. 



Authors of credit report, that when Troy 
was in flames, he carried away, upon his 
shoulders, his father, Anchises. and the 
statues of his household gods, leading in 
his hand his son Ascanius, and leaving hia 
wife to follow behind. Some say that he 
retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet 
of 20 ships, and set sail in quest of a 
settlement. Strabo and others maintain 
that iEneas never left his country, but re- 
built Troy, where he reigned, and his pos- 
terity after him. Even Homer, who lived 
400 years after the Trojan war, says, 11. 
20, v. 30, <SiC, that the gods destined iEneas 
and his posterity to reign over the Trojans. 
This passage Dionys. Hal. explained, bv 
saying that Homer meant the Trojans wht 
had gone over to Italy with iEneas, anA 
not the actual inhabitants of Troy. Accord, 
ing to Virgil, and other Latin authors, 
who, to make their court to the Koman 
emperors, traced their origin up to iEneas, 
and described his arrival into Italy as in- 
dubitable, he with his fleet first "came to 
the Thracian Chersonesus, where Pol^ni- 
nestor, one of his allies, reigned. After 
visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, 
where he expected to find the empire pro- 
mised him by the oracle, as in the place 
where his progenitors were born, he landed 
in Epirusand Drepanum, the court of king 
Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his 
father. From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but 
was driven on the coasts of Africa, and 
kindly received by Dido, queen of Carthage, 
to whom, on his first interview, he gave 
one of the garments of the beautifnl Helen. 
Dido being enamoured of him, wished to 
marry him ; but he left Carthage by order 
of the gods. In his voyage he was driven 
to Sicily, and from thence he passed to 
Cumse, where the Sybil conducted him to 
hell, that he might hear from his father the 
fates which attended him and all his poste- 
rity. After a voyage of seven years, and 
the loss of 13 ships, he came to the Tiber 
Latinus, the king of the country, received 
him with hospitality, and promised him his 
daughter Lavinia, who had before been be- 
trothed to king Turnus, by her mother, 
Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus, 
made war against iEneas ; and, after many 
battles, the war was decided by a combat 
between the two rivals, in which Turnus 
was killed. ./Eneas married Lavinia, in 
whose honour he built the town of Lavi- 
nium, and succeeded his father-in-iaw. After 
a short reign, /Eneas was killed in a battle 
against the Etrurians. Some say that he 
was drowned in the Numicus, and his body 
weighed down by his armour ; upon which 
the Latins, not finding their king, supposed 
that he had been taken up to heaven, and 
therefore offered him sacrifices, as to a god. 
Dionys. Hal. fixes the arrival of iEneas in 
Italy in the ;«4th olymp. Some authors 
suppose that iEneas, af ter the siege of Troy, 



because he received not sufficient marks of fell to the share of Neoptolemus, together 
distinction from the king and his family, with Andromache, and that he was carried 
as H. II. 13, savs. This might have pro- to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy, 
'oked him to "seek revenge by perfidy. [ Others say, that after he had come to J taly 



he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king 
of Latium. vEneas has been praised for 
liis piety, and submission to the will of the 
gods.—//. II. \S8i20.—Apol. 3, 12.— Di.3.— 
Pa. 2, 33, 1. 3, 22. 1. 10, 25 — Plu. R. Sf C— 
Pa. Ma. 1,8. — Fl. 1, 1.— Ju. 20, 1, 1.31, 8, 1. 
»3, 1.— Die. Cr. 5.— Da. Phr. Q.—Dio. H. 1, 
ll.— Sir. 13. — Li. 1, l.—V. JEn.—Au. Vic. 
—ML V. H. 8, 22. — Prop. 4, e. 1, 42. — Ov. 

M. 14, f. 3, kc.—Tr. 3, 798. A son of 

/Eneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, because 
his mother retired with him into the woods 
after his father's death. He succeeded As- 
canius in Latium, though opposed by 
lulus, the son of his predecessor.— V. Mn. 

6, HQ.— Li. 1,3. An ambassador sent by 

the Lacedaemonians to Athens, to treat of 
peace, in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian 

war. An ancient author who wrote on 

tactics, besides other treatises, which, ac- 
cording to /Elian, were epitomised by 

Cineas, the friend of Pyrrhus. A native 

of Gaza, who, from a platonic philosopher, 
became a Christian, A. D. 485, and wrote a 
dialogue called Theophrastus, on the im- 
mortality of the soul and the resurrection. 
/ENEIA, or /EN1A, a place near Rome, 

afterwards called Janiculum. A city of 

J'roas. — Sir. 17. A city of Macedonia.— 

Dio. H. 1. 

/ENEIDES, a patronymic given to Asca- 
nius, as son of /Eneas.— V. l'n.9, 653. 

/ENEIS, a poem of Virgil, which has for 
its subject the settlement of /Eneas in Italy. 
The great merit of this poet is well known. 
Tue author has imitated Homer, and, as 
wine say, Homer is superior to him only 
oecatise he is more ancient, and is an 
original. Virgil died before he had corrected 
it, and at his death desired it might be 
burned. This was happily disobeyed, and 
Augustus saved from the flames a poem 
which proved his family to be descended 
from the kings of Troy. The /Eneid had 
engaged the attention of the poet for eleven 
years, and in the first six books it seems 
that it was Virgil's design to imitate Ho- 
mer's Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. 
The action of the poem comprehends eight 
years, one of which only, the last, is really 
taken up by action, as the seven first are 
merely episodes, such as Juno's attempts 
to destroy the Trojans, the loves of /Eneas 
and Dido, the relation of the fall ofTrov, 
6cc. In the first book of the /Eneid, the 
hero is introduced, in the seventh year of 
his expedition, sailing in the Mediterra- 
nean, and shipwrecked on the African 
coast, where he is received by Dido. In 
the second, /Eneas, at the desire of the 
PlnEnician queen, relates the fall of Troy, 
and his flight through the general confla- 
gration to mount Ida. In the third, the 
hero continues his nirration, by a minute 
accountof the voyage through the Cyclades, 
the places where he landed, and the dread- 
ful storm with the description of which the 
poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, 
makes public her partiality to /Eneas, 
which is slighted by the sailingof the Tro- 
jans from Carthage, and the book closes 
with the suicide ot the disappointed queen 



2EN—2EO 



In the fifth book, /Eneas sails to Sicily, 
where he celebrates the anniversary of his 
father's death, and thence pursues his 
voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he visits 
the Elysian fields, and learns from his fa- 
ther the fate which attends him and his 
descendants, the Romans. In the seventh 
book, the hero reaches the destined land 
of Latium, and concludes a treaty with 
the king of the country, which is soon 
broken by the interference of Juno, who 
stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries 
of the enemy are enumerated; and in the 
eighth book, /Eneas is assisted by Evander, 
and receives from Venus a shield wrought 
by Vulcan, on which are represented the 
future glory and triumphs of the Roman 
nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth 
book, with the account of battles between 
the rival armies, and the immortal friend- 
ship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the 
tenth, attempts a reconciliation between 
Venus and Juno, who patronised the oppo- 
site parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas 
killed, and Turnus saved from the avenging 
hand of /Eneas, by the interposition of 
Juno. The eleventh book gives an account 
of the funeral of Pallas, and of the medi- 
tated reconciliation between /Eneas and 
Latinus, which the sudden appearance of 
the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and 
the combatants separated by the night, lit 
the last book, Juno prevents the single 
combat agreed upon by Turnus and /Eneas. 
The Trojans are defeated in the absence o. 
their king; but on the return of /Eneas the 
battle assumes a different turn, a single 
combat is fought by the rival leaders, and 
the poem is concluded by the death of king 
Turnus, PI. 7. 30, &c. 

JEN ESI DEM US, a brave general of Ar- 

gos. — Li. 32, 25. A Cretan philosopher, 

who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his 
master, Pyrrho.— Diog. P. 

/ENESIUS, a surname of Jupiter, from 
mount /Enum. 

/ENETUS, a victor at Olympia, who, in 
the moment of victory, died through excess 
of joy.— Pa. 3, 18. 

./EN I A. Vide /ENE1A. 

iENICUS, a comic writer at Athens. 

jENIOCHI, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
—Luc. 2, 591. 

/ENOBARBUS, orAHENOBARBUS, the 
surname of Domitius. When Castor and 
Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he 
discredited them ; upon which they touched 
his chin and beard, which instantly became 
of a brazen colon" , whence the surname 
given to himself and his descendants. 

/ENOCLES, a writer of Rhodes.— Alh. 

/EN OS, now ENO, an independent city 
of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the He- 
brus, confounded with /Eneia, of which 
/Eneas was the founder.— Me. 2, 2. 

/ENUM, a town of Thrace,— of Thessaly. 

A mountain in Cephallenia.— Sir. 7. A 

river and village near Ossa. A city of 

Crete, built by /Eneas. 

/EN YRA, a town of Thasos.— Her. 6, 47. 

/EOI.IA, a name given to Arne. Sappho 
is called Molia puella and lyric poetr; 



M0-2EP 20 
Solium carmen, because of Aleseus and 
Sappho, natives of Lesbos, in ^Eolia.— 
Hor. 4,o.3, 12, and o.9, 12. 

/EOLIA, or ,/EOLlS, a country of Asia 
Minor, near the iEgean sea. It lias Troas 
at the north, and Ionia at the south. The 
inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and 
were masters of many of the neighbouring 
islands. They had twelve, others say thirty, 
considerable cities, of which Cumse and 
Lesbos were the most famous. They re- 
ceived their name from iEolus, sonofHel- 
lenus. They migrated from Greece about 
1124 B.C. 80 years before the migration 
of the Ionian tribes.— Her. 1, 26, Scc.—Str. 1, 

2, 6.— PI. 5, 30.— Me. 1, 2, 18. Thessaly 

has been anciently called /Eolia. Bceotus, 
son of Neptune, having settled there, called 
his followers Boeotians, and their country 
Boeotia. 

jEOLI/E and BOLIDES, seven islands 
jetween Sicily and Italy; called Lipara, 
Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phce- 
nicusa, and Euonymos. They were the 
retreat of the winds ; and V. JEn. 1, 56, calls 
them iEolia, and the kingdom of iEolus the 
god of storms and winds. They sometimes 
Bear the name of Vulcanice and Hephce- 
stiades, and are known now among the 
moderns under the general appellation of 
Lipari Islands. — Luc. 5, 609. — Ju. 41. 

/EOLI DA, a city of Tenedos. Another 

near Thermopylae.— He?-. 8, 35. 

./EOLIDES.a patronymic of Ulysses, 
from /Eolus; because Anticlea, his mother, 
was pregnant by Sisyphus, the son of 
iEolus, when she married Laertes. It is 
also sriven to Athamas and Misenus, as sons 
cf iEolus.— Ov. M. 4, 511, 1. 13, 31.— V. JEn. 
6, 164, 529. 

iEOLUS, the king of storms and winds, 
was the son of Hippotas. He reigned over 
iEolia; and because he was the inventor of 
sails, and a great astronomer, the poets have 
called him the god of the wind. It is said 
that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses 
all the winds that could blow against his 
vessel, when he returned to Ithaca. The 
companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and 
gave the winds their liberty. ^Eolus was in- 
debted to Juno for his royal dignity, ac- 
cording to Virgil. The name seems to be 
derived from aiolos, varius, because the 
winds over which he presided are ever vary - 

ing. There were two others, a king of 

Ecruria, father to Macareus and Canace, 
and a son of Hellenus, often confounded 
with the god of the winds. This last mar- 
ried Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons 
and five daugthefs.— ^/7oL 1, 7.— H.Od. 10, 
— Ov. M. 11, 478, 1. 14, 224.— Apol.A, Ar.— 
Flac. 1, 556.— Di. 4 & 5.—V. JEn. 1, 56, Sec. 

^EORA, a festival observed in Athens, i 
honour of Erigone, daughter of Icarius. 

iEPALIUS, a king of Greece, restored to 
his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus 
he adopted.— Str. 9. 

./EPEA, a town of Crete, called Solis, 
honour of Solon. — Plu. So. 

iEPULO, a general of the Istrians, who 
drank to excess, after he had stormed the 
camp of A ManliDs, the Roman general, 



Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a 
neighbouring town, which the Romans took, 
and killed himself for fear of being taken.— 
Flor. 2, 10. 

iEPY, a town of Elis, under the dominion 
of Nestor.— St. 4, The. 180. 

jEPYTUS, king of Mycenae, son of Chres- 
phontes and Merope, was educated in Ar- 
cadia with Cvpselus, his mother's father. 
To recover his kingdom, he killed Poly- 
phontes, who had married his mother 
against her will, and usurped the crown.— 

Apol. 2. 6.— Pa. 4, 8. A king of Arcadia, 

son of Elatus. A son of Hippothous, who 

forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, 
near Mantinea, and was struck blind by the 
sudden eruption of salt water from the altar. 
He was killed by a serpent in hunting. — 
Pa. 8, 4, 5. 

^QUI, or iEQUICOLI, a people of La- 
tium, near Tibur. They were great enemies 
to Rome in its infant state, and were con- 
quered with much difficulty.— Ft. 1, 1 1.— 
Li. I, ,32, 1. 2, 30, 1.3, 2, SiC.—Pl. 3, 4. — V. 
^n.7,747, 1.9,684.— Or.F.3,93.— Dio.H.2,19. 

^EQULMELIUM, a place in Rome where 
the house of Melius stood, who aspired to 
sovereign power, for which his habitation 
was burned.— Li. 4, 16. 

^ERIAS, an ancient king of Cyprus, who 
built the temple of P.iphos.— Ta. Hist. 2, 3. 

iEROPE, wife of Atreus, committed adul- 
tery with Thyestes, her brother-in-law, and 
had bv him twins, who were placed as food 

before Atreus. — Ov.T. 2. 391. A daughter 

of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died 
in child-bed ; her child was preserved, and 
called jEropus.— Pa. 8, 44. 
jEROPUS, a general of Epirus, in the 

reign of Pyrrhus. A person appointed 

regent to Orestes, the infant son of Arche- 

laus, king of Macedonia. An officer of 

king Philip, banished for bringing a singer 

into his camp.— Poly. 4, 2. A mountain 

of Chaonia. — Li. 31, 5. 

jESACUS, a river of Troy, near Ida. • 

Asonof Priam, by Alexirhoe : oraccording 
toothers, by Arisba. He became enamoured 
of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the 
woods. The nymph threw herself into the 
sea, and was changed into a bird. /Esacus 
followed her example, and was changed 
into a cormorant . — Ov. M. 11, f. 11. 

jESAPUS, a river of Mvsia, in Asia, 
falling into the Hellespont.— PL 5, 32. 

iESAR, or iESARAS, a river of Magna 
Graecia, falling into the sea near Crotona.— 
Ov. Me. 15, 28, 

iESCHINES, an Athenian orator, who 
flourished about 342 vears B.C., and distin- 
guished himself bv bis rivalship with De- 
mosthenes. His father's name was Atro- 
metus, and he boasted of his descent from 
a noble family, though Demosthenes re- 
proached him as being the son of a cour- 
tezan. The first open signs of enmity be- 
tween the rival orators appeared at the 
court of Philip, where they were sent as 
ambassadors ; but the character of jEschinea 
was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe 
from theMacedonian prince, whose tyranny 
had hitherto been the general subject o? 



I 



MS— MS 2 
j his declamation. When the Athenianswished 
1 to reward the patriotic labours of Demos- 
{ thenes with a golden crown, yEschines im- 
peached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and 
to their subsequent dispute we are indebted 
for the two celebrated orations de corona. 
^Eschines was defeated by his rival's supe- 
rior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; 
but as lie retired from Athens, Demosthenes 
ran after him, and nobly forced him to ac- 
cept a present of silver. In his banishment, 
the orator repeated to the Rhodians, what 
he had delivered against Demosthenes; and 
after receiving' much applause, he was de- 
sired to read the answer of his antagonist. 
' It was received with greater marks of ap- 
I probation ; but, exclaimed ./Esehines, how 
I much more would your admiration have 
j been raised, had you heard Demosthenes 
himself speak it ! iEschines died in the 75th 
I year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some sup- 
pose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, 
j and nine epistles, which, from their num- 
I ber, received the name, the first of the 
graces, and the last of the muses. The ora- 
tions alone are extant, generally found 
collected with those of Lysias. An oration 
I which bears the name of Deliaca lex, is 
said not to be his production, but that of 
yEschines, another orator of that age. — 
Ci. Or. 1,24, I. 2, 53.— Br. 17. -PL Dem.— 
Diog. 2 & 3. — PL 7, 30. Diogenes mentions 
seven more of the same name. A phi- 
losopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote 
several dialogues, some of which bore the 
following titles: Aspasia, Phaedon, Alci- 
biades, Draco, Erycia, Polyaenus, Telauges, 
&c. The dialogue in titled Axiochus, and 
ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his 
composition. The best editions are that of 
Leonard, 1718, with the notes of Horraeus, 
in 8vo. and that of Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1766. 

• A man who wrote on oratory. An 

Arcadian. A Mitylenean. A disciple 

of Melanthius. A' Milesian writer. A 

statuary. 

jESCHRION, a Mitylenean poet, intimate 
with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander 

in his Asiatic expedition. An Iambic poet 

of Samos.— Ath. A physician commended 

by Galen. A treatise of his on husbandry 
has been quoted by PL — A lieutenant of 
Archagathus, killed by Hanno.— Di. 20. 

yESCHYLI DE3, a man who wrote a book 
on agriculture.— Mli. H. An. 15. 
jESCHYLUS, an excellent soldier and 
oet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and 
rother to Cynaegirus. He was in the 
Athenian army at the battles of Marathon, 
Salamis, and Platgea. But the most solid 
fame he has obtained, is the offspring less 
of his valour in the field of battle than of 
his writings. Of ninety tragedies, how- 
ever, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 
forty of which were rewarded with the 
public prize, only seven have come safe to 
us : Prometheus vinctus, Septem duces apud 
Thebas, Persts Agamemnon, Chcephori, Eu- 
menides, Supplices. /Eschylus is the first 
who introduced two actors on the stage, 
and clothed them with dresses suitable to 
their character. He likewise removed 



1 MS— MS 
murder from the stage. It fs said, that 
when he composed, his countenance be- 
trayed the greatest ferocity ; and according 
to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides 
were represented, many children died 
through tear, aud several pregnant women 
actually miscarried in the house, at the 
sight of the horrible masks that were in- 
troduced. The imagination of the poet was 
strong and comprehensive, but disorderly 
and wild: fruitful in prodigies, but dis*- 
daining probabilities. His style is obscure, 
and the labours of an excellent modern 
critic have pronounced him the most diffi- 
cult of all the Greek classics. A few 
expressions of impious tendency in one 
of his plays, nearly proved fatal to JEs- 
chylus; he was condemned to death ; but 
his brother Amynias, it is reported, re- 
versed the sentence, by uncovering an arm, 
of which the hand had been cut off at the 
battle of Salamis, in the service of his 
country, and the poet was pardoned. JEs- 
chylus has been accused of drinking to 
excess, and of never composing except 
when in a state of intoxication. In his old 
age he retired to the court of Hiero, iu 
Sicily. Being informed that he was to die 
by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied 
with the fickleness of his countrymen, and 
withdrew from the city into the fields, 
where he sat down. An eagle, with a 
tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, 
and supposing it to be a stone, dropped 
her prey upon it to break the shell, and 
iEschylus instantly died of the blow, in the 
69th year of his age, 456 B.C. It is said 
that he wrote an account of the battle of 
Marathon, in elegiac verses. The best 
editions of his works are that of Stanley, fol. 
London, 1663, that of Glasg. 2 vols, in 
12mo. 1746, and that ofSchutz, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Halae, 1782.— Hor. A. P. •zlQ.—Qnin. 10, l. 

—PL 10, 3.— Va. Ma. 9. 12. The 12th 

erpetual Archon of Athens. A Corinthian, 

rother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate 

with Timoleon.— Plu. Tim. A Rhodian 

set over Egypt with Peucestes of Mace- 
donia.— Curt! 4, 8. A native of Cnidus, 

teacher of rhetoric to Cicero.— Ci. Br. 

jESCU LAPI US, son of Apollo, by Coronis, 
or, as some say, by Larissa, daughter of 
Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his 
union with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to 
watch her, and was soon informed that 
she admitted the caresses of Ischys, of 
iEmonia. The god, in a fit of anger, 
destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved 
the infant from her womb, and gave him 
to be educated to Chiron, who taught him 
the art of medicine. Some authors say, 
that Coronis left her father to avoid the 
discovery of her pregnancy, and that she 
exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat 
of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her 
milk, and the dog who kept the flock stood 
by him to shelter him from injury. He was 
found by the master of the flock, who went 
in search of his stray goat, and saw his 
head surrounded with resplendent rays of 
light. iEsculapius was physician to the 
Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the 



medicinal power of plants, that he was 
called the inventor as well as the god of 
medicine. He restored many to life, of 
which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who 
struck /Esculapius with thunder, but Apollo, 
angry at the death of his son, killed the 
C yclops who made the thunderbolts. JEs- 
culapius received divine honours after 
death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, 
Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls,lambs, 
and pigs, were sacrificed on his altars, and 
the cock and the serpent were sacred to 
him. Rome, A. U. C. 462, was delivered of 
a plague, and built a temple to the god of 
medicine, who, as was supposed, had come 
there in the form of a serpent, and hid him- 
self among the reeds in an island of the 
Tyber. jEsculapius was represented with 
a large beard, holding in his hand a staff, 
round which was wreathed a serpent ; his 
other hand was supported on the head of a 
serpent. Serpents are more particularly 
sacred to him, not only as theancient physi- 
cians used them in their prescriptions : but 
because they were the symbols of prudence 
and foresight, so necessaryin the medical pro- 
fession. He married Epione, by whom he 
had two sons, famous for their skill in 
medicine, Machaon and Podalirus; and four 
daughters, of whom Hygeia, goddess of 
health, is the most celebrated. Some have 
supposed that he lived a short time after 
the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of 
him.—//. //. 4, ]93.—Hym. in JEs.—Ap. 3,10. 
—Apol. 4, A.—Hyg. fa. 49.— Ov. Me. 2, 8.— 
Pa.2. 11 Se 27. 1. 7, 23, &c— Di.— Pin. Py. 3. 
—Lu. Di. S.—Va. Ma. I, A. — Ci. Nat. D. 3, 
22, says there were three of this name ; the 
1st, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia; 
2d, a brother of Mercury ; 3d, a man who 
rirst taught medicine. 
^ESEPUS, a son of Bucolion. H. 11. 6, 

21. A river. Vide jEsapus. 

iESERNIA, a city of the Samnites, in 
Italy.— Li. 27, 12.— 8, 567. 

/ESION, an Athenian, known for his 
respect for the talents of Demosthenes. — 
P in. Dem. 

/ESIS, a river in Italy, which separates 
Picenum from Umbria. 

jESON, son of Crethetis, was born at the 
*ame birth as Pelias. He succeeded his 
lather in the kingdom of lolchos, but was 
soon exiled by his brother. He married 
Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose 
education he entrusted to Chiron, being 
afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown 
up, he demanded his father's kingdom from 
his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, 
and persuaded him to go in quest of the 
golden fleece. [Vide Jason.] At his return. 
Jason found his father very infirm ; and 
Medea [Vide Medea.], at his request, drew 
the blood from /Eson's veins, and refilled 
them with the juice of certain herbs which 
she had gathered, and immediately the old 
man recovered the vigour and bloom of 
youth. Some say that /Eson killed himself 
by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the per- 
secution of Pelias.— Di. 4.- Apol. 1, 9.— Ov 

Me. 7, 185.— Hyg. fa. 12. A river of Thes 

saly, with a town of the same name. 



/ESONIDES, a patronymic of Jason, as 
being descended from /Eson. 

jESOPUS, a Phrygian philosopher, who, 
though originally "a slave, procured his 
liberty by the sallies of nis genius. He 
travelled over the greatest part of Greece 
and Egypt, but chiefly resided at the court 
of Crces'us, king of Lydia, by ( whom he was 
sent to consult the oracle of'Delphi. In this 
commission iEsop behaved with great seve- 
rity, and satirically compared the Delphians 
to floating sticks, which appear large at a 
distance, but are nothing when brought 
near. The Delphians, offended with his 
sarcastic remarks, accused him of having 
secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo's 
temple, and threw him down from a rock, 
561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written 
his life in Greek ; but no credit is to be 
given to the biographer, who falsely asserts 
that the mythoiogist was short and de- 
formed. JEsop dedicated his fables to his 
patron Croesus ; but what appears now under 
his name, is no doubt a compilation of all 
the fables and apologues of wits before and 
after the asre of /Esop, conjointly witli his 

own.—Plu.'So.—Pfue. 1, f. 2, 1. 2, f. 9. 

CLAUD US, an actor on the Roman stage, 
very intimate with Cicero. He amassed an 
immense fortune. His son, to be more 
expensive, melted precious stones to drink 
at his entertainments.— Hor. 2. 5. 3, 239. — 
Va. Ma. 8, 10, 1. 9, I.— PI. 9, 35, 1, 10, Si. 

An orator.— Diog. An historian in 

the time of Anaximenes.— Pin. So. A 

river of Pontus. — Str.M. An attendant 

of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on 
Helen, and a panegyric on his roval master. 

/ESTRI A, an island in the Adriatic— 
Me. 2, 7. 

jESULA, a town on a mountain between 
Tibur and Praeneste.— Hor. 3,29. 

jESYETES, a man from whose tomb 
Polites spied what the Greeks did in their 
ships during the Trojan war. — H. 11. 2, 
793. 

/ESYMNETES, a surname of Bacchus.— 
Pa. 7, 21. 

jESYMNUS, a person of Megara, who 
consulted Apollo to know the besfmethod of 
governing his country. — Pa. I, 43. 

/ETHA LIA, or jETHERIA, now Elba, 
an island between Etruria and Corsica. — PL 
3, 6, 1. 6, 30. 

iETHALI DES, a herald, son of Mercury, 
to whom it was granted to be amongst the 
dead and the living at stated times.— Apol. 
Ar. I, 641. 

iETHION, a man slain at the nuptials of 
Andromeda.— Of. Me. 5, 146. 

/ETHIOPIA, an extensive country of 
Africa, at the south of Egypt, divided into 
east and west by the ancients, the former 
division lying near Meroe, and the latter 
near the Mauri. The country, properly 
now called Abyssinia, as well as the in- 
habitants, were little known to the ancients, 
though Homer has styled them the justest 
of men, and the favourites of the gods. 
Died. A, say*, that the .Ethiopians were the 
first inhabitants of the earth. They were 
the first who worshipped the gods, for 



JET — JET 



23 



/ET-AFR 



v/hich, as some suppose, their country has 
never been invaded by a foreign enemy. 
The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. 
The country 19 inundated for five months 
every year, and their days and nights are 
almost of an equal length. The ancients 
have given the name of ^Ethiopia to every 
country whose inhabitants are of a black 
colour.— Luc. 3, 253, 1. 9, 651.— Ju. 2, 23.— 
V. eel. 6, 68.— PL 6, 29.— Pa. 1, 33.—//. Od. 
1,22.—//. 1, 423. 

/ETHLIUS. sonof Jupiter by Protogenia, 
was father of Endymion. — April, l, 7. 

jETHON, a horse of the sun.— Of. Me. 2, 

1. A horse of Pallas, represented as 

shedding tears at the death of his master, 

bv V. JEn. II, 89. A horse of Hector.— 

H. 11.8, !85. 

jETHRA, daughter of Pittheus, king of 
Trcezene, had 'fheseus by /Egeus. \Vide 
/Eg-eus.] She was carried away by Castor 
and Pollux, when they recovered their 
sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and 
intrusted to her care. [Vide Helen.] She 
went to Troy with Helen.—//. //. 3, 144.— 
Pa. 2, 31, 1. 5, 19.— Hyg. fa. 37 & 19.—Plu. 
Th.—Ov.HerAO, 131.— One of the Oceanides, 
wife to Atlas. She is more generally called 
Pleione. 

jETHUSA, a daughter of Neptune by 
Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo 

of Eleuthere and two sons. — Pa. 9, 20. 

An island near Lilybaeum.— PI. 3, 8. 

jETIA, a poem of Callimachus, in which 
he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner 
in which they were offered.— Mart. 10, e. 4. 

jETION, orEETlON, the father of An- 
dromache, Hector's wife. He was killed al 
Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks. 

A famous painter. He drew a painting of 

Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials 
with Roxana. This piece was much valued, 
and was exposed to public view at the 
Olympic games, where it gained so much 
applause that the president of the games 
gave the painter his daughter in marriage. 
— Ci. Br. 18. 

iETNA, a mountain of Sicily, now called 
Mount Gibell, famous for its volcano, which, 
or about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at 
intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular 
height, and measures 100 miles round at the 
base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater 
forms a circle about three miles and a half 
in circumference, and its top is covered 
w ; th snow and smoke at the same time, 
whilst the sides of the mountain, from the 
great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich 
scenery of cultivated fields and blooming 
vineyards. Pindar is the first who men- 
tions an eruption of ./Etna ; and the silence 
of Homer on the subject is considered as a 
proof that the fires of the mountain were 
unknown in his age. From the time of 
Pythagoras, the supposed date of the first 
volcanic appearance, to the battle of Phar- 
salia, it is computed that iEtna has had 100 
eruptions. The poets supposed that J upiter 
had confined the giants under this mountain, 
and it was represented as the forge ot 
Vulcan, where his servants the Cvclops 
fabricated thunderbolts, be—He. Til. 860. 



— V. /En. 3, 570.— Ov. Me. 5, fa. 6, 1. 15, 310. 

— It. 14,59. 

jETOLIA, a country bounded by Epirus, 
Aearnania, and Locris, supposed to be about 
the middle of Greece. It received its name 
froniiEtolus. The inhabitants were covetous 
and illiberal, and were little known in 
Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and 
Sparta they assumed a consequence in the 
country, and afterwards made themselves 
formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its 
enemies, till thev were conquered by 
Fulvius.— Li. 26, 24', Stc—Fl. 2, 9.— Str. 8 & 
\0.—Me. 2, 3.— PI. 4, '2.— Pa. 10, 18.— Plu. 
Fl. 

/ETOLUS, son of Endymion of Elis and 
Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he 
had Pleuron and Calydon. Having acci- 
dentally killed Apis, son of Phoroneus, he 
left his country, and came to settle in that 
part of Greece which has been called from 
him jEtolia.— Apol. 1, 7 & 9.— Pa. 5, 1. 

Mx, a rocky island between Tenedos and 

Chios. — PL 4, 11. A city in the country 

of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter, 

changed into a constellation. 

AFER, an inhabitant of Africa. A. 

informer under Tiberius and his successors. 
He became also known as an orator, and as 
the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made 
consul by Domitian. He died A.D. 59. 

AFRANIA, a Roman matron, who fre- 
quented the forum, forgetful of female de- 
fence.— Fa. Ma. 8, 3. 

A FRAN I US, LUC. a Latin comic poet in 
the age of Terence, often compared to 
Menander, whose style he imitated. He is 
blamed for the unnatural gratifications 
which he mentions in his writings, some 
fragment of which are to be found in the 
Corpus Poetarum. — Quin. 10, 1. — Sue. Ne. 
M.—Hor. 2, e. 1 , 57 .—Ci. fin. 1, 3.— A Gel. 

13,8. A general of Pompey, conquered by 

Ciesar in Spain. —Sue. C&.34.—Plu. Pont.-- 
Q. a man who wrote a severe satire against 
Nero, for which he was put to death in the 

Pisonian conspiracy. — 7a. Potitus, a 

plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he 
would willingly die if the emperor could 
recover from the distemper he laboured 
under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius 
was put to death that he might not forfeit 
his word.— Di. 

AFRICA, called Libya by the Greeks, 
one of the three parts of the ancient world, 
and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is 
bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red 
Sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, 
south and west by the oceair. In its greatesl 
length it extends 4300 miles, and in its 
greatest breadth is 35000 miles. It is joined 
on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles 
long, which some of the Ptolemies en- 
deavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red 
and Mediterranean seas. It is so imme- 
diately situate under ihesun, that only the 
maratime parts are inhabited, and Ihe inland 
country is mostly barren and sandy, and 
infested with wild beasts. The ancients, 
through ignorance, peopled the southern 
parts of Africa with monsters, enchanters, 
and chimeras ; errors which begin to be 



AFR-AGA 



24 



AGA— AGA 



rorrected by modern travellers. Wide 
Libya.]— Me. 1, 4, &c— Di. 3, 4 & 20.— He. 

2, 17, 26 & 32, 4, 41, Sec— PI. 5, 1, &c. 

There is a part of Africa called Propria, 
which lies about the middle, on the Medi- 
terranean, and has Carthage for its capital. 

AFRICAN US, a blind poet, commended 
by Ennius. A Christian w riter, who flou- 
rished A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which 
was universally esteemed, he reckoned 
5.500 vears from the creation of the world 
to the age of Julius Caesar. Nothing- re- 
mains of this work, but what Eusebius has 
presented. In a letter to Origen, Afri- 
canus proved, that the history of Susanna 
Is suppositious ; and in another to Aris- 
tides, still extant, he endeavours to re- 
concile the seeming- contradictions that 
appear in the genealogies of Christ in St. 
Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be 
the same who wrote nine books, in which 

he treats of physic, agriculture, &c. A 

lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and intimate 

with the emperor Alexander. An orator 

mentioned by Quintilian. The surname 

of the Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. 
Vide Scipio. 

AFR1CUM MARE, is that part of the 
Mediterranean which Is on the coast of 
Africa. 

AGAGRIAN/E PORTjE, gates at Syra- 
cuse, near which the dead were buried.— 
Ci. Tu. 

AGALASSES, a nation of India, con- 
quered bv Alexander.— Di. 17. 

AGALLA, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote 
a treatise upon grammar.— Ath. I. 

AGAMEDES and TROPHONIUS, two 
architects who made the entrance of the 
temple of Delphi, for which they demanded 
of the g-od whatever gift was most ad- 
vantageous for a man to receive. Eight 
davs after, they were found dead in their 
beds.— Plu. co. Ap.—Ci. Tu. I, 47.— Pa. 9, 
II, and 37, gives a different account. 

AGAMEMNON, king of Mycenae and 
Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son 
of Plisthenes, the son of Atreus. Homer 
calls them sons of Atreus, which is false, 
upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, 
&c. [Vide Plisthenes.] When Atreus was 
dead, his brother Thyestes seized the king- 
dom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon 
and Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus king 
of Sicyoii, and hence to (Eueus, king of 
/Etolia, where they were educated. Aga- 
memnon married Clytemnestra ? "and Mene- 
laus Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus, 
king of Sparta, who assisted them to recover 
their father's kingdom. After the banish- 
ment of the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon 
established himself at Mycenae, whilst 
Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at 
Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, 
Agamemnon was elected commander-in- 
chief of the Grecian forces going^ against 
Tr.>y ; and he showed his zeal in the cause 
by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more 
to the people of Arcadia. Their fleet was 
detained at Aulis. where Agamemnon 
sacrificed his daughter to appease Diana, 
i Vide Iphigenia.J During Uh; Trojan war, 



Agamemnon behaved with much valour; 
but his quarrel with Achilles, whose 
mistress he took by force, was fatal to the 
Greeks. [Vide Briseis.] After the ruin o( 
Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and 
foretold him that his wife would put him to 
death. He gave no credit to this, and 
returned to Argos with Cassandra. CJv- 
temnestra, with her adulterer jEgisthu's 
[Vide iEgisthus.] prepared to murder him; 
and as he came from the bath, to embarrass 
him, she gave him a tunic, whose sleeves 
were sewed together, and while lie at- 
tempted to put it on, she brought him to 
the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and 
iEgisthus seconded her blows. His death 
was revenged by his son Orestes. [Vide 

Civtemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. 1 

H. 11. 1, 2, &c— Od. 4.— Or. R. A. in.— Me. 
ZQ.—Hyg. fa. 88, 97.— Sir. 8 — Th. 1,9.— All. 
V. H. 4, 26.— Bin Cr. \ .—Da. Ph.— Soph. 
—Eur. Or.— Sen. Ag.—Pa. 2, 6, 1. 9, 40, Sec. 
— V. j£n. 6, 638.— Me. 2, 3. 

AGAMEMNON JUS, an epithet applied 
to Orestes, a son of Agamemnon- — ALn. 4, 
471. [Pa. 6, 10. 

AGAMETOR, an athlete of Mantinea.— 

AG A M N ESTOR, a king of Athens. 

AGANIPPE, a celebrated fountain of 
Boeotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. It 
flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to 
the muses, who, from it, were called Aga- 
nippedes.— Pa. 9, 29.— Prop. 2, e. 3.— 6 th. i 
Me. 5, 312.— PZ. 4, 7. 

AGAPENOR, the commander of Aga- 
memnon's fleet.—//. II. 2. The son of | 

Ancaeus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, 
after the ruin of Troy, was" carried bv a I 
storm into Cyprus, where he built Paphos. 
—Pa. 6, 5.—H. II. 2. 

AGAR, a town of Africa.— Hir. b. Af. 76. 1 

AGAREN1, a people of Arabia. Trajan | 
destroved theircitv, called Agarum. — Str.16. \ 

AGAR1STA, daughter of Clisthenes, was ' 
courted by all the princes of Greece. She ' 
married Megacles.— All. V. H. 12, 24.— J 

r/er.6, 126, &c. A daughter of Hippother- 

tes, who married Xantippus. She dreamed 
that she had brought forth a lion, and some 
time after became mother of Pericles. — 
Plu. Per.— Her. 6, 131. 

AGASICLES, king of Sparta, was son of 
Archidamus, and one of the Proclidae. He 
used to say that a king ought to govern 
his subjects as a father governs his chil- . 
dren. —Pa. 3, 7.— Pin. Ap. 

AGASSI, a city of Thessaly.— Li. 45, 27» | 

AGASTHENES; father to Polyxeinis J 
was, as one of Helen's suitors, concerned 
in the Trojan war.—//. //. 2.—Apol. 3, lk 

A son of Augeus, who succeeded a? 

king of Elis Pa. 5, 3. 

AGASTRoPHUS, a Trojan, wounded by 
Diomedes.— H. II. 11, 338. 

AGAS THUS, an archon of Athens. 

AG AS US, a harbour on the coast of i 
Apulia.— PL 3, 11. 

AGATHA, a town of Francein Languedoc, 
near Agde. — Me. 2, 5. 

AGATHARCHI OAS, a general of Co- 
rinth in the Peloponnesian war.— Th. 2, 
03. A Saniian philosopher and historian, 



i 



AGA — AGA 
alio wrote a treatise on stones, and a his- 
tory of Persia and Fhoenice, besides an 
account of the Red Sea, of Europe and 
Asia. Some make him a native of Cnidus, 
and add that he flourished about 177 B.C. 
— Jos. r. Ap. 

AGATH ARCUS, an officer in the Syra- 

cusan fleet.— Th. 7, 27. A painter in the 

age of Zeuxis.— Plu. Per. 

AGATH IAS, a Greek historian, of jEolia. 
—A poet and historian in the age of Justi- 
nian, of whose reign he published the nistory 
in five books. Several of his epigrams are 
found in the Anthologia. His history is a 
sequel of that of Procopius. The best 
edition is that of Paris, fol. 1660. 

AGATHO, a Samian historian, who 

wrote an account of Scythia. A tragic 

poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The names 
of some of his tragedies are preserved, 

such as Telephus, Thyestes, Sec. A comic 

poet who lived in the" same age*— Plu. Pa. 
• A son of Priam.—//. II 24. A go- 
vernor of Babylon.— Curt. 5, I. A Py- 
thagorean philosopher.— Ml. V. H. 13, 4. 

1 A learned and melodious musician, 

who first introduced songs in tragedy.— 

Art. Po. A youth of Athens, loved" by 

Plato.— Diog. 3, 32. 

AGATHOCLEA, a beautiful courtezan of 
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed 
his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with 
her brother/long governed the kingdom, 
and attempted to murder the king's son. — 
Plu. Cl.-Ju. 30, 1. 

AGATHOCLES,a lascivious and ignoble 
youth, son of a potter, who, by entering in 
"the Sicilian army, arrived to "the greatest 
honours, and made himself master of Syra- 
cuse. He reduced all Sicily under" his 
power, but being defeated at Himera by 
the Carthaginians, he carried the war 
into Africa, where, for four years, he ex- 
tended his conquests over his enemy. He 
aied in his 72d year, B.C. 2S9, after a reign 
of 28 vears of mingled prosperity and ad- 
versity.— Plu. Ap.-Ju. 22 23.— Pol. 

15. — l)i. 18, &c. A son of Lysimachus, 

taken prisoner by the Getse. He' was ran- 
somed, and married Lysandra, daughter of 
Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, 
married Arsinoe, the sister of Lysander. 
After her husband's death, Arsinoe, fearful 
for her children, attempted to murder Aga- 
thocles. Some say that she fell in love 
with him, and killed him because he slighted 
her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., 
Lysandra fled to Seleucus.— Str. 13.— Plu. 
Pyr. and De.—Pa. 1,9. A Grecian his- 
torian of Babylon, who wrote an account 

of Cyzicus.— Ci. di. 1, 24. A Chian who 

wrote on husbandry. — Far. A Samian 

writer. .A physician. An Athenian 

archon. 

AGATHON, vide Agatho. 

AGATHONYMUS wrote an historyof Per- 
sia. -Plu. Ft. 

AGATHOSTHENES, a poet, &c. 

AGATH YLLUS an elegiac poet of Arca- 
dia.— Dio. H. 1. 

AGATH YRNUM, a town of Sicily. 

AGATH YRST, an effeminate nation of 



» AGA— AGE 

Scythia, who had their wives in common- 
They received their name from Agathyrus. 
son of Hercules. — Her. 4, 10. — JEn. 4, 146. 

AGAVE, daughter of Cadmus and Her- 
mione, married Echion, by whom she had 
Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the 
Bacchanals. [ Vide Pentheus. J She is' said 
to have killed her husband in celebrating 
the orgies of Bacchus. She received divine 
honours after death, because she had con- 
tributed to the education of Bacchus. — 
Theo. 26.— Ov. Me. 3, 725.— Luc. 1, 574.— 

St. Th. II, 318.—^o/. 3, 4. One of the 

Nereides.— Apol. 1. A tragedy of Statins. 

— Juv. 7, 67, &c. 

AGAU I, a northern nation who lived upon 
milk.—//. II. 13. 
AG A V US, a son of Priam.—//. II. 24. 
AGDEST1S, a mountain of Phrygia, where 

Atvs was buried. — Pa. 1, 4. A surname of 

Cy'bele. 

AGELADES, statuary of Argos.— Pa. 6, 8. 
AGELAS TUS, a surname of Crassus, the 
grandfather of the rich Crassus. He onl 
laughed once in his life, and this, it is 
said, was upon seeing an ass eating tins- 
ties.— Cic. 5.—PH. 17, 19. The word is 

also applied to Pluto, from the sullen and 
melancholy appearance of his countenance. 
AGELAUS, a king of Corinth, son or" 

fxion. One of Penelope's suitors.—// 

Od. 20. A son of Hercules and Omphale, 

from whom Croesus was descended. — Apol, 

2, 7. A servant of Priam, who preserved 

Paris when exposed on mount Ida.— Id. 3,12. 

AGENDICUM, now Sens, a town of Gaul, 
the capital of the Senones.— Caes. b.g. 6, 44. 

AGENOR, king of Phoenicia, was son of 
Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. 
He married Tele'phassa, by whom he ha.1 
Cadmus, Phcenix, Cilix, and Europa.^ 

Hyg. fa. 6.— It. 1, 15— Apol. 2, i. ^ 

son of Jasus and father of Argus.— Apot. 

2, 10. A son of jEjryptus, Id. 2, 1. ■ 

A son of Phlegeus.— Id. 3, 7. A son o. 

Amphion and Niobe. — Id. 3, 4. A king^ 

of Argos, father to Crotopus. A son of 

Antenor.— H. II. 21, 579. AMitylenean, 

who wrote a treatise on music. 

AGENORIDES, a patronymic applied to 
Cadmus, and the other descendjnts of 
Agenor.— Ov. Me. 3, 8. 

AGERINUS, a freed man of Agrippina, 
accused of attempting Nero's fife.— Ta. 
An. 14, 16. 

AGESANDER, a sculptor of Rhodes 
under Vespasian, who made a representa- 
tion of Laocoon's history, which now 
passes for the best relict _ of all ancient 
sculpture. 

AG ESI AS, a Platonic philosopher who 
taught the immortality of the soul. One 
of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue 
his lectures, because his doctrine was so 
prevalent that many of his auditors com- 
mitted suicide. 

AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Agidae, was son of Doryssus, 
and father of Archelaus. During his reign 
Lvcurgus instituted his famous laws.— Her. 

7, 204.— Pa. 3, 2. A son of Archidamus, 

of the family of the Proclidue, made king 



AGE-AGI 



AGL — AGN 



[n preference to his nephew Leoty chides. 
He made war against Artaxerxes, "king- cf 
Persia, with success; but in the midst of 
his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home 
to oppose the Athenians and Breotians, 
who desolated his country; and his return 
was so expeditious, that he oassed, in 
thirty days, over that traci. of country 
which had taken up a whole year o'f 
Xerxes' expedition. He defeated his ene- 
mies at Coronea ; but sickness prevented 
the progress of his conquests, and the Spar- 
tans were beat in every engagement, espe- 
cially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their 
head. Though deformed, small of stature, 
and lame, he was brave, and a greatness 
of soul compensated all the imperfections 
of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as 
of military discipline ; and when he went, 
in his 60th year, to assist Tachus, king of 
Egypt, the servants of the monarch could 
hardly be persuaded that the Lacedaemo- 
nian geneal was eating with his soldiers on 
the ground, bare-headed, and without any 
covering to repose under. Agesilaus died 
on his return from Egypt, after a reign of 
36 vears, 362 B.C., and his remains were 
embalmed and brought to Lacedaemon. — 
Ju. 6, 1.— Plti. 4- C. Nep. Vl.—Pa. 3, 9. 

— Xen. Or. A. A brother of Themisto- 

cles, who was sent as a spy into the Per- 
sian camp, where he stabbed Mardonius in- 
stead of Xerxes. — Pin. Par. A surname 

of Pluto. — "* Greek who wrote a history 
of Italy. 

AGESIPOLIS, A king of Lacedaemon, 
son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory 
over the Mantiueans. He reigned 14 years, 
and was succeeded by his brother Cleom- 
brotus, B.C. 3S0.— Pa. 3, 5.— Xen. 3. H. Gr. 

II., son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, 

was succeeded by Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. 
—Pa. 1, 13. 

AGES1STRATA, the mother of king 
Agis.— Phi. Ag. 

AG ESI STRATUS, a man who wrote a 
treatise entitled De arte machinali. 

AGGRAMMES, a cruel king of the Gan- 
garides. His father was a hair-dresser, of 
whom the queen became enamoured, and 
whom she made governor of the king's 
children, to gratify her passion. He killed 
them to raise Aggramnies, his son, by the 
queen, to the throne.— Curt. 9, 2. 

AGGR1NE, a people near mount Rho- 
dope.— Ci. L. P. 37. 

AGIDiE, the descendants of Eurythenes, 
who shared the throne of Sparta with the 
Proclidae. The name is derived from Agis, 
son of Eurysthenes. The family became 
extinct in the person of Cleomenes, son of 
Leonidas.— V. In. 8, 682. 

AGILAUS, king of Corinth, reigned 36 
years. One or the Ephori, almost mur- 
dered bv the partizans of Cleomenes. — 
Phi. CI. 

AGIS, king of Sparta, succeeded his 
father, Eurysthenes, and, after a reign of 
one vear, was succeeded by his son Eches- 

tratils, B.C. 1068.— Pa. 3, 2. Another 

king- of Sparta, who waged bloody wars 
against Athens, and restored liberty to 



many Greek cities. He attempted to re- 
store the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but 
in vain ; the perfidy of friends who pre- 
tended to second his views, brought him into ! 
difficulties, and he was at last dragged 
from a temple, where he had taken refuge, | 
to a prison, where he was strangled by \ 

oraerof the Ephori. — Phi. Ag. Another", | 

son of Archidamus, who signalized himself j 
in the war which the Spartans waged ag inst 
Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Man i 
tinea, and was successful in the Pelopon- j 
nesian war. He reigned 27 years. — Th. 8 j 

4. — Pa. 3, 8. Another," son of Ar- 
chidamus, king of Sparta, who endeavoured ' 
to deliver Greece from the empire of Ma- i 
cedonia, with the assistance of the Per- I 
sians. He was conquered in the attempt, 
and slain by Antipater, Alexander's gene 
ral, and 5300 Lacedaemonians perished with j 
him.— Curt. 6, 1.— Di. 17.— Ju. 12 1, &c. I 

Another, son of Eudadimas, killed in 

a battle against the Mantiueans.— Pa. 8, 

10. An Arcadian in the expedition of 

Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. — Poly. 

7, IS. A poet of Argos, who accompanied 

Alexander into Asia, and said that Bacchus | 
and the sons of Leda would give way to his i 

hero, when a god.— Curt. 8, 5. A Lycian I. 

who followed /Eneas into Italy, where he 
was killed.— V. £u. 10, 751. 

AGLAIA, one of the Graces, called some- 
times Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphro- | 
syne and Thalia, and they were all daugh- i 
ters ot Jupiter and Eurvnome. — Pa. 9, 35. i 

AGLAONICE, daughter of Hegemon, I 
was acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, j 
whence she boasted of her power to draw 
down the moon from heaven.— Plu. Or. def. 

AGLAOPE, one of the Svrens. 

AGLAOPHON, an excellent Greek pain- , 
ter — PI. 35, 8. 

AGLAOSTHENES, wrote a history of i 
Naxos.— Str. 6. 

AGLAURUS or AGRAULUS, daughter 
of Erechtheus, the oldest king of Athens, ! 
was changed into a stone by Mercury. ; 
Some make her a daughter of Ctcrops.— ' 
Vide Herse.—Ov. Me. f. 12. 

AG LA US, the poorest man of Arcadia, 
pronounced bv the oracle more happy than 
Gyges, king of Lydia.— PI. '.46.— Va. Ma. 
7, 1. 

AGNA, a woman in the uge of Horace, 
who, though deformed, had many admirers. { 
Hot. 1. s. 3, 40. 

AGNO, one of the nymphs who ;nursed ) 
Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain i 
on Mount Lycieus. When the priest of 
Jupiter, after a prayer, stirred the waters 
of this fountain with a bough, a thick 
vapour arose, which was soon dissolved 
into a plentiful shower. — Pa. 8, 31, 6cc. 

AGNOD1CE, an Athenian virgin, who 
disguised her sex to learn medicine. She I 
was taught by Hieropholus the art of mid- I 
wifery, and when employed, always dis- 
covered L ; er sex to her patients." This 
brought her Into so much practice, that the 
males of her profession, who were now out 
of employment, accused her, before the 
Areopagus, of corruption. She confessed 



AGN-AGR 5 
her sex to tne judges, and a law was im- 
mediately made to empower all free-born 
women to learn midwifery.— Hyg. fa. 274. 

AGNON, son of Nicias, was present at 
the taking of Samos by Pericles. In the 
Peloponnesian war he went against Poti- 
daea, but abandoned his expedition through 
disease. He built Amphipolis, whose in- 
habitants rebelled to Brasidas, whom they 
regarded as their founder, forgetful of 

A^non.— Th. 2. A writer.— Qui??. 2, 17. 

— — One of Alexander's officers.— PL 33, 3. 

AGNONIDES, a rhetorician of Athens, 
who accused Phocion of betraying the 
Piraeus to Nicanor. When the people re- 
collected what services Phocion had ren- 
dered them, they raided him statues, and 
put to death his accuser.— Plu. # Nep. Pho. 

AGONAL1 A and AGON IA, festivals in 
Rome, celebrated three times a year, in 
honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were 
instituted by Numa, and on the festive days 
the chief priest used to offer a ram.— Ov. 
F. 1, 317.— Far. L. L. 

AGONES CAPOTIL1N1, games cele- 
brated every fifth year upon the Capitoline 
hill. Prizes were proposed for ability and 
strength, as well as for poetical and lite- 
rary compositions. The poet Statins pub- 
licly recited there his Thebaid, which was 
not received with much applause. 

AGON IS, a woman in the temple of 
Venus, on Mount Eryx.— Ci. V. 1. 

AGONIUS, a Roman deity, who presided 
over the actions of men. — Vide Agonalia. 

AGORACRITUS, a sculptor ot Phares, 
who made a statue of Venus for the people 
of Athens, B.C. 150. 

AGORANOM I, ten magistrates at Athens, 
who watched over the city and port, and 
inspected whatever was exposed to sale. 

AGORANIS, a river falling into the 
Ganges. — Arr. hid. 

AGORiEA, a name of Minerva at Sparta. 
—Pa. 3, 11. 

AGOREUS, a surname of Mercury among 
the Athenians, from his presiding over the 
markets.— Pa. 1. 15. 

AGRA, a place of Bceotia where the Ilis- 
sus rises. Diana was called Agrsea, because 

she hunted there. A city of Susa, — of 

Arcadia, and Arabia. 

AGR.^I and AGRENSES, a people of 
Arabia.— PL 6, 28. Of &toIia.— Li. 42,34. 

AGRA GAS or ACRAGAS, a river, town, 
and mountain of Sicily ; called also Agri- 
gentum. The town was built by the people 
of Gela, who were a Rhodian colony.— V. 
&n. 3, 7Q3.— Di. 11. 

AGRARIA LliX was enacted to distribute 
among the Roman people all the lands 
which they had gained by conquest. It 
was first proposed A. U. C. 268, by the con- 
sul Sp. Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected by 
the senate. This produced dissensions be- 
tween the senate and the people, and Cas- 
sius, upon seeing the ill success of the new 
regulations he proposed, offered to distri- 
bute anions; the people, the money which 
was produced from the corn of Sicily, after 
it had been brought and sold in Rome. 



' AGR— AGR 

This act of liberality the people refused, 
and tranquillity was soon after re-esta- 
blished in the state. It was proposed a se- 
cond time, A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Lici- 
nius Stolo ; but with no better success ; 
and so great were the tumults which fol- 
lowed, that one of the tribunes of the peo- 
ple was killed, and many of the senators 
fined for their opposition. Mutius Scaevola, 
A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius 
Gracchus to propose it a third time; and 
though Octavius, his colleague in the tri- 
buneship, opposed it, yet Tiberius made 
it pass into a law, after much altercation, 
and commissioners were authorized to 
make a division of the lands. — This law at 
last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome 
under J. Caesar.— Fi 3.— Ci. L. A.— Li. 2,41. 
AGRAULE, a tribe of Athens.— Plu. Th. 
AGRAULIA, a festival at Athens, in ho- 
nour of Agraulos.TheCyprians also observed 
these festivals, by offering human victims. 
AGRAULOS, a daughter of Cecrops.— 

[Vide] Aglauros. A surname of Minerva. 

AGRAUN 1T/E, a people of Illyria.— Li. 

26. [3, 213. 

AGRE, one of Actason's dogs.— Ov. Me. 
AGR1AN ES, a river of Thrace.— Her. 4,9. 
— A people that dwelt in the neighbour- 
hood of that river.— Id. 5, 16. 

AGRICOLA, the father-in-law of the his 
torian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was 
eminent for his public and private virtues. 
He was governor of Britain, ai.d first dis- 
covered it to be an island. Domitian 
envied his virtues; he recalled him from 
the province he had governed with equity 
and moderation, and ordered him to enter 
Rome in the night, that no triumph might 
be granted him. Agricola obeyed, and 
without betraying any resentment, he r© 
tired to a peaceful solitude, and the enjoy 
ment of the society of a few friends. He died 
in his 56th year, A.D. 93.— Ta. Agr. 

AGRIGENTUM, now Girgenti, a town 
of Sicily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount 
Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, 
or, according to some, by an Ionian colony. 
The inhabitants were famous for their hos- 
pitality, and for their luxurious manner of 
living. In its flourishing situation, Agri- 
tum contained 200,000 inhabitants, who 
submitted with reluctance to the superior 
power of Syracuse. The government was 
monarchical, but afterwards a democracy 
was established. The famous Phalari's 
usurped the sovereignty, which was also 
for some time in the hands of the Cartha- 
ginians. Agrigentum can now boast o- 
more venerable remains of- antiquity thai 
any other town in Sicily.— Pol. 9.— Str. 6.— 
Di. 13.— V. JEn. 3, 707.— Si. It. 14, 211. 
AGRI N I U M, a city of Acarnania.— Pol. 6. 
AGRIONIA, annual festivals in honour 
of Bacchus, celebrated generally in the 
night. They were instituted, as some sup- 
pose, because the god was attended b) 
wild beasts. 

AGRIOPAS, a man who wrote the history 
of all those who had obtained the public 
prizes at Olymnia.,— PL 8, 22. 



AGR— AGR 



28 



AGR— AGR 



AGRIOPE, the wife of Agenor, kiug of 
^boeuicia. 

M. A GRIP PA VIPSANIUS, a celebrated 
Roman, who obtained a victory over S. 
Porapey, and favoured the cause of Augustus 
at the battles of Actium and Philippi, where 
■je behaved with great valour. He advised 
nis imperial friend to re-establish the re- 
publican government of Rome; but he was 
over-ruled by Meeaenas. In his expeditions 
in Gaul and Germany he obtained several 
victories, but refused "the honours of a tri- 
umph, and turned his liberality towards 
the embellishing of Rome, and the raising 
of magnificent buildings, one of which, the 
Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired 
for two years to Mitylene, in consequence 
of a quarrel with Marcellus, Augustus re- 
called him, and as a proof of his regard, 
gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, 
and left him the care of the empire during 
an absence of two years employed in visit- 
ing the Roman provinces of Greece and 
Asia. He died, universally lamented, at 
Rome, in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., 
and his body was placed in the tomb which 
Augustus had prepared for himself. He 
had been married three times, to Pomponia, 
daughter of Atticus, to Marcella, daughter 
of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had 
five children : Caius and Lucius Caesares, 
Posthumus Aerippa, Agrippina, and Julia. 
His son, C. Caesar Agrippa, was adopted 
by Augustus, and made consul, by the flat- 
tery of the Roman people, at theagv of 14 
or 15. This promising youth went to Ar- 
menia, on an expedition against the Per- 
sians, where he received a fatal blow from 
the treacherous hand of Lollius, the gover- 
nor of one of the neighbouring cities. He 
languished for a little time, and died in 
Lycia. His younger brother, L. Caesar 
Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his 
grandfather Augustus; but he was'soon 
after banished to Campania, for using sedi- 
tious language against his benefactor. In 
the 7th year of his exile he would have 
been recalled, had not Livia and Tiberius, 
iealous of the partiality of Augustus fur 
liim, ordered him to be assassinated in his 
25th year. He has been called ferocious 
and savage; and he gave himself the name 
of NeDtune, because he was fond of fishing. 

— V. jEu. 8, 682.— Hor. 1, o. 6. Sylvius, a 

son of Tiberius Sybil's, king of Latium. He 
reigned 3a years," and was succeeded by his 

son, Romulus Sylvius- — Dio. H. 1, 8. 

One of the servants of the murdered prince 
assumed his name and raised commotions. 

— Ta. An. 2, 39. A consul who conquered 

he jEqui. A philosopher. — Diog. He- 

rodes, a son of Aristobblus, grandson of 
the great Herod, who be( »me tutor to the 
grand-child of Tiberius, ana was soon after 
imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When 
Caligula ascended the throne, his favourite 
was released, presented with a chain of 
gold as heavy as that which had lately con- 
fined him, and made king of Judasa. He 
was a popular character with the Jews; 
and it is said, that while they were flatter- 
ing him with the appellation of god r an 



angel of God struck him with the lomy 
[disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. Hi's 
i son, of the same name, was the last king 
iof the Jews, deprived of his kinsrdom by 
Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. 
I He was with Titus at the celebrated siege 
j of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was 
I before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made 
mention of his incestuous commerce with 
i his sister Berenice.— Jur. 6, 156. — Ta. 2, 

I Hist.Sl. MESEML'S, a Roman general, 

who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, 
appeased the populace of Rome by the 
! well-known fable o*" the belly and the 
I limbs, and erected the new office of tri- 
jbunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He died 
poor, but universally regretted ; hisfuneral 
was at the expense of the public, from 
which also his daughters received dowries. 

—Li. 2, 32.— Fl. 1, 23. A mathematician 

in the reign of Domitian ; he was a native 
of Bithvnia. 

AGRi PPINA, a wife of Tiberius. The 
emperor repudiated her, to marry Julia.— 

Sue. T. 7. A daughter of M. Agrippa, 

and grand-daughter to Augustus. She mar- 
ried ^Germanicus, whom she accompanied 
in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she 
carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his 
murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell 
under the displeasure of Tiberius, who 
exiled her in an island, where she died, 
A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left nine 
children, and was universally distinguished 
for intrepidity and conjugal affection.— 

Ta. 1, An. 2," kc.—Sue. T. 52. JULIA, 

daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, 
married Domitius iEnobarbus, by whom 
she had Nero. After her husband's death 
she married her uncle the emperor Claudius, 
whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed 
to the throne. After many cruelties, anr 
much licentiousness, she was assassinated 
by order of her son, and as she expired, 
she exclaimed, " strike the belly which 
could give birth to such a monster." She 
died A.D. 59, after a life of prostitution 
and incestuous gratifications. It is said 
that her son viewed her dead body with all 
the raptures of admiration, saying, lie 
never could have believed his mother was 
so beautiful a woman. She Jeft memoirs 
which assisted Tacitus in the composition 
of his annals. The town which she built, 
where she was born, on the borders of the 
Rhine, and called Agrippina Colonia, is 
the modern Colosrne. — Ta. An. 4, 75. 
AGRISIUS.— Vide Acrisius. 
AGRISOPE, the mother of Cadmus.— 
Hyg. fa. 6. 

AGRI US, son of Parthaon, drove his 
brother G£neus from the throne. He was 
afterwards expelled by Diomedes, the 
grandson of CEneus, upon which he killed 
himself.— Hyg. fa- 175.— Apcl. 1,7.—//. It. 

14, 1 17. A giant. A centaur killed by 

Hercules.— Apol. 2, 5. A son of Ulvsses 

bv Circe.— Hes. Th. 1013. The father of 

Thersites.— Ov. Pon. 3, e. 9, 9. 

AGROLAS, surrounded the citadel of 
Athens with walls, except that part which 
afterwards was repaired by Cimon. Pa. 1,26. 



AG II— AJA 



29 



AID — ALA 



AGRON, king of Illyria, who, after con- 
quering- the /Etolians, drank to such excess 
tliat he died instantly, B.C. 231.— Pol. 2,4. 

AGROTAS, a Greek orator of Marseilles. 

AGROTER.A, an anniversary sacrifice of 
goats offered to Diana at Athens. It was 
instituted by Callimaclms the Polemarch, 
who vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so 
many goats as there might be enemies 
killed in a battle which he was going to fight 
against the troops of Darius, who had in- 
vaded Attica. The quantity of the slain 
was so great, that a sufficient number of 
goats could not be procured ; therefore 
they were limited to 500 every year, till 
they equalled the number of Persians slain 
in battle. A temple of ^gira in Pelopon- 
nesus, erected to the goddess under this 
name.— Pa. 7, 26. 

AGYLEUS and AGYIEUS, from the 
Greek aguia, a street, a surname of Apollo, 
because sacrifices were offered to him in 
the public streets of Athens. — Hor. 4, o .6. 

AGYLLA, a town of Etruria, founded 
by a colony of Pelasgians, and governed 
by Mezentius when ./Eneas came to Italy. 
It was afterwards called Caere, by the Lydi- 
ans, who took possession of it. — V./En.l, 6o2. 

AGYLL/EUS, a gigantic wrestler of 
Cleonse, scarce inferior to Hercules in 
strength.— St. Th. 6, 837. 

AGYRUS, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by 
Dionysius against theCarthagmians — Di.M. 

AGYRIUM, atown of Sicily, where Dio- 
dortis die historian was born. The inha- 
bitants were called Agyrinenses. — Di. 14. — 
Ci. V. 2, 65. 

AGYRIUS, an Athenian general who 
sncceeded Tiirasvbulus. —Di. 14. 

AGYRTES, a man who killed his father. 
— Or. Me. 5, 148. A piper.— Si. 2, Ach.50. 

AHALA, surnarneof the Servilii at Rome. 

AHENOBARBUS. Vide jEnobarbus, 

AJAX, son of Telamon by Periboea or 
Eriboea daughter of Alcathous, was, next to 
Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in 
the Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with 
whom at parting he exchanged arms. After 
the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses 
disputed their claim to the arms of the 
dead hero. When they were given to the 
latter, Ajax was so enraged, that he 
slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, sup- 
posing them to be the sons of Atrcus, who 
had given the preference to Ulysses, and 
stabbed himself with hissword. The blood 
which ran to the ground from the wound, 
was changed into the flower hyacinth. 
Some sav that he was killed by Paris in bat- 
tle ; others, that he was murdered by 
Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigaeum, 
some sav on mount R.hcetus, and his tomb 
was visited and honoured by Alexander. 
He' cules, according to some authors, prayed 
to the gods that nib friend Telamon, who 
was childless, might have a son, with a skin 
as impenetrable as the skin of the Nemeean 
l^on, which he then wore. His prayers were 
heard. Jupiter, under the form of an 
eagle, promised to grant the petition ; and 
when Ajax was born, Hercules wrapped 
l w up in the lion's skin, which rendered 



his body invulnerable, except that pari 
which was left uncovered by a hole in the 
skin, through which Hercules nuns his 
quiver. This vulnerable part was in his 
breast, or as some say behind the neck.— 
Q. Cat. \.—Apol. 3, \0.—Phil. Her. 12.— 
Pin. Is.6. — H. II. 1.— O. U.—Dic. Cr. 5.— 
Da. Ph. 9.—Ov. Me. 13.— Hor. 2. S. 3, 197. 
—Hyg. fa. 107.— Pa. 1, 35.— The son of 
Oiieus, king of Locris, was surnamed 
Locrian, in contradistinction to the son of 
Telamon. He went with 40 ship9 to the 
Trojan war, as being one of Helen's suitors. 
The night that Troy was taken, he offered 
violence to Cassandra, who fled into Mi- 
nerva's temple ; and for this offence, as he 
returned home, the goddess, who had ob- 
tained the thunders of Jupiter, and the 
power of tempests from Neptune, dest r oyed 
his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, 
and said that he was safe in spite of all the 
gods. Such impiety offended Neptune, who 
struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax 
tumbled into the sea with part of the rock, 
and was drowned. His body was afterwards 
found by the Greeks, and black sheep offered 
on his tomb. According to Virgil's ac- 
count, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, 
and dashed him against a rock, where he 
expired, consumed by -.hunder.— F.Mn. 1,43. 
— H. It. 2.—Od. A.— Hyg. fa. 116.— °^, 
Ic. 2, 13.— Sen. Ag.-Hor. epo. 10, 13. -Pa. 

10, 26. The two Ajaces were, as some 

suppose, placed after death in the island of 
Leuce, a separate place reserved only for 
the bravest heroes of antiquity. 

AIDONEUS, a surname of Pluto. A 

king of the Molossi, who imprisoned The- 
seus, because he and Pirithous attempted 
to ravish his daugh er Proserpine, near the 
Acheron ; whence arose the well-known 
fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous 

into hell.— Pitt. Th. A river near Troy. 

—Pa. 10, 12. 

AIMYLUS, son of Ascanius, was, accord- 
ing to some, the progenitor of the noble 
family of the iEmvlii in Rome. 

A I US LOCUTIUS, a deity to whom the 
Romans erected an altar, from the follow- 
ing circumstance: one of the common 
people, called Creditius, informed the tri- 
bunes, that as he passed one night through 
one of the streets of the city, a voice more 
than human, issuing from above Vesta's 
temple, told him that Rome would soon be 
attacked by the Gauls. His information 
was neglected, but his veracity was proved 
by the event; and Camillus, after the con- 
quest of the Gauls, built a temple to that 
supernatural voice which had given Rome 
warning of the approaching calamity, under 
the name of Aius Locutius. 

A LAB AN DA, ce, or orum, an inland 
town of Caria, abounding with scorpions. 
The name is derived from Alabandus, a 
deitv worshipped there.— Ci. Nat. D. 3, 16. 
— Her. 7, 195.— Str. 14. 

A LABASTRU M,town of Egypt.— Pt.36,1. 

ALA BUS, a river in Sicily. 

ALiEA, a surname of Minerva in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Her festivals are also called 
Alaea.— Fa. 8, i, 7. 



AL/E— ALB 

A I .EI, a number of islands in the. Persian 
gill!', abounding in tortoises. — Arr. Per. 

AL/ESA, a city on a mountain of Sicily. 

AL/EUS, the father of A uge, who mar- 
ried Hercules. 

ALAGON IA, a city of Laconia.— Pa.3,2l . 

A LA LA, the goddess of war, sister to 
Mars.— Phi. el. Alh. 

ALALCOMENE, a city of Breotia, where 
some suppose that Minerva was born. — Phi. 
Q. G.—St. Th. 7. 330. 

ALALIA, a town of Corsica, buiH by a 
colony of Phoeaeans, destroyed bv Scipio, 
2(52 B. C, and afterwards rebuilt by Svlla.— 
Her. I, 165.— Fl. 2, 2. 

A LA MANES, a statuary at Athens, dis- 
ciple of Phidias. 

ALAMANM or ALEMANNT, a peopleof 
Germany, near the Hercynian forest. They 
w ere very powerful and mimical to Rome." 

A LAM, a people of Sarmatia, near the 
Pa J us Mceotis, who were said to have 26 
different languages.— PI. 4, 12,— Sir. 

ALARES, a people of Panuonia.— Ta. 15. 
— An. 10. 

ALARICUS, a famous king of the Goths, 
who plundered Rome in the reign of Ho- 
norius. He was greatly respected for his 
military valour, and during his reign he 
kept the Roman empire in continual alarms. 
He died after a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410. 

ALARODII, a nation near Pontus. — Her. 
3, 94. 

ALASTOR, a son of Neleus and Chloris 

Apol. i, y. An arm-bearer to Sarpedon, 

king of Lvcia, killed bv Ulvsses.— H. II. 5, 

677. — Ov. Me. 13, 257. One of Pluto's 

horses when he carried away Proserpine. 
— Clan. R. P. I, 2S5. 

ALAUD/E, soldiers of one of Caesar's 
legions in Gaul.— Sue. J71. 24. 

ALAZON, a river flowing from Mount 
Caucasus into the Tyrus and separating 
Albania from Iberia.— Flac. 6, 101. 

ALBA SYLVIUS, son of Latinus Sylvias, 
succeeded his father in the kingdom of 
Latium, and reigned 36 years.— Ov. Me.U, 

912. LONG A, a city of Latium, built bv 

Ascanius, B. C. 1152, on the spot where 
/Eneas found, according to the prophecvof 
Helenus, {V. JEn.3, 390.; and of the god of 
the river, (JEn. 8, 43.) a while sow with 

30 young ones. It was called longa because 
it extended along the hill Aibanus. The 
descendants of /Eneas reigned therein the 
following order : 1. Ascanius, son of /Eneas, 
with iittle intermission, 8 years. 2. Sylvius 
Posthumus, 29 years. 3. /Eneas Sylvius, 

31 years. 4. Latinus, 5 years. 5. Alba, 06 
years. 6. Atys or Capetus, 26 years. 7. 
Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus," 13 years. 
9. Tiberinus, 8 years, lo. Agrippa, 33 years. 
11. Romulus, |9 years. 12. Aventinus, 37 
years. 13. Proca's, 13 years. 14. Nurnitor 
and Amulius. Alba, which had long been 
the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed 
by the Romans, 665 B. C, and the in- 
habitants were carried to Rome. —Li.— 

Fl.—Ju. &c. A city of the Marsi in 

J'alv. POMPEIA, a city of Liguria.— 

Pi. 3, 5. 

ALBAM and ALBENSES, naiw«applied 



ALB— ALB 



to (lie inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. 
-Ci. Her. ■>, 2b. 

ALBANIA, a country of Asia, between 
the Caspian sea and Iberia. The in- 
habitants are said tn have their eyes all 
blue. Some maintain that they followed 
Hercules from Mount Aibanus" in Italy, 
when he returned from the conquest of 
Gervon.— Dio. H. 1, 15.— Ju. 42, 3.— Sir. 

11.— PL 8, 40.— Me. 3, 5. The Caspian 

sea is called Albanum, as being near Albania. 
—PL 6, 13. 

ALBANUS, a mountain with a lake in 
Italy, 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It 
was on this mountain that the Lalince ferite 
were celebrated with great solemnity. — 
Hor.2, 1, 27. The word, taken adjectivefy, is 
applied to such as are natives of, or belong 
to the town of Alba. 

ALBI A TEREN N I A, the mother of Otho. 
—Su. 

ALBICT, a people of Gallia Aquitana. — 
Cats. B. C. 1,34. 

ALB1ET/E, a people of Latium.— Dio. H. 

A LBI G A U N U M, a town of Liguria. Mo.4. 

ALBINI, two Roman orators of greal 
merit, mentioned by Cicero in Brut. This 
name is common to many tribunes of the 
people.— Li. 2, 33.— Sal. J. B. 

ALBINOVANUS CELSUS. [Vide Celsus.] 

PEDO, a poet contemporary with Ovid. 

He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poe- 
trv in a style so elegant that he merited the 
epithet of <iivine.-Oi;.Pcm.4, 10.--Q7a71.10, 5. 

ALB1NTEMELIUM, a town of Liguria. 
— Ta. 2. Hisl. 13. 

ALBINUS, was born at Adrumetum in 
Africa, and made governor of Britain, by 
Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, 
he was elected emperor by the soldiers in 
Britain. Severus had also been invested 
with the imperial dignity by his own army; 
and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men 
each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of 
the empire. Severus was conqueror, and 
he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut 
off, and his body to be thrown into the 
Rhone, A. D. 198'. Albinus, according to 
the exaggerated account of a certain writer 
called Codrus, was famous for his voracious 
appetite, and sometimes eat for breakfast no 
less than 5uo figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of 

dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters. 

A pretorian sent to Sylla, as ambassador 
from the Senate during the civil wars. He 
was put to death by Sylla's soldiers.— PI. 
St/. An usurer. — Hor. A Roman ple- 
beian, who received the vestals into his 
chariot in preference to his family, when 
they tied from Rome, which the Gauls had 
sacked. — Va. Ma. 1, 1.— Li. 5, 40.— Fl. 1, 13. 

A. POS THUMUS, consul with Lucullus, 

A. U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome iu 
Greek. 

ALBION, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, 
came into Britain, where he established a 
kingdom, and first introduced astrology and 
the art of building ships. He was killed at 
ti e mouth of the Rhone, with stones throwa 
by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage 

of Hercules.— Me. 2, 5. The greatest 

island of Europe, now called Great- Britain. 



ALB— ALC SI 
It is called after Albion, who is said to hav 
reigned there; or from its chalky white 
(albus) rocks, which appear at a great dis 

tance.— PL 4, 16.— Ta. Asr. The ancients 

compared its figure to a long buckler, or to 
the iron of a hatchet. 

ALBiS, a river of Germany falling into 
the German ocean, and now called the Elbe. 
—Luc. 2, 52. 

A LBI US, a man, father to a famous spend- 
thrift.— Hor. l,s. 4. A name of the poet 

Tibullus. -Hor. l,o. S3. 

ALBUCiLLA, an Immodest woman,— 7a. 
An.&, 47. 

ALBULA, the ancient name of the river 
Tiber.— V. JEn. 8, 332.— Li. 1, 3. 

ALBUiNEA, a wood near Tibur and the 
river Anio, sacred to the muses, it re- 
ceived its name from a Sibyl, called also 
Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Tibur, 
w hose temple still remains. Near Albunea 
there was a small lake of the same name, 
whose waters were of a sulphureous smell, 
and possessed some medicinal properties. 
This lake fell, by a small stream called 
Albula, into the river Anio, with which it 
soon lost itself in the Tiber.— Hor. 1, o. 7.— 
V. JEn. 7, 83. 

ALBURN US, a lofty mountain of Lu- 
rania, where the Tanager takes its rise.— 
Xirg.. G. 3, 147. 

ALBUS PAGUS, a place near Sidon, 
where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleo- 
jmtra. 

ALBUT1US, a prince of Celtiberia, to 

whom Scipio restored his wife.— Arr. A 

sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat 
his servants before they were guilty of any 
offence, lest, said he, I should have nc time 
to punish them when they offend. — Hor. 2, 

s. 2. An ancient satyrist. — Ci.Br. 

Titus, an epicurean philosopher, born at 
Rome ; so fond of Greece and Grecian 
manners, that he wished not to pass for a 
Roman. He was made governor of Sar- 
dinia ; but lie grew offensive to the senate, 
and was banished. It is supposed that he 
died at Athens. 

ALC/EUS, a celebrated lyric poet, of 
Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600 years before 
the Christian era. He fled from a battle, 
and his enemies hung up, in the temple of 
Minerva, the armour which he left in the 
field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is 
the inventor of alcaic verses. He was con- 
temporary to the famous Sappho, to whom 
he paid his addresses. Of all his works 
nothing but a few fragments remain, found 
in Athenaeus.— Qzdn. 10, \.—Her. 5. 95. — 

Hor. 4, o. 9.—CL 4. Tu. 33. A poet of 

Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of 

tragedy. A writer of epigrams. A 

comic poet. A son of Androgeus, who 

went with Hercules into Thrace, and was 
made king of part of the country ,—Apol. 2, 

5. A son of Hercules by a maid of 

Omphale. A son of Perseus, father of 

Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Her- 
cuies has been called Alcides. — Avol, 9, 4. 
— Pa. 8, 14. 

ALCAMENES, one of the Agids?, king 
of Sj-arta, known by his auophthegm.s. He 



ALC— ALC 



succeeded his father Teleclus. and reign/;, 
37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. 

— Pa. 3, 2. A general of the Achseans.— 

Pa. 7, 15. A statuary, who lived 448 B. C. 

and was distinguished for his statues of 
Venus and Vulcan. — Pa. 5, 10. The com- 
mander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by 
the Athenians.— 77L 4, 5. 

ALCANDER, an architect of Sarpedon, 

killed by Ulysses.— Ov. Me. 13, 257. A 

Lacedaemonian youth, who accidentally put 
out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was 
generously forgiven by the sage.— PLu. Ly. 

— Pa. 3, 18. A Trojan killed by Turnus. 

— V. JEn. 9, 767. 
ALCANDRE, the wife of Polybius, a rich 

Theban.— H. Od. 4, 672. 

A LCANOR, a Trojan of Mount Ida, whose 
sons Pandarus and Bitias followed /Eneas 

into Italy.— V. JEn. 9, 632. A son of 

Phorus, killed by /Eneas.— Ibid. 10, 338. 

ALCATHOE, a name of Megara in 
Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous, son 
of Pelops.— Ov. Me. 6, 8. 

ALCATHOUS, a son of Pelops, who, 
being suspected of murdering his brother 
Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he 
killed a lion, which had destroyed the 
king's son. He succeeded to the kingdom 
of Megara, and, in commemoration of his 
services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were 
ustituted at Megara.- Pa. 1, 41. A Tro- 
jan who married Hippodamia, daughter of 
Anchises. He was killed in the Trojan war, 

by idomeneus.— H. 11. 12, 93. A son of 

Parthaon, killed by Tydens.— Ap ol. 1,7. 

A friend of /Eneas, killed in the Rutulian 
war.— V. Mn.AQ, 747. 

ALCE, one of Actaeon's dogs. — Ov. A 

town of Spain, which surrendered to Grac- 
chus, now Alcazar, a little above Toledo. — 
Li. 40, 47. 

ALCENOR, an Argive, who alone with 
Chromius survived the battle between 300 
of his countrymen and 300 Lacedaemonians. 
Her. 1, 82. 

ALCESTE, or ALCESTIS, daughter of 
Pelias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, 
with her sisters, put to death her father, 
that he might be restored to youth and 
vigour by Medea, who, however, refused 
to perform her promise. Upon this, the 
sisters fled to Admetus, who married Al- 
ceste. They were soon pursued by an army 
headed by their brother Acastus ; and Ad 
metus being taken prisoner, was redeemed 
from death, by the generous offer of hia 
wife, who was sacrificed in his stead to ap- 
pease the shades of her father. Some say 
that Alceste, with an unusual display of 
conjugal affection, laid down her life for 
her husband, when she had been told by an 
oracle, that he could never recover from a 
disease unless some one of his friends died 
lis stead. According to some authors, 
Hercules brought her back from hell. She 
had many suitors while she lived with hei 
father. [Vide Admetus.}— Juv. 6, 651.— 
Apol.X, 9.-- Pa. 5, M.—Hyg. (a. 25 1. -Eur. A- 
ALCETAS, a king of the Molossi, de 
scended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles 
Pa. I, 11. A general of Alexander'^ 



ALC— ALC 



32 



ALC — ALC 



army, brother to Perdiceas. The eighth I A^CIDAS, a Laced-<emonia:i, seni with 

king of Macedonia, who reigned 29 years. I 23 galleys againstCorc\ ra, in the Peiapon- 

An historian, who wrote an account of I nesiac war. — J*A. 3, 16, kc. 

every tiling that had been dedicated in the ALCIDES, a name of Hercules, from hi* 

cerapie of Delphi.— Alh. A son of Arybas, I strength, Gr. amkos, or from his graiui'athei 

Alcaeus. A surname of Minerva in Ma- 
cedonia.— Li. 42, 51. 

ALCIDICE, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- 
moneus. — Apol. 1,9. 

ALCIMACHUS, an eminent painter. PI. 
35, 11. 

ALCIMEDE, the mother of Jason, by 
jEson.— Flac. I, 296. 

ALCIMEDON, a plain of Arcadia, with 
a cave, the residence of Alcimedon, whose 
daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. 

— Pa. 6, 12. An excellent carver. — V. 

Eel. A sailor, Sec. — Ov. Me. 4, 10. 

ALC1MENES, a tragic poet of Megara. 

A comic writer of Athens. An at- 

tendantof Demetrius. — Plu. De. A man 

killed by his brother Belierophon.— Apol. 



kino; of Epirus.— Pa. 1, 11, 

ALCHI DAS, a Rhodian, who became ena- 
moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles.— PL. 
36, 5. [PL 3-5, 11. 

ALCHIMACHL'S, a celebrated painter. 

ALCIB1ADES, an Athenian general, 
famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile 
genius, and natural foibles. He uasciiscipie 
to Socrates, whose lessons and example 
checked, for a while, his vicious propen- 
sities. In the Peloponnesian war he en- 
couraged the Athenians to make an expe- 
dition against Syracuse. He was chosen 
general in that war, and in his absence, his 
enemies accused him of impiety, and con- 
fiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and 
stirred up the Spartans to make war against 
Athens, and when this did not succeed, he 
retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian gene- 
ral. Being recalled by the Athenians, he 
obliged the Lacedaemonians to sue for 
pence, made several conquests in Asia, and 
was received in triumph at Athens. His 
popularity was of short duration : the 
failure of'an expedition against Cyme, ex- 
posed him again to the resentment of the 
people, and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom 
he almost induced to make war upon Lace- 
daemon. This was told to Lysander, the 
Spartan general, who prevailed upon Phar- 
nabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two serv- 
ants were sent for that purpose, and they 
set on lire the cottage where he was, and 
killed him with darts as he attempted to 
make his escape. He died in the 46th year 
of his asre, 404 B. C, after a life of perpe 
tual difficulties. If the fickleness of his 
countrymen had known how to retain 
among them the talents of a man who 
distinguished himself, and was admired 
wherever he went, they might have risen to 
greater splendour, and to the so^ereignty 
of Greece. His character ha* been cleared 
from the aspersions of malevolence, by the 
writings of Thucydides, Timceus, and Theo- 
pompus ; and he is known to us as a hero, 
who, to the principles of the debauchee, 
added the intelligence and sagacity of the 
statesman, the cool intrepidity of the 
general, and the humanity of the philo- 
sopher. — Plu. and C. Sep. Ale. — Th.b. — 
Xen. H. Grcs. l.—JH. 12. 

A LCI DA MAS, of Cos, was father to 
Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove. — 

Ov. Me. i, f. 12. A celebrated wrestler. 

— Si. Th. 10, 500. A philosopher and 

orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He 
was pupil to Gorgias, and flourished B. C. 
424.— Qwin. 3, 1. [Mercurv. 

ALC1DAMEA, was mother of Bunus by 

A LC I DAM 1 DAS, a general of tlie Mes>- 
senians, who retired to Rhegium, after the 
taking of Ithome by the S"parians, B. C. 1 
723.— St. 9. 

ALCIDAMUS, an Athenian rhetorician 



2, 3. 

ALCIMUS, an historian of Sicily, who 
wrote an accountof Italy.— Anorator.— Z>iog. 

ALCINOE, a daughter of Sthenelus souot 
Perseus.— Apol. 2, 4. 

A LCI NOR. Vide Alcenor. 

A LCI NOUS, son of Nausiihous and Pe- 
riboea, was king of Phaeacia, and is praised 
for his love of agriculture. He married 
his niece Arete, by whom he had several 
sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly 
entertained Ulysses, who had been ship- 
wrecked on his coast, and heard the recital 
of his adventures; whence arose the pro- 
erb of the stories of Alcinous, to denote 
improbability.— H. Od. l.—Urp. Arg. — 
Virg. G. 2, 87.— St. l.—Sy. 3, 81. — hiv. 5, 
151.— Ov. A. l,e. 10.— Plat. Rep. \0.—Apol. 

1 9. A son of Hippocoon.— Apol. 3, 10. 

A man of Elis.— Pa. A philosopher 

in the second century, who wrote a booK 
De doclrina Platonis, the best edition of 
which is the l2mo., printed Oxon. 1667. 

ALCIONEUS, a man killed bv Perseus. 

Ov. Me. 5, f. 4. 

A LCI PHRON, a philosopher of Magnesia, 
in the age of Alexander. There are some 

istles in Greek, that bear his name, and 
contain a very perfect picture of the 
customs and manners of the Greeks. They 
are by some supposed to be the production 
of a writer of the 4th century. The oniy 
edition is that of Leip. 12mo. 1715. cum notis 
Benrleri. 

ALCIPPE, a daughter of the god Mars, 
by Agraulos. She was ravished by Ha- 

lirrhotius.— Apol. 3, 14, The wife of Me- 

tion and mother to Eupalamus.— Id. 3, 16. 
— --The daughterof CEnomaus, and wife of 

Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa. 

A woman who brought forth an elephant. 

—PI. 7. A countrywoman.— V. Eel. 7. 

ALCIPPUS, a reputed citizen of Sparta, 
banished by his enemies. He married De- 
mocrite, or whom Plu. Er. 
ALCIS, a daughter of Algyptus.— Apol. 
ALCITH()E,a Theban who ridiculed the 
orgies of Bacchus. She was changed inlc 



who wrote an eulogy on death, &c— CI. 1.— I bat, and the spindle and yarn with v»L 
Tu. \n t —Pln. Or. |she worked, into a vine and r»y.- Oc. Me. 



ALC-ALC * 
ALCM2EON, was son of the propliet 
Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father 
ioing to the Theban war, where, according 
loan oracle, he was to perish, charged him 
io revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who 
uad betrayed him. [Vide Eriphyle.] As 
soon as he' heard of his father's death, he 
murdered his mother, for which crime the 
-"uries persecuted him till Phlegeus purified 
aim and gave him his daughter Alphesiboea 
di marriage. Alcmason gave her the fatal 
rollar which his mother had received to be- 
Jray his father, and afterwards divorced 
her, and married Callirhoe the daughter of 
Achelous, to whom he promised the neck- 
lace he had given to Alphesibcea. When he 
attempted to recover it, Alphesibcea's bro- 
thers murdered him on account of the 
treatment which he had shewn their sister 
and left his body a prey to dogs and wild 
beasts. Alcmseo'n's children by Callirhoe 
revenged their father's death by killing his 
murderers. [Vide Alphesiboea, Amphia- 
ranus.] — Pa. 5, 17. — Plu. Ex. — Apol. 
3, l.—Hyg. fa. 73, 245. — St. Th. 2, 4. — 

Ov. F. 2, v. 44.— Me. 9, 10. A son of 

jEgyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. — 
&pul. A philosopher, disciple to Pytha- 
goras, born in Crotona. He wrote on 
physic, and he was the first who dissected 



ALC AL( 



victory over Alctwena's enemies, and even 
presented her with a cup, which he said he 
had preserved from the spoils for her sake. 
Alcmena yielded to her iover what she had 
promised to her future husband ; and Ju- 
piter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, 
ordered his messenger, Mercury, to stop 
the rising of Phcebus, or the sun, so that the 
night he passed with Alcmena was pro- 
longed to three long nights. Amphitryon 
returned the next day ; and after complain- 
ing of the coldness with which he was re 
ceived, Alcmena acquainted him with the 
reception of a false lover the preceding 
night, and evei^ showed him the cup w hich 
she had received. Amphitryon was per- 
plexed at the relation, and more so upon 
missing the cup from among his spoils. He 
went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him 
of Jupiter's intrigue; and he returned to 
his wife, proud of the dignity of his rival. 
Alcmena became pregnant by Jupiter, and 
afterwards by her husband ; and when she 
was going to bring forth, J upiter boasted in 
heaven, that a child was to be born that day, 
to whom lie would give absolute power over 
his neighbours, and even over all the chil- 
dren of his own blood. Juno, who was 
jealous of Jupiter's amours with Alcmena, 
made him swear by the Styx, and imme- 



animais to examine into the structure of diately prolonged the travails of Alcmena, 

the human frame. — Ci. Nat. D. 6, 27. A "*■ 

son of the poet iEschylus, the 13th archon 
of Athens.— — A son of Syllus, driven from 
Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family, 
by the Heraclidse. He came to Athens, and 
from him the Alcniieonidse are descended. 
—Pa. 1,18. 

ALCMiEONIDiE, a noble family of 
Athens, descended from Alcmseon. They 
undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the 
temple of Delphi, which had been burnt, 
and they finished the work in a more 
splendid manner than was required, in con- 
sequence of which they gained popularity, 
and by their influence the Pythia prevailed 
upon "the Lacedaemonians to deliver their 
country from the tvrannvofthe Pisistratidie. 
— Her. b.—Th. 6," 59.— Plu. So. 

ALCMAN, a very ancient lyric poet, born 
in Sardinia, and not at Lacedsemon, as 
some suppose. He wrote, in the Doric 
dialect, six books of verses, besides a play 
called Colymbosas. He flourished B. C. 
670, and died of the lousy disease. Some of 
his verses are preserved by Athenaeus and 
ethers.— PI. 11, 33.— Pa. 1, M.—Arist. H. 
An. 5, 31. 

ALCMENA, was daughter of Electryon, 
xing of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plu. R. 
Gra. calls Lysidice, and Di. 1. 2, Eurymede. 
iier father "promised his crown and his 
daughter to Amphitryon, if he would re- 
venge the death of his sons, who had been 
all killed, except Licvmnius, by the Tele- 
boans, a people of jEtolia. While Am- 
phitryon was gone against the jEtolians, 
Jupiter, who was enamoured of Alcmena, 
resolved to introduce himself into her bed. 
The more effectually to insure success in 
his amour, he assumed the form of Am- 
phitryon, declared that he had obtained a 



and hastened the bringing forth of the wife 
ofSthenelus, king of Argos, who, after a 
pregnancy of seven months, had a son 
called Euristheus. — Ov. Me. 8, f. 5, &c. 
says, that Juno was assisted by Lucina to 
put off the bringing forth of Alcmena, and 
that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, 
sat before the door of Amphitryon with her 
legs and arms crossed. This posture was 
the cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, 
till her servant, Galanthis, supposing the 
old woman to be a witch, and to be the 
cause of the pains of her mistress, told hei 
tiiat she had brought forth. Lucina retired 
from her posture, and immediately Alc- 
mena brought forth twins, Hercules con- 
ceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphi- 
tryon. Euristheus was already born, and 
therefore Hercules was subjected to his 
power. After Amphitryon's death, Alc- 
mena married Rhadamanthus, and retired 
to Ocalea, in Boeotia. This marriage, ac- 
cording to some authors, was celebrated in 
the island of Leuce. The people oi Megara 
6aid that she died in her way from Argos to 
Thebes, and that she was buried in the 
temple of Jupiter Olvmpius. — Pa. 1, 41.— 
Plu. Th. and R.—H. Od. 11. II. I9.~ 
Pind. Py.9.—Luc. Di. De.-Di. A.— Hyg. 
fa. 29.— Apol. 2, 4, 7.— Plant. Amp.— Her 
2, 43. — Vide Amphitryon, Hercules, K&. 
ristheus. 

ALCON, a famous archer, who one day 
saw his son attacked by a serpent, and 
aimed at him so dextrcusly that he killed 

the beast without hurting his son. A 

silversmith.— Ov. Me. 13. f. 5. A son of 

ilippocoon.— Pa. 3, 14. A surgeon under 

Claudius, who gained much money by his 
profession, in curing hernias and fractures. 
A son of Mars. A 6on of Amycus. 



ALC- ALE 
These two last were at theehace of the Ca- 
ledonian boar. — Hyg. fa. 173. 

ALCYONE or HALCYONE, daughter of 
ffioJus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as 
be was going to Claros to consult the oracle. 
The gods apprised Alcyone, in a dream, of 
her husband's fare ; and when she found, on 
the morrow, his body washed on the sea- 
shore, she threw herself into the sea, and 
was with her husband changed into birds of 
the same name, who keep the waters calm 
and serene while they build, and sit on their 
nests on the surface of the sea, for the 
space of 7, 11, or 14 davs.— Virg. G. 1, 399. 
—Apol. 1, l.Ov. Me. ll", f. 10.— Hyg. fa. 65. 

One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. 

She had Arethusa oy Neptune, and Eleu- 
thera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, was 
changed into a constellation. [Vide Plei- 
ades.'] Pan. 2, -JO.— Apol. 3, lO.~Hyg. fa. 

157. The daughter of Evenus, carried 

away by Apollo after her marriage. Her 
husband pursued the ravisher with his bow 
and arrows, but was not able to recover 
her. Upon this, her parents called her Al- 
cyono, and compared her fate to that of the 

wife of Ceyx.—H. It. 9, 568. The wife of 

IWeleage,-,— Hyg. fa. 174. A town of 

Thessaly. where Philip, Alexander's father, 
lost one of his eyes. 

ALCYONEUS, a youth of exemplary 
virtue, son to Antigonus. — Pin. Pyr. — 

Diog. 4. A giant, brother to Porphyrion. 

He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, 
mourning his death, threw themselves into 
the sea, and were changed into Alcyons, by 
Ainphitrite.— Claud. H. P.— Apol. 1, 6. 

ALCYONA, a pool of Greece, whose 
depth the emperor Nero attempted in vain 
to hud.— Pa. 2, 37. 

ALDESCUS, a river of European Sar- 
niatia, rising from the Biphaean mountains, 
and falling into the northern sea.— Dion. 
Per. 

ALDUABIS. Vide Dubis. 

A LEA, a surname of Minerva, from her 
temple, built by Aleus, sou of Aphidas at 
'leg-tea in Arcadia. The statue of the god- 
dess made of ivory was carried by Au- 
gustus to Rome.— Pa. 8, 4. A town of 

Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three 
famous temples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, 
and Diana the Ephesian. When the fes- 
tivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the 
women were whipped in the temple. Pa. 
8, 23. 

ALEBAS, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by 
his own guards for his cruelties.— Ov. Ib. 
323. 

ALEBION and DERCYN US, sons of 
Neptune, were killed by Hercules, for steal- 
ing his oxen in Africa.— A pot. 2, 5. 

ALECTO, one of the Furies 'a lego, non 
desino), is represented with flaming torches, 
her head covered with serpents, and 
breathing vengeance, war, and pestilence. 
[Vide Eumcnides.] V. /En. 7, 324. 

ALECTOR, succeeded his father Anax- 
agoras in the kingdom of Argos, and was 
father to Ipbisand Capaneus.— Pa. 2, 18.— 
Apol. 3, ft 

ALi'.CTRYON, a youth whom Mars, 



» ALE— ALE 

(lin ing his amours with Venus, stationed at 
the door to watch against the approach of 
the sun. He fell asleep, and Apollo came 
and discovered the lovers, who were ex- 
posed by Vulcan, in each other's arms, 
before all the gods. Mars was so incensed 
that he changed Alectryon into a cock, 
which, still mindful of his neglect, early an- 
nounces the approach of the sun. — Lu. Al. 

ALECTUS, a tyrant of Britain, in Dio- 
clesian's reign, kc. He died A. D. 296. 

ALEIUS CAMPUS, a place in Lycia, 
where Belleroplion fell from the horse Pe- 
gasus, and wandered over the country till 
the time of his death.— H. II. 6, 201.— Dion. 
Per. 872.- Ov. Ib. 257. 

ALEMANNl,or Alamanni, a people of 
Germany. They are first mentioned in the 
reign of Caracal la, who was honoured with 
the surname of Alemannicus, for a victory 
over them. 

ALEMON, the father of Myscellus. He 
built Crotonain Magna Graecla. Myscellus 
is often called Alemonides. — Ov. MeA5, 19. 

ALEMUSII, inhabitants of Attica, in 
whose country there was a temple of Ceres 
and of Proserpine.— Pa. At. 

ALENS, a place in the island of Cos. 

A LEON, or ALES, a river of Ionia, near 
Colophon.— Pa. 7, 5. 

ALESE, a town of Sicily, called after- 
wards Achronidion, after the founder. The 
Romans made it an independent city. 

ALES I A, or Alexia, now Alise, a famous 
city of the Mandubri in Gau., founded by 
Hercules as he returned from Iberia, oil •« 
high hill. J. Caesar conquered it.— Ft. 3, 
10.— Cce. B. G. 7, 68. 

ALESIUM, a town and mountain of Pelo- 
ponnesus. — Pa. 8, 10. 

ALETES, a son of jEgisthus, murdered 
by Orestes.— Hyg. fa. 122. 

ALETHES, the first of the Heraclidae, 
who was king of Corinth. He was son of 

Hippotas.— Pa. 2, 4. A companion oi 

iEneas, described as a prudent and vene- 
rable old man.— V. Mn.\, 125. 

ALETHiA, one of Apollo's nurses. 

ALET1DAS, (from alaomai, to wander) 
certain sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance 
of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after 
her father Icarus. 

ALETRIUM, a town of Latium, whose 
inhabitants are called Aletrinates.— Li. 9,42. 

ALETUM, a tomb near the harbour ol 
Carthage in Spain.— Pot, 10. 

ALEU AD/E, a roval family of Larissa in 
Thessaly, descended from Aleuas, king of 
that country. Thev betrayed their country 
to Xerxes. The name is often applied to the 
Thessalians without distinction.— Di. 16.— 
Her. 7, 6, 172.— Pa. 3, $.—J£l.An. 8, 11. 

ALEUS, a son of Aphidas, king of Ar- 
cadia, famous for his skill in building tem- 
ples.— Pa. 8, 4. 

ALEX, a river in the country of the 
brutii.— Dion. Per. 

ALEXAMEN US, an #:tolian, who killed 
Nabifi, tyrant of Lacedaemon, and was soon 
after murdered by the people.— Li. 35, 34. 

ALEXANDER I., son of Amyntas, was 
the tenth king of Macedonia. He kill**" 



ALE 



35 



ALE 



the Persian ambassadors lor their immodest 
behaviour to the women of his father's 
court, and was the first who raised the 
reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 
4:5 vears, and died 451 B. C. Jtts. 9, 3.— 
Her. 5, 7, 8. 

ALEXANDER II., son of Amyntas II., 
king- of Macedonia, was treacherously mur- 
dered, B. C. 370, by his younger brother 
Ptolemy, who held the kingdom for four 
years, and made way for Perdiccas and 
Philip. — Ju. 7, 5, says Eurydice, the wife 
of Amvntas, was the cause of his murder, 

ALEXANDER III,surnamed the Great, 
was son of Philip and Olympias. He was 
born B.C. 335, that night on which the fa- 
mous temple of Diana at Ephesus was 
burnt by Erostratus. This event, accord- 
ing- to "the magicians, was an early prog- 
nostic of his future greatness, as well as 
the taming - of Bucephal.is, a horse which 
none of the king-'s courtiers could managre ; 
upon which Philip said with tears in his 
eves, that his son must seek another king- 
dom, as that of Macedonia would not be 
sufficiently larg-e for the d : splay of his 
greatness. Olympias during- her preg- 
hancy declared!, that she was with child 
by a drag-on ; and the day that Alexander 
was born, two eagles perched for some 
time on the house of Phillip, as if foretel- 
ling- that his son would become master of 
Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristo- 
tle during- five years, and lie received his 
learned preceptor's instructions with be- 
coming- deference and pleasure, and ever 
respected his abilities. When Philip went 
to war, Alexander, in his fifteenth year, 
was left g-overnor of Macedonia, where he 
quelled a dang-erous sedition, and soon 
after followed his father to the field, and 
saved his life in a battle. He was highly 
offended when Philip divorced Olympias 
to marry Cleopatra, and he even "caused 
the death of Attilus, the new queen's bro- 
ther. After this he retired from court to 
his mother Olympias, but was recalled ; 
and when Philip was assassinated, he 
punished his murderers ; and by his pru- 
dence and moderation, gained the affec- 
tions of his subjects. He conquered Thrace 
and lllyricum, and destroyed Thebes ; and 
after he had been chosen chief commander 
of all the forces of Greece, he declared 
war against the Persians, who under 
Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and 
plundered the noblest of the Grecian ci- 
ties. With 32,000 foot and 0O0 horse, he 
invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Da- 
rius at fhe Granicus, he conquered all the 
provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained 
two other celebrated victories over Darius 
at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an 
obstinate siege of seven months, and the 
slaughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold 
blood, aud made himself master of Egrvpt, 
Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt 
he visited the temple of Jupiter Amnion, 
and bribed the priests, who saluted him as 
the son of their god, and enjoined his 
army to pay him divine honours. Be 
uilt a town whic'j he called Alexandria, 



on the western side of the Nile, near tue 
coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible 
situation which his penetrating eye marked 
as best entitled to become the future capi- 
tal of his immense dominions, and to ex 
tend the commerce of his subjects from the 
Mediterranean to the Ganges. His con- 
quests were spread over India, where he 
fought with Poms, a powerful king of the 
country ; and after he had invaded Scvthia, 
and visited the Indian ocean, he retired 
to Babylon, loaded with the spoils of the 
east. His entering the city was foretold by 
the magicians as fatal, and their predic- 
tions were fulfilled. He died at Babylon, 
the 21st of April, in the 32d year of his 
age, after a reign of twelve years and 8 
months of brilliant and continued success. 
323 B.C. His death was so premature that 
some have attributed it to the effects d 
poison, and excess of drinking. Antipate 
has been accused of causing the fatal poi 
son to be given him at a feast; and per- 
haps the resentment of the Macedonians, 
whose services he seemed to forget, by en- 
trusting the guard of his body to the Per- 
sians, was the cause of his death. He was 
so universally regretted, that Babylon was 
filled with tears and lamentations ; and 
the Medes and Persians declared, that no 
one was able or worthy to succeed him. 
Many conspiracies we r e formed against 
him by the officers of his army, but they 
were all seasonably suppressed. His ten- 
der treatment of the wife and mother of 
king Darius, who were taken prisoners, 
has been greatly praised ; and the latter 
who had survived the death of her son, 
killed herself w hen she heard that Alexan- 
der was dead. His great intrepidity more 
than once endangered his life; he always 
fought as if sure of victory, and the terror 
of his name was often more powerfully 
effectual than his arms. He was always 
forward in etery engagement, and bofe 
the labours of the field as well as the 
meanest of his soldiers. During his con- 
quest in Asia, he founded many citiesp 
which he called Alexandria, after his own 
name. When he had conquered Darius 
he ordered himself to be worshipped as a 
£od ; and ICallisthenes, who refused to 
do it, was shamefully put to death. He 
murdered, at a banquet, his friend Clitus, 
who had once saved his life in a battle, 
becuse he enlarged upon the virtues aud 
exploits of Philip, and preferred them to 
those of his son. II is victories and success 
increased his pride; he dressed himself 
in the Persian manner, .and gave him>tlf 
up to pleasure and di-sipation. He set on 
lire the town of Persepolis, in a fit of 
madness and intoxication, encouraged by 
the courtezan Thais. Vet among all his 
extravagancies, he was fond of candour 
and of truth ; and when one of his officers 
read to him,as he sailed on the Hydaspes,ati 
history which he had composed of fhe 
wars of Porus, and in which he had too 
liberally panegyrized him, Alexender 
snatched the ^book from his hand, and 
threw it into the river, saying, " what need 



ALE— ALE 
'n there of such flattery ? are not the ex- 
ploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious 
in themselves, without the colourings of 
falsehood." He in like manner rejected 
a statuary, who offered to cut mount 
Athos like him, and represent him as hold- 
ing 1 a town in one hand, and pouring a 
river from the other. He forbade any- 
statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, 
and any painter to draw his picture ex- 
cept Ap'elles. On his death-bed he gave 
his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed 
that, by this singular present, he wished to 
make him his successor. Some time be- 
fore his death, his officers asked him whom 
he appointed to succeed him on the throne? 
and he answered, the worthiest among 
vou ; but I am afraid, added he, my best 
friends will perform my obsequies' with 
bloody hands. Alexander, with all his 
pride, was humane and liberal, easy and 
familiar with his friends, a great patron 
of learning, as may be collected from his 
assisting Aristotle with a purse of money 
to effect the completion of his natural his- 
tory. He was brave ofteti to rashness ; he 
frequently lamented that his father con- 
quered every tiling, and left him nothing 
to do ; and exclaimed in all the pride of 
regal dignity, Give me kings for competi- 
tors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia. 
All his family and infant children were put 
to death by" Cassander. The first delibe- 
ration that was made afttr his decease, 
among his generals, was to appoint his bro- 
ther Philip Aridaeus successor, until Rox- 
aue, who was then pregnant by him, 
brought into the world a legitimate heir. 
Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent, as 
AridsEus wanted capacity; and more strong- 
ly to establish himself, he married Cleo- 
patra, Alexander's sister, and made alliance 
with Eumenes. As he endeavoured to de- 
prive Ptolemy of Egypt, he w^.s defeated 
in a battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on 
the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated 
by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the 
first of Alexander's generals who took up 
arms against his fellow soldiers, and he 
was the first who fell a sacrifice to his 
rashness and cruelty. To defend himself 
against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alli- 
ance with some generals, among whom was 
Antipater, who had strengthened himself 
by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious 
and aspiring woman, in marriage to Cra- 
terus, another of the generals of Alexander, 
After many dissensions and bloodv wars 
among themselves, the generals of Alex- 
ander laid the foundation of several great 
empires in the three quarters of the globe. 
Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he (irmly es- 
tablished himself, and where his successors 
were called Ptolemies, in honour of the 
founder of their empire, which subsisted 
till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and 
his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. 
Antigonus at first established himself in 
Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. 
The descendants of Antipater were con- 
quered by the successors of Antigonus, who 
reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced 



oG ALE— ALE 

by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. 
Lysimachus made himseif master of Thrace : 
and Leonatus, w ho had taken possession of 
Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive 
Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes esta- 
blished himself in Cappadocia, but was 
soon overpowered by the combinations oi 
his rival, Antigonus, and starved to death. 
During his life-time, Eumenes appeared so 
formidable to the successors of Alexander, 
that none of them dared to assume the title 
of king. Curt. Arc &■ Pin. have written ac 
account of Alexander's life. — Di. 17 & is. 
—Pa. 1, 7, 8, 9. — fu. 11 & \1.— Va. Ma.— 

Str. \,Scc. A son of Alexander the Great. 

by Roxane, put to death with his mother, 

by Cassander.— Ju. 15, 2. A man who, 

after the expulsion of Telestes, reigned in 
Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes 

dispossessed him, and put him to death. 

A son of Cassander, king of Macedonia, who 
reigned two years conjointly with his brother 
Antipater, and was prevented by Lysima- 
chus from revenging his mother'Thessalo- 
nica, whom his brother had murdered. De- 
metrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to 

death.— Ju. 16, l. — Pa. 9, 7. A king of 

Epirus, brother to Olympias, and successor 
to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Pelo- 
ponnesus, and made war in Italy against 
the Romans, and observed that he fought 
with men, while his nephew, Alexander 
the Great, was fighting with an army of 
women (meanimg the Persians.) He'was 
surnamed Molossus.— Ju. 17, 3.— Di. 16. — 

Li. 8, 17.— Str. 16. A son of Pyrrhus, 

was king" of Epirus. He conquered Mace- 
donia, Trom which he was expelled by 
Demetrius. He recovered it with the as- 
sistance of the Acarnanians. — Ju. 26, 3.— 

Plu. Py. A king of Syria, driven from 

his kingdom by Nicanor, son of Demetrius 
Soter, and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philo- 
meter. — Ju. 35, 1.— Jay. 13. Ant. ' Jud. — 

Str. 17. A king of Syria, first called 

Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded De- 
metrius. He conquered Nicanor by means 
of Ptolemy Physchon, and was afterwards 
killed by Antiochus Gryphus, son of Nica- 
nor. — Jos. Ant. Jud. 'l3, 18. Ptolemy- 
was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egvyt. 
His mother, Cleopatra, raised him to the 
throne, in preference to his brother Ptole- 
my Lathurus, and reigned conjointly with 
him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, 
and soon after recalled him ; and Alexan- 
der, to prevent being expelled a second 
time, put her to death, and for this unna- 
tural action was himself murdered by one 
of his subjects. — Jos. 13. — Ant. Jud. 20, &c. 

— Ju. 39, 3.— Pa. 1, 9. Ptolemy II., king 

of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He 
was educated in the island of Cos, and 
falling into the hands of Mithridates, es- 
caped to Svlla, who restored him to his 
kingdom. He was murdered by his subjects 
a few davs after his restoration.— App. I. 

B. C. -Ptolemy 111. was king of Egypt 

after his brother'Alexander, the last men- 
tioned. After a peaceful reign, he was 
banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, 
B.C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman 



ALE-ALE 



37 



ALE — ALE 



People —[VideJEgyptns & Ptolemieus.l— Ci. 

Tftull. A youth, ordered by Alexander 

?lie Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 
thirty other youths. He was killed in the 
attempt. — Curt. 6, 11. An historian men- 
tioned by Pin. Mar. An epicurean phi- 

.osopher.— Plu. A governor of iEolia, 

who assembled a multitude on pretence of 
showing them an uncommon spectacle, and 
confined them till they had each bought 
their liberty with a sum of money. — Poly. 

6, 10. A name given to Paris, son of 

Priam. [Fide Paris.] Jannaeus, a king 

of Judea, son of Hyrcanus, and brother of 
Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and 
died through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, 
after massacring 800 of his subjects for 

the entertainment of his concubines. A 

Paphlagonian, who gained divine honours 
by his magical tricks and impositions, and 
likewise procured the friendship of Mar- 
cus Aurelius. He died 70 years old. A 

native of Caria, in the third century, who 
wrote a commentary on the writings of Aris- 
totle, part of which is still extant. Tral- 

lianus, a physician and philosopher of the 
fourth century, some of whose works in 

Greek are still extant. A poet of iEtolia, 

in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphia. A 

peripatetic philosopher, said to have been 

preceptor to Nero. An historian, called 

also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on 
the Roman republic, in which he said that 
the Jews had received their laws, not from 
God, but from a woman he called Moso. 
4e also wrote treatises on the Pythagorean 

philosophy, B.C. 88. A poet of Ephesus, 

who wrote a poem on astronomy and geo- 
graphy. A writer of Myndus, quoted by 

Ath. & JEl. A sophist of Seleucia, in the 

age of Justinian. A Thessalian, who, as 

he was going to engage in a naval battle, 
gave to his soldiers a great number of mis- 
sile weapons, and ordered them to dart 
them continually upon the enemy, to render 

their numbers uselesss. — Poly. 6, 27. A 

son of Lysimachus. —Poly. 6, 12. A go- 
vernor of Lycia, who brought a reinforce 
ment of troops to Alexander the Great. — 
Curt. 7, 10. A son of Polyperchon, killed I 



aLEXANDRIARjE, the boundaries, ac- 
cording to some, of Alexander's victories, 
near the Tanais.— PH. 6, 16. 

ALEXANDRIA, the name of several 
cities which were founded by Alexander, 
during his conquests in Asia ; the mosi 
famous are a grand and extensive city s 
built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the wes- 
tern side of the Delta. The illustrious 
founder intended it not only for the capital 
of Egypt, hut of his immense conquests, 
and the commercial advantages which its 
situation commanded continued to improve 
from the time of Alexander till the inva- 
sion of the Saracens in the seventh cen- 
tury. The commodities of India were 
brought there, and thence dispersed to the 
different countries around the Mediterra- 
nean. Alexandria is famous, among other 
curiosities, for the large library which the 
pride or learning of the Ptolemies had col- 
lected there, at a vast expense, from all 
parts of the earth. This valuable reposi- 
tory was burnt by the orders of the caliph 
Omar, A.D. 612; and it is said that during 
six months, the numerous volumes supplied 
fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed 
to the health and convenience of the popu- 
lous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has 
likewise heen distinguished for its schools, 
not only of theology and philosophy, but of 
physic, where once to have studied was 
a sufficient recommendation to different 
countries. The astronomical school, 
founded by Philadelphus, maintained its 
superior reputation for ten centuries, tiiJ 
the time of the Saracens. The modeTu 
town of Scanderoon has been erected upon 
the ruins of Alexandria, and, as if it were 
an insult to its former greatness, it scarce 
contains 6000 inhabitants.— Curt. 4, 8.— 

Str. 5, 10. Another in Albania, at the 

foot of mount Caucasus. Another in 

Arachosia, in India. The capital of Aria, 

between Hecatompylon and Bactra. — - 

Another of Carmania, Another in Cicilia, 

on the confines of Syria. Another, the 

capital of Margiana. Another of Troas, 

iiC.—Curt. 7.— PI. 6, 16. 
ALEXANDRIDES, a Lacedaemonian, 



in Asia by the Dymaeans. — JJi. 18. A poet 1 who married his sister's daughter, by whom 



of Pleuron, son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, 
who said that Theseus had a daughter called 
Jphigeni?> by Helen.— Pa. 2, 22. A Spar- 
tan, killed with two hundred of his soldiers 
by the Argives, when he endeavoured to 
prevent their passing through the country of 

Tegea.— Di. 15. A cruel tyrant of Pherse, 

in Thessaly, who made war against the Ma- 
cedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. 
He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his wife 
called Thebe, whose room he carefully 
guarded by a Thracian sentinel, and searched 
every night, fearful of some danger that 
might he concealed to take awav his life. — 
Ci. Inv. 2, \9.-Off. 2, 9.-Va. Ma.~9,13.-Plu. 

tyC. Nep.—Pa.6, b.—Di. 15.— Ov. /6.321. 

beverus, a Roman emperor. FideSeverus. 
ALEXAN DRA, the name of some queens 

cf Judaea, mentioned by Joseph. A nurse 

of Nero.— Suet, in Net: 50. — —of Cassandra. 
-2-yc. 



he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombro- 

tus. A native of Delphi, of which he 

wrote an history. 

ALEXAN DRIN I AQUA, baths in Rome, 
built bv the emperor Alexander Severus. 

ALEXAN DROPOLIS, a city of Parthia, 
built by Alexander the Great.— PL 6, 25. 

ALEXANOR, a son of Machaon, who 
built in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather 
^Esculapius, and received divine honour 
after death.— Pa. 2, 11. 
ALEXARCHUS, a Greek historian. 
ALEXAS, of Laodicea, was recommendeo 
to M. Antony by Timagenes. He was the 
cause that A"ntony repudiated Octavia to 
marry Cleopatra. Augustus punished him 
severely after the death of Antony.— Plu. 
An. 

ALEXIA, or ALESIA.— Vide Alesia. 
ALEXICACUS, a surname given f? 
Apollo by the Athenians, becasce tie d«ii 



ALE — A LI $ 

tered them from the plague during the 
Peloponnesian war. 

ALEXINUS, a disciple of Eulmlides the 
Milesian, famous for the acuteness of his 
genius and judgment, and for his fondness 
for contention and argumentation. He died 
of a wound which he" had received from a 
sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the 
river Alpheus — Diog. Euc. 

ALEX ION, a physician intimate with Ci- 
cero.— Ci. At. 13, ep. 25. [Plu. Alex. 

ALEX1PPUS, a physician of Alexander. 

ALEXIRAES, a son of Hercules by Hebe. 

Apol.2, 7. A place of Bceotia, where Alex- 

iraes was born, bears also his name.— 
Pa- 9. 15. 

ALEXIRHOE, a daughter of the river 
Granicus.— Ov. Me. 11, 763. 

ALEXIS, a man of Samos, who endea- 
voured to ascertain, by his writings, the 

borders of his country. A comic poet, 

336 B.C. of Thurium, who wrote 245 come- 
dies, of which some few fragments remain. 
A servant of Asinius Pollio. An un- 
grateful youth, of whom a shepherd is 

deeply enamoured, in Virgil's Eel. 2. 

A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 67 Olym. 

—Po. 34, 8. A school-fellow of Atticus. 

-Ci. At. 7, ep. 2. 

ALEXON, a native of Myndos, who 
wrote fables.— Diog. 

ALFATERNA, a town of Campania, be- 
yond Mount Vesuvius. 

ALFENUS P. VARUS, a native of Cre- 
mona, who, by the force of his genius and 
his application, raised himself from his 
original profession of a cobbler to offices of 
trust at Rome, and at last became consul.- 
Hor. I, s. 3, 130. 

ALGIDUM, a town of Latium near Tus- 
calum, about 12 miles from Rome. There 
is a mountain of the same name in the 
neighbourhood.— Hor. 1, od. 21. 

ALLACMON and HALLACMON, a river 
of Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. 
k flows into the jEgian sea.— PI. 4, 10. 

ALIARTUS or DM, and HALIARTUS, a 
town of Bceotia, near the river Permessus, 

taken by M. Lucretius.— Li. 42, 63. 

Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of 
Messenia.— St. Th. 7, 274. 

ALICIS, a town of Laconia. A tribe 

of Athens. _ 

ALI ENUS CjECINA, a questor in Bceotia, 
appointed, for his services, commander of 
a legion in Germany, by Galba. The em- 
oeror disgraced him for his bad conduct, for 
•hich he raised commotions in the empire, 
— Ta. I, Hist. 52. 

ALIFjE, ALIFA, or ALIPHA, a town of 
Italv, near the Vulturnus, famous for the 
mak'ing of cups.-- Hor. 2.-St. 8, 39.~Li.8,25. 

ALI LMt, a people of Arabia Felix. 

AL1MENTUS, C, an historian in the se- 
cond Punic war, who wrote in Greek an 
account of Annibal, besides a treatise on 
military affairs.— Li. 21. 

ALIND/E, a town of Caria.— An: 

ALI PHERIA, a town of Arcadia, situate 
on a hill.— Po/. 4, 77. 

A LI R ROTH I US, a son of N eptune. Bear- 
ing that his father had been defeated by 



ALL— ALO 

Minerva, in his dispute about cri'ving ?. 
name to Athens, he went to the citadel, ai>'^ 
endeavoured to cut down the olive, which 
had sprung from the ground, and giver 
the victory to Minerva ; but in the attempt 
he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so 
severely that he instantly expired. 

ALLEDIUS SEVERUS, T. a Roman 
knight, who married his brother's daughter 

to please Agrippina. A noted gluaonin 

Domitian's reig-n.— Juv. 5, 118. 

ALLIA, a river of Italy, falling into the 
Tiber. The Romans were defeated on it* 
banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were 
going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 
390.— Plu. Cam.— Li. 5, 37. — Fl. 1, 13.— 
V. En. 7, 717.— Ov. Ar. Am. 1, 413. 

ALLIENOS, a pretor of Sicily, under 

ALLOB^ob4S, 2 'a warlike nation of Gau. 
near the Rhone, in that part of the country 
now called Savoy, Dauphine, and Vivarais. 
The Romans destroyed their city because 
they had assisted Annibal. Their" ambassa- 
dors were allured by great promises to join 
in Catiline's conspiracy against his country ; 
but they scorned the offers, and discovered 

the plot.— Di.—Str. 4. — Ta. 1. Hist. G6. 

— Sail. J. b. 

ALLOBRYGES, a people of Gaul, sup. 
posed to be the same as the Allobroges.— 
Pol. 30, 56. 

ALLOTR1GES, a nation on the southern 
parts of Spain.— Str. 2. 

ALLUTIUS, or ALBUTIUS, a prince of 
the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored tin? 
beautiful princess whom he had taken in 
battle. 

ALMO, a small river near Rome, falling 
into the Tiber.— Or. F. 4, 387.— Luc. 1, 600. 

ALMON, the eldest of the sons of Tyr- 
rhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by 
the Trojans ; and from the skirmish which 
happened before and after his death, arose 
the enmities which ended in the fall of 
Turnus.— V. En. 7, 532. 

ALOA, festivals at Athens in honour of 
Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficenc* 
the husbandmen received the recompence 
of their labours. The oblations were the 
fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called, 
from this, Aloas and Alois. 

ALOEUS, a giant, son of Titan and 
Terra. He married Iphimedia, by whom 
Neptune had the twins, Othus and Ephialtus. 
Aloeus educated them as his own, and from 
that circumstance they have been called 
Aloides. They made w : ar against the gods, 
and were killed by Apollo and Diana. 
They grew up nine inches every month, 
and were only nine years old when they 
undertook their war. "They built the town 
of Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon.— 
Pa, 9, 29.— V. En. 6, 5S1.—H. II. 5, Od.W. 

ALOIDES, and ALOID^E, the sons of 
Aloeus. Vide Aloeus. 

ALOPE, daughter of Cercyon, king of 
Eleusis, had a child by Neptune, whom she 
exposed in the woods," covered w ith a piece 
of her gown. The child was preserved, 
and carried to Alope's father, who, upon 
knowing the gown, ordered his daughter 



AI.O-ALP 



39 



ALP ALT 



u> »e put to death. Neptune, who could 
not save his mistress, changed her into a 
fountain. The child called Hippoihoon, 
was preserved by some shepherds, and 
placed by Theseus upon his grandfather's 

throne.— Pa. 1, S.—Hyg. fa. 187. One 

of the Harpies. — Hyg. fa. 14. A town of 

rhessaly.— PL 4, l.—H. II. 2, 652. 
ALOPECE, an island in the Pal us Maeotis. 

—Str. Another in the Cimmerian Bos- 

phorus.— P/.4, 1 2. Another in the iEgean 

sea, jpposite Smyrna. — Id. 5, 31. 

ALGPECES, a small village of Attica, 
where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom 
the Spartans had sent to deliver Athens 
from the tyranny of the Pisistratidse. So 
crates and Aristides were born there. — Ms. 
Tim.— Her 5, 64. [Apol. 2, 35. 

ALOPIUS, a son of Hercules and Antiope. 
A LOS, a town of Achaia.-.Stfr. 9.~PZ.4,7. 
ALOTIA, festivals in Arcadia, in comme- 
moration of a victory gained over Lacedae- 
mon by the Arcadians. 

ALPENUS, the capital of Locris, at the 
north of Thermopylae. — Her. 7, 176, &c. 

ALPES, mountains that separate Italy 
from Spain, Gaul, Rhaetia, and Germany ; 
considered as the highest ground in Europe. 
From them arise several rivers, which, 
after watering the neighbouring countries, 
discharge themselves into the German, Me- 
diterranean, and Euxine seas. The Alps 
are covered with perpetual snows, and dis- 
tinguished, according to their situation, by 
the different names of Cottice, Carnicee, 
Gram, Noricce, Julia, Maritimce, Pannonia>, 
Pennince, Pcence, Rkccticce, Tridentince, 
VenetcE. A traveller is generally five days 
in reaching the top in some parts. They 
were supposed for a long time to be impas- 
sable. Hannibal marched his army over 
them, and made his way through rocks, by 
softening and breaking them with vinegar. 
They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized 
nations, who were unsubdued till the age 
of Augustus, who to eternize the victory he 
nad obtained over them, erected a pillar in 
their territory.— Str. 4 & 5.— Li. 21, 35.— 
Juv. 10, 151.— Hor. 2, Sat. 5, 41.— Luc. 1, 
183.— Ta. Hist. 3, 53. 

ALPHEIA, a surname of Diana in Elis. 
ft was given her when the river Alpheus 
endeavoured to ravish her without success. 

■ A surname of the nvmph Arethusa, 

necause loved by the Alpheus. -Ov.Me. 5,487. 

ALPHENOR, one of Niobe's sons.— Ov. 
Me. 6, f. 6. 
ALPHENUS.-Ficfe Alfenus. 
ALPHESIBGZA, daughter of the river 
Phlegeus, married Alcmaeon. son of Am- 
phiaraus, who had fled to her father's court 
after the murder of his mother. [Vide Alc- 
maeon.] She received as a bridal present, 
the famous necklace which Polynices had 
given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray 
her husband, Amphiarans. Alcmaeon being 
persecuted by the manes of his mother, left 
his wife by order of the oracle, and retired 
jiear the Alchelous,whose daughterCallirhoe 
nad two sons by him, and begged of him, 
*s a present, the necklace which was then 
• n the hands of Alphesiboea. He endea- 



voured to obtain it, and was killed by 
Temenus and Axion, Alphesibrta's brothers, 
who thus revenged their s'ster, who had 
been so innocently abandoned. — Hyg.fa.2U. 
—Prop. 8, el. 15."— Pa. 8, 24. 

ALPHESIBCEUS, a shepherd, often men- 
tioned in Virgil's eclogues. 

ALPHEUS, now Alpheo, a famous river 
of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, 
and after passing through Elis falls into 
the sea. The god of this river fell in love 
with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued her 
till she was changed into a fountain by 
Diana. The fountain Arethusa is in Orty- 
gia, a small island near Syracuse; and the 
ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus 
passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, 
and without mingling itself with the salt 
waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins 
the stream of Arethusa. If any thing is 
thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, "according 
to their traditions, it will re-appear, after 
some time, swimming on the waters of 
Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use 
of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas. 
— Str. 6,—V. Mn. 3, 694.— 0. Me. 5, f. 10.— 
Luc. 3, 176.— St. Th. 1 & 4.— Me. 2, 7.— 
Pa. 5, l.—Mar. 25. — PL 2, 103. 

ALPHIUS, or ALFEUS, a celebrated 
usurer, ridiculed in Hor. Epod. 2. 

ALPHIUS A VITUS, a writer in the age 
of Severus, who gave an account of illus- 
trious men, and an history of the Cartha- 
ginian war. [4, 442. 
ALPIN US, belonging to the Alps.— V.Mru 
ALPINUS (CORNELIUS), a contempt, 
ible poet, whom Horace ridicules for tn<? 
awkward manner in which he introduces 
the death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the 
pitiful style with which he describes the 
Rhine, in an epic poem, which he attempted 
on the wars in Germany. — Hor. I, Sat. 10, 

36. Julius, one of the chiefs of the Hel 

vetii.— Ta. Hist. 1, 68. [nnbe. 
ALPIS, a small river falling into theDa- 
ALSIUM, a maritime town at the west 
of the Tiber, now Statua.—Sil. 8. 

ALSUS, a river of Achaia in Pelopon- 
nesus, flowing from mount Sipylus.— Pa. 

7, 27, A shepherd during the Rutuliara 

wars.— V. Mn. 12, 304. 

ALTHAEA, daughter of Thestius and 
Eurythemis, married CEneus, king of Caly- 
don, by whom she had many children, 
amon^ whom was M el eager, When Althaea 
brought forth Meleager, the Parcae placeu 
a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as 
long as it was preserved, so long would the 
life' of the child just born be prolonged. 
The mother saved the wood from the 
flames, and kept it very carefully ; but 
when Meleager killed his two uncles. 
Althaea's brother, Althaea, to revenge their 
death, threw the log into the fire, and as 
it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was 
afterwards so sorry for the death which 
she had caused, that she killed herself, 
unable to survive her son.— [Vide Meleager. J 
— Ov. Me. 8, f. 4.—H. It. 9.- Pa. 8, 45 
Apol. 1, 8. 

ALTH/EMENES, a son of Crcteus, king 
of Crete. Hearing thit either he or In 



ALT— AMA 



4'J 



AMA — AMa 



brothers were to be their father's murder 
ers, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a 
settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide. 
After the death of all his other sons, Cre- 
teus went after his son Althaemenes ; when 
he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants at- 
tacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, 
and he was killed by the hand of his own 
son. When Althseme'nes knew that he had 
killed his father, he entreated the gods to 
remove him, and the earth immediately 
opened, and swallowed him up.— Apol. 3, 2. 

ALTINUM, a flourishing city of Italy, 
near Aquileia, famous for its wool.— Mart. 
14, ep. 25.— PI. 3, 18. 

ALT IS, a sacred grove round Jupiter 1 
temple at Olympia, where the statues of 
Olympic conquerors were placed.-Pa. 5, 20. 

ALTUS, a city of Peloponnesus.— Xen. 

H. Gra>. 

ALUNTIUM, a town of Sicilv.— flin. 5, 
8.— Ci. Ver. 4. 

ALUS, ALUUS, and HALUS, a villasre of 
^adia, called also the temple of iEscula- 
pilis.— Pa. 8. 25. 

ALYATTES I., a king of Lydia, de- 
scended from the HLraclidae. He reigned 

57 years II. king of Lydia, of the family 

of "the MerniDgdse, vas father to Croesus. 
He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and 
made war against the Medes. He died 
when engaged ia a war against Miletus, 
alter a reign of S5 years. A monument was 
raised cn his grave with the money which 
the women of iAdia had obrained by pros- 
titution. An eclipse of the sun terminated 
a beetle between him and Cvaxares.— Her. 

I, "6 — Str. 13. 
ALYBA, a country near Mysia.— H.Il. 2. 
ALYCiEA, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8,27. 
ALYCiEUS, son of Sciron, was killed by 

Theaeus. A place in Megara received its 
came from him. — Ptu. Th. 

ALYMON, the husband of Circe. 

ALYSSUS, a fountain of Arcadia, whose 
waters could cure the bite of a mad doh\— 
Pa. 8, 19. 

ALYXOTHOE, or ALEXIRHOE, daugh- 
ter of Dvraus, was mother of itisacus by 
Priam.— 0». Me. 11,76). 

ALYZIA, a town of Acarnania on the 
western month of the Achelous, opposite to 
the Echinades. — Ci. Fam. 16, ep. 2. 

AiMADOCLS, a king of Thrace, defeated 
by his antagonist Seuthes.— Aris. Polit. 10. 

AMAGE, a queen of Sarmaiia, remark- 
able for her justice andfortitud^.-- Poly. 8,^6. 

A M A LTHiL A, daughter of Melissus king 
ei Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk, 
r^esce some authors ha*e called her a goat, 
and have maintained that Jupiter, to re- 
gard her kindnesses, placed her in heaven 
as 3 constellation, and gave one of her 
horns to the nymphs who had taken care 
of ris infant years. This horn was called 
the horn of plenty, and had the power to 
"ve the nymphs whatever thev desired.— 
■i. 2 A.—Ov. F. 5, 113.— Str. 10.— Hyg. fa. 

. 3P.— Pa. 7, 26. A Sibyl of Cuma?, called 

ax H'erophile and Demophile. She is 
rocaed to be the same who brought nine 



Rome, &c.-Var.—Tibut. 2, e.. 3, 67. Vid< 
Sibyllas. 

AMALTHEUM, a public place which 
Atticus had opened in his country house, 
called Amalthea in Epirus, and provided 
with every thing which could furnish enter- 
tainment and convey instruction.— Ci. At. 
l, ep. 13. 

A M ANA or AM ANUS, part of mount 
Taurus in Cilicia.— Luc. 3, 244. 

A:*iANDUS, CN. SAL., a rebel genera 
under Dioclesian, who assumed imperial 
honours, and was at last conquered by 
Dioclesian's colleague. 

A MANTES or AMANTINI, a people of 
Illyricum, descended from the Abantes ot 
Phceis.— Callim. 
A. MAN US, one of the deities worshipped 

in Armenia and Cappadocia. — Str. II. 

A mountain in Cilicia. 

AMARACUS, an officer of Cinyras, 
changed into marjoram. [Mel. 1, 3. 

AMARDI,a nation near the Caspian sea 
AM ARTUS,city of Greece.— Horn. Hy.Ap. 
AMARYLLIS, the name of a country 
woman in Virgil's eclogues. Some com- 
mentators have supposed, that the poet spoke 
of Rome under this fictitious appellation. 

AMARYNCEUS, a king of the Epeans, 
buried at Buprasium.— Str. 8.— Pa. 6, t. 

AMARYNTHUS, a village in Eubo?a, 
whence Diana is called Amarysia, and her 

festivals in that town Amarynthia. Eubcea 

is sometimes called Amarynthus. — Pa. I, 31. 
AMAS, a mountain of Laconia. — Pa. 3. 
A MAS EN US, a small river of Latium, fail- 
g into the Tyrrhene sea. — V. Mn. 7, 685, 
AMASIA, a'city of Pontus, where Mith- 
ridates the great, and Strabo the geogra 
pher, were born.— Str. 12.— PI. 6, 3. 

AMASIS, a man who, from a common 
soldier, became king of Egypt. He made 
war against Arabia, and died before the 
invasion of his country, by Cambyses, king 
of Persia. He made a law that every one 
of his subjects should yearly give an account 
to the public magistrates, cf the manner 
in which he supported himself". He refuse J 
to continue in alliance with Polycrates, the 
tyrant of Samos, on account of his uncom- 
mon prosperity. When Cambyses car e 
into Egypt, he ordered the body of Amastit 
to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt 
an action which was very ofteneive to the 
religious notions of the Egyptians. — Her. 

1, 2, 3. A man who led' the Persians 

against the inhabitants of Barce.— Her. 4, 
201, &c. 

AM ASTRIS, the wife of Dionvsius, the 
tyrant of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom 
Alexander conquered.— Str.— [Vide Anie- 

srris.] A city of Paphlagonia, on the 

Euxine sea.— Cat. 

AMASTRUS, one of the auxiliaries of 
Perses, against /Eetes, king of Colchis, 
killed bv Argus, son of Phrvxus.— Flac. 6, 

544. A friend ofiEneas, killed bv Camilla 

ill the Rutulian war.— V. /En. 1 1, 673. 

AM ATA, the wife of king Latin us. She 
had betrothed her daughter Lavinia toTui- 
ii us, before the arrival of iEneas in Italy. 



s oi prophecies to Tarquin kinsr of 1 She ztalouslj favoured the interest rf 



AMA— AlViA 4 
TurnKs; and when her daughter was given 
in marriage to iEneas, she hung herself to 
avoid the sight of her son-in-law. — V . Mn.l. 

A MATH US, (gen. untisj now Limits, a 
city on the southern side of the island of 
Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus. 
Tiie island is sometimes called Amathusia, 
a name not uufrequently applied to the 
goddess of the place.— V. JEn. 10, 51.— 
Ptol. 5, 14. 

AM AXAMPEUS, a fountain of Scythia, 
whose waters embitter the stream of the 
river Hypanis.— Her. 4, 52. 

AMAX1A »r A MAX IT A, an ancient 
town of Troas. A place of Cilicia abound- 
ing with wood fit for building ships.— 
PI. 6, 9—Str. 14. 

AMAZENES or MAZENES, a prince of 
the island Oaractus, who sailed for some 
time with the Macedonians and Nearchus 
in Alexander's expedition to the east.— 
Arr. Ind. 

A M AZONES or AMAZON IDES, a nation 
of famous women who lived near the river 
Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life 
was employed in wars and manly exercises. 
They never had any commerce with the 
other sex ; but, only for the sake of pro- 
pagation, they visited the inhabitants of 
the neighbouring countrv, for a few days, 
and the male children which they brought 
forth were given to the fathers. According 
to Justin, they were strangled as soon as 
born, and Diodorus says that they maimed 
them and distorted their limbs. The fe- 
males were carefully educated with their 
mothers, in the labours of the field ; their 
right breast was burnt off that they might 
hurl a javelin with more force, and make 
a better use of the bow ; from that circum- 
stance, therefore, their name is derived 
(a non, maza mamma. .j They founded an 
extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the 
shores of the Euxine, and near the Ther- 
modon. They were defeated in a battle 
near the Thermodon, by the Greeks ; and 
some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, 
and extended their territories as far as the 
Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most 
capital of their towns ; and Smyrna, Mag- 
nesia, Thvatira, and Ephesus, according 
to some authors, were built by them. Dio- 
dorus 1. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons in 
Africa, more ancient than those of Asia. 
Some authors, among whom is Strabo, 
deny the existence of the Amazons, and of 
a republic supported and governed by wo- 
men, who banished or extirpated all their 
males; but Justin and Diodorus particu- 
larly support it; and the latter says, that 
Penrhehlea, one of their queens, came to 
the Trojan war on the side of Priam, and 
that she was killed by Achilles, and from 
t!iat time the glory and character of the 
Amazons gradually d<cayed, and was to- 
t-ily forgotten. The Amazons of Africa 
flourished long before the Trojan war, and 
r-;any of their actions have been attributed 
to tiiose of Asia. It is said, that after they 
I. id subdued almost all Asia, they invaded 
Attica, and were conquered by Theseus. 
i*'.eir most famous actions were their ex- 



pedition against Priam, and afrerwarcti 
the assistance they gave him during the Tro- 
jan war ; and their invasion of Attica, to 
punish Theseus, who had carried away 
Antiope, one of their queens. They were 
also conquered by Bellerophon and Her- 
cules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, 
Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, &c. are fa=. 
mous. Curtius says, that Thalestris, one 
of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst 
he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, for 
the sake of raising children from a man of 
such military reputation ; and that after she 
had remained 13 days with him, she retired 
into her country. The Amazons were such 
expert archers," that, to denote the good- 
ness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call 
it Amazonian.— V. JEn. 5, 311.— Jorn. Reb. 
Get. 7.— Phil. Ic. 2, 5.— Ju. 2, 4.— Ctirt. 6, 5. 
— PI. 6, 7.— Her. 4, llO.—Slr. \ \.—Di. 2.— 
Bio. H. 4.— Pa. 7, 2.— Phi. Th.—Apol. 2, 3. 
—Hyg. fa. 14. 

AMAZONIA, a celebrated mistress of the 

emperor Com mod us. The country of the 

Amazons, near the Caspian sea. 

AMAZON I UM, a place in Attica, where 
Theseus obtained a victory over the Ama- 
zons. [Laced'denion. 

AMAZON IUS, a surname of Apollo al 

AMBARRI, a people of Gailia Celtica, on 
the Arar, related to the iEdui.— Cces. b. 
G. 1, ll. 

AMBAR.VALIA,a joyful procession round 
the ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres, the 
goddess of corn. There were two festivals 
of that name celebrated by the Romans, one 
about the month of April, the other in 
July. They went three times round their 
fields crowned with oak leaves, singing 
hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to pre- 
serve their corn. The word is derived 
ab ambiendis arvis, going round the fields, 
A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called ambar- 
valim hostice, were afterwards immolated, 
and the sacrifice has sometimes been called 
suovetaurilia, from sus y ovis, and taunts. — 
Virg-. G. i f 339.— Tib. 2, el. 1, 19.— Cato de 
R. R. c. 141. 

AMBEN US, a mountain of European Sar- 
matia.— Flac. 6, 85. [Cats. b. G. 3, 9. 

AMBIALITES, a people of Gallia Celtica. 

AMBIANUM, a town of Belgium, now 
Amiens. Its inhabitants conspired against 
J. Caesar.— C<es. 2, b. G.4. 

AMBIATINUM, a village of Germany, 
where the emperor Caligula was born.— ■ 
S7ie. Cal. 8. 

AMBIGATUS, a king of the Celtse, in 
the time of Tarquinius Friscus. Seeing the 
great population of his country, he sent his 
two nephews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, 
with two colonies, in quest of new settle- 
ments; the former towards the Hercynian 
woods, and the other towards Italy.— 
Li. 5, 34, &c. 

AMBIORIX, a king of the Eburones in 
Gaul. He was a great enemy tc Rome, and 
was killed in a battle with J. Ca^ir,in which 
60,000 of his countrymen vere slain.— 
Coss. b. G. 5, 11. 

AMBI VTUS.a man mentioned by Ci.d'Sm. 

AMBLADA, atownof PiSidia.-Sitiv 



AM3- 



AMBRACIA, a city of Eijrus near the 
Acheron, the residence of "-sing Pyrrhus. 
Augustus, tftev the battle of .ictium, cailed 
it Nicopolis.— Me.. 2, 3.— PL Wj) K — Pol. 4, 
63.— Str. 10. 

AMBRACIUS SINUS, a bay of the Ionian 
sea, near Ambracia, about 300 stadia deep, 
narrow at the entrance, but within near 
loo stadia in breadth, and now called the 
gulph of Larta.— Pol. 4, 63. — Me. 2, 3.— 
VI. i. J.— Str. 10. 

AMBRI, an Indian nation.— Ju. 12,9. 

AMBRONES, certain nations of Gaul, 
who lost tbeir possessions by the inundation 
of the sea, and lived upbn rapine and 
plunder, whence the word Ambrones im- 
plied a dishonourable meaning'. They were 
conquered by Marius. — Piu. Ma. 

AMBROSIA, festivals observed in honour 
of Bacchus, in some cities in Greece. They 
were the same as the Brr-malia of the Ro- 
mans. One of the daughters of Atlas, 

changed into a constellation after death. 
'('he food of the gods was called am- 
brosia, and their drink nectar. The word 
signifies immortal. It had the power of 
giving immortality to a'i those who eat it. 
It was sweeter than honey, and of a most 
odoriferons smell : and it is said, that 
Berenie the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was 
saved from death by eating ambrosia given 
her by Venus. Titonius was made im- 
mortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia ; and 
in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, 
on account of their impiety, had been 
driven from heaven, and compelled to die 
upon earth. It had the power of healing 
wounds, and therefore Apollo, in Homer's 
Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body from putre- 
faction, by rubbing it with aibrosia ; and 
Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in 
Virgil's jEneid, with it. The gods used 
generally to perfume their hah with am- 
brosia, as Juno when she adorned herself 
to captivate Jupiter, and Venus when she 
appeared to iEneas. — H. II. 1, 14. — Lu. dea 
S. — Cat. ep. ICO.— Theo. Id. 13. — V. Mn. 
\, 407.— Or. Me. 2.— Pin. 1. 

4MBROS1 US, bishop of Milan, obliged 
th v emperor Theodosius to make penance 
for u:e murder of the people of Thessa- 
lonica, and distinguished himself by his 
writings, especially against the Arians. His 
3 books de officiis are~sti!l extant, hesides S 
ivmns on the creation. His style is not in- 
elegant, but his diction is sententious, his 
opinions eccentric, though his subject is di- j 
versified by copiousness of thought. He ; 
died A. D. 3&7. The best edition of his ; 
works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols. 
foL Paris, 1666. 

AMBRYON, a man who wrote the life of , 
Theocritus of Chios. — Diog. 

AMBRY«' US, a city of Phocis, which re- 
-eives its name from a hero of the same , 
name.— Pa. 10, 35. 

AM BUBAJ AX, Syrian women of immoral ! 
lives, who in the dissolute perioJ of Rome, 1 
attended festivals and assemblies as min- 
streis. The name is derived by soi.e from ' 
Syrian words, which signifv a'fiute. — Hor, 
I. S. *~~£ue. Ker. 27. i 



I MB— A?.i"I 

AMBULL1, a surname of Castor ana 
Pollux, in Sparta. 

AMELES, a river of hell, whose waters 
noves.-el could contain. — Plu. 10. — Rep. 

AMEN AN US, a river of Sicily, near 
Mount iEtna, now Guidicello.— Str. 5. 

AM EN IDES, a secretary of Darius, the 
last king of Persia. Alexander set him 
over the~Arimaspi.— Curt. 7, 3, 

AMEN OCLES, a Corinthian, said to be 
the first Grecian who buiit a three-oared 
galley at Samos and Corinth. — Th. 1, 13. 

AMERIA, a city of Umbria, whose osiers 
(amerince salices) were famous for the 
binding of vines to the elm trees.— PI. 3, 
14.— Virg. G. 1, 265. 

AMESTRATUS, a town of Sicily, near 
the Halesus. The Romans besieged it for 
seven months, and it yielded at last aftc" a 
third siege, and the inhabitants were soiu 
as slaves.— Pol. 1, 24. = . 

AMESTRIS, queen of Persia, was wife to 
Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of 
Artiante, her husband's mistress, and cutoff 
her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and 
eye-brows. She also buried alive 14 noble 
Persian youths, to appease the deities under 

the earth.— Her. 7, 61. A daughter of 

Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus.— DL 20. 

AMI DA, a ciJty of 'Mesopotamia, besieged 
and taken by Sapor, king of Persia.— Am- 
mian, 19. 

AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general of 
great eloquence and cunning, surnamed 
Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid 
of Alexander, Amilcar went to his camp 
gained his confidence, and secretly trans 
miffed an account of all his schemes to 

Athens.— Trog. 21, 6. A Carthaginian, 

whom the Syracusans called to their as- 
sistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who 
besieged their city. Amilcar soon after 
favoured the interest of Agathocles, for 
which he was accused at Carthage. He died 
in Syracuse, B. C. 309.— Di. 20.— Ju. 22, 2. 

A Carthaginian, surnamed Barcas, 

father to the celebrated Annibal. He was 
general in Sicily during the first Punic war; 
and after a peace had been made with the 
Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, 
who had besieged Carthage, and taken 
many towns of Africa, and^rendered them- 
selves so formidable to the Carthaginians 
that they begged and obtained assistance 
from Rome. After this, be passed into 
Spain with his son Annibal, who was but nine 
years of age, and laid the foundation of the 
town of Barcelona. He was killed in a 
battle against the Vettones, B. C. 237. He 
had formed the plan of an invasion of I talv, 
by crossing the Alps, which his son after- 
wards carried into execution. His great 
enmity to the Romans was the cause of the 
second Punic war. He used to say of his 
three sons, that he kept three lions to devour 
the Roman power.— C. Nep. Vit.—Li.2\, I. 

—Pol. 2.— Plu. Ann. A Carthaginian 

general, who assisted the Insubres against 
[Come, and was taken by Cn. Cornelius. — 

Li. 32, 30. A son of Hanno, defeated in 

Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes 
wa«, defeated at Sahunis by Themistoclcs. 



AMI — AMM 



AMM- AMP 



He burnt himself, that his body might in I 
be found among the slain. Sacrifices we" 
offered to him. — Her. 7, 165. 

AM1LOS, or AMILUS, a river of Mau- 
ritania, where the elephants go to wash 

themselves by moonshine. — PI. 8, I. A 

town of Arcadia. — Pa. Arc. 

AMIMONE, or AMYMONE, a daughter 
of Danaus, changed into a fountain which 
is near Argos, and flows into the iake Lerna. 
— Ov. Me. 2, 240. 

AMINEA, or AMMINEA, a part of Cam- 
pania, where the inhabitants are great hus- 
bandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed.— 
Virg. G. 2, 97. A place of Thessaly. 

AMINlAS, a famous pirate, whom An- 
tigonus employed against Apollodorus, ty- 
rant of Cassandrea.— Poly. 4, 16. 

AMINIUS, a river of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 30. 

AMINOCLES, a native of Corinth, wlio 
flourished 705 B. C. &c. [Str. 12. 

AMISENA, a country of Cappadocia 

AMISIAS, a comic poet, whom Aris- 
tophanes ridiculed for his insipid verses. 

AMISSAS, an officer of Megalopolis in 
Alexander's army.— Cart. 10, 8. 

AMITERNUM, a town of Italy, where 
Sallust was born. The inhabitants assisted 
Turnus against jEneas. — V. JEn. 7, 710. — 
PI. 3, 5.— Li. 28, 45. 

AMITH AON, or AMYTHAON,was father 
to Melampus the famous prophet.— St. Th. 
3, 451. [in Greece. 

AMMALO, a festival in honour of Jupiter 

AM MI ANUS. Vide Marcellinus. 

AMMON and HAMMON, a name of Ju- 
piter, worshipped in Libya. He appeared 
under the form of a ram to Hercules, or ac- 
cording to others, to Bacchus, who, with his 
army, suffered the greatest extremities for 
want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and 
shewed him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus 
erected a temple to his father, under the 
nan* of Jupiter Ammon, i.e. sandy, with 
the horns of a ram. The ram, according to 
some, was made a constellation. The tem- 
ple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of 
Libya, nine days journey from Alexandria. 
It had a famous oracle, which, according 
to ancient tradition, was established about 
18 centuries before the time of Augustus, by 
two doves, which flew away from Thebais 
in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, and 
the other to Libya, where the people were 
soon informed of their divine mission. The 
oracle of Hammon was consulted by Her- 
cules, Perseus, and others ; but when it pro- 
nounced Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, 
such flattery destroyed its long established 
reputation, and in the ae:e of Plutarch it 
was scarce known. The situation of the 
temple was pleasant; and according to Ov. 
Me. 15, 310.— Lucr. 6, 147.— Her. Mel.— 
Curt. 4, 7, there was near it a fountain 
whose waters were cold at noon and mid- 
night, and warm in the morning and even- 
ing. There were above loo priests in the 
temple, but only the elders delivered ora- 
cles. There was also an oracle of Jupiter 
Ammon in Ethiopia.— PL 6, 29. — Sir, 1, 11. 
— Plu. cur orac. <$• in fs.- Curt. 6, 10.— 
Her. 1,6.— Pa. 3, 18.— Hyg. fa. 133 — Poet. 



aslr. 2, 20 — Ju. 1, 9. A king of Libya, 

father to Bacchus. He gave his name to 
to the temple of Hammon, according to Di.S. 

AMMON and BROTHAS, two hrothers 
famous for their skill in boxing.— Ov. Me. 
5, 107. 

AMMONIA, a name of Juno in Elis, as 
being the wife of JupiterAmmon.— Pa. 5, 15. 

AMMON1I, a nation of Africa, who de- 
rived their origin from the Egyptians and 
Ethiopians. Their language was a mixture 
of that of the two people from whom they 
were descended.— Her. 2, 3. 

AMMO NT US, a Christian philosopher, 
who opened a school of Platonic philosophy 
at Alexandria, A. D. 232, and had amongst 
his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise 
Peri Omoion was published in 4to. by Valc- 

kenaer, L. Bat. 1739. A writer who gave 

an account of sacrifices, as also a treatise 

on the harlots of Athens.— Ath. 13. An 

Athenian general surnamed Barual.— Pol.?, 

AMMOTHEA, one of the Nereides.— He. 
Th. 

AMNIAS, a river of Bithynia.— App. Mi. 

AMN1SUS, a poet of Gnossus, at the 
north of Crete, with a small river of the 
same name, near which Lucina had a tem- 
ple. The nymphs of the place were called 
Amnisiades.-— Callim. 

AMGZBiEUS, an Athenian player of great 
reputation, who sang at the nuptials of 
Demetrius and Nicaea. — Poly. 4, 6. 

AMOMETUS,aGreek historian,— Pl.6, 17. 

AMOR, the son of Venus, was the God of 
Love. Vide Cupido. 

AMORGES, a Persian general, killed in 
Caria in the reign of Xerxes.— Her, 5, 121. 

AMORGOS, an island among the Cy- 
clades, where Simonides was born. — Str. 10. 

AMPELUS, a promontory of Samos. 

A town of Crete,— Macedonia,— Liguria,— 

and Cyrene. A favourite of Baccnus, son 

of a satyr and a nymph, made a constel- 
lation after death.— Ov. F. 3, 407. 

AMPELUSIA, apromontory of Africa, in 
Mauritania.— Mel. 1, 5. 

AMPHEA, a city of Messenia, taken by 
the Lacedaemonians.— Pa. 4, 5. 

AMPHIALAUS, a famous dancer in the 
island of the Phseacians.— H. Od. 8. 

AMPH1ANAX, a king of Lycia in the 
time of Acrisius.— Apol. 2, 2. 

AMPHIARAUS, son of Oicleus, or ac- 
cording to others, of Apollo, by Hyperm- 
nestra, was at the chaceof the Caledonian 
boar, and accompanied the Argonauts in 
their expedition. He was famous for his 
knowledge of futurity, and thence he is 
called by some the son of Apollo. He mar- 
ried Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus, king 
of Argos, by whom he had two sons, Alc- 
maeori and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, 
at the request of Polynices, declared war 
against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted him- 
self, not to accompany his brother-in-law in 
an expedition in which he knew he was to 
perish. But Eriphyle, who knew where he 
had concealed himself, was prevailed upon 
to betray him by Polynices, who gave her 
as a reward for her peiiidy a famous golden 
necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus 



AMP — AMP 



*4 



AMP — AMP 



being: thus discovered, went to the war, but 
previously charged his son Alcmaeon to put 
to death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he 
was informed that he was killed. The 
Theban war was fatal to the Arrives, and 
Amphiaraus was swallowed up in his chariot 
bv the earth as he attempted to retire from 
the battle. The news of his death was 
brought to Alcmaeon, who immediately ex- 
ecuted his father's command, and murdered 
Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine 
honours after death, and had a celebrated 
temple and oracle at Attica. His statue 
was made of white marble, and near his 
temple was a fountain, whose waters were 
ever held sacred. They only who had con- 
sulted his oracle, or had been delivered from 
a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, 
after which they threw pieces of gold and 
silver into the stream. Those who con- 
sulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first puri- 
fied themselves, and abstained from food 
for 24 hours, and three days from wine, 
after which they sacrificed a ram to the 
prophet, and spread the skin upon the 
ground, upon which they slept in expec- 
tation of receiving in a dream the answer 
of the oracle.— P/m. or. def. mentions, that 
the oracle of Amphiaraus was once con- 
sulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the 
servants of Mardonius, for his master, who 
was then with an army in Greece ; and 
that the servant, when asleep, saw in a 
dream the priest of the temple, who up- 
braided him, and drove him away, and even 
threw stones at his head when he refused 
to comply. This oracle was verified in the 
death of Mardonius, who was actually 
killed by the blow of a stone which he re- 
ceived on the head.— Ci. Di. I, AO.— Phil, 
vit. Apol. 2, ii.— H. Od. 15, 243, kc.—Hyg. 
fa. 70.— Di. 4.— Ot-. 9, fa. 10.— Pa. 1, 34.— 
Msch. S. Th.—Apol. 1, 8.— Str. 8. 

A1V1 PHIARAIDES, a pantronymic of 
Alcmaeon, as being son of Amphiaraus.— 

Ov. F. 2, 43. 

AMPHICRATES, an historian who wrote 
the lives of illustrious men.— Diog. 

AMPHICTYON, son of Deucalion and 
Pvrrha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, 
and first attempted to give the interpreta- 
tion of dreams, and to draw omens. Some 
say, that the deluge happened in his age.— 

J tt , 2,6.-: The son of Helenus, who first 

established the celebrated council of the 
Amphictyons, composed of the wisest and 
most virtuous men of some cities of 
Greece. This august assembly consisted of 
12 persons, originally sentby the following 
states ; the lonians, Dorians, Perhaebians, 
Boeotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locrians, 
Maiians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, 
and the people of (Eta. Other cities in pro- 
cess of time sent also some of their citizens 
to the council of the Amphictyons, and in 
the age of Antoninus Pius, thev were in- 
creased to the number Of 30. They gene- 
rally- met twice every year at Delphi, and 
sometimes sat at Thermopylae. They took 
into consideration all matters of difference 
which might exist between the different 
states of Greece. When the Phocians plun- 



dered the temple of Delphi, the Amphic- 
tyons declared war against them, and this 
war was supported by all the states of 
Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, 
with their allies the Lacedaemonians, were 
deprived of the privilege of sitting in the 
council of the Amphictyons, and the Mace- 
donians were admitted in their place, for 
their services in support of the war. About 
60 years after, when Brennus, with the 
Gauls, invaded Greece, the Phocians be- 
haved with such courage, that they were 
reinstated in all their former privileges. 
Before they proceeded to business, the 
Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of 
Delphi, and cut his flesh into small pieces, 
intimating that union and unanimity pre- 
vailed in the several cities which they re- 
presented. Their decisions were held sacred 
and inviolable, and even arms were taken 
up to enforce them.— Pa. Pho. &■ Ach.-~ 
Sir. 8.—Sui.—Hesy.—Msc. 

AMPHICLEA, a town of Phoeis, where 
Bacchus had a temple. 

AMPHID AMDS, a son of Aleus, brother 
to Lycurgus. He was of the family of the 
lnachidae.— Pa. 8, 4. One of the Argo- 
nauts.— Flac. I, 376. A son of Busiris, 

killed bv Hercules.— Apol. 2, 5. 

AMPHIDROMIA, a festival observed by 
private families at Athens, the fifth day after 
the birth of every child. It was customary 
to run round the fire with a child in rheij 
arms ; whence the name of the festivals. 

AMPHIGEN1 A, a town of Messenia in 
Peloponnesus.— Si. A.—Th. 178. 

AMPHILOCHUS, a son of Amphiaraus 
and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he 
left Argos, his native country, and built 
Amphilochus, a town of Epirus. — Str. 7. — 

Pa. 2, 18. An Athenian philosopher who 

wrote upon agriculture. Var. R. R. \. 

AMPHILYTUS, a soothsayer of Acar- 
nania, who encouraged Pisistratus to seize 
the sovereign power of Athens. — Her. 1, 62. 

AM PHI MAC HE, a daughter of Amphi- 
damus, wife of Euristheus.— Apol. 2. 

AMPH1MACHUS, one of Helen's suitors, 
son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan 

war. — Apol. 3, 10. — Hyg. fa. 97. A son 

of Actor and Theronice.— Pa. 5, 3. 

AMPH1MEDON, a Libyan killed by Per- 
seus in the court of Cepheus.— Ov. Me. 5, 

75. One of Penelope's suitors killed by 

Telemachus.— H. Od. 22, 283. 

AMPHINOME, the name of one of the 
attendants of Thetis. — H. II. 18,44. 

AMPHINOMUS, one of Penelope's suit- 
ors, killed by Telemachus.— H. Od. 16. 

AMPHINOMUS and AN API US, two bro- 
thers, who, when Catana and the neigh- 
bouring cities were in flames, by an erup- 
tion from mount ./Etna, saved their parents 
upon their shouiders. The fire, as it is said, 
spared them while it consumed others by 
their side ; and Pluto, to reward their un- 
common piety, placed them after death in 
the island of Leuce, and they received di- 
vine honours in Sicilv. — Va. Ma. 5, 4.— Str. 
6.—ItaL 14, 197.— Sen. Ben. 

AMPHION.was son of Jupiter, by An- 
tiope daughter of Nyctcus, who had'uiar- 



AMP — AMP 



45 



AMP — AMP 



ried Lycus, and had been repudiated by 
him when he married Dirce. Amphion was 
born at the SiHie birth as Zethus, on mount 
Citheron, where Antiope had fled to avoid 
the resentment of Dirce ; and the two 
children were exposed in the woods, but 
preserved by a shepherd. [Vide Antiope.] 
When Amphion grew up, he cultivated 
poetry, and made such an uncommon pro- 
gress in music, that he is said to have been 
the inventor of it, and to have built the 
walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre. 
Mercury taught him music, and gave him 
the lyre." He was the first who raised an 
altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion 
united to avenge the wrongs which their 
mother had suffered from the cruelties of 
Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, 
put Lycus to death, and tied his wife to the 
tail of a wild bull, who dragged her through 
precipices till she expired. The table of 
Amphion's moving stones and raising the 
walls of Thebes at trie sound of his lyre, has 
been explained by supposing that he per- 
suaded, by his eloquence, a wild and un- 
civilized people, to unite together and build 
a town to protect themselves against the at- 
tacks of their enemies.— H. Od. \\.—Apol. 
3, 5.— Pa. 6, 6.— Prop. 3, el. 15.— Ov. Ar. 
Aon. 3, 323.— Hor. 3, od. \ \.—Ar. Po. 394.— 

St. Th.\, 10. A son of Jasus, king of 

Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of 
Mius. He married Niobe, daughter of Tan- 
talus, by whom he had many children, 
among whom was Chloris the wife of 
Neleus. He has been confounded by my- 
cologists with the son of Antiope, though 
Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them both, 
and distinguishes them beyond contradic- 
tion. The number of Amphion's children, 
according to Homer, was 12, six of each 
sex; according to jElian, 20; and accord- 
ing to Ovid, 14, seven males and seven fe- 
males. When Niobe boasted herself greater, 
and more deserving of immortality than 
Latona, all her children, except Chloris, 
were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and 
Diana ; Niobe herself was changed into a 
stone, and Amphion killed himself in a fit of 
despair.— if. Od. 11, 261.— ML V. H. 12,36. 

— Ov. Me. 6,5. One of the Argonauts. — 

Hyg. fa. 14. A famous painter and statu- 
ary, son ofAcestor of Gnossus.— PI. 36, 10. 
One of the Greek generals in the Tro- 
jan war.— H. II. 13, 692. 

AMPH1POLES, magistrates appointed at 
Syracuse, by Timoleon, after the expulsion 
of Diomsius the younger. The office ex- 
isted for above 300 years.— Di. 16. 

AMPHIPOLIS, a town on the Strymon, 
between Macedonia and Thrace. An Athe- 
nian colony under Agnon, son of Nicias, 
drove the ancient inhabitants, called Edo- 
nians, from the country, and built a city, 
which they called Amphipolis, „i. e. a town 
surrounded on all sides, because the Stry- 
mon flow ed all around it. Jt has been also 
called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and 
the town of Mars. It was the cause of 
many wars between the Athenians and 
Spartans.— Th. 4, 102.— Her. 5, 126.— Di. 
11.— C. Nep. Cim. 



AMPHIPYROS, a surname" of Diana, 
because she carries a torch in both her 
hands.— Soph. Tra. 

AMPH1RETTJS, a man of Acanthus, who 
artfully escaped from pirates who had 
made him prisoner. — Poly. 6. 

AMPHIROE, one of the Oceanides.— 
Hes. Th. 364. 

AMPHIS, a Greek comic poet of Athens, 
son of Amphierates, contemporary with 
Plato. Besides his comedies, he wrote 
other pieces, which are now lost. — Sui.Diog. 

AMPH1SB.ENA, a two-headed serpent in 
the deserts of Libya, whose bite was ve- 
nomous and deadly. — Luc. 9,719. 

AMPHISSA, or ISSA, a daughter of Ma- 
careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her 
name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in 
which was a temple of Minerva.— Li. 37, 5. 

— Ov. Me. 15, 703.— Luc. 3, 172. A town 

of the Brutii on the east coast. 

AMPH1SSENE, a country of Armenia. 

AMPHISSUS, a son of Dryope.-Ow. Me. 
9, 10. 

AMPHrSTHENES, a Lacedaemonian, who 
fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana.— Pa. 
3, 16. 

AMPHISTIDES, a man so naturally des- 
titute of intellects, that he seldom remem- 
bered that he ever had a father. He wished 
to learn arithmetic, but never could com- 
prehend beyond the figure 4.— Aris.probA. 

AMPH ISTRATUS and RHECAS, two 
men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor and 
Pollux.— Strab. \\.—Ju. 42, 3. 

AMPHITEA, the mother of ^gialeus, by 
Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, 
Deipyle, and iEgialer, by Arastus, king of 
Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. — 

Apol. 1. The wife of Autolycus, by 

whom she had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. 
—H. Od. 19, 416. 

AMPHITHEATRUM, a large round or 
oval building at Rome, where the people 
assembled to seethe combats of gladiators, 
of wild beasts, and other exhibitions. The 
amphitheatres of Rome were generally 
built with wood ; Statilius Taurus was the 
first who made one with stones, under Au- 
gustus. 

AMPHITHEMIS, a Theban general,who 
involved the Lacedaemonians into a war 
with his countrv.— Plu. in Lys. — Pa. 3, 9. 

AMPHITHOE, one of the Nereides. 

AMPHITRITE, daughter of Oceanus 
andTethys, married Neptune, though she 
had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. 
She had by him Triton, one of the sea 
deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the 
temple of Neptune. She is sometimes 
called Salatia, and is often taken for the 
sea itself.— Var. L. L. 4.— Hes. Th. 930. — 
Apol. 3.— Claud. R. P. 1, 104.— Od. Me. 1, 
14. One of the Nereides. 

AMPHITRYON, a Theban prince, son of 
Alceeus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxao 
had married Electryon, king of Mycenae, 
whose sons were killed in a battle by the 
Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown, 
and daughter Alcmena, to him who could 
revenge the death of his sons upon the Te- 
leboans ; and Amphitryon offered himself. 



AMP- AMU A 

and was received, on condition that lie 
should not approach Alcmena before he had 
obtained a victory. Jupiter, who was cap- 
tivated with the charms of Alcmena, bor- 
rowed the features of Amphitryon, when he 
was gone to the war, and introduced him- 
self tr Electryon's daughter, as her husband 
returned victorious. Alcmena became preg- 
nant of Hercules, by J upiler, and of Iphicliis 
by Amphitryon, after his return. [Vide 
Alcmena.] When Amphitryon returned from 
the war, he brought back toElectryon, the 
herds which the Teleboans had taken from 
him. One of the cows having strayed from 
the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them to- 
gether, threw a stick, which struck the 
horns of the cow, and rebounded with such 
violence upon Electryon that he died on 
the spot. After this* accidental murder, 
Sthenelus, Electryon's brother, seized the 
kingdom of Mycenae, and obliged Amphi- 
tryon to leave Argolis, and retire to Thtbes 
with Alcmena. Creon, king of Thebes puri- 
fied him of the murder.— Apol. 2, 4. — jE?i.&, 
213.— Prop. 4, el. 10, \.—Hes. Sc.H.—Hyg. 
fa. 29.— Pa. 8, 14. 

AMPHITRYONIADES, a surname of 
Hercules, as the supposed son of Amphi- 
tryon V. Mn. S, 103. 

AMPHITIS, a priest of Ceres, at the 
court of Cepheus.— Ov. Me. 5, 5. 

AMPHOTERUS was appointed com- 
mander of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alex- 
ander.— Curt 1. A son of Alcmaeon. 

AMPHRYSUS, a river of Thessaly, near 
which Apollo, when banished from heaven, 
fed the flocks of kingAdmetus. Erom this 
circumstance the god has been called Am- 
phryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia. 
Ov. Me. 1,580.— Luc. 6, 367.— Virg. G. 3, 2, 

£n. 6, 398. A river of Phrygia, whose 

waters rendered women liable" to barren- 
ness.— PI. 32, 2. 

AMPIA LABI EN A LEX was enacted by 
*T. Ampins and A. Labienus, tribunes of the 
people, A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey the 
Great the privilege of appearing in tri- 
umphal robes and with a golden crown at 
the Circensian games, and with a praetexta 
and golden crown at theatrical plays. 

AMPRACIA. Vide Ambracia. 

AMPYSIDES, a patronymic of Mopsus, 
son of Am pyx.— Ov. Me. £, 316. 

AMPYX,"a son of Pelias.— Pa. 7, 18. 

A man mentioned by Ov. Me. 5, 184. 

The father of Mopsus.— Or. Arg.—Pa. 5, 17. 

AMSACTUS, a lake in the country of 
the Hirpini, at the east of Capua, wiiose 
waters are so sulphureous that they infect 
and destroy whatever animals come near 
the place. It was through this place that 
Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into 
hell, after her visit to the upper regions. — j 
V. Mn. 7, 565.— Ci. Di. 1, £6. 

AMULIUS, king of Alba, was son of] 
Procas, and youngest brother to Numitor. I 
The crown belonged to Numitor by right] 
of birth; but Amulius dispossessed him of! 
it, and even put to death his son Lansus, 
and con-ecrattd his daughter Rhea Sylvia] 
to the service of Vesta, to prevent her ever 
becoming a mother. Vet, in spite of till I 



6 AMY— AMY 

these precautions, Rhea became pregnan* 
by the god Mars, and brought forth twine* 
Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was 
informed of this, ordered the mother to be 
buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, 
which enjoined perpetual chastity, and the 
two children to be thrown into "the river. 
They were providentially saved by some 
shepherds, or, as others" say, by a she- 
wolf ; and when they had attained "the years 
of manhood, they put to death the usurper, 
Amulius, and restored the crown to their 
grandfather.— Ov. F. 2, 67.— Li. 1, 3.— 
Plu. R.—F. 1, I . — Dio. H.^ — A celebrated 
painter.— PI. 35, 10. 

AMYCI PORTUS, a place in Pcntus, fa- 
mous for the death of Amycus, king of the 
Bebryces. His tomb was covered with 
laurels, whose boughs, as is reported, when 
carried on board a ship, caused uncommon 
dissensions among the sailors. — PI. 5, 32. 
—Arr. 

AMYCLA, a daughter of Niobe, who, 
with her sister Meliboea, was spared by 
Diana, when her mother boasted herself 

greater than Diana.— Pa. 2, 22. Homer 

says that all the daughters perished. — II. 24. 

[Vide Niobe.] The nurse of Alcibiades. 

AMYCLiE, a town of Italy between 
Caieta and Tarrracina, built by the com. 
paiiions of Castor and Pollux. 'The inha- 
bitants were strict followers of the preceptw 
of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained 
from 'flesh. They were killed by serpents, 
which they thought impious to destroy, 
though in their own defence.— PI. 8, 29. 
Once a report prevailed in Amyche, that 
the enemies were coming to storm it ; upon 
which the inhabitants made a law, that 
forbade such a report to be credited, and 
when the enemy really arrived, no one 
mentioned it, or" took up arms in his own 
defence, and the town was easily taken. 
From this circumstance the epithet of 
tacitce has been eiven to Amvclae.— V. Mn. 
10, 564.— Sil. 8, 529. A city of Pelopon- 
nesus, built bv Amyclas. Castor and Pol- 
lux were bom there. The country was 
famous for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclaus, 
had a rich and magnificent temple there, 
surrounded with groves. — Pa. 3, 18.— St. 
Th. 4, 223.— Str. l.— Virg. G. 3, 345.— Ov. 
Ar. Am. 2, 5. 
AMYCL£XS, a statuary.— Pa. 10, 13. 

A surname of Apollo. 

AMYCLAS, son of Lacedaemon and 
Sparta, built the city of Amyclas. His sis- 
ter Eurydice married Acrisius king of 
Argos, by whom she had Danae.— Pa. 3, 1. 

The "master of a ship in which Caesar 

embarked in disguise. When Amyclas 
wished to put back" to avoid a violent storm, 
Caesar, unveiling his head, discovered him- 
self, and bidding the pilot pursue his voy- 
age, exclaimed, Casarem vthis, Ceesarisque 
fortunam.—Luc. 5, 520. 

AMYCCS, son of Neptune, by Melia, or 
Bithynis, according to others, was king of 
the Bebryces. He" was famous for his skiM 
in the management of the cestus, and he 
challenged all stranarers to a trial of 
strength. When the Argonauts, in their 



AMY — AMY 



47 



AMY— ANA 



expedition, slopped on liis coasts, ne treated 
them with great kindness, and Pollux ac- 
cepted his challenge, and killed him when 
he attempted to overcome him by fraud.— 

Apol. I, 2. One of the companions of 

jUneas, who almost perished in a storm on 
the coast of Africa. He was killed by 
Turnus.— V. Mn. 1, 225. Another like- 
wise killed by Turnus.— lb. 12, 509.- A son 

of Ixion and the cloud.— Or. Me. 12, 245. 

A MY DON, a city of Paeonia in Macedo- 
nia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during 
the Trojan v/ar. — H. II. 2. 

AMY MONE, daughter of Danaus and 
Europa, married Enceladus, son of JEgyp- 
tus, whom she murdered the first night of 
her nuptials. She wounded a satyr with 
an arrow which she had aimed at a stag. 
The satyr pursued her, and even offered 
her violence, but Neptune delivered her. 
It was said that she was the only one of 
the 50 sisters who was not condemned to fill 
a leaky tub with water in hell, because she 
had been continually employed, by order 
of her father, in supplying the city of 
Argos with water, in a great drought. 
Neptune saw her in this employment and 
was enamoured of her. He carried her 
away, and in the place where she stood he 
raised a fountain, by striking a rock. The 
fountain has been called Amymone. She 
had Nauplius by Neptune.— Prop. 2, el. 26, 
46.— Apol. 2.— Sir. 8.— Pa. 2, 37.— Ov. Am. 1, 

515.— Hyg. fa. 169, A fountain and rivulet 

of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis 
into the lake of Lerna.— Ov. Me."-2, 240. 

AM YNTAS I. was king of Macedonia after 
his father Alcetas. His son Alexander 
murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus 
lor their wanton and insolent behaviour to 
the ladies of his father's court. Bubares, 
a Persian General, was sent with an army 
to revenge the death of the ambassadors"; 
but instead of making war, he married the 
king's daughter, and defended his posses- 
sions. — Ju. 7, 3. — He. 5. The second of 

that name was son of Menelaus, and king 
of Macedonia, after his murder of Pausa- 
nias. He was expelled by the Illyrians, 
and re-tored by the Thessalonians and Spar- 
tans. He made war against the Illyrians 
and Olynthians, and lived to a great age. 
His wife Eurydice conspired against his 
life ; but her snares were seasonably dis- 
covered by one of his daughters by a former 
wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and 
Philip, Alexander the Great's father, by 
his first wife; and by the other he had 
Archelaus, Aridaeus, and Menelaus. He 
reigned 24 years ; and soon after his death, 
Ins son Philip murdered all his brothers, 
and ascended the throne.— Ju. 7, A.—Di. 14. 

— C. Nep. $ Plu. Pel. There is another 

king of Macedo.ua of the same name, but 
of his life few particulars are recorded in 
history.- — A man who succeeded Dejota- 
rus ih ftwj kingdom of Gallograecia. After 
his death, it became a R,oman province 
under Augustus. — Str. 12. One of Alex- 
ander's officers. Another officer, who de- 
serted to Darius, and was killed as he at- 
tempted to seize Egypt^-Citr/. 3 9. A 



s»n of Antiochus, who withdrew himself 
from Macedonia, because he hated Alexan- 
der. An officer in Alexander's cavalrv. 

He had two brothers called Simmas and 
Polemon. He was accused of conspiracy 
against the king on account of his great iu 
timacy with Philotas,and acquitted.— Cur 

4, 15. A shepherd's name in Virgil's Ec. 

A Greek writer, who composed several 

works quoted bv Athenaeus, 10 & 12. 

A M Y NT] A N US, an historian in the age-of 
Antonius, who wrote a treatise in commen- 
dation of Philip, Olvmpias, and Alexander. 

AMYNTOR, a king of Argos, son of 
Phrastor. He deprived his son Phoenix o 
his eyes, to punish him for the violence he 
had offered to Clytia his concubine.— Hyg 
fa. 173.— Or. Me. 8, 337.— Apol. 3. — H. IU 

9. A general of the Dolopes.— Ov. Me. 

12, 364. A sonof ^Igyptus, killed by Da- 

mone the first night of his marriage. — 
Hyg. fa. 170. 

AMYRICUS CAMPUS, a plain of Thes- 
saly.— Pol. 3. 

AMVRIS, a man of Sybaris, who con- 
sulted the oracle of Delphi concerning the 
duration of his country's prosperity, &c. 

AMIRIUS, a king by whom Cyrus was 
killed in a battle.— Cte. 

AM YRUS, a town of Thessaly. A river 

mentioned by Va. Flac. 2,11. 

AMYSTIS, a river of India falling into 
the Ganges.— Arr. Ind. 

AMYTHAON, a son of Cretheus king of 
Iolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, oy 
whom he had" Bias and Melampus. After 
his father's death, he established himself in 
Messenia, with his brother Neleus, and re- 
established or regulated the Olympic games. 
Melampus is called Amythaoriius, from his 
father Amythaon.— Virg. G. 3, 550.— Di. 4. 

— Apol. l.—H. Od. 11. A son of Hippa- 

sus, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
and was killed by Lyeomedes. — H. 11. 17. 

AMYTIS, a daughter of Astyages, whom 

Cyrus married.— Cte. A daughter of 

Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and dis- 
graced herself by her debaucheries. 

ANACES or ANCATES, a name given to 
Castor and Pollux among the Athenians. 
Their festivals were called Anaceia.— Plu. 
Th.-Ci. N. D. 3, 21. 

ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, 
592, B.C., who, on account of his wisdom, 
temperance, and extensive knowledge, has 
been called one of the seven wise men. 
Like his countrymen, he made use of a carl 
instead of a house. He was wont to com- 
pare laws to cobwebs, which can stop only 
small flies, and are uhableto resist the supe- 
rior force of large insects. When he returned 
to Scythia, from Athens, where he had 
spent some time in study, and in the friend- 
ship of Solon, he attempted to introduce 
there the laws of the Athenians, which so 
irritated his brother, who was then on the 
throne, that he killed him with an arrow. 
Anacharsis had rendered himself famou? 
amonsr the ancients by his writings, an 
Ids poems on war, the laws of Scythia, &c. 
Two of his letters to Crcesusand Hanno are 
s'Ui extant. Later authors have attributed 



ANA— AJa 
to him the invention of tinder, of anchors, 
and of r he potter's wheel. The history of 
Anacharsis lias been familiarized to modern 
readers by Harthelinii, through his work, 
entitled " The Travels of Anacharsis." — 
Hei: 4, 46.—Plu. Con.— Ci. Tu. 5, 32.— 
Str. 7. 

ANACIL'M, a mountain witli a temple 
f acred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. — 
Poly. I, 21. 

ANACREON, a famous lyric poet of Teos, 
in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycrates and 
Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus. ' He was of 
a lascivious and intemperate disposition, 
much given to drinking, and deeply ena- 
moured of a youth called Baihyllus". His 
odes are still extant, and the "uncommon 
sweetness and elegance of his poetry have 
been the admiration of every age and coun- 
try. He lived to his 85th year, and after 
every excess of pleasure and debauchery, 
choa'ked himself with a grape stone aiid ex- 
pired. Plato says that he was descended 
from an illustrious family, and that Codrus, 
the last king: of Athens, was one of his pro- 
genitors. His statue was placed in the cita- 
del of Athens, representing him as an old 
drunken man, singing, with every mark of 
dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon 
flourished 532, B.C. All that he wrote is 
not extant; his odes were first published by 
H. Stephens, with an elegant translation'. 
The best editions of Anacreon are, that of 
Maittaire, 4to. London, 1725, of which only 
one hundred copies were printed, and the 
very correct one of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 
1721, to which may be added that of Brunck, 
12mo. Argentor. "l778.— Pa. I, 2, 25.— St r. 
H — El. V. H. 9,4.— Ci. Tusc. 4, 33— Hor. 
epo. 14, 20.— PI. 7, 7— Her. 3. 121. 

ANACTORIA & ANACTORIUM, a town 
of Epirus, in a peninsula towards the gulf 
of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corin- 
thian colony, and was the cause of many 
quarrels between the Corcyreans and Co- 
rinthians. Augustus carried' the inhabitants 
to the city of Nicopolis, after the battle of 
Actium.— Sir. 10.— 77*. I, 55.— Pit. 4,5, 29. 

An ancient name of Miletus. 

ANACTORIE, a woman of Lesbos, wan- 
tonly loved bv Sappho.— Of. Her. 15, 17. 

AN ADYOM EN E, a valuable painting of 
Venus, represented as rising from the sea, 
by Apelles. Augustus bought it, and placed 
it in the temple of J. Csesar. The lower 
part of it was a little defaced, and there 
were found no painters in Rome able to re- 
pair it. PI. 35, 10. 

ANAGNIA, now Anagni, a city of the 
Hernici in Latium, where Antony struck a 
medal when he divorced Octavia and mar- 
ried Cleopatra. V. JEn. 7, 684.— Str. 5.— 
Ital. 8, 392. 

AN AGOG I A, a festival celebrated by the 
people of Ervx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. 
— ML. V. H.'\, 15. H." A. 4, 2. 

ANANGYROTUM, a small village of At- 
tica.— Her. 

ANAIT1S, a goddess of Armenia. The 
virgins who were consecrated to her service 
esteemed themselves more dignified by pub- 
lic prostitution, "he festivals of the deity 



—ALA 

were called Saearum Festa : and when they 
were celebrated, both sexes assisted at the 
ceremony, and inebriated themselves to such 
a degree, that the whole was concluded by 
a scene of the greatest laciviousness aim 
intemperance. They were first instituted 
by Cyrus, when he" marched against the 
Saca?, and covered tables with the most ex- 
quisite dainties, that he might detain the 
enemy by the novelty and sweetness ol the 
food to which they were unaccustomed, and 

thus easily destroy them.— Str. Diar.a is 

also worshipped under this name by the 
Lydians.— PI. 33, 4. 

ANANIAS, an Iambic poet. — Ath. 

ANAPHE, an island that rose out of the 
Cretan sea, and received this name from 
the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a 
storm, suddenly saw the new moon. Apol lo 
was worshipped there, and called Anaphaeus. 
— Apol. 

ANAPHLYSTUS, a small village of Attica 
near rhe sea, called after an ancient hero or' 
the same name, who was the son of Troezen. 
A small village near Athens. 

ANA PUS, a river of Epirus— Th. 2, 82. 
■ Of Siciiy, near Syracuse.— Id. 6, 96. 

ANARTES, a people of lower Pannonia. 
Cces. b. G. 25. 

ANAS, a river of Spain, now called Gua- 
diana.— Str. 3. 

ANATOLE, one of the Horse.— Hyg. 163. 

A mountain near the Ganges, where 

Apollo ravished a nvmph called Anaxibia. 

ANAIICHIDAS, a'Samian wrestler.— Pa. 
5, 27. 

ANAURUS, a river of Thessaly, near the 
foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one 

of his sandals. — Callim. JJian. A river of 

Troas near Ida.— Col. 

ANAUSIS, one of Medea's suitors, killed 
by Styrus.— Va. Flav. 6, 43. 

AN AX, a son of Ccelus and Terra, father 
to Asterius, from whom Miietus has been 
called Anactoria.— Pa. J, 36. 

ANAXAGORAS succeeded his father Me- 
gapenthes on the thro'ie. of Argos. Ht> 
shared the sovereign povver with Bias and 
Melampus, who had cured the women of 

Argos of madness. — Pa. 2, 18. A Clazo- 

menian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, 
disciple to Anaximes, and preceptor to So- 
crates and Euripides. He disregarded 
wealth and honours, to indulge his fondness 
for meditation and philosophy. He applied 
himself to astronomy, was acquainted with 
eclipses, and predicted that one day a stone 
would fall from the sun, which it is said 
really fell into the river iLgos. Anaxagoras 
travelled into Egypt for improvement, and 
used to say that" he preferred a grain of 
wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was ju 
the number of his pupils, and often con- 
sulted him in matters of state ; and once 
dissuaded him from starving himself to 
death. The ideas of Anaxagoras, concern- 
ing the heavens, were wild and extravaganr. 
He supposed that the sun was inflammable 
matter about the bigness of Peloponnesu* ; 
and that the moon was inhabited. The hea- 
vens he believed to be of stone, and tne 
e3r«h of similar nia'jsrials. Hewas accused 



AX A— ANA 



c c impiety, and condemned to die; but lie 
ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long- 
been pronounced upon him by nature. 
Being- asked whether his body should be 
carried into his own country, fie answered 
no, as the road that led to the other side of 
the grave was as Ion? from one place as the 
other. His scholar Pericles pleaded elo- 
quently and successfully for him, and the 
sentence of death was exchanged for ba- 
nishment. In prison, the philosopher is 
said to have attempted to square the circle, 
or determine exactly the proportion of its 
diameter to the circumference. When the 
people of Lompsacus asked him before his 
death, whether he wished any thing- to be 
done in commemoration of him, — \ es, says 
he, let the boys be allowed to play on the 
anniversary o'f my death. This was care- 
fully observed, and that time dedicated to 
relaxation was called Anazogoreia.—Ee 
died at Lampsacus in his 72d year, 42S B.C. 
His writings were not much" estemeed by 
his pupil Socrates.— Diog. Vi.—Flu. Pfi. '& 
Per.—Ci. Ac. Q. 4, 23. Tu. 1,43. A sta- 
tuary of iEgina.— Pa. 5, 23. A gram- 
marian, disciple to Zenodotus. — Diog. 

An orator,disciple to Socrates. — Diog. A 

*on of Echeanax, who, with his brothers 
Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias, 
tvrant of Ephesus. 

ANAXANDER, of the family of the He- 
raclidae, was son of Eurycrates, and king of 
Sparta. The second Messenian v%ar began 
m his reign, in which Aristomenes so egre- 
giously signalized himself. His son was 
called" Eurycrates. — Her. 2, 204. — Phi. Ap, 



—Pa. 



49 ANA— AX A 

soul." Upon this Nieocreon threatened to 
cut out his tongue, and Anaxarchus bit it or! 
with his teeth, "and spit it into the tyrant's 
face.— Or. lb. 571.— Plu. Si/m.'J.—Di'og. Vi. 

~Ci. Tu. 2, 22. ATheban general.— Th. 

8, 100. 

A.N AX ARETE, a girl of Salamis, who so 
arrogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, 
a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover 
hung himself at her door. She saw this sad 
spectacle without emotion or pity, and was 
changed into a stone.— Or. Me. 1*4. 748. 

ANAXENOR, a musician, whom M. An- 
tony greatly honoured, and presented with 
the tribute of four cities.— Str. 14. 
ANAXIAS, a Theban general.— Pa. 2, 22. 
ANAXIBIA, a sister of Agamemnon, mo- 
ther of seven sons and two daughters by 

Nestos.— Pa. 2, 29. r A daughter of Bias", 

brother to the physician Melampus. She 
married Pelias, king of lolchos, by whom 
she had Acastus, and four daughters, Pisi- 
dice, Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste.- 

Apol. 1, 9. She is called daughter of 

Dymas, by Hyg . fa. 14. 

ANAX1CRATES, an Athenian archon.— • 
Pa. 10, 23. 

ANAXIDAMUS, succeeded his father, 
Zeuxidamus, on the throne of Sparta.— 
Pa. 3, 

ANA XI LAS and ANAXILAOS, a Mes- 
senian tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancie, 
and was so mild and popular during his 
reign, that when he died, 476 B.C., he left 
his infant sons to the care of one of his 
servants, and the citizens chose rather to 
obey a slave than revolt from their benev 



general of Megalopolis, i lent sovereign's children.— Ju. 3, 2.— Pa. 



taken bv the Thebans, 

AN AX AND RIDES, son of Leon, and fa- 
ther to Cleomenes I., and Leonidas, was 
king of Sparta. By the order of the 
Ephori, he divorced his wife, of whom he 
was extremely fond, on account of her 
barrenness ; and he was the first Lacedae- 
monian who had two wives. — Her. 1, 5. — 

Pin. Ap. 1.— Pfi. 3, 3. A son of Theo- 

pompus. — Her. 8, 131. A comic poet of 

Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. 
He was the first poet who introduced in- 
trigues and rapes upon the stage. He was 
of such a passionate disposition, that he tore 
to pieces all his compositions which met 
no success. He composed about a hundred 



Th. 6, 5.— Her. 6, 23. A magician 

of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augus- 
tus. A Pythagorean philosopher. A 

physician. — PL 19, 1. An historian, who 

began his history with bitter invectives 
against former writers. — Dio. H. A La- 
cedaemonian.— Plu. Al. A comic writer, 

about the 100th olympiad. 

ANAXILIDES, wrote some treatises 
concerning philosophers, and mentioned 
that Plato's mother became pregnant by a 
phantom of the god Apollo, from which 
circumstance her son was called the prince 
of wisdom.— Diog. Plu. 

ANAXIMAN DER, a Milesian philoso- 
pher, the companion and disciple of Thales. 



plays, of which ten obtained the prize. He was the first who constructed spheres 
Some fragments of his poetry remain in | asserted that the earth was of a cylindrical 
Athenaeus. He was starved to death bv or- form, and taught that men were born of 
der of the Athenians, for satirizing their earth and water mixed together, and heate<! 



government.— Aris. 3, Rh. 



by the beams of the sun ; that the earth 



ANAXARCHUS, a philosopher of Abdera, ! moved, and that the moon received light 
one of the followers of Democritus, and the I from the sun, which he considered as a 



friend of Alexander, 
had been wounded 
plier pointed to the place, adding 
human blood, and not the blood of a god. 
The freedom of Anaxarchus offended Nieo- 
creon, and after Alexander's death, the tv- 
rant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, 
and pounded him in a stone mortar with 
iron hammers. He bore this with much re- 
signation, and exclaimed, " Pound the body 
of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not pound his 



When the monarch I circle of fire like a wheel, about 28 times 
battle, the philoso- ; bigger than the earth. He made the first 
that is ' geographical maps and sun-dials. He died 
1 in the 64th vear of his age, B.C. 547.— Ci. 
Ac. Q. 4, 37.— Diog. vi.—Pl. 2, 79,— Plu. 

Ph. He had a son who bore his name.— 

Sir. 1. 

ANAXIMENES, a philosopher, son of 
Erasistratus, and disciple of Aimximander, 
whom he succeeded in his school. He said 
that the air was the cause of every created 



ANA— ANC 



SO 



ANC— ANC 



being-, and a self-existent divinity, and that 
the sun, the moon, and the stars', had been 
made from the earth. He considered the 
earth as a plain, and the heavens as a solid 
concave figure, on which the stars were 
fixed like nails, an opinion prevalent at 
that time, and from which originated the 
proverb, ffroni the Greek; ti ei ouranos 
empesoi, if the heavens should fall. 9 to 

which Hoi ace has alluded, 3 Od. 3, 7. 

He died 504 vears B.C.— Ci. Ac. Q. 4, 37, 

Nat. D. 1, JO, — Plu. Ph.— PI. 2, 76. A 

native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocies. He 
was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and pre- 
ceptor to Alexander the Great, of whose 
ife, and that of Philip, he wrote the his- 
tory. When Alexander, in a fit of anger, 
threatened to put to death all the inhabi- 
tants of Lampsacus, because they had 
maintained a long siege against him, Anaxi- 
menes was sent by his countrymen to ap- 
pease the king, who, as soon as he saw 
him, swore he would not grant the favo 
he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes 
begged the king to destroy the city and 
• enslave the inhabitants / and by this artful 
request the city of Lampsacus was saved 
from destruction. Besides the life of Philip 
and his son, he wrote a history of Greece 
in 12 books, aJl now lost. His nephew bore 
the same name, and wrote an account of 
ancient paintings.— Pa. 6, 18.— Va. Ma. 7, 
3.—Diog. Vi. 
ANAXIAOLIS, a comic poet of Phasos. 

— PI. 14, 14. A writer on agriculture, 

.ikewise of Thasos. 

ANAXIPPUS, a comic writer, in the ase 
of Demetrius. He used to say, that philo- 
sophers were wise only in their speeches, 
but fools in their actions. — Ath. 

ANAXIRRHOE, a daughter of Coronus, 
who married Epeus. — Pa. 5, I. 

ANAXIS, a Boeotian historian, who wrote 
an history down to the age of Philip, son 

of Amyntas.— Di. 25. A son of Castor 

and Hiiaira. 
ANAXO, a virgin of Trcezene, carried 

away by Theseus.— Plu. Th. A daughter 

of Alceiis, mother of Alcmene by Electryon. 

ANCrfEUS, the son of Lycurgus and An- 
tinoe, was in the expedition of the Argo- 
nauts. He was at the chace of the Calydo- 
nian boar, in which he perished.— Hyg. fa. 

173.— Ov. Me. 8. The son of Neptune 

and Astypalaea. He went with the Argo- 
nauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the 
ship Argo. He reigned in Ionia, where he 
married Samia, daughter of the Maeander, 
by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, 
Samus, Alithersus, and one daughter called 
Parthenope. — Orpheus Argon. He was 
once told by one of his servants, whom he 
pressed with hard labour in his vineyard, 
that he never would taste of the produce of 
his vines. He had already the cup in his 
hand, and called the prophet to convince 
him of his falsehood ; when the servant, 
vet firm in his prediction, uttered this well- 
known proverb : 
Polla metaxu pelei kulikos hai ehcileos 
akrou, [labra. 
Mulia cadunt inter calicem supremaqne- 



that very moment Ancteus was t-- .Id tha 
a wild boar had entered his vineyard ; upon 
which he threw down the cup, and ran t<» 
drive away the wild beast. He was killed 
in the attempt. 

ANCALITES, a people of Britain nea 
the Trinobantes.— Czs. B. G. 5, 21. 

ANCAR1US, a god of the Jews.— Vidt 
Anchialus. 

ANCHARIA, a family of Rome. The 

name of Octavia's mother.— Plu. Ant. 

ANCHARIUS, a noble Roman, killed by 
the partizans of Mr.rius during the civil 
wars with Scvlla. — Ptu. Mar. 

ANCHEMOLUS, son of Rhcetus, kin? of 
the Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother- 
in-law, Casperia, for which he was expelled 
by his father. He fled to Turnus, and was 
killed by Pallas, son of Evander, in the 
wars of .Eneas against the Latins.— V. Bin. 
10, 389. 

ANCHESITES, a wind which blows from 
Anchisa, a harbour of Epirus.— Ci. At. 7, 
ep. l.—Dio. H. 

ANCHESiM US, 3 mountain of Attica, 
where Jupiter Anchesmius had a statue. 

ANCH1ALE and ANCHIALA, a city on 
the sea-coast of Cilici i. Sardanapalus, the 
last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus 
in its neighbourhood, in one day. — Str. 14. 
— PI. 5, 27. The founder was buried there, 
and had a statue, under which was a fa 
mous inscription in the Syrian lan»uajre, 
denoting the great intemperance anddissi 
pation which distinguished all his life 

There was a city of the same name in 

Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo 

There was another in Epirus. — Ov 

Tr. 1, el. 10, 36.— PL 4, 11.— Me. 2, 2. 

ANCHIALUS, a famous astrologer. 

A great warrior, father of Mentes. One 

of the Phaeacians.— H. Od. A god of the 

Jews, as some suppose, in MartiaVs epi 
grams, 11 ep. 95. 

ANCHIOMOLIUS, a Spartan general 
sent against the Pisistratid;e, and killed in 

the expedition.— Her. 5, 63. A son oi 

Rhcetus.— Vide Anchemolus. 

ANCHINOE, a daughter of Nilus, ai c, 
wife of Belus.— ApoL 2, 1. 

ANCHION. Vide Chion. 

ANCHISE, a city of Italy.— Bio. H. 

ANCH1SES, a son of Capys by Themis, 
daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beau- 
tiful complexion, that Venus came down 
from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of 
a nymph, to enjoy his company. The god- 
dess became pregnant, and forbade Anchises 
ever to mention the favours he had received, 
on pain of being struck with thunder. The 
child which Venus brought forth, was called 
iEneas ; he was educated as soon as born 
by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a pro- 
per age, was entrusted to the care of Chiron 
the centaur. When Troy was taken, 
Anchises was become so infirm thatiEneas, 
to whom the Greeks permitted to take away 
whatever he esteemed most, carried him 
through the flames upon his shoulders, and 
thus saved his life. He accompanied his 
son in his voyage towards Italy, and died 
in Sicily, in the 60th year of his age. He 



ANC— ANC 



51 



ANC— AND 



was buried on mount Eryx, by ./Eneas and 
/Ecestes, kin? of the country, and the anni- 
versary of his death was afterwards cele- 
brated by his son, and the Trojans on his 
tomb. Some authors have maintained, 
that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of 
Venus, and boasted at a feast, that he en- 
joyed her favours on mount Ida, upon which 
he was killed with thunder. Others say, 
that the wounds he received from the thun- 
der were not mortal, and that they only 
weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, 
in the 6th book of ttieiEneid, introduces him 
in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the 
fates that were to attend him, and the for- 
tune of his descendants the Romans.- [Vide 
/Eneas.] V. JEn. 1.— Hyg. fa. 94.— Hes. 
Th. WlO.—Apol. 3.— Or. F. 4, 34.— H. II. 
10. $ Hy. Ven.—Xen. Cyn. c. 1.— Dio. H. I. 
Ant. Rom. — Pa. 3, 12, says, that Anchises 
was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, 
w hich, from him, has been called Anchisia. 
■ — -An Athenian archon.— Dio. H. 8. 

ANCHISIA, a mountain of Arcadia, at 
the bottom of which was a monument of 
Anchises.— Pa. 8, 12. 

ANCHISf ADES, a patronymic of ^neas, 
as being the son of Anchises.— V. JEn. 6, 348. 

ANCHOE, a place near the mouth of 
the Cephisus, where there is a lake of the 
same name.— Sir. 
ANCHORA, a fortified place in Galatia. 
ANCHURUS, a son of Midas, king of 
Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for the good 
of his country when the earth had opened 
and swallowed up many buildings. The 
oracle had been consulted, and gave for 
answer, that the gulf would never close, if 
Midas did not throw into it whatever he 
had most precious. Though the king had 
parted with many things of immense value, 
Vet the gulf continued open, till Anchorus 
thinking himself the most precious of his 
father's possessions, took a tender leave of 
his wife and family, and leaped into the 
earth, which closed immediately over his 
head. Midas erected there an altar of 
Ptones to Jupiter, and that altar was the 
first object which he turned to gold, when 
he had received his fatal gift from the gods. 
This unpolished lump of gold existed still 
in the a<?e of Plutarch.— Flu. Par. 

ANCILE and ANCYLE, a sacred shield, 
which, according to the Roman authors, 
fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, 
when the Roman people laboured under a 
pestilence. Upon the preservation of this 
shield depended the fate of the Roman 
empire, and therefore Numa ordered 11 of 
the same size and form to be made, that if 
ever any attempt was made to carry them 
away, the plunderer might find it difficult 
to distinguish the true one. They were 
made with such exactness, that the king 
promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, 
whatever reward he desired. [Vide Ma- 
murius.] They were kept in the temple of 
" esta, and an order of priests was chosen 
n watch over their safety. These priests 
=v<re called Salii, and were 12 in number; 
.ney carried every year, on the first of 
March, the shields in a solemn procession 



round the walls of Rome, dancing and 
singing praises to the god Mars. This sa- 
cred festival continued three days, during 
which every important business was stopped. 
It was deemed unfortunate to be married 
on those days, or to undertake any expe- 
dition, and Tac. in 1 Hist, has attributed 
the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor 
Otho against Vitellius, to his leaving 
Rome during the celebration of the Ancy- 
liorum festum. These two verses of Ovid 
explain the origin of the word Ancyle, 
which is applied to these shields : 
Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte 

recisum est, 
Quemque notes oculis, angvlusomnis abest. 

Fast. 3, v. 377, SfC. 
Var. L. L. 5. Q.—Va. Ma. I, 1.— Juv. 2, 
124.— Ptu. Num.—V. JEn. 8, 664.— Dio. H. 
2.— Li. 1, 20. 

ANCON and ANCONA, a town of Pice- 
num, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour 
in the form of a crescent or elbow, (from 
the Greek, agchon) on the shores of the 
Adriatic. Near this place is the famous 
chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish 
historians to have been brought through 
the air by angels, August 10, A.D. 1291, 
from Judaea, where it was a cottage, inha- 
bited by the Virgin Mary. The reputed 
sanctity of the place has often brought 
100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. — 
PI. 3, 13.— Luc. 2, 402.— Ital. 8, 437. 

ANCUSMARTIUS,the4thkingof Rome, 
was grandson to Numa, by his daughter. 
He waged a successful war against the 
Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and 
Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to 
the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount 
Martius and the Aventine within the wails 
of the city. He extended the confines of 
the Roman territories to the sea, where he 
built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of 
the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Ro- 
mulus with the moderation of Numa. He 
died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, 
and was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. — 
Dio. H. 3, 9.— Li. 1, 32.-FI. 1, 4.—V. 
JEn. 6, 815. 

ANCYRiE, a town of Sicilv. A town 

of Phyrgia.— Pa. I. 
AN DA, a city of Africa.— Pol. 
ANDABATiE, certain gladiators who 
fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, 
Andabatarum more, to denote rash and in- 
considerate measures.— Ci. 6, Fam. ep. 10. 

ANDANIA, a city of Arcadia, where 
Aristomenes was educated. — Pa. 4, 1. It 
received its name from a gulph of the same 
name.— Id. 4, 33. 

ANDEGAVIA, a country of Gaul, near 
the Turones and the ocean. — Ta. An. 3, 41. 
ANDERA, a town of Phrvgia. 
ANDES, a nation amongst the Celtce, 

now Anjou.—CcES. 2. B. G. 35. A village 

of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was 
born : hence Andinus.—Ital. 8, 595. 

ANOOC1DES, an Athenian orator, son 
of Leogoras. He lived in the age of So- 
crates the philosopher, and was intimate 
with the>most illustrious men of his as;e. 
He was often banished but his dexterity 



ANu— 52 AND- 



ilvvays restored him to favour. Pin. Iras 
written his life in 10 orat. Four of his ora- 
tions are extant. 

AN DOMAT1S, a river in India, faJlm? 
into the Gauges.— Arr. 

A X DROMON, the rather of Thaos.— 
Hi/g. fa. 97. The son-in-law and suc- 
cessor of CEneus. — Apol. 1. 

ANDRAGATHIUS, a tyrant, defeated by 
Gratian, A.D. 383, &c. 

AN DRAGATHUS, a man bribed by Lysi- 
machus to betravhis country ,kc.—Poiy. 4,1 2. 

AN DRAGORAS, a man who died a sud- 
den death.— Mart. 6, ep. 53. 

AN DRAMYLES, a king- of Lydia, who 
castrated women, and made use of them as 
eunuchs.— Ath. 

ANDREAS, a statuary of Argos.— Pa. 6, 

16. A man of Panormum, who wrote an 

account of all the remarkable events that 

had happened in Sicily. — Ath. A son of 

the Peneus. Part of Bceotia, especially 
where Orchomenos was built, was called 
Andrcis after him.— Pa. 9, 34. 

ANDRICLUS, a mountain of Cilicia.— 

Sir. 14. A river of Troas, tailing- into 

the Scamander. — PI. 5, 27. 

ANDRISCUS, a man who wrote an his- 
tory of Naxos.— Ath. I. A worthless 

person called PseudophiUppus , on account 
of the likeness of his teatures to king 
Philip. He incited the Macedonians tore- 
volt against Rome, and was conquered and 
led in triumph by Metellus, 1-52 B.C.— 
Fl. 2, 14. 

ANDROBIUS, a famous painter.— PI. 
35, n. 

ANDROCLEA, a daughter of Antipoenus 
of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sa- 
crificed herself in the service of her country, 
when the oracle had promised the victory 
to her countrymen, who were engag-ed in 
a war against Orchomenos, if any one of 
noble birth devoted himself for the glory 
of his nation. Antipoenus refused to do it, 
and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, 
and received great honours after death. 
Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, 
dedicated to them the imasre of a lion in the 
temple of Diana. — Pa. 9, 17. 

ANDROCLF.S, a son of Phintas who 

reigned in Messenia. — Pa. 4, 5. A man 

who wrote the history of Cyprus. 

ANDROCLIDF.S, a noble Theban who 
defended the democratical, against the en- 
croachments of the oligarchical power. 

He was killed by one of his enemies. 

A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave 
an account of philosophers. 

AN DROCLDS, a son of Codrus, who 
reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Sa- 
mo's.— Pa. 7, 2. 

ANDROCYDES, a physician who wrote 
the following letter to Alexander :—Vinum 
potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sangui- 
nem terra, sicuti venerium est homini cituta, 
sic el vinum. — PI. 14, 5. 

AN DRODAIWUS. — Vide Andromadas. 

ANDRODUS.a slave known and protected 
in the Roman circus, by a lion whose foot 
he had cured. — Gel. o, 15. 

AN DROGEOS, a Greek, killed by .'Eneas 



and his friends, whom he took to be hh 
countrymen.— V. JEn. 2, 371. 

ANDROGEUS, son of Minos and Pa- 
siphae, was famous for his skill in wrestling. 
He overcame every antagonist at Athens, 
and became such a favourite of the people, 
that iEgeus, king of the country, grew 
jealous of his popularity, and caused him 
to be assassinated as he was going to Thebes. 
Some say t at he was killed by the wild 
bull of Marathon. Minos declared war 
against Athens to revenge the death of his 
son, and peace was at last re-established on 
condition that iEgeus sent yearly seven 
boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete 
to be devoured by the minotaur. [Vide 
Minotaurus.] The Athenians established fes- 
tivals by order of Minos, in honour of his 
son, and called them Androgeia.— Hyg. fa. 
41.— Di. 4.— V. 3Ln. 6, 20.— .Per. 1, l.—Apol. 
5,~Plu. Th. 

ANDROGYNE, a fabulous nation of 
Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every one 
of them bore the characteristics of the 
male and female sex ; and one of their 
breasts was that of a man, and the other 
that of a woman. — Lucr. 5, 837.— Pi. 7, 2. 

ANDROMACHE, a daughter of Eetion, 
king of Thebes in Cilicia, marned Hector 
son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she 
had Astyanax. She was so fond of her 
husband, that she even fed his horses with 
her own hand. During the Trojan war she 
remained at home employed in her domestic 
concerns. Her parting "with Hector, who 
was goingto a battle, in which he perished, 
has always been deemed the best, most ten- 
der, and pathetic of all the passages in Ho- 
mer's Iliad. She received the news of her 
husband's death with extreme sorrow; and 
after the taking of Troy, she had the mis- 
fortune to see her only son Astyanax, after 
she had saved him from the flames, thrown 
headlong from the walls of the city, by the 
hands ot the man whose father had killed 
her husband. (Sen. Tr.) Andromache, in 
the division of the prisoners by the Greeks, 
fell to the share of Nenptolemus, who 
treated her as his wife, and carried her to 
Epirus. He had by her three sous, Molossus, 
Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards re- 
pudiated her. After this divorce she mar- 
ried Helenus, son of Priam, who, as herse:f, 
was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with 
him over part of "the country, and became 
mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say that 
Astyanax" was killed by Ulysses, and Euri- 
pides savs that Menelaus put him to death, 
— H. II.' 6, 22.— Q. Cat. \.— V. JEn. 3, 486. 
—Hi/g.fa. V23.— l)a. Ph.—Ov. Am. 1, el. 6, 
35. IV. 5, el. 6, 43.— Apol. 3, 12.— Pa. 1,11. 

AN DROM ACHIDjE, a nation who pre- 
sented to their king all the virgins who 
were of nubile years, and permitted him to 
use them as he "pleaded. 

ANDRO.MACHUS, an opulent peison of 
Sicily, father to the historian Timaeus.— 
Diod". 16. He assisted Timoleon in recover- 
ing the liberty of the Syracusans. A ge- 
neral of Alexander, to whom Parnienio gave 
the government of Syria. He was burnt 
alive by the Samaritans.— Curt. 4, 5. An 



AND— AND 



5i 



AND—AN I 



officer of Selencus the younger.— Poly. 4. 

A poet of Byzantium. A physician of 

Crete in the age of Nero. A sophist of 

Naples, in the age of Dioclesian. 

AN DROMADUS or ANDRODAMUS, a 
native of Rhegium, who made laws for the 
Thracians concerning the punishment of 
homicide, &c— Arist. 

ANDROMEDA, a daughter of Cepheus, 
king of Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She was 
promised in marriage to Phineus, her un- 
cle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom, 
and sent a sea monster to ravage the coun- 
try, because Cassiope had boasted herself 
fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The 
oracle of Jupiter Amnion was consulted, and 
nothing could stop the resentment of Nep- 
tune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the 
sea monster. She was accordingly tied naked 
on a rock, and at the moment that the 
monster was going to devour her, Perseus, 
w ho returned through the air from the con- 
quest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was 
captivated with her beauty. He promised 
to deliver her and destroy the sea monster, 
if he received her in marriage as a reward 
for his trouble. Cepheus consented, and 
Perseus changed the sea monster intc h 
rock, by shewing him Medusa's head, and 
untied Andromeda and married her. He 
had by her many children, among whom 
were Sthenelus, Ancseus, and Electryon. 
The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus 
was opposed by Phineus, who after a bloody 
(battle was changed into a stone by Perseus. 
Some say that Minerva made Andromeda 
a constellation in heaven after her death. 
'Vide Medusa, Perseus.]— Hyg. fa. 64.— Ci. 
Nat. D. 2, 43.— Apol. 2, A.— Man. 5, 533. 

—Prop. 3, el. 21. According to PI. 1.5, 

31, it was at Joppa in Judaea that Andromeda 
was tied on the rock. He mentions that 
the huge sea monster, to which she had 
been exposed, was brought to Rome by 
Scaurus and carefully preserved. The fable 
of Andromeda and the sea monster has been 
explained, by supposing that she was courted 
by the captain of a ship, who attempted to 
carry her away, but was prevented by the 
interposition of another more faithful lover. 

ANDRON, an Arrive who travelled all 
over the deserts of Lybia without drink.— 

Arist. 1, Ebr. A man set over the citadel 

of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates 
advised him to seize it and revolt from the 
tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant 
put him to death for not discovering that 
Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. 

— Poly. 5, 2. A man of Halicarnassus 

who composed some historical works.— Plu. 
Th.- -A native of Ephesus, who wrote an 
account of the seven wise men of Greece. 

■-Diog. A man of Argos. Another of 

Alexandria, kc.—Apol. Hint. Mir, 25.— Ath. 

ANDRON ICUS, a peripatetic philosopher 
of Rhodes, who nourished 59 years B. C. 
He was the first who published and reviseu 
the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. 
His periphrasis 15 extant, the best edition of 
which is that of Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1617. 
—Plu. Si. A Latin poet, in the age of Cae- 
sar. A Latin grammarian whose lite 



Suetonius has written. A king of Lydia, 

surnamed Alpyus. One of Are.vander's 

officers. One of the officers of Antioclms 

Epiphanes. An astronomer of Athens 

who built a marble octagonal tower in 
honour of the eight principal winds, on the 
top of which was placed a Triton with a 
stick in his hand, pointing always to the 
side whence the wind blew. 

ANDRONICUS LIVIUS. Vide Livius. 

AN DROPHAGI, a savage nation or Euro- 
pean Scythia.— Her. 4, 18, 102. 

ANDROPOMPUS, a Theban who killed 
Xanthus in single combat byfraud.--Pa.2, 18. 

ANDROS, an island in the jEgean sea, 
known by the different names of Epagrys, 
Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nona- 
gria. Its chief town was called Andros. It 
had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a 
temple with a fountain, whose waters during 
the ides of January tasted like wine. It re- 
ceived the name of Andros from Andros son 
of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the 
time of the Trojan war.— Or. Me. 13, 648.— 
V. JEn. 3, SO.— Jut: 3, 70.— PI. 2, 103 — 
Me. 1 & 2. 

ANDROSTHENES, one of Alexander's 
generals, sent with a ship on the coast of 

Arabia.— Arr. 7, 10.— Sir. 16. A governoi 

ofThessaly, who favoured the interest o. 
Pompey. He was conquered by J. Caesar. 

— Ctes. 3, B. C. 80. A statuary of Thebes. 

Pa. 10, 19. A geographer in the age of 

Alexander. 

ANDROTRION, a Greek, who wrote a 
history of Attica, and a treatise on agri- 
culture.— P^.— Pa. 10, 8. [Pa. 8,28. 

ANELONTIS, a river near Colophon. - 

ANERASTUS, a king of Gaul. 

ANEMOLIA, a city of Phocis, afterwards 
called Hyampolis. — Str. 

ANEMOSA,a village of A rcadia.-Pa.8,35. 

ANFINOMUS and ANAPIUS, rather 
Amphinomus, which Vide. 

ANGELIA, a daughter of Mercury. 

ANGELION, a statuary, who made 
Apollo's statue at Delphi.— Pa. 2, 32. 

ANGELUS, a son of Neptune, born in 
Chios, of a nymph whose name is unknown. 
—Pa. 7, 4. 

ANC1TES, a river of Thrace falling into 
the Styrmon.— Her. 7, 113 

ANGL1, a people of Germany, at the 
north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a 
branch of the Saxons, the English have 
derived their name.— Ta. G. 40. 

ANGRUS, a river of Illyricum, flowing 
in a northern direction. — Her. 4, 49. 

ANGUITIA, a wood in the country of 
the Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and 
Alba. Serpents it is said could not injure 
the inhabitants, because they were descended 
from Circe, whose power over those veno- 
mous creatures has been much celebrated. 
— Sil. 8.—V. JEn. 7,759. 

ANIA, a Roman widow, celebrated for 
her beauty. One of her friends advised her 
to marry again. No, said she, if I marry a 
man as affectionate as my first husband, I 
shall be apprehensive for his death ; and it 
he is bad, why have him, after such a kind 
and indulgent one ? 

F 3 



AN I -ANN 54 



ANN— ANN 



ANICETUS, a son of Hercules, by Hebe 

the goddess of youth. — Apol. 2. A freed- 

man who directed the education of Nero, 
and became the instrument of his crimes. 
—Sue. Ner. 

ANICIA, a family at Rome, which, in 
tiie flourishing times of the republic, pro- 
duced many brave and illustrious citizens. 
A relation of Atticus.— C. Nep. 

ANICIUM, a town of Gaul.— Cces.B.G.l. 

ANICIUS GALLUS triumphed o\er the 
Illyrians and their king Gentius, and was 

propraetor of Rome, A.O.C. 585. A con- 

sul with Corn. Cethegus. A.U.C. 594. 

Probus, a Roman Consul in the fourth cen- 
tury, famous for his humanity. 

A'NIGRUS, a river of Thessaly, where 
the Centaurs washed the wounds w hich they 
had received from Hercules, and made the 

waters unwholsome.— Ov. Me. 15, 261. 

The nymphs of this river are called Ani- 
griade?.— Pa. 5, 6. 

AMO and AMIEN, now TAVERONE, a 
river of Italy, flowing through the country 
of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, 
about five miles at the north of Rome. It 
receives its name, as some suppose, from 
Auius, a king of Etruria, who drowned 
.limself there when he could not recover 
his daughter, who had been carried away. 
—St. I. Sy. 3, 20. — V. JEn. 7, 683.— St. 5 — 
Hor. 1, od. 7, 13 — Plu. Fo. Ro. 

ANTIGORGIS, a city of Spain, near 
which a battle was fought between Asdrubal 
and the Scipios. — Li. 25, 33. 

AN I US, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was 
king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He 
had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, 
Spermo, and Elaias, to whom Bacchus had 
given the power of changing w hatever they 
pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When 
Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he 
wished to carry them with him to supply 
his army with provisions ; but they com- 
plained to Bacchus, who changed them 
into doves.— Ov. Me. 13, 642.— Dio. H. I.— 
Di. b.—V. Mn. 3, 80. 

ANNA, a goddess, in whose honour the 
Romans instituted festivals. She was, ac- 
cording to some, Anna, the daug-liter of 
Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sis- 
ter's death fled from Carthage, which Jar- 
bas had besieged, and came to Italy, where 
iEneas met her, as he walked on the banks 
of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable 
reception, for the kindnesses she had shown 
him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia, 
the wife of iEneas, was jealous of the ten- 
der treatment which was shown to Anna, 
and meditated her ruin. Anna was ap- 
prised of this by her sister in a dream, and 
she fled to the river Numicus, of w hich she 
became a deity, and ordered the inhabi- 
tants to call her lAnna Perenna, because 
she would remain for ever under the waters. 
Her festivals were performed with many 
rejoicings, and the females often, in the 
midst ot their cheerfulness, forgot their na- 
tural decency. They were introduced into 
Rome, and celebrated the 12th of March. 
The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to 
obtain a long and happy life; and hence 



the words Annare and Perennare. Some 
have supposed Anna to be the moon, quia 
mcnsibus impleat annum; others call her 
Themis, or lo, the daughter of Inachus, 
and sometimes Maia. Another more re- 
ceived opinion maintains, that Anna was 
an old industrious woman of Bovillse, who, 
when the Roman populace had fled from 
the city to mount Sacer, brought them 
cakes every day ; for which kind treatment 
the Romans, when peace was re-established, 
decreed immortal honours to her whom 
fhey called Perenna, ab perennilate cultus, 
and" who, as thev supposed, was become 
one of their deities.— Ov. F. 3, 653.— Sil. 8, 
79.— £n. 4, 9. 

ANNA COM MEN A, a princess of Con- 
stantinople, known to the world for the 
Greek history which she wrote, of her 
father Alexius" emperor of tne east. The 
character of this history is not very high 
for authenticity or beauty of composition ; 
the historian is lost in the daughter ; and 
instead of simplicity of style and narrative, 
as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation 
of rhetoric and science betrays in every 
page the vanity of a female author. The 
best edition of" Anna Commena, is that of 
Paris, folio, 1651. 

ANNiEUS, a Roman familywhich wassub- 
divided into the Lucani, Senecae, Flori, Sec. 

AN NALES, a chronological history which 
gives an account of all the important events 
of every year in a state, without entering 
into the causes which produced them. The 
annals of Tacitus may be considered in 
this light. In the first ages of Rome, the 
writing of the annals was one of the duties 
and privileges of the high-priest, whence 
thev have Deen called Annates Maximi, 
from the priest Pontifex Maximus, who 
consecrated them, and gave them as truly 
genuine and authentic. 

ANNA LIS LEX settled the age at which, 
among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- 
mitted to exercise the offices of the state. 
This law originated in Athens, ,and was 
introduced in "Rome. No man could be a 
knight before 18 years of age, nor be in- 
vested with the consular power before he 
had arrived to his 25th year. 
ANN 1ANUS, a poet in theasre of Trajan. 
ANNIBAL, a celebrated Carthaginian 
general, son of Amilcar. He was educated 
in his father's camp, and inured from his 
early vears to the labours of the field. 
He passed into Spain when nine years 
old, and at the request of his father, 
took a solemn oath that he never would 
be at peace with the Romans. After his 
father's death, he was appointed over the 
cavalry in Spain ; and some time atfer, 
upon the death of Asdrubal, he was in- 
vested with the command of all the armies 
of Carthage, though not in the 26th year of 
his age. In three years of continual suc- 
cess, he subdued ail the nations of Spain 
which opposed the Carthaginian power, 
and took Sasruntum after a siege of eight 
months. This city was in alliance with the 
Romans, and its fall was the cause of the 
second Punic war, which Annibal prepared 



ANN-ANN 55 ANN- ANN 

during' sixteen years he had kept uMer 
continual alarms, and which he could 
almost call his own. He and Scipio met 
near Carthage, and after a parlev, in which 
neither would give tlie preference to his 
enemy, they determined to come to a ge- 
neral engagement. The battle was fought 
near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter 
of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the 
same number made prisoners. Annibal, 
after he had lost the day, fled to Adrume- 
tum. Soon after this decisive battle, the 
Romans granted peace to Carthage, on 
hard conditions ; and afterwards Annibal, 
who was jealous and apprehensive of the 
Roman power, fled to Syria, to king Anti- 
ochus, whom he advised to make war 
against the Romans, and lead an army into 
the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted 
the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered 
by the Romans, who granted him peace on 
the condition of his delivering their mortal 
enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was 
apprised of this, left the court of Antiochu-, 
and fled to Prusias, king of Bithynia. He 
encouraged him to declare war against 
Rome, and even assisted him in weakening 
the power of Eurnenes, king of Pergamus, 
who was in alliance with the Romans. The 
senate received intelligence that Annibal 
was in Bithynia, and immediately sent am- 
bassadors, amongst whom was L. Q. Fla- 
minius, to demand him of Prusias. The 
king was unwilling to betray Annibal and 
violate the laws of hospitality, but at the 
same time he dreaded the power of Rome. 
Annibal extricated him from his embarrass- 
ment, and when he heard that his house 
was besieged on every side, and all means 
of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, 
which he always carried with him in a 
ring on his finger, and as he breathed his 
last, he exclaimed, Solvamus, diuturna 
cura populum Romanum, quando mortem 
senis expectare longum censet. He died in 
his 70th year, according to some, about 182 
years B.C. That year was famous for the 
deaths of the three greatest generals of the 
age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopcemen. 
The death of so formidable a rival was the 
cause of great rejoicings in Rome ; he had 
always been a professed enemy to the Ro- 
man name, and ever endeavoured to destroy 
its power. If he shone in the field, he also 
distinguished himself by his studies. He 
was taught Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedaemo- 
nian, and he even wrote some books in that 
language on different subjects. It is re- 
markable, that the life of Annibal, whom 
the Romans wished so many times to destroy 
by perfidy, was never attempted by any o'f 
his soldiers or countrymen. He made him- 
self as conspicuous in the government of 
the state, as at the head of armies, and 
though his enemies reproached him witn 
the rudeness of laughing in the Carthagi- 
nian senate, while every senator was bathed 
in tears for the misfortunes of the country, 
Annibal defended himself by saying, that 
he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, 
ought to be dispensed with all the more 
polished feelings of a capital. He was so 



to support with all the courage and pru- 
rience of a consummate general. He levied 
three large armies, one of which he sent 
to Africa, he left another in Spain, and 
marched at the head of a third towards 
Italy. This army some have calculated at 
20,000 foot and 6000 horse; others say that 
it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. 
—Li. 21, 38. He came to the Alps, which 
were deemed almost inaccessible, and had 
,iever been passed over before him but by 
Hercules, and after much trouble he gained 
the top in nine days. He conquered the 
uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his 
passage, and after the amazing loss of 
:i0,000 men, made his way so easy, by 
softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, 
that even his armed elephants descended 
the mountains without danger or difficulty, 
where a man disencumbered of his arms 
could not walk before in safety. He was 
opposed by the Romans as soon as he en- 
tered Italy; and after he had defeated P. 
Corn. Scipio and Sempronius, ntar the 
Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed 
the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He 
defeated the army of the consul Flaminius 
near the lake Trasimenus, and soon after 
met the two consuls C. Terentius and L. 
^Emilius at Cannae. His army consisted of 
40,000 foot and 10,000 horse when he en- 
gaged the Romans at the celebrated battle 
of Cannae. The slaughter was so great, 
that no less than 40,000 Romans were killed, 
and the conqueror made a bridge with the 
lead carcasses ; and as a sign of his victory, 
he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold 
rings which had been taken from 5630 
Roman knights slain in the battle. Had 
Annibal, immediately after the battle, 
inarched his army to the gates of Rome, it 
must bave yielded amidst the general con- 
sternation, if we believe the opinions of 
some writers ; but his delay gave the enemy 
spirit and boldness, and when at last he ap- 
proached the walls, he was informed that 
tiie piece of ground on which his army 
then stood, was selling at a high price in 
the Roman forum. After hovering for 
some time round the city, he retired to 
Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers 
won forgot to conquer in the pleasures and 
riot of this luxurious city. From that cir- 
< umstance it has been said, and with pro- 
priety, that Capua was a Cannae to Anni- 
bal. After the battle of Cannae the Romans 
became more cautious, and when the dic- 
tator Fabius Maximus had defied the arti- 
fice as well as the valour of Annibal, they 
began to look for better times. Marcellus, 
who succeeded Fabius in the field, first 
taught the Romans that Annibal was not 
invincible. After many important debates 
in the senate, it was decreed, that war 
should be carried into Africa, to remove 
Annibal from the gates of Rome; and 
Scipio, who was the first proposer of the 
plan, was empowered to put it in execu- 
tion. When Carthage saw the enemy on 
her coasts, he recalled Annibal from Italy ; 
and that great general is said to have left, 
Aub. tear* ia his eves, a country, which 



ANN-ANN 56 ANN— ANT 

powered by Hcrmocrates, an exiled Svra- 

cusan.— Jii. 22. A Carthaginian, sur- 

named Senior. He was conquered by tlie 
consul, C. Sulpit. Paterculus, in Sardinia, 
and hung: on across by his countrymen for 
his ill success. 

ANNICER1S, an excellent charioteer of 
Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving 
a chariot before Plato and the academy. 
When the philosopher was wantonly sold bv 
Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed his friend, 
and he shewed further his respect for learn- 
ing-, by establishing a sect at Cyrene, called 
after his name, which maintained that al! 
good consisted in pleasure.— Ci. Off". 3.— 
jDiog. Plat. Aris.—m. V. H. 2, 27. 

ANNIUS SCAPULA, a Roman of great 
dignity, put to death for conspiring agains* 
Cassius.— Hir. Al. 55. 

ANNON or HANNON, a Carthaginian 
general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and 
sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar, 
whom Annibal sent privately over the 
Rhone to conquer the Gauls.— Li. 21, 27. 

A Carthaginian who taught birds to 

sing " Annon is a god," after which hf 
restored them to their native liberty; hut 
the birds lost with their slavery what they 
had been taught.—^:/. V. H. ult. lib. 3C 

■ A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Piujic 

language, the account of a voyage he lw/J 
made round Africa. This book was trans- 
lated into Greek, and is still extant.— Voss. 
Hist. Gr. 4. Another banished from Car- 
thage for taming a lion for his own amuse- 
ment, which was interpreted as if he wished 
to aspire to sovereign power.— PI. 8, 16. 

This name has been common to many 

Carthaginians who have signalized them- 
selves among their countrymen during the 
Punic wars against Rome, and in their 
wai;s against the Sicilians.— Li. 26. 

ANOPjEA, a mountain and road near the 
river Asepos.— Her. 7, 216. 

ANSER, a Roman poeL whom Ovid, TV. 
3. ei. 1, 425, calls bold and impertinent. 
Virgil and Propertius are said to have 
played upon his name with some degree of 
severitv. 

ANSIBARII, a People of Germany.— Ta. 
An. 13, 55. 
ANTjEA, a wife of Proteus, called also 

Stenobgea. — H. II. A goddess worshipped 

by the inhabitants of Antium. 

ANTiEAS, a king of Scythia, who said 
that the neighing of a horse was far pre- 
ferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous 
musician who had been taken captive.— Plu. 

ANTjEUS, a giant of Libya, son of Terra 
and Neptune. He was so strong in wrest- 
ling, that he boasted that he would erect a 
temple to his father with the skulls of his 
conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked 
him, and as he received new strength from 
his mother as often as he touched the 
ground, the hero lifted him up in the air, 
and squeezed him to death in his arms.— 
Luc. 4, 598.— St. 6, 77/. 893.— Juv. 3, 88. 

A servant of Atticus.— Ci. At. 13, ep. 

44. A friend of Turnus, killed by /Eneas. 

—V. JF.tt. 10, 561. 

AM f AGOKAS. a 'van of Cos.- Pa. 3. 5. 



apprehensive for his safety, that when he 
was in Bithynia, bis house was fortified 
like a castie, and on every side there were 
secret doors which could give immediate 
escape if his life was ever attempted. 
When he quitted Italy, and embarked on 
board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly sus- 
pected the fidelity of his pilot, who told 
him that the lofty mountain which appeared 
at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, 
that he killed him on the spot ; and when 
he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave 
a magnificent burial to the man whom he 
had so falsely murdered, and called the 
promontory by his name. The labours 
which he sustained and the inclemency of 
the weather to which he exposed himself 
in crossing the Alps, so weakened one of 
his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of 
it. The Romans have celebrated the huma- 
nity of Annibal, who, after the battle of 
Cannae, sought the body of the fallen con- 
sul amidst the heaps of "slain, and honoured 
it with a funeral becoming the dignity of 
Rome. He performed the same friendly 
offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tib. 
Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He 
often blamed the unsettled measures of his 
country ; and when the enemy had thrown 
into his camp the head of his brother As- 
drubal, who had been conquered as he 
came from Spain with a reinforcement into 
Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian 
arms would no longer meet with their 
usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of An- 
nibal, observes, that the ring which caused 
his death made a due atonement to the Ro- 
mans for the many thousand rings which 
had been sent to Carthage from the battle 
of Cannae. Annibal, when in Spain, mar- 
ried a woman of Castulo. The Romans en- 
tertained such a hisrh opinion of him as a 
commander, that Scipio, who conquered him 
calls him the greatest general that ever 
lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrr- 
hus the Epirot, and places himself the next 
to these in merit and abilities. It is plain 
that the failure of Annibal's expedition in 
Italy, did not arise from his neglect, but 
from that of his countrymen, who gave 
him no assistance ; far from imitating their 
enemies of Rome, who even raised in one 
year 18 legions to oppose the formidable 
Carthaginian. Livy has painted the cha- 
racter of Annibal like an enemy, and it is 
much to be lamented that this celebrated 
historian has withheld the tribute due to 
the merits and virtues of the greatest of 
generals.— C. Nep. vi.—Li.1\. — Pul.Flam. 
—Ju. 32, 4.— Si. It. \.—App.—Fl. 2.— Pol. 
—Di.—Juv. 10, 159.— Fa. Ma.—Hor. 4, 

Od. 4, Epo. 16. The son of the great 

Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Liiybaeum, 
which was besieged by the Romans to keep 

the Sicilians in their duty. — Pol. 1. A 

Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, 
commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 
years before the birth of the great Annibal. 

— Ju. 19, 2.— Xen. H. Gr<e. A son of 

Giscon, and grandson of Amilcar, sent by 
the Carthaginians to the assistance o"f 
A'gista, a town of Sicily. He was over-, 



ANT- ANT 



57 



ANT -ANT 



— —A Rhodian poet, much admired by An- 
tigonus.— Id. 1, 2. One day, as he was cook- 
ing- some fish, the king- asked him whether 
Homer ever dressed any meals when he 
was recording- the actions of Ag-amemnon ] 
And do you think, replied the poet, that he 
o laoi V epitetrapkatai h&i tpssa memele, 
(from the Greek), ever inquired whether 
any individual dressed fish in his army] — 
Piu. Si/m. <$• Ap. 

ANTALClDAS of Sparta, son of Leon, 
was sent into Persia, where he made a 
peace wi.h Artaxerxes very disadvanta- 
geous to his country, by which, B.C. 387, 
the Greek cities of Asia became tributary 
to the Persian monarch.— Pa. 9, 1, &c— 
Di. u.—Plu. Art. 

ANTANDER, a general of Messenia, 
against the Spartans.— Pa. 4, 7. A bro- 
ther of Agathocles, tyrantofSicily.— Jw.22,7. 

ANTAN DROS, now St. Dimitri, a city of 
Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which 
iEneas built his fleet after the destruction 
of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cim- 
meris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a 
hill in its neighbourhood called Alexan- 
dria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, 
when the three rival goddesses appeared 
before him when contending for the prize 
of bcautv.— Str. 13.— V. JEn. z. 6.— Me. 1, 18. 

A N TERB ROG 10 S, an ambassador to Cae- 
sar from the Riiemi, a nation of Gaul. — 
Cess. B. G. 2, 3. 

ANTEIUS PUBLIUS, was appointed over 
Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition 
and conspiracy, and drank poison, which 
operating slowly, obliged him to open his 
veins.— Ta. An. 13. 

ANTEMNiE, a city of the Sabines be- 
tween Rome and the Anio, whence the name 
{ante amnen).— V. Mn. 7, 631.— Dio. H. 

ANTENOR, a Trojan prince related to 
Priam. It is said that during the Trojan 
war, he always kept a secret correspond- 
ence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Me- 
nelaus and Ulysses. In the council of 
Priam, Homer introduces him as advising- 
the Trojans to restore Helen and conclude 
the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away 
the Trojan palladium, arid encouraged the 
Greeks to make the wooden horse, which, 
at his persuasion, was brought into the city 
of Troy by a breach made in the walls. 
iEneas has been accused of being a partner 
in his guilt ; and the night that Troy was 
taken, they had a number of Greeks sta- 
tioned at the doors of their houses to pro- 
tect them from harm. After the destruc- 
tion of his country, Antenor migrated into 
Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the 
town of Padua. His children were also 
concerned in the Trojan war, and dis- 
played much valour against the Greeks. 
Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Age- 
nor, and according to others, Polydamas 
and Helicaon.— Li. l, 1.— PI. 3, 13.— V. 
JEn. 1, 2-12.— Ta. 16, 21.— Ho. 11. 3.—0v. 
Me. 13.— Die. Cr.b.—Da. Ph. Q.—Str. 13.— 

Dio. H. \.—Pa. lo, 27. A statuary — Pa. 

■ A Cretan v/ho wrote a historv of his 

country.— ML 

4NTENOR1DES a patronymic given to 



the three sons of Antennr, an killed during 
the Trojan war. — V. JEn. 6, 484. 

ANTEROS, (anti eros, against love, from 
the Greek,) a son of Mars and Venus. He 
was not, as the derivation of his name im 
plies, a deity that presided over an oppo 
sition to love, but he was the god of mutual 
love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had 
complained to Themis, that her son Cupid 
always continued a child, and was told, that 
if he had another brother, he would grrow 
up in a short space of time. As soon as 
Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength 
increase, and his wings enlarge ; but if ever 
his brother was at a distance from him, he 
found himself reduced to his ancient shape. 
From this circumstance it is seen, that re- 
turn of passion gives vigour to love. An- 
teros had a temple at Athens raised to his 
honour, when Meles had experienced the 
coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom 
he passionately esteemed, and for whom he 
had killed himself. {Vide Meles.] Cupid 
and Anteros are often represented striving 
to seize a palm-tree from one another, to 
teach us that true love always endeavours 
to overcome by kindness and gratitude. 
They were always painted in the Greek 
academies, to inform the scholars that it is 
their immediate duty to be grateful to their 
teachers, and to reward their trouble with 
love and reverence.— Ci. Nat. D. 3, 23.— 

Pa. 1, 30. A grammarian of Alexandria, 

in the age of the emperor Claudius. A 

freeman of Atticus. — Ci. At. 9, ep. 14. 

ANTHEA, a town of Achaia.— Pa. 7, 18. 

Of Messenia.— id. 4, 31. Of Troezene. 

— Id. 2, 30. 

ANTHEAS, a son of Eumelus, killed in 
attempting to sow corn from the chariot of 
Triptolemus drawn by dragons.— Pa. 7, 18. 

ANTHEDON, a city of Bceotia, which 
received its name from the flowery plains 
that surround it, or from Anthedon, a cer- 
tain nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there 
temples.— Pa. 7, 10. It was formerly inha- 
bited by Thracians.— H. II. 2.—Ov. Me. 13, 

905. A port of Peloponnesus. — PI. 4, 5. 

— SU 9, 291. 

ANTHELA, a town near the Asopus, near 
which Ceres and Amphiction had a temple. 
—Her. 7, 176. 

ANTHEM IS, an island in the Mediterra- 
nean, the same as the Ionian Samos.— Str. i0. 

ANTHEMON, a Trojan.-H. II. 4. 

ANTAEMUS, a city of Macedonia at 
Thermae!. A city of Syria.— St. 

ANTHEM US1A, the same as Samos. 

A city of Mesopotamia.— Str. 

AN THENE, a town of -Peloponnesus. — 
Th. 5, 41. 

ANTHERMUS, a Chian sculptor, son of 
Micciades, and grandson to Malas. He and 
his brother Bupalus made a statue of the 
poet Hipponax, which caused universal 
laughter, on account of the deformity of its 
countenance. The poet was so incensed 
upon this, and inveighed with so much bit- 
terness against the statuaries, that they 
hung themselves, according to the opinion 
of some authors. — Pi. 36, 5. 

ANTHES, a native of Anthedon, who first 



ANT- A NT £ 

Invented hyraus.— P/u. Muf. A sen of 

Neptune. 

ANTHESPHORIA, festivals celebrated in 
Sicily in honour of Proserpine, who was 
carried awav bv Pluto as she was slather- 
ing flowers.— Claud. R. P. Festivals of 

the same name were also observed at Argos 
in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. 
—Pa. Cor.— Poll. On. 1,1. 

ANTHESTERIA, festivals in honour of 
Bacchus among: the Greeks. They were 
celebrated in the month of February", called 
Anthesterion, whence the name is derived, 
and continued three days. The first was 
called Pithoigia, (from the Greek, apo ton 
pithous oigein), because they tapped their 
turrets of liquor. The second day was 
called (Choes), from the measure (C'Aoo), 
because every individual drank or' his own 
vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of 
Orestes, who after the murder of his mo- 
ther, came, without being purified, to De- 
mophoon, or PancHon king of Athens, and 
was obliged, with ah the Athenians, to drink 
by himself, for fear of polluting the people 
by drinking with them before fie was puri- 
fied of the parricide. It was usual on that 
day, to ride out in chariots, and ridicule 
those that passed by. The best drinker was 
rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of 
gold, and with a cask of wine. The third dav 
was called Chutroi (from the Greek, Chittra', 
a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seed 
and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and 
therefore not touched). The slaves had the 
permission of being merry and free during 
these festivals ; and at the end of the so- 
lemnity a herald proclaimed, Thuraze, 
Kares', ouh ef Anthesteria, i. e. Depart, ye 
Carian slaves, the festivals are at an end.— 
ML V. H. 2, 41. 

ANTHEUS, a son of Antenor, much es- 
teemed by Paris. One of the companions 

of Mneas.~V.Mn. 1, 514. 

ANTHIA, a sister of Priam, seized by the 
Greeks. She compelled the people of Pal- 
lene to burn their ships, and build Scione. 

-Poly. 7, 47. A town. [Vide Anthea.] 

A daughter of Thespius, mistress to Her- 
cules.— Apol. 2, 7. 

ANTH1AS. Vide Antheas. 

ANTHIPPE, a daughter of Thestius. 

ANTHIUM, a town of Thrace, afterwards 
called Apollonia.— PZ.4,11. Acitv of Italy. 

ANTHIUS (fiou-ery), a name of Bacchus 
worshipped at Athens. He had also a sta- 
tue at Patrae. [Alba. 

ANTHO, a daughter of Amulius king of 

ANTHORES, a companion of Hercules, 
who followed Evander, and settled in Italy. 
He was killed in the war of Turnus against 
/Eneas.— F. Mn. 10, 778. 

ANTH RACIA, a nvmph.— Pa. 8, 31. 

ANTHROPI N US, Tisarchus and Diodes, 
three persons who had laid snares for Aga- 
thocles, tvrant of Sicily.— Poly. 5, 3. 

ANTHROPOPHAGI, a people of Scythia 
that fed on human flesh. They lived near 
the country of the Massagetae.— PI. 4, 12.— 
Me. 2, 1. 

aNTHYLLA, a city of Egypt on the Ca- 
i:opic mouth of the Nile. It ma.-ntainec' the 



ANT— ANT 

queens of the country in shoes, or accord' 
ing to Athenceus 1, in girdles. — Her. 2, 98. 

ANTIA LEX was made for the suppres- 
sion of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are 
not known. The enactor was Antius Resto, 
who afterwards never supped abroad for 
fear of being himself a witness of the pro- 
fusion and extra vagancewhich his law meant 
to destroy, but without effect. — Mac. 3, 17. 
ANTIAN1RA, the mother of Echion. 
ANNAS, the goddess of fortune, chiefly 

worshipped at Antium. A poet.— Vide 

Furius. 

ANTICLEA, a daughter of Autolycus and 
Ampithea. Her father, who was a famous 
robber, permitted Sisiphus, son of iEolus, 
to enjoy the favours of his daughter, and 
Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses 
when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. 
Laertes was,nevertheless, the reputed father 
of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax, 
in Ov. Me. as being the son of Sisvphus. [ 
is said that Anticlea killed herself when she 
heard a false report of her son's death.—//. 
Od. 11, 19.— Hyg. fa. 201, 2-13.— Pa. 10, 29. 

A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan 

— Apol. 3. A daughter of Dioeles, who 

married Machaon the son of jEsculapius, 
bv whom she had Nicomachus and Gorga- 
sus. — Pa. 4, 30. 

ANTICLES, an Athenian aichon. A 

man who conspired against Alexander with 

Hermolaus. — Curl. 8, 6. An Athenian 

victor at Olvmpia. 

ANTICLIDES, a Greek historian, whose 
works are now lost. They are often quoted 
by Ath. Sr PL At. 

ANTICRAGUS, a mountain of Lycia, op- 
posite mount (Tragus.— Sir. 4. 

A NTI CRATES, a Spartan who stabbed 
Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the 
battle of Mantinea. — Plu. Ag. 

A NTICYRA, two towns of Greece, the one 
in Phocis, and the other near mount Oeta, 
both famous for the hellebore which they 
produced. This plant was of infinite ser- 
vice to cure diseases, and particularly in- 
sanity ; hence the proverb Naviget Aniicv- 
ram. The Anticyra of Phocis was anciently 
called Cyparissa. ft had a temple of Nep- 
tune, who was represented holding a tri- 
dent in one hand and resting the other on 
his side, with one of hi* feet on a dolphin. 
Some writers, especially Horace (Jr. P. 
300) speak of three islands of this name, but 
this seems to be a mistake.— Pa. 10, 36. — 
Hor. 2, i>\ 3, 166.— Jr. P. 300.— Per. 4, 16. 
— Str. 9.— Me. 2, 3.— Ov. Pon. 4, ep. 3. 53. 

A mistress of Demetrius. — Plu. Dem. 

ANTIDOMUS, a warlike soldier of king 
Philip at the siege of Perinthus. 

ANTIDOTUS, an excellent painter, pu- 
pil of Euphranor.— PL 35, 11. 

ANTIGENES, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals, publicly rewarded for his valour.— 
Curt. 5, 14. 

ANTIGEN I DAS, a famous musician of 
Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught 
his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment 
of the populace.— Ci. Br. 97. 
I ANTIGONA, a daughter of Berenice, was 
wife to kin Paribus.— Plu. Pyr. 



ANT— ANT 



ANT— ANT 



ANTIGONE, a daughter of CZdipus king 
of Thebes, bv his mother Jocasta. She buried 
by night her brother Polynices, against the 
positive orders of Creon, who, when lie 
heard of it, ordered her to be buried alive. 
She, however, killed herself before the sen- 
tence was executed ; and Haemon, the king's 
son, who was passionately fond of lier, and 
had not been able to obtain her pardon, 
killed himself on her grave. The death of 
Antigone is the subject of one of the trage- 
dies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so 
pleased with it at the first representation, 
that they presented the author with the go- 
vernment of Samos. This tragedy was re- 
presented 32 times at Athens without inter- 
ruption.— Soph. Antig.—Hyg. fa. Ql.—Apol. 
3, 5.— Ov. Tr. 3, el. 3.— Phil. 2, 29.— St. Th. 

12, 350. A daughter of Eurytion king of 

Phthia in Thessaly.— Apol. — -A daughter 
of Laomedon. She was the sister of Priam, 
and was changed into a stork for comparing 
herself to Juno.— Ov. Me. 6, 93. 
ANTIGON FA, an inland town of Epirus.— 

PI. 4, 1. One of Macedonia, founded by 

Antigonus, son of Gonatus. — Id. 4, 10. 

One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. 

— Str. 16. Another in Bithynia, called 

alsoNicsea. — Id. 12. Another in Arcadia, 

anciently called Mantinea. — Pa. 8, 8. 

One of Troas in Asia Minor.— Str. 13. 

ANTIGONUS, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals, universally supposed to be the illegiti- 
mate son of Phi'lip, Alexander's father. In 
the division of the provinces after the king*s 
death, he received Pamphylia, L\cia, and 
Phrygia. He united with' Antipater and 
Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas and Eumenes ; 
and after the death of Perdiccas, he made 
continual war against Eumenes,whom, after 
three years of various fortune, he took pri- 
soner, and ordered to be starved. He after- 
wards declared war against Cassander, 
whom he conquered, and had several en- 
gagements by his generals with Lysimachus. 
He obliged Selus to retire from Syria, and 
fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy 
who had established himself in Egypt, pro- 
mised to defend Seleucus, and from that time 
all friendship ceased between Ptolemy and 
Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in 
which Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, 
conquered the fleet of Ptolemy near the 
island of Cyprus, and took 16,000 men pri- 
soners, and sunk 200 ships. After this fa- 
mous naval battle, which happened 26 years 
after Alexander's death, Antigonus and his 
son assumed the title of kings, and their ex- 
ample was followed by all the rest of Alex- 
ander's generals. The power of Antigonus 
was now become so formidable, that Ptole- 
my, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, 
combined together to destroy him ; yet An- 
tigonus despised them, saying that he would 
disperse them as birds. * He attempted to 
enter Egypt in vain, though he gained se- 
veral victories over his opponents, and he 
at last received so many wounds in a battle 
that he could not survive them, and -died in 
the 80th year of his age, 301 B. C. during 
his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as 
far as Syria; but after his death his son 



Demetrius lost Asia, and established hire, 
self in Macedonia after the death of Cassan- 
der, and some time after attempted to reco- 
ver his future possessions, but died in cap- 
tivity, in the court of his son-in-law Seleu - 
cus. Antig-onus was concerned in the diffe- 
rent intrigues of the Greeks. He made a 
treaty of alliance with the iEtolians, and 
was highly respected by the Athenians, 10 
whom he shewed himself very liberal and 
indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of 
his officers because they spent their time in 
taverns, and he gave commissions to com- 
mon soldiers, who performed their duty 
with punctuality. A certain poet called 
him divine; but the king despised this 
flattery, and bade him go and inquire of 
his servants whether he was really what 
he supposed him.— Sir. 13. — Di. 17.— Pa. i, 
6.—Ju. 13.— C. Nep. Eum.—Pln. Bern. 
Eum. SrArat. GONOTUS, son of Deme- 
trius, and grandson to Antigonns, was king 
of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians 
to liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last 
was expelled by Pyrrhus, who seized his 
kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus he 
recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign 
of 34 years, leaving his son Demetrius to 
succeed, B.C. 243.— Ju. 21.— Pol.—Plu. Bern. 

The guardian of his nephew, Philip, the 

son of Demetrius, who married the widow 
of Demetrius, and usurped the kingdom. 
He was called Doson, from his promising 
much, and giving nothing. He conquered 
Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged him 
to retire into Egypt, because he favoured 
the iEtolians against the Greeks. He died 
B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving 
his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, 
who distinguished himself by his cruelties, 
and the war he made against the Romans. 

—Ju. 28.— Po. 2.—Plu. Clcom. A son of 

Aristobulus king of Judaea, who obtained an 
army from the Icing of Parthia, by promis- 
ing him 1000 talents and 500 women. With 
these foreign troops he attacked his coun- 
try, and cut the ears of Harcanus to make 
him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with 
the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, 
and he was put to death by Antonv.— Jos. 

U.—Dion.8fPlu Ant. CARY SITUS, an 

historian in the age of Philadelphia, who 
wrote the lives of some of the ancient phi- 
losophers. — Diog. — Ath. A writer on 

agriculture. A statuary, who wrote on 

his profession. 

ANT1LCO, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his 
death oligarchyprevailed in that city.— Aris. 
5, Polit. 

ANTILIBANUS, a mountain of Syria, op- 
posite mount Libanus; near which the 
Orontes flows.— Str.— PI. 5, 20. 

ANTILOCHUS, a king of Messenia. — - 
The eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He 
went to the Trojan war with his father, and 
was killed bv Memnon, the son of Aurora. 
— H. Od. 4.— Ov. Her. says he was killed 
by Hector. A poet who wrote a panegy- 
ric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled 

with silver.— Pin. Lys. An historian 

commended by Dio. //. 
ANTIMACHUS, a lascivious person. 



ANT— ANT 

An historian. A Greek poet and musician j 

of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote 
a treatise on the age and genealogy of 
Homer, and proved him to be a native of 
Colophon. He repeated one of his compo- 
sitions before a large audience, but his dic- 
tion was so obscure and unintelligible that 
all retired except Plato ; upon which he 
said Legam nihilominus, Plato enim mihi 
est unus instar omnium. Ke was reckoned 
the next to Homer in excellence, and the 
emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry 
that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote 
a poem upon the Theban war ; and before 
he had brought his heroes to the city of 
Thebes he had filled 24 volumes. He was 
surnamed Clarius from Claros, a mountain 
near Colophon, where he was born. — Pa. 9, 
55.— Plu. Lys. Sr Tim.— Pi op. 2, el. 34, 45. 

— Quin. 10, 1. Another poet of the same 

name, surnamed Pascas, because he praised 

himself.— Sui. A Trojan whom Paris 

bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to 
Menelaus and Ulysses, who had come as 
ambassadors to recover her. His sons, 
Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by 
Agamemnon.— H. II. 123. A son of Her- 
cules by a daughter of Thestius.— Apol. 2. 

Anative of Heliopolis,who wrote a poem 

on the creation of the world, in 3760 verses. 

ANN I MEN ES, a son of Deiphon.— Pa. 2S. 

ANTINOE, one of the daughters of Pe- 
Jias, whose wishes to restore her father to 
youthful vigour, proved so fatal— Apol. I. 
—Pa. 8, 11. 

ANT1NOEIA, annual sacrifices and quin- 
ouennial games in honour of Antinous, in- 
stituted by the emperor Adrian at Man- 
Linea, where Antinous was worshipped as 
a divinity. 

ANTINOPOLIS, a town of Egypt, built 
in honour of Antinous. 

ANTINOUS, a youth of Bithynia, of whom 
the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, 
that at his death, he erected a temple to 
him, ;)nd wished it to be believed that he 
had been changed into a constellation. 
Some writers suppose that Antinous was 
drowned in the Nile, while others maintain 
that he offered himself at a sacrifice as a 
victim, in honour of the emperor. A na- 
tive of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one 
of Penelope's suitors. He was brutal and 
cruel in his manners ; and excited his com- 
panions to destroy Telemachus, whose ad- 
vice comforted his mother Penelope. When 
Ulysses returned home, he came to the pa- 
lace in a beggar's dress, and begged for 
bread, which Antinous refused, and even 
struck him. After Ulysses had discovered 
nimself to Telemachus and Eumaeus, he 
attacked the suitors, who were ignorant who 
he was, and killed Antinous among the first. 
— H. Od. \.—Prop. 2, el. 5, 7. 

ANTIOCHIA, the name of a Syrian pro- 
vince.— Me. 1, 14. A city of Syria, once 

the third city of the world for beauty, great- 
ness, and population. It was built by An- 
tiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a 
hill, and partly in a plain. It has the river 
Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a cele- 
brated grove, called Daphne ; whence, for 



ANT-ANT 

the sake ol distinction, it has been callef 

....lochia near Daphne. — Dio. Pier. ^ 

aty called also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, 

built by Seleucus, son of Antiochus. T!w 

capital of Pisidia, 92 miles at the eas* a 

Ephesus. A city on mount Cragus. 

Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues 

from Seleucia on the west. Another in 

Margiani, called Alexandria and Seleucia. 
Another near mount Taurus, on the con- 
fines of Syria. Another of Caria, on the 

river Meander. 
ANTIOCHIS, the name of the mother of 

Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. A tribe 

of Athens. 

ANTIOCHUS, surnamed Soter, was son 
of Seleucus, and king of Syria and Asia. 
He made a treaty of alliance' with Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, king of Egypt. He fell into 
a lingering disease, which none of his fa- 
ther's physicians could cure for some time, 
till it was discovered that his pulse were 
more irregular than usual, when Stratonice 
his step-mother entered his room, and that 
love for her was the cause of his illness. 
This was told to the father, who willingly 
gave Stratonice to. his son, that his immo- 
derate love might not cause his death. He 
died 291 B.C. after a reign of 19 years.— 

Ju. 17, 2,— Va. Mu. 5— Poly. A.—App. 

The second of that name, surnamed Theo.t 
(Godj by the Milesians, because he put to 
death their tyrant Timarchus, was son and 
successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an 
end to the war which had been begun win') 
Ptolemy r and, to strengthen the peace, ht 
married Berenice, the daughter of the 
Egyptian king. This so offended his for 
mei wife, Laodice, by whom he had two 
sons, that she poisoned him, and suborned 
Artemoii, whose features were similar to 
his, to represent him as king. Artemon, 
subservient to her will, pretended to be in- 
disposed, and as king, called all the minis- 
ters, and recommended to them Seleucus. 
surnamed Callinicus, son of Laodice, as 
his successor. After this ridiculous impos- 
ture, it was made public that the king had 
died a natural death, and Laodice placed 
her son on the throne, and dispatched Be- 
renice and her son, 246 years before the 

Christian sera.— App. The third of that 

name, surnamed the Great, brother to Se- 
leucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria and 
Asia, and reigned 36 years. He" was de- 
feated by Ptolemy Ph'ilopater at Raphia, 
after which he made war against Persia, 
and took Sardes. After the death of Philo- 
pater, he endeavoured to crush his infant 
son, Epiphanes; but his guardians solicited 
the aid of the Romans, and Antiochus was 
compelled to resign his pretensions. He 
conquered the greatest part of Greece, of 
which some cities implored the aid of 
Rome ; and Annibal, who had taken refuse 
at his court, encouraged him to make war 
against Italy. He was glad to find himself 
supported by the abilities of such a gene- 
ral ; but his 'measures were diiatorv, and 
not agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and 
tic was conquered and obliged to retire be- 
voot) mount Taurus and pay a yearly fine 



60 



ANT— ANT 



61 



ANT- ANT 



of iOOO talents to the Romans. His revenues 
being - unable to pay the fine, he attempted 
to plunder the temple of Belus in Susiaha, 
which so incensed the inhabitants, that they 
killed him with his followers, 187 year's 
before the Christian aera. In his character 
of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, 
■ the patron of learning, and the friend of 
merit ; and he published an edict, ordering 
his subjects never to obey except his com- 
mands were consistent with the laws of the 
country. He had three sons, Selencus 
Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and De- 
metrius. The first succeeded him, and the 
two others were kept as hostages bv the 
Romans.— Ju. 3l.—Str. 16.— Li. 34, "59.— 
Fl. 2, 1.— App. B. Sy. The fourth Antio- 
chus, surnamed Epiphanes or Illustrious, 
was king of Syria, after the death of his 
brother Seleucus, and reigned eleven years. 
He destroyed Jerusalem, and was so'cruel 
to the Jews, that they called him Epiwanes, 
or Furious, and not Epiphanes. He at- 
tempted to plunder Persepolis without 
effect. He was of a voracious appetite, 
and fond of childish diversions ; he used 
for his pleasure to empty bags of money 
into the streets, to see the people's eager- 
ness to gather it ; he bathed in the public 
baths with the populace, and was fond of 
perfuming himself to excess. He invited 
all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and 
waited upon them as a servant, and danced 
with such indecency among the stage play- 
ers, that even the most dissipate and'shame- 

less blushed at the sight.— Pol. Jit. 34, 3. 

The fifth, surnamed Eupator, succeeded 
his father Epiphanes on the throne of Sv- 
iia, J64 B.C. He made a peace with the 
Jews, and in the second year of his reign 
was assassinated by his uncle Demetrius, 
who said that the "crown was lawfully his 
own, and that it had been seized from his 

father.— Ju. 34.— Jos. 12. The sixth king 

of Syria was surnamed Entheus or Noble.. 
His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him 
to the care of Malcus, an Arabian ; and he 
received the crown from Tyrphon, in op- 
position to his brother Demetrius, whom 
the people hated. Before he had been a 
year on the throne, Tyrphon murdered 
him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for 

three years.— Jos.W. The seventh, called 

Sidetes, reigned nine years. In the begin- 
ning of his reign, he was afraid of Tyrphon. 
and concealed "himself, but he soon obtained 
the means of destroying his enemy. He 
made war against Phraates, king of Parthia, 
and he fell in the battle which was soon 
after fought, about 130 years before the 

Christian era.— Ju. 36, 1.— App. B. Sy. 

The eighth, surnamed Grypus, from his 
aquiline nose, was son of Demetrius Nica- 
nor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus 
was destroyed by Cleopatra, and he himself 
would have shared the same fate, had he 
not discovered his mother's artifice, and 
compelled her to drink the poison which 
was prepared for himself. He killed Alex- 
ander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to 
oppose him on the. throne of Svria, and was 
at last assassinated B.C. 112," after a reign 



of eleven years.— Ju. 39.— Jos.— App. 

The ninth, surnamed Cyzenicus, from the 
city of Cy zicus, where he received his edu- 
cation, was son of Antiochus Sidetes, bt 
Cleopatra. He disputed the kingdom wit* 
his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cce 
losyria, part of his patrimony. He was at 
last conquered by his nephew'Seleucus near 
Antioch, and rather than continue prisoner 
in his hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. 
While a private man, he seemed worthy to 
reign ; but when on the throne, he was 
dissolute and tyrannical. He was fond of 
mechanics, and" invented some useful mili- 
tary engines.— App.— Jos. The tenth, 

was ironically surnamed Fins, because he 
married Selena, the wife of his father and 
of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus 
ninth, and he expelled Seleucus the son o. 
Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a 
battle he fought against the Parthians, in 

the cause of the Galatians.— Jos. — App. 

After his death, the kingdom of Syria was 
torn to pieces by the factions of the royal 
family or usurpers, who, under a good or 
false title, under the name of Antiochus or 
his relations, established themselves for a 
little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or 
Damascus, or other dependent provinces. 
At last Antiochus, surnamed Asiaticus, the 
son of Antiochus the ninth, was restored to 
his paternal throne by the influence of Lu- 
cullus the Roman general, on the expulsion 
of Tigranes, king of Armenia, from the 
Syrian dominions ; but four years after, 
Pompey deposed him, and observed, that 
he who had hid himself while an usurper 
sat upon his throne, ought not to be a king 
From that time, B.C. 65, Syria berame a 
Roman province, and the race of Antiochus 

was extinguished.— Ju. 40. A philosopher 

of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and 
the respect with which he was treated by 
his pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.— 

Flu. Luc. An historian of Syracuse 

son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides 
other works, an history of Sicily, in nine 
books, in which he began at the age of king 
Cocalus.— Sir.— Di. 12. A rich king, tri- 
butary to the Romans in the age of Vespa- 
sian.— Ta. Hist 2, 81. A sophist who 

refused to take upon himself the govern- 
ment of a state, on account of the vehemence 

of his passions. A king conquered by 

Antony, kc.—Cas. 3, B. C. 4. A king o' 

Messenia. — Pa. 4. A commander of the 

Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered 

by Lysander.— Xen. H. Gr<s. A wrirei 

of Alexandria, who published a treatise on 

comic poets. —Ath. A sceptic of Laodicea. 

—Diog. Pyr. A learned sophist.— Phil. 

A servant of Atticsis.— Ci. At. 3, ep. 33. 

A hair-dresser mentioned by Mart. 11, 

ep. 85. A son of Hercules by Media. — 

Apol. 2, 7. A stage player.— Juv. 3, 98. 

A sculptor, said to have made the fa- 
mous statue of Pallas, preserved in the 
Ludovisi gardens at Rome. 

ANTIOPE, a daughter of Nycteus, king 
of Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupi- 
ter, who, to" deceive her, changed himself 
into a satyr. She became prejruant, and 
G 



ANT— 



62 



ANT-ANT 



to avoid the resentment of her father, she 
f'ed to mount Cithaeron, where she brought 
forth twins, Amphion and Zethus. She ex- 
posed them, to prevent discovery, but they 
were preserved. After this she fled to 
Epopeus, king* of Sicyon, who married her. 
Some say that Epopeus carried her away, 
for which action Nycteus made war against 
him, and at his death left his crown to his 
brother Lycus, entreating him to continue 
the war, and punish the ravisher of his 
daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, 
killed Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, 
whom he loved, and married, though his 
niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of 
his new connection; she prevailed upon 
her husband, and Antiope was delivered 
into her hands, and confined in a prison, 
where she was daily tormented. Antiope, 
after many years' imprisonment, obtained 
means to escape, and went after her sons, 
who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon 
Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took 
Thebes, put the king to death, and tied 
Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, who dragsred 
her till she died. Bacchus changed her 
into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of 
the use of her senses. In this forlorn 
situation she wandered all over Greece, 
and at last found relief from Phocus, son of 
Ornytion, who cured her of her disorder, 
and married her. Hyginus, fab. 7, says 
that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because 
she had been ravished by Epopeus, whom 
he calls Epaphus, and that after her repu- 
diation she became pregnant by Jupiter. 
Jeanwhile Lycus married Dirce, who sus- 
pected that her husband still kept the com- 
pany of Antiope, upon which she imprisoned 
her. Antiope however escaped from her 
confinement, and brought forth on mount 
Cithaeron. Some authors have called her 
daughter of Asopus, because she was born 
on the banks of that river. The scholiast 
on Apol. 1, 735, maintains that there were 
two persons of the name, one the daughter 
of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus, and 
mother of Amphion and Zethus.— Pa. 2, 6. 
— Ov. 6, Me. 110.— Apol. 3, 5.— Prop. 3, el. 

15. -H. Od. 11, 259.— Hyg. fa. 7. A 

daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother 

of Alopius by Hercules.— Apol. 2, 7. A 

daughter of Mars, queen of the Amazons, 
taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in 
marriage to Theseus. She is also called 

Hippolyte.— [FideHippolyte.] Adaughter 

of iEolus, mother of BcBotus and Hellen, by 

Neptune.— Hyg - . fa, 157. A daughter of 

Pilon, who married Eurvtus.— 7d fa. 14. 
ANTIORUS,asonofL'vcurgus.-P/?/.Lyc 
ANTI PAROS, a small island in the vEgean 
sea, opposite Paros, from which it is about 
six miles distant. 

ANTI PATER, son of Iolaus, was soldier 
nnder .kiug Philip, and raised to the rank 
of a general unuer Alexander the Great. 
When Alexander went to invade Asia, he 
left Antipater supreme governor of Mace- 
donia, and of all Greece. Antipater exerted 
himself in the cause of his king; he made 
war against Sparta, and was soon after 
called into Persia with a reinforcement by 



Alexander. He has been suspected of giving 
poison to Alexander, to raise himself to 
power. After Alexander's death, his gene- 
rals divided the empire among themselves, 
and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. 
The wars which Greece, and chiefly Athens, 
meditated under Alexander's life, now burst 
forth with uncommon fury as soon as the , 
news of his death was recei ved. The Athe- 
nians levied an army of 30,000 men, and 
equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who 
was master of Macedonia. Their expedi- 
tion was attended with much success, Anti- 
pater was routed in Thessaly, and even I 
besieged in the town of Lamia! But when 
Leosthenes, the Athenian general was mor- 
tally wounded under the walls of Lamia, 
the'fortune of the war was changed. Anti- 
pater obliged the enemy to raise the siege, 
and soon after received a reinforcement 
from Craterus from Asia, with which he 
conquered the Athenians at Cranon in 
Thessaly. After the defeat. Antipater and 
Craterus marched into Boeotia, and conquer- 
ed the yEtolians, and granted peace to the 
Athenians, on the conditions which Leos- 
thenes had proposed to Antipater when be- 
sieged in Lamia, i. e. that he should be 
absolute master over them. Besides this, 
he demanded from their ambassadors, De- 
mades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, that they 
should deliver into his hands the orators, 
Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose elo- 
quence had inflamed" the minds of their 
countrymen, and had been the primary 
causes* of the war. The conditions were | 
accepted, a Macedonian garrison was sta- 
tioned in Athens, but the inhabitants stiil 
were permitted the free use of their laws 
and privileges. Antipater and Craterus 
were the first who made hostile prepara- 
tions against Perdiccas ; and during that ! 
time, Polyperchon was appointed over Ma- 
cedonia. Polyperchon defeated the iEto- 
lians, who made an invasion upon Macedo- 
nia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes 
in Asia, against Anligonus, according tc 
Justin. 14, c. 2. At his death, B.C., 319, 
Antipater appointed Polyperchon master o\ 
all his possessions; and as he was the 
oldest of all the generals and successors ot ; 
Alexander, he recommended that he might 
be the supreme ruler in their councils, that 
every thing might be done according to his 
judgment. As for his son, Cassander, he 
left him in a subordinate station under 
Polyperchon. But Cassander was of too 
aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his 
father's injunctions. He recovered Mace- 
donia, and made himself absolute. — Curt. 3. 
—Ju. W.—Di. 17.— C. Kep.P.ScEu.—Piu. 

Eum. Al. A son of Cassander, king of 

Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus. 
He killed his mother, because she wished 
his brother Alexander to succeed to the 
throne. Alexander, to revenge the death 
of his mother, solicited the assistance oi 
Demetrius ; but peace was re-established 
between the two brothers by the advice ot 
Lysimachus, and soon after Demetrius 
killed Antipater, and made himself king cf 
Macedonia 203 U.C.—Ju. 26, l. A king 



ANT-ANT 



53 



ANT— ANT 



of Macedonia, who rpigned only 45 days, 
277 B.C. A king of Cicilia. A power- 
ful prince, father to Herod. He was ap- 
pointed governor of Judaea by Ceesar, whom 
he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. — 

Jos. An Athenian archon. Ore of 

Alexander's soldiers, who conspired against 

his life with Hermolaus. — Curt. 8, 6. A 

celebrated sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor 

to the children of the emperor Severus. 

A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years 
B.C. A poet of Sidon, who could com- 
pose a number of verses extempore, upon 
any subject. He ranked Sappho among the 
Muses, in one of his epigrams. He had a 
fever every vear on the day of his birth, of 
which at last he died. He flourished 80 
years B.C. Some of his epigrams are pre- 
served in the Anthologia.— PL 7, 51.— Fa. 

Ma. i, 10.— Ci. Or. 3, Off 3. Q. Ac. 4. 

A philosopher of Phoenicia, preceptor to 
Cato of U tica.— Plu. Cat. A stoic philo- 
sopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. 
He wrote two books on divination, and died 
at Athens.— Ci. Di. 1, 3. Ac. Q. 4, 6. Off. 3, 

12. A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote 

two books of letters. A poet of Thessa- 

lonica, in the age of Augustus. 

ANTIPATRIA, a city of Macedonia.— 
Li. 31, 27. [messus.— Poly. 5. 

ANTIPATRIDAS, a governor of Tel- 

ANTIPaTRIS, a city of Palestine. 

ANTIPHANES, an ingenious statuary of 

Argos.— Pa. 5, 17. A cemic poet' of 

Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote 
above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year 
of his age, by tlte fall of an apple upon his 

head. A physician of Delos, who used 

to say that diseases originated from the vari- 
ety of food that was eaten.— Clem. Al. Ath. 

ANTIPHATES, a king of the Laestry- 
gones, descendedfrom Lamus, who founded 
Formiae. Ulysses returning from Troy, 
came upon his coasts, and sent three men 
to examine the country. Antiphates de- 
voured one of them, and pursued the others, 
and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with stones, 
except the ship in which "Ulysses was.— Ov. 

Me. 14, 232. A son of Sarpedon. — V. Mn. 

9, 696. The grandfather of Amphiaraus. 

—H. Od. A man killed in the Trojan 

war bv Leonteus.— H. II. 12, 191. 

ANTTPHILI PORTUS,aharbour on the 
African side of the Red Sea.— Sir. 16. 

ANTIPH1LUS, an Athenian who 'suc- 
ceeded Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia 

against Antipater.— Di. 18. A noble 

painter who represented a youth leaning 
over a fire and blowing it, from which the 
whole house seemed to be illuminated. He 
was an Egyptian bv birth: he imitated 
Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus.— 
PI. 35, 10. 

ANTIPHON, a poet, a native of Rham- 
nusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence 
and prudence. The 16 orations that are 
extant under his name are supposititious. 
——An orator who promised Philip, kingot" 
Macedonia, that he would set on fire the 
citadel of Athens, for which he was put to 
death, at the instigation of Demosthenes.— 
Ci. Di. 2,-Plu. Al. SfDem. A poet who 



wrote on Agriculture.— Ath. An author 

who wrote a treatise on peacocks. A 

rich man introduced by Xenophon as dis- 
puting with Socrates. An Athenian who 

interpreted dreams, and wrote an history 
of his art.— Ci. Di. l 4- 2. A foolish rhe- 
torician. A poet of Attica, who wrote 

tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dio- 
nysius put him to death because he refustd 
to praise his compositions. Being once 
asked by the tyrant what brass was the best, 
he answered, that with which the statues 
of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.— 
Plu.— Aris. 

ANTIPHONUS, a son of Priam, who 
went with his father to the tent of Achilles 
to redeem Hector.— H. Tl. 24. 

AN'ITPHUS, a son of Priam, killed by 

Agamemnon during the Trojan war. A 

son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. 
He went to the Trojan war in 30 ships.— H. 

II. 2, 185. An intimate friend of Ulysses. 

H. Od. 17. A brother of Ctimenus, was 

son of Ganytor the Naupactian. These 
two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on 
the false suspicion that he had offered vio- 
lence to their sister, and threw his body 
into the sea. The poet's dog discovered 
them, and they were seized and convicted of 
the murder. — Plu. Sol. An. 

ANTIP0ENUS, a noble Theban, whose 
daughters sacrificed themselves for the 
public safety. Vide Androclea. 

ANTIPOLIS, a city of Gaul, built by the 
people of Marseilles. — Ta. 2, Hist. 15. 

ANT1RRHIUM, a promontory of #:tolia, 
opposite Rhiiwn in Peloponnesus, whence 
the name. 

ANTISSA, a citv at the north of Lesbos. 

An island near it.— Ov. Me. 15, 287.— 

PI. 2, S9. 

ANT1STHENES, a philosopher, born of 
an Athenian father, and of a Phrygian 
mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among 
his pupils the famous Diogenes ; but when 
he had heard Socrates, "he shut up his 
school, and told his pupils, " Go seek for 
yourselves a master ; I have now found 
one." He was the head of the sect of the 
Cynic philosophers. One of his pupils asked 
him what philosophy had taught him ? 
" To live with myself," said he. He sold 
his all, and preserved only a very ragged 
coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, 
and tempted him to say to the cynic, who 
carried his contempt 01 dress too far, " An- 
tisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes 
of thy coat." Antisthenes taught the unity 
of God, but he recommended suicide. Some 
of his letters are extant.' His doctrines of 
austerity were followed as long as he was 
himself an example of the cynical character, 
but after his death they were all forgotten. 
Antisthenes flourished 395 years B.C. Ci. 

Or. 3, 35.— Diog. 5.— PI. Lyc. A disciple 

of Heraclitus. — An historian of Rhodes. Di. 

ANTISTIliS LABEO, an excellent lawyer 
at Rome, who defended the liberties of his 
country against Augustus, for which he is 
taxed with madness bv Hor. 1 Sat. 3, 8-.>. - 

Sue. Aug. 54. PETRO. of Gabii, was the 

author of a celebrated treatv between Rome 
L, 2 



ANT— ANT 



64 



ANT ANT 



end his country, in the age of Tarquin the 
Proud.— Dio. H. 4. C. Reginus, a lieu- 
tenant of Caesar in Gaul.— Cces. B. G. 6, 7. 
A soldier of Pompey's array, so confi- 
dent of his valour, that he challenged all the 
adherents of Caesar.— Hir. 25, His. B. 

ANTITAURUS, one of the branches of 
Mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east 
direction through Cappadocia towards Ar- 
menia and the Euphrates. [7, 17. 

ANTITHEUS, an Athenian archon.— Pa. 

ANTIUM, a maritime town of Italy, built 
by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a 
son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promon- 
tory 32 miles east from Ostium. It was the 
capital of the Volsci, who made war against 
the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus 
took it, and carried all the beaks of their 
ships to Rome, and placed them in the 
Forum on a tribunal, which from thence 
was called Rostrum. This town was dedi- 
cated to the goddess of Fortune, whose 
ktatues, when consulted, gave oracles by a 
nodding of the head, or other different 
signs. Nero was born there.— Ci. Di. I. — 
Hor. 1, od. 36.— Li. 8, 14. 

ANTOMENES, the last king of Corinth. 
After his death, magistrates with regal 
authority were chosen annually. 

ANTON I A LEX was enacted by M.An- 
tony, the consul, A.U.C. 210. It abrogated 
the lex Atia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, 
by taking away from the people the pri- 
vilege of chusihg priests, and restoring it to 
the college of priests, to which it originally 

belonged.— Dio. 44. Another by the same 

name, A.U.C. 703. It ordained that a new 
decury of judges should be added to the 
two former, and that they should be chosen 

from the centurions.— Ci. Phil. 1, 5. 

Another by the same. It allowed an appeal 
to the people, to those who were condemned 
de majestate, or of perfidious measures 
against the state.- — Another by the same, 
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital 
offence to propose ever after the election 
of a dictator, and for any person to accept 
of the office.— App. B.C. 3. 

ANTON I A, a daughter of M. Antony, by 
Octavia. She married Domitius iEnobar- 
bus, and was mother of Nero, and two 

daughters. A sister of Gerraanicus. 

A daughter of Claudius and iElia Perina. 
She was of the family of the Tubero's, and 
repudiated for her levity. — Sue. Cla. J.— 

Ta. An. 1 1. The wife of Drusus, the son 

of Livia, and brother to Tiberius. She be- 
came mother of three children, Germanicus, 
Caligula's father; Claudius the emperor ; 
and the debauched Livia. Her husband 
died very early, and she never would marry 
again, biit spent ber time in the education o'f 
her children. Some people supposed that 
her grandson Caligula ordered her to be 

poisoned, A.D. 38.— Fa. Ma. 4, 3. A 

castle of Jerusalem, which received this 
name in honour of M. Antony. 

ANTON II, a patrician and plebeian fa- 
mily, which were said to derive their origin 
Yom Antones, a son of Hercules, as Pin. 
Ant. informs us. 

ANTONINA the wife of Belisarius, &c. 



ANTONINUS, TITUS, surnamed Pius 
was adopted by the emperor Adrian, to 
whom he succeeded, This prince is re- 
markable for ali the virtues that can form 
a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. 
He rebuilt whatever cities had been de- 
stroyed by wars in former reigns. Incases 
of famine or inundation, he relieved the 
distressed, and supplied their wants with 
his own money. He suffered the governors 
of the provinces to remain long in the ad- 
ministration, that no opportunity of ex- 
tortion might be given to new comers. In 
his conduct towards his subjects, he be- 
haved with affability and humanity, and 
listened with patience to every complaint 
brought before him. When told of con- 
quering heroes, he said withScipio, I prefer 
the life and preservation of a citizen to the 
death of 100 enemies. He did not persecute 
the Christians like his predecessors, but 
his life was a scene of universal benevo- 
lence. His last moments were easy, though 
preceded by a lingering illness. When con- 
sul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the 
house of a sophist, who in civility obliged 
the governor to change his house at night. 
The sophist, when Antoninus became em- 
peror, visited Rome, and was jocosely de- 
sired to use the palace as his own house, 
without any apprehension of being turned 
out at night. He extended the boundaries 
of the Roman province in Britain, by 
raising a rampart between the friths of 
Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war 
during his reirn, and only repulsed the 
enemies of the empire who appeared in the 
field. He died in the 75th vear of his age, 
after a reign of 23 years, A.tX 161 . He was 
succeeded by his adopted son M. Aurelius 
Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a 
prince as virtuous as his father. He raised 
to the imperial dignity his brother, L.Verus, 
whose voluptuousness and dissipation were 
as conspicuous as the moderation of the 
philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, 
Parthians, and Marcomanni were defeated. 
Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled, 
" ta cath' eanton,'" concerning himself, the 
best editions of which are the 4to. Cantab. 
1652, and the 8vo. Oxon. 1704. After the war 
with the Quadi had been finished, Verus 
died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus sur- 
vived him eight years, and died in his 61 st 
year, af ter a reign of 29 years and 10 days— 

Bio. Cas. BASSIANUS ARACALLA, son 

of the emperor Septimus Severns, was cele- 
brated for his cruelties. He killed his brother 
Geta in his mother's arms, and attempted 
to destroy the writings of Ari>totle, observ- 
ing that Aristotle was one of those who sent 
poison to Alexander. He married his mo- 
ther, and publicly lived with her, which gave 
occasion to the people of Alexandria to say- 
that he was an OEdipus, and his wife a Jo- 
casta. This joke was fatai to them, and 
the emperor, to punish their ill language, 
slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. 
After assuming the name and dress of Achil 
les, and styling himself the conqueror or 
provinces he had never seen, he was as- 
sassinated at Edcssa by IMacrinus, April b, 



ANT— ANT 



65 



ANT— ANT 



in the 43rd yeai of his age. A. D. 217. His 
ooiiy was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed 

herself at the sight. There is extant a 

Greek itinerary, and another book called 
(ter Britannicum, which some have attri- 
buted to the emperor Antoninus, though it 
was more probably written by a person of 
that name whose age is unknown. 

ANTON IOPOLIS, a city of Mesopotamia. 
—-Mar. 8. 

ANTONIUS GNIPHO M., a poet of Gaul, 
who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and 
other illustrious men frequented his school. 
Vie never asked any thing for his lectures, 
whence he received more from the liberality 

of his pupils.—- SW. II. Gr. 7. An orator, 

grandfather to the triumvir of the same 
name. He was killed in the civil wars of 
Marius, and his head was hung in the Forum. 

~Va. Ma. 9, 2.— Luc. 2, 121 MARCUS, 

the eldest son of the orator of the same 
name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, ob- 
tained from the senate the office of manag- 
ing the corn on the maritime coasts of the 
Mediterranean with unlimited power. This 
gave him many opportunities of plundering 
the provinces and enriching himself. He 

died of a broken heart.— Sal. Fr. CAIUS, 

a son of the orator of that name, who ob- 
tained a troop of horse from Sylla, and 
plundered Achaia. He was carried before 
the pretor M. Lucullus, and banished from 
the senate by the censors for pillaging the 
allies, and refusing to appear when sum- 
moned before justice. CAIUS, son of An- 

tonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and 
tss sted him to destroy the conspiracy of 
Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia 
as his province, and fought with ill success 
against the Dardani. He was accused at 

his return, and banished. MARCUS, the 

triumvir, was grandson to the orator M. An- 
tonius, and son of Antonius, surnamed Cre- 
tensis, from his wars in Crete. He was 
augur and tribune of the people, in which 
he distinguished himself by his ambitious 
views. He always entertained a secret re- 
sentment against Cicero, which arose from 
Cicero's having put to death Corn.LentuIus, 
who was concerned in Catiline's conspiracy. 
This Lentulus had married Antonius's mo- 
ther after his father's death. When the 
senate was torn by the factions of Pompey's 
and Caesar's adherents, Antony proposed 
that both should lay aside the command of 
their armies in the provinces ; but as this 
proposition met not with success, he pri- 
vately retired from Rome to the camp of 
Caesar, and advised him to march his army 
to Rome. In support of his attachment he 
commanded the left wing of his army at 
Pharsalia, and according to a premeditated 
scheme, offered him a diadem in the pre- 
sence of the Roman people. W hen Caesar 
was assassinated in the senate house, his 
friend Antony spoke an oration over his 
body ; and to ingratiate himself and his 
ptirty with the populace, he reminded them 
of the liberal treatment they had received 
from Caesar. He besieged Mutina, which 
had been allotted to D. Brutus, for which 
the senate judged him an enemy to the re- 



public at the remonstration of Cicero. He 
was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and 
Pansa, and by young Caesar, who soon after 
joined his interest with that of Antony, and 
formed the celebrated triumvirate, which 
was established with such cruel proscrip- 
tions, that Antony did not even spare bis 
own uncle, that he might strike off the head 
of his enemy Cicero. The triumvirate di- 
vided the Roman empire among them- 
selves; Lepidus was set over all Italy, 
Augustus had the west, and Antony re- 
turned into the east, where lie enlarged 
his dominions by different conquests. An- 
tony had married Fulvia, whom he re- 
pudiated to marry Octavia, the sister of 
Augustus, and by this connection to 
strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted 
Augustus at the battle of Philippi against 
the murderers of J. Caesar, and he buried 
the body of M. Brutus, his enemy, in a 
most magnificent manner. During his re- 
sidence in the east, he became enamoured 
of the fair Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and 
repudiated Octavia to marry her. This 
divorce incensed Augustus, who now pre- 
pared to deprive Antony of all his power. 
Antony, in the mean time, assembled all 
the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra 
marched against Octavius Caesar. These 
two enemies met at Actium, where a naval 
engagement soon began, and Cleopatra, by 
flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the 
battle, and ruined his cause. After the 
battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra 
into Egypt, where he was soon informed ot 
the defection of all his allies and adherents, 
and saw the conqueror on his shores. He 
stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise 
killed herself by the bite of an asp. Antony 
died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30, 
and the conqueror shed tears when he was 
informed that his enemy was no more. 
Antony left seven children by his three 
wives. He has been blamed for his great 
effeminacy, for his uncommon love of plea- 
sures, and his fondness of drinking. It is 
said that he wrote a book in praise of drunk- 
enness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, 
from whom, according to some accounts, 
he was descended ; and he is often repre- 
sented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the 
form of Omphale, dressed in the arms of 
her submissive lover, and beating him with 
her sandals. In his public character, An- 
tony was brave and courageous, but with 
the intrepidity of Caesar, he possessed all 
his voluptuous inclinations. He was prodi- 
gal to a degree, and did not scruple to call, 
from vanity, his sons by -Cleopatra, kings 
of kings. His fondness for low company, 
and his debauchery, form the best parts of 
Cicero's Philippics. It is said that the night 
of Caesar's murder, Cassius supped with 
Antony ; and being asked whether he had a 
dagger with him, answered, " Yes, if you, 
Antony, aspire to sovereign power."— Flu. 
has written an account of his life.— V. Mn. 
8, 685.— Hor. ep. 9.— Jnv. 10, 122.— C. Nep. 

At.— Ci. Phil.—Ju. 41. JULIUS, son of 

Antony the triumvir, by Fulvia, was consul 
with Paul us Fabius Maximum. He wae 
U 3 



ANT— AON 



m 



AON— A PA 



nVnamed Afrirauus, and put to deatli by I 
order of Augustus. Some say that he killed 
himself. It is supposed that he wrote an 
neroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. 
Hor. dedicated his 4 0. to him. — Ta. 4, An. 

44. LUCIUS, the triumvir's brother, was 

be»ieged in Pelusium by Augustus, and 
obliged to surrender himself with 300 men 
r.v famine. The conqueror spared his life. 
Some say that he was killed at the shrine of 

Caesar. A noble but unfortunate youth. 

His father, Julius, was put to death by Au- 
gustus, for his criminal conversation with 
Julia, and he himself was removed by the 
emperor to Marseilles, on pretence of finish- 
ing- his education.— Ta. An. 44. FELIX, a 

freedman of Claudius, appointed governor 
of Judaea. He married Drusilla, the daugh- 
ter of Antony and Cleopatra.— 7a. Hist. 9. 
FLAMMA, a Roman, condemned for ex- 
tortion under Vespasian.— Ta. Hut. 4, 45. 

MUSA, a phvsician of Augustus.— PL 

29, 1. MERENDA, a decemvir at Rome, 

A.U.C.303.-Li. 3, 35. Q. MERENDA, a 

military tribune, A.U.C. 333.— Li. 4, 42. 

ANTORIDES,a painter,disciple to Aristip- 
pus.— PL 

ANTRO CORACIUS. Vide Coracius. 

ANTYLLA. Fide Anthylla. 

AND BIS, an Egyptian deity, represented 
under the form of a man with the head of 
a dog, because, when Osiris went on his ex- 
pedition against India, Anubis accompanied 
nim, and clothed himself in a sheep's skin. 
His worship was introduced from Egypt into 
Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some 
to be Mercury, because he is sometimes re- 
presented with a caduceus. Some make 
him brother of Osiris, some his son by 
Nephthvs, the wife of Tvphon.— Di. 1. — Luc. 
I, 331.— Ov. Me. 9, 666.— Phi. Is. $ Os.— 
Her. A.—V. JEn. 8, 696. 

ANXIUS, a river of Armenia, fallinginto 
the Euphrates. 

ANXUR, called also Tarraciua, a city of 
the Voisci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 
348. It was sacred "to Jupiter, who is called 
Jupiter Auxur, and represented in the form 
of a beardless boy.— Li. 4, 59.— Hor. l, S. 5, 
2tf.— Luc. 3, 84.— V. mn. 7,799. 

ANYTA, a Greek woman, some of whose 
elegant verses are still extant. 

ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician, who, 
with Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates 
of impiety, and was the cause of his con- 
demnation. These false accusers were after- 
wards put to death by the Athenians.— Diog. 
—Ml. V. H. 2, 13.- Hor. 2,-S. 4, 3.—Plu. 
AL One of the Titans. 

AN Z ABE, a river near the Tigris. — 
Mar. 11. 

AOLLIUS, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, 
afterwards called Abiliius. 

AON, a son of Neptune, who came to Eu- 
bcea and Boeotia, from Apulia, where he 
collected the inhabitants into cities and 
rei°rned over them. They were called Aones, 
and the country Aonia, from him. 

AONES, the inhabitants of Aonia, called 
afterwards Bceotia. They came there in the 
atre of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to 
settle with the Phoenicians. The muses 



have been called Aonides, because Aonia 
was more particularly frequented bv them. 
— Pa. 9, 3.— Ov. Me. 3.— TV. el. 5, 10.— F. 
3 , 456.— Virg. G. 3, 11. 

AONIA, one of the most ancient names 
of Boeotia. 

AORIS, a famous hunter, son of Aras 
king of Corinth. He was so fond of his 
sister Arathyraea, that he called part of the 

country by her name.— Pa. 2, 12. The 

wife of Neleus, calKd more commonlvChlo- 
ris.— Id. 9, b6. 

AORNOS, AORNUS, AORNTS, a lofty 
rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in 
India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had 
besieged it, but was never able to counuer 
it.— Curt. 8, 11.— Arr. A.—Str. 15.— Plu. 

Alex. A place in Epirus, with an oracle. 

—Pa. 9, 80. A certain lake near Tar- 

tessus. Another near Baiae and Puteoli. 

It was also called Avernus.— V. JEn. 6, 242. 

AOTI, a people of Thrace near the Get-*, 
on the Ister.— PL 4. 

APAITyE, a people of Asia Minor.— Sir. 

APAMA, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who 

married Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia. 

A daughter of Antiochus.— Pa. I, 8. 

A PA M E, the mother of Nicomedes bv P. u- 
sias kingof Bithynia. The mother of An- 
tiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter 
founded a city which he called by his mo- 
ther's name. 

APAMIA or APAMEA, a city of Phrygia, 

on the Marsyas. A city of Bithynia. 

Of Media. - — Mesopotamia. - Another 

near the Tigris. 

APARNI, a nation of shepherds near the 
Caspian sea.— Sir. 

APATURIA, a festival of Athens which 
received its name from apate, deceit, be- 
cause it was instituted in memory of a 
stratagem by which Xanthus king of Boeo- 
tia was killed by Melanteus king of Athens, 
upon the following occasion : when a war 
arrse between the Boeotians and Athenians 
about a piece of ground which divided 
their territories, Xanthus made a proposal 
to the Athenian king to decide the battle by 
single combat. Thytnceter, who was then 
on the throne of Athens, refused, and his 
successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. 
When they began the engagement, Melan- 
thus exclaimed, that his antagonist had 
some person behind him to support him ; 
upon which Xanthus looked behind him, 
and was killed by Melanthus. From this 
success, Jupiter was called apalenor, de- 
ceiver, and Bacchus, who was supposed to 
be behind Xanthus, was called Melanaigis, 
clothed in the skin of a black goat. Some 
derive the word from apatoria, i. e. omoto- 
ria, because, onjthe day of the festival, the 
children accompanied "their fathers to be 
registered among the citizens. The festival 
lasted three days: the first day was called 
dorpia, because suppers, dorpoi, were pre- 
pared for each separate tribe. The second 
day was called anarru&is apo touano urein. 
because sacrifices were oiiered to Jupiter 
and Minerva, and the head of the victims 
was generally turned up towards the hea- 
vens. The third was called Kouieot'u, fro*. 



APE— APE 



67 



Konros, a youth, or Koura, shaving, be- 
cause the young' men liad their liair cut off 
before they were registered when their pa- 
rents swore they were free-born Athenians. 
They generally sacrificed two ewes and a 
she- goat to Diana. This festival was adopt- 
ed by the lonians, except the inhabitants of 

Ephesus and Colophon. A surname of 

Minerva, of Venus, 

APEAUROS, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
Pol. 4. 

APELLA, a word, Hor. 1, S. 5, 10, which 
has given much trouble to critics and com- 
mentators. Some suppose it to mean cir- 
cumcised (sine pellej, an epithet highly ap- 
plicable to a Jew. Others maintain tliat it 
is a proper name, upon the authority of 
Cicero. — At. 12 ep., who mentions a person 
of the same name. 

APELLES, a celebrated painter of Cos, 
or, as others say, of Ephesus or Colophon 
eon to Pithius. He lived in the age of Alex 
ander the Great, who honoured him so 
much that he forbade any man but Apelles 
to draw his picture. He was so attentive to 
his profession that he never spent a day 
without employing his pencil, whence the 
Vroverb of Nulla die sine linea His most 
perfect picture was Venus Anadyome > 
which was not totally finished when the 
painter died. He made a painting of Alex- 
der holding thunder in his hand, so much 
like life, that Pliny, who saw it, says that 
the hand of the king with the thunder 
seemed to come out of the picture. This 
nicture was placed in Diana's temple at 
Ephesus. He made another of Alexander, 
but the king expressed not much satisfac- 
tion at the sight of it ; and at that moment 
a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse 
in the piece, supposing it to be alire ; upon 
which the painter said " One would imagine 
that the horse is a better judge of painting 
than your majesty.' When Alexander ordered 
him to draw the picture of Campaspe, one 
of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured 
of her, and the king permitted him to 
marry her. He wrote three volumes upon 
painting, which were still extant in the age 
of Pliny. It is said that he was accused in 
Egypt of conspiring against the life of 
Ptolemy, and that he would have been put 
to death had not the real conspirator disco- 
vered himself, and saved the painter. Apel- 
les never put his name to any pictures bnt 
three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyo- 
mene, and an Alexander. The proverb of 
Ne sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to him 
by some.— PI. 35, 10.— Hor. 2, ep. 1, 238.— 
Ci. I'am. 1, ep. 9.—Ov. Ar. Am. 3, 401.— 

Va. Ma. 8, 11. A tragic writer.— Sue. 

Cal. 93. A Macedonian general, &c. 

A PELL! CON, a Teian peripatetic philoso- 
pher, whose fondness for books was so- 
great that he is accused of stealing them, 
w hen he could not obtain them with money. 
He bought the works of Aristotle and Theo- 
f;hrastus, but greatly disfigured them by 
his frequent interpolations. The extensive 
library, which he had collected at Athens, 
was carried to Rome when Sylla had con- 
quered tl>e capital of Attica, and among the 



valuable books was found an original ma 
nuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 years 
before Christ.— Str. 

APENNINES, a ridge of high' mountains 
which run through the middle of Italy, 
from Liguria to Arminum and Ancona. 
They are joined to the Alps. Some have 
supposed that they ran across Sicily by 
Rhegium before Italy was separated "from 

Sicilj —Luc. 2, 306.— Ov. Me. 2, 226 Ital. 

4, 743.— Str. 2 — Me. 2, 4. 

APER, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul, 
who distinguished himself as a politician, 
as well as by his genius. The dialogue of 
the orators, inserted with the works of Ta- 
citus, is attributed to him. He died A.D. 
85. Another. Vide Numerianus. 

APEROP1A, a small island on the coast 
of A r«olis.— Pa. 2, 34. 

APESUS, APESAS, or APESANTUS, a 
mountain of Peloponnesus, near Lerna.— St. 
Th. 3,461. 

APHACA, a town of Palestine, where 
Venus was worshipped, and where she had 
a temple and an oracle. 

APHiEA, a name of Diana, who had a 
temple in jEgina.— Pa. 2, 30. 

ApHAR, the capital city of Arabia, near 
the Red Sea.— Arr. Per. 

APHARETUS, fell in love with Mar- 
pessa, daughter of CEnomaus, and carried 
her away. 

APHAHEUS, a king of Messenia, son ot 
Perieres and Gorgophone, who married 
Arene, daughter of GZbalus, by whom he 

had three sons.— Pa. 3, 1. A relation of 

I socrates, who wrote 37 tragedies. 

APHAS, a river of Greece, which falls 
into the bay of Ambracia.— PL 4, 1. 

APHELLAS, a king of Cyrene, who, with 
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to re 
duce ail Africa under his power.— Ju. 22, " 

APHESAS, a mountain in Peloponnesus 
whence, as the poets have imagined, Per- 
seus attempted to fly to heaven.—,!?*. 3. 
Th. 461. 

APHETiE, a city of Magnesia, where the 
ship Argo was launched. — Apol. 

APHlDAS, a son of Areas king of Area 
dia.— Pa. 8. 

APHIDNA, a part of Attica, which re- 
ceived its name from Aphidnus, one of the 
companions of Theseus.— Her. 

APHIDNUS, a friend of ^neas, killed by 
Turn us,— V. Mn. 9, 702. 

APHCEBETUS, one of the conspirators 
against Alexander.— Curt. 6. 7. 

APHR1CES, an Indian prince who de- 
fended the Rock Aornus with -20,000 foot and 
15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, 
and his head sent to Alexander. 

APHRODISIA, an island in the Persian 
gulf where Venus is worshipped. Festi- 
vals in honour of Venus, celebrated in diffe- 
rent parts of Greece, but chietiy in Cyprus. 
They were first instituted by Cinyras, from 
whose family the priests of the goddess were 
always chosen. All those that were initi- 
ated offered a piece of money to Venus as 
a harlot, and received as a mark of the fa- 
ours of the soddess, a measure of sail 
and a phallos- the salt. brawise Venus 



APH— API 



68 



API— API 



frequently rose from the sea ; and the 
yhollos, because she is the goddess of wan- 
tonness. They were celebraied at Corinth 
by harlots, and in every part of Greece they 
were very much frequented.— Str. H.—Ath. 

APHRODISIAS, town of Caria, sacred 
to Venus.— Ta. An. 3, 62. 

APHRODISIUM, or A, a town of Apulia, 
built bv Diomede in honour of Venus. 

APHROD1SUM, a city on the eastern 
parts of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. 

A promontory with an island of the same 

name on the coast of Spain.— PL 3, 3. 

APHRODITE, the Grecian name of Venus, 
fr.om aphros, froth, because Venus is said to 
bas e been born from the froth of the sea. — 
Hts. Th. 195.— PL 36, 5. 

APHYTiE or APH YTIS, a city of Thrace, 
near Pallena, where Jupiter Atnmon was 
worshipped. Lysander besieged the town ; 
but the god of the place appeared to him in 
a dream, and advised him to raise the siege, 
which he immediately did.— Pa. 3, 18. 

APIA, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, 
which it received from king Apis. It wai 
afterwards called iEgialea, Peiasgia, Ar?ia, 
/id at last Peloponnesus, or the i>land ol 

helops.— H. II. 1, 270. Also the name of 

the earth, worshipped among the Lydians 
as a powerful deitv.— Her. 4, 59. 

A PI AN US, or A PI ON,was born at Oasis in 
Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of 
which he was deemed a citizen. He suc- 
ceeded Theus in the profession of rhetoric 
m the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book 
against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. 
He was at the head of an embassy which the 
people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to 
complain of the Jews.— Sen. ep. 88.— PL 
proe. Hist. 

APICANA, married to Sejanus, by whom 
s*»e had three children. She was repudiated. 
—Ta. An. 4, 3. 

APICIUS, a famous glutton in Rome. 
There were three of the same name, all fa- 
mons for their voracious appetite. The 
first lived in the time of the republic, the 
second in the reign of Augustus and Tibe- 
rius, and the third under Trajan. The se- 
cond was the most famous, as he wrote a 
book on ihe pleasures and excitements of 
eating. He hanged himself after he had 
consumed the- greatest part of his estate. 
The best edition of Apicius Cselius de Arte 
Coauinaria, is tnat of Amst. l2mo, 1709. 
—Juv. 11, 3.— Ma* - 2, ep. 69. 

APIDANUS, one of the chief rivers of 
Thessaly, at the souta of the Peneus, into 
which it falls a little aoove Larissa.— Luc. 
6, 372. 

AP1NA, and APINjE. a city of Apulia, 
destroyed with Trica, in Us neighbourhood, 
by Diomedes ; whence ca">e the proverb of 
Apina Trica, to expres* trifling things. 
—Mart. 14. ep. l.— Pi. 3, n. 

APIOLA and APlOLiE, a town of Italy, 
taken by Tarquin the Proud The Roman 
capitol "was begun with the ispoils taken 
from that city.— PL 3, 5. 

APION, a surname of Ptolemy, one of 

the descendants of Ptolemy Lrtirus. A 

grammarian.— Fide Apianus. 



APIS, one of the ancient kings of Pelo- 
ponnesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. 
Some say that Apollo was his father, and 
that he was king of Arsros, while others cal/ 
him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his 
reign above 200 years earlier, which is 
enough to show he" is but obscurely known, 
if known at all. He was a native of Nau- 
pactum, and descended from Inachus. He 
received divine honours after death, as he 
had been munificent and humane to his 
subjects. The country where he reigned 
was called Apia: and afterwards it received 
the name of Peiasgia, Argia, or Argolis, 
and at last that of Peloponnesus, from 
Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and 
St. Augustine, have imagined that Apis went 
to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that 
he civilized their manners, for which they 
made him a god after death, and paid divine 
honours to him under the name of Serapis. 
This tradition, according to some of the 
moderns, is without foundation-- J:scA..S'tt/>. 
—Aug. Ci. Dei. 18. 5.— Pa. 2, b.—ApoL 2, 

1. A son of Jason, born in Arcadia ; he 

was killed by the horses of iEtolus. — Pa. 5, 

1. A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis. 

A god of the Egyptians, worshipped 

under the form of an ox. Some say that 
I sis and Osiris are the deities worshipped 
under this name, because during their reiirn 
they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The 
Egyptians believed that the soul of Osiris 
was really departed into the ox, where it 
wished to dwell, because that animal had 
been of the most essential service in the 
cultivation of the ground, which Osiris 
had introduced into Egypt. The ox that 
was chosen was always' distinguished by 

Particular marks ; his body was black ; 
e had a square white spot upon the 
forehead, the figure of an eagle upon 
the back, a knot under the tongue like 
a beetle, the hairs of his tail weie double, 
and his right side was marked with a 
whitish spot, resembling the crescent of 
the moon. Without these, an ox could not 
be taken as the god Apis ; and it is to be 
imagined that the priests gave these distin- 
guishing characteristics to the animal on 
which their credit and even prosperity de- 
pended. The festival of Apis lasted seven 
days ; the ox was led in a solemn proces- 
sion by the priests, and every one was 
anxious to receive him into his house, and 
it was believed that the children who smelt 
his breath received the knowledge of 
futurity. The ox was conducted to the 
banks of the Nile with much ceremony, and 
if he had lived to the time which their sacred 
books allowed, they drowned him in the 
river, and embalmed his body, and buried 
it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. 
After his death, which sometimes was na- 
tural, the greatest cries and lamentations 
were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just 
dead ; the priests shaved their heads, which 
was a sign of the deepest mourning. This 
continued till another ox appeared with 
the proper characteristics to succeed as 
the deity, which was followed by the great- 
est acclamations as if Osiris was returned 



API- APO 



to life. This ox, which was found to repre- 
sent Apis, was left 40 days in the city of 
the Nile before he was carried to Memphis, 
during which time none but women were 
permitted to appear before him, and this 
they performed, according to their super- 
stitious notions, in a wanton and indecent 
manner. There was also an ox worshipped 
at Heiiopolis, under the name of Mnevis; 
some suppose that he was Osiris, but 
others maintain that the Apis of Memphis 
was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. 
When Cambyses came into Egypt, the 
people were celebrating the festivals of 
Apis with every mark of joy and triumph, 
which the conqueror interpreted as an insult 
upon himself. He called the priests of 
Apis, and ordered the deity itself to come 
before him. When he saw that an ox was 
die object of their veneration, and the 
cause of such rejoicings, he wounded it on 
the thigh, ordered the priests to be cha; 
rised, and commanded his soldiers t 
slaughter such as were found celebrating 
such riotous festivals. The god Apis had 
generally two stables, or rather temples. 
If he eat from the hand, it was a favour- 
able omen ; but if he refused the food that 
was offered him, it was interpreted as un- 
ucky. From this, Germanicus, when he 
visited Egypt, drew the omens of his ap- 
proaching deaih. When his oracle was 
consulted, incense was burnt on an altar, 
and a piece of money placed upon it, after 
which the people that wished to know fu- 
turity applied their ear to the mouth of the 
god, and immediately retired, stopping 
their ears till they had departed from the 
lemple. The first sounds that were heard 
«ere taken as the answer of the oracle to 
their questions.— Pa. 7, 22.— Her. 2. -PI. 8, 
'*8.— Str. l.—Plu. Is. 6r Os.—Apol. 1, 7.— 
Me. 1, 9.— Pi. 8, M.—Str. 7.— Ml. V. H. A. 
-Bi. i. 

A PISA ON, son of Hippasus, assisted 
°riam against the Greeks, at the head of a 
Paeonian army. He was killed by Lyco- 

aiedes. — H. 11. 17, 348. Another on the 

#aine side. 

APITIUS GALBA, a celebrated buffoon 
;n the time of Tiberius. — Juv. 5, 4. 

APOLLIN ARES LUDI, games celebrated 
at Rome in honour of Apollo. They origi- 
nated from the following circumstance : an 
old prophetic poem informed the Romans, 
that if they instituted yearly games to 
Apollo, and made a collection of money 
for his service, they would be able to repel 
the enemy whose approach already threat- 
ened their destruction. The lirst time they 
were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the 
approach of the enemy, and instantly the 
people rushed out of the city, and saw a 
eloud of arrows discharged from the sky on 
the troops of the enemy. W ith this hea- 
ven iy assistance they easily obtained the 
victory. The people generally sat crowned 
'vith laurel at the representation of these 
fames, which were usually celebrated at 
the option of the pretor, till the year U.C. 
515, when a law was passed to'setrle the 
celebration \early on the same day about 



f>9 APO— APO 

the nones of July. When this alteration 



happened, Rome was infested with a dread- 
ful pestilence, which, however, seemed to 

be appeased bv Hiis act of religion Zi.25,12. 

APOLL1NARIS, C. Sulpitius, a gram- 
marian of Carthage, in the second century, 
who is supposed to be the author of the 
verses prefixed to Terence's plays as argu- 
ments. A writer better known by the 

name of Sidonius. — Vide Sidonius. 

APOLLIN IDES, a Greek in the wars of 
Darius and Alexander, 8cc.—Curt. 4, 5. 

APOLLIN IS ARX, a place at the en- 
trance of the Sibyl's cave.— V. Mn. 6. 

Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. — 

Li. 30, 24. Templum, a place in Thrace, 

in Lycia.— Ml. V. H. 6, 9. 

APOLLO, a son of Jupiter and Latona, 
called also Phcebus, is often confounded 
with the sun. According to Cicero, 3, Nat. 
D. there were four persons of this name. 
The first was son of Vulcan, and the tutelary 
god of the Athenians. The second was son 
of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the 
dominion of which he disputed even with 
Jupiter himself. The third was son of Ju- 
piter and Latona, and came from the na- 
tions of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The 
fourth was born in Arcadia, and called 
Nomion, because he gave laws to the in- 
habitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona 
all the actions of the others seem to have 
been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, 
was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, 
and was the most ancient, from whom the 
actions of the others have been copied. The 
three others seem to be of Grecian origin. 
The tradition that the sou of Latona was 
born in the floating island of Delos, is taken 
from the Egyptian mythology, which assert» 
that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to 
be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from 
the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted 
to the care of Latona, who concealed him 
in the island of Chemmis. W T hen Latona 
was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, who was 
ever jealous of her husband's amours, raised 
the serpent Python to torment Latona, who 
was refused a place to give birth to her chil- 
dren, till Neptune, moved at the severity of 
her fate, raised the island of Delos from 
the bottom of the sea, where Latona 
brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo 
was the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, 
music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which 
he was deemed the inventor. He had re- 
ceived from Jupiter the power of knowing 
futurity, and he was the only one of the 
w"hose oracles were in general repute 
over the world. His amours with Leucothoe, 
Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, 
Gyrene, Chione, Acacailis, Calliope, &c. 
are well known, and the various shapes he 
assumed to gratify his passion. He was very 
fond of Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally 
killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, 
who was changed into a cypress tree. When 
his son, iEscuiapius, had been killed with 
the thunders of Jupiter, for raising the 
Jead to life, Apollo, in his resentment, 
kiiled the Cyclops who had fabricated the 
thunderbolts". Jwniter was incensed at this 



APO-APO 7 

set of violence, and he banished Apollo 
from heaven, and deprived him of his dig- 
nity. The exiled deity came to Admetus, 
king- of Thessaly, and" hired himself to be 
one of his shepherds, in which ignoble em- 
ployment he remained nine years ; from 
which circumstance he was called the god 
of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf 
was generally offered, as that animal is the 
declared enemy of the sheepfold. During 
his residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the 
tender treatment of Admetus. He gave 
him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, 
with which he was able to obtain in mar- 
riage Alceste, the daughter of Pelias ; and 
6oon after, the Parcae granted, at Apollo's 
request, that Admetus might be redeemed 
from death, if another person laid down 
his life for him. He assisted Neptune in 
building the walls of Troy ; and when he 
was refused the promised reward from 
Laomedon, the king of the country, he 
destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. 
As soon as he was born, Apollo destroyed 
with arrows the serpent Python, whom 
Juno had sent to persecute Latona ; hence 
he was called Pythius ; and he afterwards 
vindicated the honour of his mother, by 
putting to death the children of the proud 
Niobe.— [Vide Niobe.]— He was not the in- 
ventor of the lyre, as some have imagined, 
but Mercury gave it him, and received as 
a reward the famous caduceus with which 
Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of Ad- 
metus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas, 
and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, 
ire well known. He received the surnames 
of Phoebus, Delius, Cynthius, Paean, Del- 
phicus, Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, 
Vulturius, Smintheus, &c, for reasons 
which are explained under those words. 
Apollo is generally represented with long 
hair, and the Romans were fond of imi- 
tating his figure, and therefore in their 
youth they were remarkable for their fine 
heads of hair, which they cut short at the 
age of seventeen or eighie'en. He is always 
represented as a tall beardless young man, 
with a handsome shape, holding in his h.uid 
a bow, and sometimes a lyre ; his head is 
generally surrounded with beams of light. 
He was the deity, who, according to the 
notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, 
and in that moment he appeared surrounded 
with clouds. His worship and power were 
universally acknowledged : he had temples 
and statues in every country, particularly in 
Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His statue, 
which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark 
to mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, 
was particularly famous, and it appeared a 
great distance a"t sea. Augustus, before the 
battle of Actium, addressed himself to it 
for victory. The griffin, the cock, the 
grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, 
■he hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm 
"ree, &c. were sacred to him ; and in his 
sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, 
*»s they were the natural enemies of the 
'h>ck> over which he presided. Bullocks 
mnd lambs were also immolated to him. As 
he presided over poetry, he was often seen 



APO— APO 

on mount Parnassus with the nine muses 
His most famous oracles were at Delphi, 
Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Pa- 
tara. His most splendid temple was at 
Delphi, where every nation and individual 
made considerable presents when they con- 
sulted the oracle. Augustus, after the bafr- 
tle of Actium, built him a temple on mount 
Palatine, which he enriched with a valuable 
library. He had a famous colossus in 
Rhodes, which was one of the seven won- 
ders of the world. Apollo had been taken 
for the Sun ; but it may be proved by differ- 
ent passages in the ancient writers, that 
Apollo, the Sun, Phoebus, and Hyperion, 
were all different characters and" deities, 
though confounded together. When once 
Apollo was addressed as the Sun, and re- 
presented with a crown of rays on his head, 
the idea was adopted by every writer, and 
from thence arose the mistake.— Or. Me. 1, 
f. 9.— Pa. 2, l.—Byg. fa. 9.— St. 1. 77?.— 
Tib. 2, el. 3.— Pew. Am. — H. II. $ Hy. Ap. 
—V. Mn. 2.— Her. 1 , o. 10.— Lu. Di. M. £ V. 
—Prop. 1, el. 28—Callim. An.—Apol. 1,3. 

One of the ships in the fleet of jEneas. 

— V. Mn. 10. Also a temple of Apollo 

upon mount Leucas, which appeared at a 
great distance at sea ; and served as a guide 
to mariners, and reminded them to avoid 
the dangerous rocks that were along the 
coast.— V. Mn. 3. 

APOLLOCRATES, a friend of Dion, sup. 
posed bv some to be the son of Dionysius. 

APOLLODORUS, a famous grammarian 
and mvthologist of Athens, son of AsclepiaK, 
and disciple to Panatius the Rhodian phi- 
losopher. He flourished about 115 years 
before the Christian era, and wrote an his- 
tory of Athens, besides other works. But 
of all nis compositions, nothing is extant 
but his Bibliotheca, a valuable work, di- 
vided into three books. It is an abridged 
history of the gods, and of the ancient he- 
roes, of whose actions and genealogy it 
gives a true and faithful account. The best 
edition is that of Hevne, Goett, in 8vo. 

4 vols. nw.—Ath.—Pl. 7, 37.— Di. 4. 

A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote trage- 
dies entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &e. A 

comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in the age of 
Menander, who wrote 47 plays. An ar- 
chitect of Damascus, who directed the 
building of Trajan's bridge across the Da- 
nube. He was put to death by Adrian, to 
whom, when in a private station, he had 

spoken in too bold a manner. A writer 

who composed an history of Parthia. a 

disciple of Epicurus, the most learned of 
his school, and deservedly surnamed the 
illustrious. He wrote about 40 volumes on 

different subjects.— Biog. A painter of 

Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two 
of his paintings were admired at Pergamus 
in the age of Pliny ; a priest in a suppliant 
posture,' and Ajax struck with Minerva's 

thunders.— PI. 3j, 9. A statuary in the 

age of Alexander. He was of such an 
irascible disposition, that he destroyed his 
own pieces upon the least provocation.— Pi. 
34, b. A rhetorician of Pergamus, pre- 
ceptor and friend to Augustus, who H/rote 



APO— APO 

a book on rhetoric— Sir. 13. A tragic 

poet of Tarsus. A Lemnian who wrote 

on husbandry. A physician of Tarentum. 

■ Another of Cvtium. 

APOLLONIA, "a festival at jEgialea in 
honour of Apollo and Diana. It arose 
from this circumstance : these two deities 
came to .Sgialea, after the conquest of the 
serpent Python; but they were frightened 
away, and fled to Crete. iEgialea was soon 
visited with an epidemical distemper, and 
the inhabitants, by the advice of their pro 
phets, sent seven chosen boys, with the 
same number of girls, to entreat thpm to 
return to iEgialea. Apollo and Diana 
granted their petition, in honour of which 
a temple was raised to Peitho (from the 
Greek"), the goddess of persuasion ; and 
ever after a number of youths, of both spxes, 
were chosen to march in solemn procession, 
as if anxious to bring back Apollo and 

Diana.— Pa. Cor. A town of Mygdonia, 

of Crete, of Sicily, on the coast of 

Asia Minor. Another on the coast of 

Thrace, part of which was built on a small 
island of Pontus, where Apollo had a tem- 
ple. A town of Macedonia, on the coasts 

of the Adriatic. A city of Thrace. Ano- 
ther on mount Parnassus. 

APOLLONIADES, a tyrant of Sicily, 
compelled tolav down hispower byTimoleon. 

APOLLONlAs, the wife of Attalus, king 
of Thvrgia, to whom she bore four children. 

APOLLOMDES, a writer of Nicaea. 

A physician of Cos at the court of Artax- 
erxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, 
the monarch's sister, and was some rime 
after put to death for slighting her after 
the reception of her favours. 

APOLLONIUS, a Stoic philosopher of 
Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to in- 
struct his adopted "son Marcus Antoninus. 
When he came to Rome, he refused to go 
to the palace, observing, that the master 
ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the 
pupil upon him. The emperor hearing 
this, said, laughingly, "It was then easier 
for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to 

Rome, than from Rome to the palace." 

A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, 
whose works are now lost. He lived about 
240 years before, the Christian era, and 
composed a commentary on Euclid, whose 
pupils he attended at Alexandria. He wrote 
treatises on conic sections, eight of which 
are now extant ; and he first endeavoured 
to explain the causes of the apparent stop- 
ping and retrograde motion 01 the planets, 
by cycles and epicycles, or circles witbiu 
circles. — The best edition of Apollonius is 

Dr. Halley's, Oxon. fol. 1710. A poet of 

Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apol- 
lonius of Rhodes, because he lived for some 
time there. He was pupil, when young, to 
Callimachus and Pansetius, and succeeded 
to Eratosthenes as third librarian of the fa- 
mous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemv 
Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his mas- 
ter, Callimachus, who wrote a poem against 
him, in which lie denominated him Ibis. Of 
all his works nothing remains but his poem 
on the expedition of the Arognauts, in four 



71 



APO — APO 



boons. The best editions of Apovlonius are 
those printed at Oxford, in 4to, bv Shaw, 
1777, in 2 vols, and in 1, 8vo. 1779, and 
that of Brunck, Argenlor, i2mo. 1780.— 

Quin. 10, 1. A Greek orator, surnamed 

MOLO, was a native of Alabanda in Caria. 
He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes 
aud Rome, and had J. Caesar and Cicero 
among his pupils. He discouraged the at- 
tendance of those whom he supposed incap- 
able of distinguishing themselves as orators, 
and he recommended to them pursuits more 
congenial to their abilities. He wrote an 
history, in which he did not candidly trea? 
the people of Judea, according to the com 
plaint of Josephus, con. Ap. Ci. Or. 1, 28.- 

Quin. 3, I.— Sue. Cats. A.—Plu. Cms. A 

Greek historian about the age of Augustus, 
who wrote upon the philosophy of Zeno and 
of his followers.— Str. 14. A Stoic philo- 
sopher who attended Cato of Utica in his 

last moments.— Plu. Cat. An officer set 

over Egypt by Alexander.— Curt. .4, 8. 

A wrestler.— Pa. 5. A physician of Per- 

gamus, who wide on agriculture. — Var. 

A grammarian of Alexandria. A writer 

in the age of Antoninus Pius. THY- 

ANEUS, a Pythagorean philosopher, well 
skilled in the secret arts of magic. Be- 
ing one day haranguing the populace at 
Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, "Strike 
the tyrant, strike him ; the blow is given, 
he is wounded, and fallen !" At that very 
moment the emperor Domitian had been 
stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired 
much reputation when this circumstance 
was known. He was courted by kings and 
princes, and commanded unusual attention 
by his numberless artifices. His friend and 
companion, cailed Damis, wrote his life, 
which 200 years after engaged the attention 
of Philostratus. In his history the biogra- 
pher relates so many curious and extraor- 
dinary anecdotes of the hero, that many 
Live justly deemed it a romance; yet for 
all this, Hierocles had the presumption to 
compare the impostures of Apollonius 
with the miracles of Jesus Christ. A so- 
phist of Alexandria, distinguished for his 
Lexicon Gr/ecum Iliadis et Odyssece, a book 
that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 
4to., 2 vols. Paris, 1773. Apolioniu6 was one 
of the pupils of Didymus, and flourished in 
the beginning of the first century. A phy- 
sician. A son of Sotades at the court c- 

Ptolemy Philadelphus.— SYRUS, a Platonic 
philosopher. — H EROPH [ LI US, wrote con- 
cerning ointments. A sculptor of Rhodes. 

APOLLO PH AN ES, a Stoic, who greatly 
flattered king Antigonus, and maintained 
that there existed but one virtue, prudence. 

—Diog. A physician in the court of An- 

tiochus. — Pot.o. A comic poet.— Ml.An.6 

APOMYIOS, a surname of Jupiter. 

APONIANA, an island near Liiybaeum. — 
Hi. Af. 2. 

APONTUS, M., a governor of Mcesia, re 
warded with a triumphal statue by Otko, 
for defeating 9000 barbarians.— Ta.Hist.X, 79. 

A PON US, now ABANO, a fountain wjtf. 
a village of the same name near Patavii:*,, 
in Italv. The waters of the fountain, whu,b 



APO-APP 



72 



APF— APR, 



■j 3re hot, were wholesome, and were sup- 
posed to have an oracular power.— Luc. 7. 
— Sue. Tib. 14. 

APOSTROPHIA, a surname of Venus in 
Rceotia, who was distinguished under these 
mines, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apos- 
trophia. The former was the patroness of 
a pure and chaste love ; the second of car- 
nal and sensual desires ; and the last incited 
men to illicit and unnatural gratifications, 
to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia, 
was invoked by the Thebans, that they might 
be saved from such unlawful desires. She 
is the same as the Verticordia of the Ro- 
mans—Pa. 9, 16.— Fa. Ma. 8, 15, 

APOTHEOSIS, a ceremony observed by 
the ancient nations of the world, by which 
they raised their kings, heroes, and great 
men, to the rank of deities. The nations of the 
east were the first who paid divine honours 
to their great men, and the Romans fol- 
lowed their example, and not only deified 
the most prudent and humane of their em- 
perors, but also the most cruel and profli- 
gate. Herodian 4, c. 2, has left us an accouut 
of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After 
the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory 
image was laid on a couch for seven days, 
representing the emperor under the agonies 
of disease. The city was in sorrow, the se- 
nate visited it in mourning, and the phy- 
sicians pronounced it every day in a more 
decaying state. When the death was an- 
;nced, a young band of senators carried 
tne couch and image to the Campus Martius, 
where it was deposited on an edifice in the 
form of a pyramid, where spices and com- 
bustible materials were thrown. After this 
the knights walked round the pile in solemn 
procession, and the images of the most illus- 
trious Romans were drawn in state, and im- 
mediately the new emperor, with a torch, 
set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the 
surrounding multitude. Meanwhile an eagle 
was let fly from the middle of the pile, which 
was supposed to carry the soul of the de- 
ceased to heaven, where he was ranked 
among the gods. If the deified was a female, 
a peacock, and not an eagle, was sent from 
the flames.— The Greeks observed ceremo- 
nies much of the same nature. 

APPIA VIA, a celebrated road leading 
from the porta Capena at Rome to Brundu- 
sium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made 
it as far as Capua, and it received its name 
from him. It was continued and finished 
by Gracchus, J. Caesar, and Augustus.— 
Vide Via.— Luc. 3.— St. 2. Sy. 2.~3Jart.9.ep. 
104.— Sue. Tib. 14. 

APPIADES, a name given to these five 
deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and 
Peace, because a temple was erected to 
them near the Appian road. The name was 
also applied to those courtezans at Rome 
who lived near the temple of Venus by Ap- 
pise Aquae, and the forum of J. Caesar.— Ov. 
Ar. Am. 3. 

APPIANUS, a Greek historian of Alex- 
andria, who flourished A.D. 123. His uni- 
versal history, which consisted of 24 books, 
was a series of history of all the nations that 
cad been conquered by the Romans, in the 



order of time; and in the composition, Hik 
writer displayed with a style simple and 
unadorned, a great knowledge of military 
affairs, and described his battles in a mas' 
terly manner. This excellent work is greatl',- 
mutilated, and there is extant now only the 
account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mith- 
ridatic, and Spanish wars, with those of 11- 
lyricum and the civil dissensions, with a 
fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, 
Appian has enlarged on the boundaries of 
that mighty empire, of which he was the 
historian. The best editions are those of 
Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols. 8vo., Amst. 
1670, and that of Schweigheuferus, 3 vols. 
8vo. Lips. 1785. He was so eloquent that the 
emperor highly promoted him in the state. 

APPII FORUM, now BORGO LONGO 
a little village not far from Rome, built by 
the consui Appius. — Hot. 1. S. 5. 

APPIUS, the praenomen of an illustrious 

family at Rome. A censor of that name, 

A.U.C. 442— Hor. 1. S. 6. 

APPIUS CLAUDIUS, a decemvir who ob- 
tained his power by force and oppression. 
He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom 
her father killed to preserve her chastity. 
This act of violence was the cause of a re- 
volution in the state, and the ravisher des- 
troyed himself when cited to appear before 

the" tribunal of his country.— Li. 3. 33. 

CLAUDIUS CjECUS, a Roman orator, who 
built the Appian way and many acqueducts 
in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come 
to assist the Tarentines against Rome, tie- I 
mauded peace of the senators, Appius, grown 
old in the service of the republic, caused 1 
himself to be carried to the senate house, 
and, by his authority, dissuaded them from 
granting a peace which would prove dis- 
honourabe to the Roman name.— Or. F. 6. 

—Ci. Br. Sr Tus. 4. A Roman who, when 

he heard that he had been proscribed by the 
triumvirs, divided his riches among his ser- 
vants, and embarked with them for Sicily, 
[n their passage the vessel was shipwrecked | 

and Appius alone saved his life.— App. 4. 

CLAUDIUS CRASSUS, a consul, who with 
Sp. Naut. Rutulius, conquered the Celtibe- 1 
rians, and was defeated by Perseus, king 

of Macedonia.-2.if. CLAUDIUS PUL- 

CHER, a grandson of Ap. CI. Caecus, con- 
sul in the "age of Sylla, retired from gran- j 
deur to enjov the pleasures of a private life. 

CLAUSUS,a general of the Sabines,who, I 

upon being ill treated by his countrymen,re- j, 
tired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and 
was admitted into the senate in the early j 

ages of the republic— Flu. Pop. HER- i 

DON I US seized thecapitol with 4000 exiles, . 
A.U.C. 292, and vvassoon after overthrown ' 

— Li. 3, 15.— Fl.3, 19. CLAUDIUS LEN- 

TULUS, a consul, with M. Perpenna. ■ 

A dictator who conquered the Hernici. 

The name of Appius was common in Rome, 
and particularly to many consuls whose his- 
tory is not marked by any uncommon event. 

APPULA,an immodest woman, &c. — Ju. 6. 

APRIES Si APRIUS, one of the kings of 
Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be 
the" Pharaoh Hophraof scripture. He took 
Sidon, and lived in great prosperity till his 



APS-AQU ; 

subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was 
conq uered and strangled. — Her. 2, 159. — Di. 1 . 

APS1NTHII, a people of Tlirace ; they 
received their name from a river called Ap- 
sintlius, which flowed through their terri- 
tory.— Dio. Per. 

APSINUS, an Athenian sophist in the 
third century, author of a work called Pre- 
ceptor de Arte Rhetorica. 

APSUS, a river of Macedonia falling into 
the Ionian Sea between Dyrrhachium and 
Apollonia.— Luc. 5 [PI. 4, 12.] 

APTERA, an inland town of Crete.— Ptoi. 

APULEIA LEX, was enacted by L. Apu- 
leius the tribune, A.U.C. 652, for inflicting 
a punishment upon such as were guilty of 
raising seditions, or shewing violence in the 
city. VAR1LIA, a grand-daughter of Au- 
gustus, convicted of adultery with a certain 
Manlius in the reign of Tiberius.— Ta.An. 50. 

A PU LEI US, a learned man, born at Ma- 
daura, in Africa. He studied at Carthage, 
Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich 
widow called Pudatilla, for which he was 
accused by some of her relations of using 
magical arts to win her heart. His apology 
was a masterly composition. In his youth, 
Apuleius, had been very expensive ; but he 
was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, 
and learnt Latin without a master. The 
most famous of his works extant is the golden 
ass in eleven books, an allegorical piece re- 
plete with morality. The best editions of 
Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 
1686, and Pricsei, 8vo. Goudse, 1650. 

APULIA, now PUGLIA, a country of 
Italy between Daunia and Calabria. It was 
part of the ancient Magna Graecia, and gene- 
rally divided into Apulia Daunia, and Apulia 
Peucetia. It was famous for its wools, su- 
perior to all the produce of Italy. Some 
suppose it is called after Apulus, an ancient 
king of the country before the Trojan war. 
PI. 3, 11.— Ci. Di. 1, rt.—Str. 6.— Me. 2, 4. 
—Mart. Ap. 155. 

APUSCIDAMUS, a lake of Africa. All 
bodies, however heavy, were said to swim 
on the surface of its waters.— Pi. 32, 2. 

AQUARIUS, one of the signs of the zo- 
diac, rising in January, and setting in 
February. Some suppose that Ganymede 
was changed into this sign.— Virg. G. 3, 304. 

AQUILARIA, a place of Africa.-C^. 2, 
B. C. 23. 

AQUILEIA. or AQUILEG1A, a town 
founded by a Roman colony, called from 
its grandeur, Roma secunda, and situated on 
the north of the Adriatic Sea, on the con- 
fines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefly 
to oppose the frequent incursions of the bar- 
barians. The Roman emperors enlarged 
and beautified it, and often made it their 
residence.— Jtal. 8, 605. Mart. 4, ep. 25. 

Me. 2, 4. 

AQU 1LIUS NIGER, an historian mention- 
ed by Sue. Aug. 11. MARCUS, a Roman 

consul who had the government of Asia 

Minor.— Ju. 36, 4. SARITUS, a lawyer 

of Rome, surnamed the Cato of his age. 
He was father to Aquilia Severa, whom 

Heliogabalus married. SEVERUS, a poet 

and historian in the age of Valentiuian. 



r 3 AQU-ARA 

AQUILLIA and AQUILIA, a patrician 
family at Rome, from which few illustrious 
men rose. 

AQUILO, a wind blowing from the north. 
Its name is derived, according to some, 
from Aquila, on account of its keenness and 
velocity. 

AQUILONIA, a city of the Hirpini in 
Italy.— Li. 10, 38. 

AQU I N I US, a poet of moderate capacity. 
Ci. 5. Tu. 

AQUINUM, a town of Latium, on the 
borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal was 
born. A dye was invented there, which 
greatly resembled the real purple. — Hor. 1, 
ep. \0.—Str.—Jtal. 8.— Juv. 3. 

AQUITATI A country of Gaul, bounded 
on the west by Spain, north by the province 
of Lugdunum, south by the province called 
Gallia Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are 
called Aquitani.— PI. 4, ll—Str. 4. 

ARA,a constellation, consisting of seven 
stars near the tail of the scorpion.— Ov. 
Me. 2. 

ARA LUGDUGENSIS,aplaceatthe con- 
fluence of the Arar and Rhone. — Juv. 1. 

ARABARCHES, a vulgar person among 
the Egyptians, or perhaps an unusual ex- 
pression for the leaders of the Arabians, 
who resided in Rome. — Juv. 1. Some be- 
lieve that Cicero, 2, ep. ad At. alluded tu 
Pompey under the name of Arabarches. 

ARABIA, a large country of Asia, forming, 
a peninsula between the Arabian and Per 
sian gulfs. It is generally divided into 
three different parts, Petraea, Deserta, and 
Felix. It is famous for its frankincense and 
aromatic plants. The inhabitants were for- 
merly under their own chiefs, an uncivi- 
lized people, who paid adoration to the sun, 
moon, and even serpents, and who had their 
wives in common, and even circumcised 
their children. The country has often been 
invaded, but never totally subdued. Alex- 
ander the Great expressed his wish to place 
the seat of his empire in their territories. 
The soil is rocky and sandy, the inhabitants 
are scarce, the mountains rugged, and the 
country without water. In Arabia, what- 
ever woman was convicted of adultery wa*. 
capitally punished. The Arabians for some 
time supported the splendour of literature, 
which was extinguished by the tyranny and 
superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and 
to them we are indebted for the inven- 
tion of algebra, or the application of signs 
and letters to represent lines, numbers, and 
quantities, and also for the numerical cha- 
racters of 1, 2, 3, &ic.—Her. l.—Di. l.—PL 
12.— Sir. ]&.—Xen.—Tib. 2, 'el. 2 —Curt. 5, 

l.— Virg. G. 1. Also, the name of the 

wife of ./Egyptus.— Apol. 

ARAB1CUS SlNUS,asea between Egypt 
and Arabia, different, according to some 
authors, from the Red Sea, w hich they sup- 
pose to be between Ethiopia and India, and 
the Arabian gulf further above, between 
Egypt and Arabia. It is aoout 40 days sail 
in length, and not half a day's in its most 
extensive breath.— PI. 5 ; i .—Sir. 

ARABIS, ARABUS, ARBIS, an li.diau 
river.— Curt. 9, 10 

H 



ARA-ARA 



74 ARA— ARA 



ARABS, and ARABUS, a son of A/>ollo 
and Babylone, who first invented medicine, 
and taught it in Arabia, which is called 
after his 'name.— PL 7, 56. 

ARACCA and ARECCA, a citv of Susiana. 
— Tib. 4, el. 1. 

ARACHNE, a woman of Colophon, daugh- 
ter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in 
working- with the needle, thatshe challenged 
Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial 
of skill. She represented on her work the 
amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, 
Leda, Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, &c. but 
though her piece was perfect and masterly, 
she was defeated by Minerva, and handed 
herself in despair, and was changed into a 

spider by the goddess.— Ov. Me. 6, 1. A 

city of Thessalv. 

ARACHOSl A, a city of Asia, near the 
Massagetae. It was built by Semiramis.— 
One of the Persian provinces beyond the 
Indus.— PL 6, 23.— Str. II. 

ARACHO TJE, and ARACHOTf, a people 
of India, who received their name from the 
river Arachotus, which flows down from 
mount Caucasus.— Bio. Per.— Curt. 2, 7. 

ARACHTHI AS, one of the four capital 
rivers of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling 
into the bav of Ambracia.— Str. 7. 

ARACILLUM, a town of Hispania, Par- 
raconensis.— Ft. 4, 12. 

ARACOSII, an Indian nation.— Ju. 13,4. 

ARACYxNTHUS, a mountain of Acarna- 
Dia, between the Achelous and Evenus, not 
far from the shore, and called Actaeus.— 
PL 4, l.—V. Eel. 2. 

ARADUS, an island near Phoenicia, joined 
to the continent bv a bridge.— Bio. Per. 

ARM, rocks in the middle of the Medi- 
terranean, between Africa and Sardinia, 
where the Romans and Africans ratified a 
treaty. It was upon them that ./Eneas left 
the greatest part of his fleet. They are 
supposed to be those islands which are com- 
monly called Agates.— V. Mn. 1, 123. 

ARRL PHILiENORUM, a maritime city 
of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.— Sal. 
J. B. 19. 

ARAR, now the SAONE, a river of Gaul, 
flowing into the Rhone, over which Caesar's 
soldiers made a bridge in one day.— C<es. 
B.G.\, 22.— SiL 3. 

ARARUS, a Scythian river, flowing 
through Armenia.— Her. 4, 48. 

ARATHYREA, a small province of 
Achaia, afterwards called Asophis, with a 
titv of the same name.— H. II. 2.— Str. 8. 

ARATUS, a Greek poet of Oiticia, about 
277 B.C. He was greatly esteemed by An- 
tigonus Gonatus, king of Macedonia, at 
whose court he passed much of his time, 
and by whose desire he wrote a poem on 
astronomy, in which he gives an account 
of the situations, rising and setting, num- 
ber and motion of the stars. Cicero repre- 
sented nim as unacquainted with astro- 
logy, yet capable ot writing upon it in ele- 
gant and highly finished verses, which, 
however, from the subject, admit of very 
little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns 
and epigrams, &c, and had among his in- 
terpreters and commentators many of the 



learned men of Greece, whose works are 
lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, and Ger- 
manicus Caesar, who, in their youth, or 
moments of relaxation, translated the phee- ; 
nomena into Latin verse. The best editions 
of Aratus are, Grotius, 4to. apud Rapha- 
leng. 1600; and Oxon. 8vo. 1672.— Ci. Nat. \ 

B. 2, 41.— Pa. 1, 2.— Ov. Am. 1, el. 15. 

The son of Clinias and Aristodama, was I 
born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river j 
Asopus. When he was but seven years of 
age, his father, who held the government 
of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, 
who made himself absolute. After some j 
revolutions, the sovereignty came into the j 
hands of Nicocles, whom Aratas mur- 
dered, to restore his country to liberty. He 1 
was so jealous of tyrannical power, that I 
he even destroyed a picture which was the 
representation of a tyrant. He joined the 
republic of Sicyon in the Achaean league, 
which he strengthened, by making a treaty 
of alliance with the Corinthians, and with 
Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen 
chief commander of the forces of the Achae- 
ans, and drove away the Macedonians from 
Athens and Corinth. He made war against 
the Spartans, but was conquered in a battle | 
by their king Cleomenes. To repair the 
losses he had sustained, he solicited the ' 
assistance of king Antigonus, and drove 
away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to j 
£=Typt, where he killed himself. The BLlo- 
lians soon after attacked the Achaeans ; j 
and Aratus, to support his character, was 
obliged to call to his aid Philip king of , 
Macedonia. His friendship with this new I 
ally did not long continue. Philip shewed 
himself cruel and oppressive; and put to 
death some of the noblest of the Achaeans, 
and even seduced the wife of the son of | 
Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced i 
in years, showed his displeasure by with- 
drawing himself from the society and ) 
friendship of Philip. But this rupture was , 
fatal. Philip dreaded the power and in- 1 
fluence of Aratus, and therefore he caused ' 
him and his son to be poisoned. Some days , 
before his death, Aratus was observed "to 
spit blood ; and when apprised of it by his 
friends, he replied, "Such are the rewards 
which a connexion with kings will produce." j 
He was buried with great pomp by his 
countrymen ; and two solemn sacrifices | 
were annually made to him, the first on the * 
day that he delivered Sicyon from tyranny, j 
and the second on the "day of his birth. ' 
During those sacrifices, which were called j 
Arateia, the priests wore a ribbon be- i 
spangled with white and purple spots, and ! 
the public schoolmaster walked in proces- | 
sion at the head of nis scholars, and was 
always accompanied by the richest and 
most eminent senators, adorned with gar 
lands. Aratus died in the 62d year of his 
age, B.C. 213. He wrote a his'tory of the i 
Achaean league, much commended by Po- I 
lybius.— Plu. vi.-Pa. 2, 8.— Ci. Off. 2, 23.— j 
Str. 14.— Li. 27. 31.— Pot. 2. 

A RAXES, now ARRAS, a celebrated river 
wnici separates Armenia from Media, and I 
falls mto the Caspian sea.— Luc. 1, 16.— 



ARB-ARC 



75 



ARC-ARC 



Sir. 8.— V. JEn. S.—Her. 1, 220. Another j 

which falls into the Euphrates. Another 

in Europe, now called Wolga. 

ARBACES, a Mede who revolted with 
Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded 
the empire of Media upon the ruins of the 
Assyrian power, 820 years before the chris- 
tian era. He reigned above fifty years, and 
was famous for the greatness of his under- 
takings, as well as for his valour.— Ju. i, 3. 
— Pat. 1,6. 

A.RBELA (orum), now Irbil, a town of 
Persia, on the river Lycus, famous for a 
battle fought there between Alexander 
and Darius, the 2d of October, B.C. 331.— 
Curt. 5, l.—Plu. Alex. 

ARBELA, a town of Sicily, whose inha- 
bitants were very credulous. 

ARB IS, a river on the western boundaries 
of India.— Sir. 

ARBOCALA, a city taken by Annibal as 
he marched against Rome. 

ARBUSCULA, an actress on the Roman 
stage, who laughed at the hisses of the po- 
pulace, while she received the applauses 
of the knights.— Hor. 1, s. 10. 

ARCADIA, a country in the middle of 
Peloponnesus, surrounded on every side by 
land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, 
Elis, and ArgoJis. It received its name 
from Arcos, son of Jupiter, and was an- 
ciently called Drymodes, on account of the 
great number of oaks (drus) it produced, 
and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. 
The country has been much celebrated by 
the poets, and was famous for its moun- 
tains. The inhabitants were for the most 
part all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, 
were skilful warriors, and able musicians. 
They thought themselves more ancient than 
the moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, 
chiefly lived among them. Aristotle 4, de 
met. says that the wine of Arcadia, when 
placed in a goat's skin near a fire, will be- 
come chalkv, and at last be turned into salt. 

—Sir. 8.— PL 4, 6.— Pa. 8, 1. A fortified 

village of Zacynthus. 

ARCAD1US, eldest son of Theodosius the 
Great, succeeded his father A.D. 395. Un- 
der him the Roman power was divided into 
the eastern and western empire. He made 
the eastern empire his choice, and fixed 
his residence at Constantinople ; while his 
brother Honorius was made emperor of the 
west, and lived in Rome. After this sepa- 
ration of the Roman empire, the two powers 
looked upon one another with indifference ; 
and soon after, their indifference was 
changed into jealousy, and contributed to 
hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign of 
Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western 
empire, and plundered Rome. Arcadius 
married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious 
woman, and died in tiie 31st year of his 
age, after a reign of 13 vears, in which he 
bore tiie character of an'eff'eminate prince, 
who suffered himself to be governed by fa- 
vourites, and who abandoned his subjects 
to the tyranny of ministers, while he lost him- 
self in the pleasures of a voluptuous court. 

ARCANUM, a villa of Cicero's near the 
Minturni.— Ci. 7, At. 10. 



ARCAS, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. 
He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno 
had changed into a bear. He reigned in 
Pelasgia, which from him was called Arca- 
dia, and taught his subjects agriculture, 
and the art of spinning wool. After his 
death, Jupiter made him a constellation 
with his mother. As he was one day hunt- 
ing, he met a wood nymph, who "begged 
his assistance, because the tree over which 
she presided, and on whose preservation 
her life depended, was going to be carried 
away by the impetuous torrent of a river. 
Areas changed the course of the waters, 
and preserved the tree, and married the 
nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, 
Aphidas, and Elatus, among whom he 
divided his kingdom. The descendants of 
Azan planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas 
received for his share Tegea, which on 
that account had been railed the inherit- 
ance of Aphidas ; and Elatus became mas- 
ter of mount Cylene, and some time after 
passed into Phocis.— Pa. 8, A.—Hyg. fa. 

1 55.—Apol. 3, S.—Str. H.—Ov. F. 1 , 470 

One of Actaeon's dogs. 

ARCE, a daughter of Thaumas, son of 
Pontus and Terra.— Ptol. Hep. 

ARC EN A, a town of Phoenicia, where 
Alexander Severus was born. 

ARC ENS, a Sicilian, who permitted his 
son to accompany iEneas into Italy, where 
he was killed by Mezentius.— V. JEn. 9, 58U 

ARCESILAUS, son of Battus, king of 
Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom in a 
sedition, and died B.C. 57*. The second of 
that name died B C. 550.— Poly. 8, 41.— 

Her. 4, 159. One of Alexander's gene 

rals, who obtained Messopotamia at the 
general division of the provinces after the 

king's death. A chief of Catana, which 

he betrayed to Dionysius the elder.— Di. 

14. A philosopher of Pitane in jEolia, 

disciple of Polemon. He visited Sardes and 
Athens, and was the founder of the middle 
academy, as Socrates founded the ancient, 
and Carneades the new one. He pretended 
to know nothing, and accused others of the 
same ignorance. He acquired many pupils 
in the character of teacher; but some of 
them left him for Epicurus, though no Epi- 
curean came to him ; which gave him occa- 
sion to say, that it is easy to make an 
eunuch of a man, but impossible to make a 
man of an eunuch. He was very fond of 
Homer, and generally divided his time 
among the pleasures of philosophy, love, 
reading, and the table. He died in his 75th 
year, B.C. 241, or 300 according to some. 

—Diog. vi.—Pers. 3.— Ci. Fin. The name 

of two painters. A statuary. A leader 

of the Boeotians during the Trojan war. ■ 

A comic and elegiac poet. 

ARCESIUS, sou of Jupiter, was grand- 
father to U Ivsses.— Ou. Me. 13. 

ARCH./EA", a city of ^Eolia. 

ARCH/EANAX of Mitylene was intimate 
with Pisistratus, tvrant of Athens. He for- 
tified Sigaeum with a wall from the ruins of 
ancient Vrow—Str. 13. 

ARCH/EATIDAS, a country of Pelopon- 
nesus.— Pol. 

H 9 



4.RC— ARC 



75 



ARC — ARC 



ARCHAGATHUS, son of Archagatbus, 
was slain in Africa by his soldiers. B.C. 
285. He killed his grandfather Agatnocles, 
tyrant of Syracuse.— Di, 20.— Ju. 22, 5, 
says, that he was put to death by Archesi- 
laus. A phvsician at Rome, B.C. 219. 

ARCHANDER, father-in-law to Danaus. 
—Her. 2, 98. 

ARCHANDROS, a town of Egypt. 

ARCHE, one of the muses, according to 
Cicero. 

ARCHEGETES, a surname of Hercules. 
ARCHELAUS, a name common to some 
kings of Cappadocia. One of them was 
conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithri- 

dates. A persor. of that name married 

Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt ; 
a dignity he enjoyed only sis months, as he 
was killed by the'soldiers of Gabinius, B.C. 
56. He had been made priest of Comana 
*** Pompey. His grandson was made king 
©f Cappidociaby Antony, whom he assisted 
at Actium, and he maintained his indepen- 
dence under Augustus, till Tiberius perfi- 
diously destroyed him. A king of Mace- 
donia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas 
the second : as he was but a natural child, 
he killed the legitimate heirs to gain the 
kingdom. He proved himself to be a great 
monarch; but ne was at last killed by one 
of his favourites, because he had promised 
him his daughter in marriage, and given 
her to another, after a reign of 23 years. 
He patronized the poet Euripedes.— Di. 14. 

— Ju. 7, 4.— Ml. V. H. A king of the 

Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Gla 
phyre, daughter of Archelaus, king of Ma- 
cedonia, and widow of his brother Alex- 
ander. Caesar banished him, for his cruel- 
ties, to Vienna, where he died.— Dio. A 

king of Lacedeemon, son of Agesilaus. He 
reigned 42 years rtith Charilaus, of the 
other branch of the family.— Her. 7, 204.— 

Pa. 3, 2. A general of Antigonus the 

lounger, appointed governor of the Acro- 
corinth, with the philosopher Persaeus.— 

Poly. 6, 5. A celebrated general of 

Mithridates, against Sylla.— Id. 8, 9. A 

philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of 
Apollodorus, and successor to Anaxagoras. 
He was preceptor to Socrates, and 
was called Physieus. He supposed that 
heat and cold were the principles of 
all things. He first discovered the voice 
be propagated by the vibration of 



ARCHEMORUS, or Opheltes, son of Ly- 
curgus, king of Nemsea, in Thrace, by 
Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle, 
queen of Lemnos, who had fied to Thrace, 
and was employed as a nurse in the king's 
family. Hypsipyle was met by the army of 
Adrastus, who was going against Thebes ; 
and she was forced to shew them a fountain 
where they might quench their thirst. To 
do this more expeditiously, she put down 
the child on the grass, and at her return 
found him killed by a serpent. The Greeks 
were so afflicted at this misfortune, that 
they instituted games in honour of Arche- 
morus, which were called Nemaean, and 
king Adrastus inlistedamong the combatants, 
and was victorious. — Apol. 2.— Pa. 8, 48.— 
St. Th. 6. 

ARCHEPOLIS, a man in Alexander's 
army, who conspired against the king with 
Dymnus. — Curt. 6, 7. 

ARCHEPTOLEM US, son of Iphitus, king 
of Ellis, went to the Trojan war, and fought 
against the Greeks. As he was fighting 
near Hector, he was killed by Ajax, son o* 
Telamon. It is said that he re-established 
the Olympic games.— H. II. 8. 

ARCHESTRATUS, a tragic poet, whose 
pieces were acted during the Peloponnesian 

war.— Plu. Ari. A man so small and lean, 

that he could be placed in a dish without 
filling it, though it contained no more than 

an obolus. A follower of Epicurus, who 

wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony. 

ARCHETIMUS, the first philosophical 
writer in the age of the seven wise men of 
Greece.— Diog. [Trojans.— V. Mn. 12. 

ARCHETIDS, a Rutulian, killed by the 
ARCH1A, one of the Oceanides, wife to 
Inachus.— Hyg. fa. 143. 

ARCHIAS, a Corinthian, descended from 
Hercules. He founded Syracuse, B.C. 732. 
Being told bv an oracle to make choice ot 
health or riches, he chose the latter.— Dio. 

H. 2. A poet of Antioch intimate with 

the Luculli. He obtained the rank and name 
of a Roman citizen by the means ot Cicero, 
who defended him in an elegant oration,, 
when his enemies had disputed his privileges 
of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on 
the Cimbrian war, and began another con- 
cerning Cicero's consulship, which are now 
lost. Some of his epigrams are preserved 

in the Anthologia.— Ci. Ar. A polemarch 

of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy 



the air.— Ci. Tu. 5.— Diog. vi.—Aug. of Pelopidas,which he could have prevented, 

ci. Dei. 8. A man set over'Susa by Alex- if he had not deterred to the morrow the 

ander, with a garrison of 300 men."— Curt, reading of a letter which he had received 

A Greek philosopher, who wrote a ! from Archias the Athenian high priest, and 

nistory of animals, and maintained that j which srave him information ot his danger.— 
goats breathed not through the nostrils, but I Plu. Pel. A high priest of Athens, con- 
through the ears.— PL 8, 50. A son of j temporary and intimate with the polemarch 

Electryon and Anaxo.— Apol. 2. A Greek of the same name.— Id. ibid. A Theban 

poet, who wrote epigrams.— Far. R. R.3,l6. taken in the act of adultery, and punished 



-A sculptor of Priene, in the aee of 
Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Ho- 
mer, a piece of sculpture highly admired, 
tnd said to have been discovered under 

ground, A.D. 1658. A writer of Thrace. 

ARCHEMACHUS, a Greek writer, who 

published an history of Eubcea.— Ath. 6. 

A son of Hercules. Son of Priam. -Apot.2. 



according to the law, and tied to a post in 
the public place, for which punishment he 
abolished the oliffarchv.— Arts. 

ARCH1BI ADES, a philosopher of Athens, 
who afiected the manners of the Spartans, 
and was very inimical to the views and mea- 
sures of Phocion.— Plu. Pho. An ambas- 
sador of Byzantium, &c— Poly. 4, 44. 



ARC-ARC 



77 



ARC— ARC 



ARCHIBIUS, the son of the geographer, 
Ptolemy. 

ARCHIDAMIA, a priestess of Ceres, who 
flu account of her affection for Aristomenes, 
restored him to liberty when lie had been 
taken prisoner by her female attendants at 
the celebration of their festivals.— Pa. 4, 17. 
A daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hear- 
ing that her countrymen the Spartans, were 
debating whether they should send away 
their women to Crete against the hostile 
approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and 
ran to the senate house, exclaiming that the 
women were as able to iight as the men. 
Upon this the decree was repealed.— Plu, 
Pyr.—Poly. 8, 8. 
ARCHIDAMUS.sonofTheopompus, king 

of Sparta, died before his father.— Pa. 

Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, 

succeeded by Agasicles. Another, son of 

Agesilaus, of the family of the Proclidae. 

Another, grandson of Leotychidas, by his 
son Zeuxidanius. He succeeded his grand- 
father, and reigned in conjunction with 
Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and 
Arcadians, and privately assisted the Pho- 
cians in plundering the temple of Delphi. He 
was called to the aid of Tarentum against the 
Romansj and killed there in a battle, after a 

reign ot 33 years.— Di. 16. — Xen. Ano- 

Iher, son of Eudamidas. Another, who 

conquered the Helots, after a violent earth- 
quake.— Di. 11. A son of Agesilaus, who 

led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus 
at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a 

battle against the Lucanians, B.C. 338. 

A son of Xenius Theopompus.— Pa. 

ARCH1DAS, a tyrant of Athens, killed 
by his troops. 

ARCHIDEMUS, a Stoic philosopher, 
who willingly exiled himself among the 
Parthians.— Plu. ex. 

ARCHIDEUS, a son of Amyntas, king 
of Macedonia. — Ju. 7, 4. 

ARCH1DIUM, a city of Crete, named 
after Archidius, son of Tegeates.— Pa. 8, 53. 

ARCHIGALLUS, the high priest of Cy- 
bele's temple.— Vide Galli. 

ARCHIGENES, a physician, born at 
Apamea in Syria. He lived in the reign of 
Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in 
the 73d year of his age. He wrote a trea- 
tise on adorning the hair, as also ten books 
on fevers.— Juv. 6. 

ARCHILOCHUS, a poet of Paros, who 
wrote elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, 
and was the first who introduced iambics in 
his verses. He had courted Neobule, the 
daughter of Lycambes, aud had received 
promises of marriage ; but the father gave 
her to another, superior to the poet in 
rank and fortune ; upon which Archilochus 
wrote such a bitter satire, that Lycambes 
hansred himself in a fit of despair. The 
Spartans condemned his verses on account 
of their indelicacy, and bani>hed him from 
their city as a petulant and dangerous 
citizen. He flourished 685 B.C. and it is 
said that he was assassinated. Some frag- 
ments of his poetry remain, which display 
vigour and animation, boldness and vehe- 
mence in the highest degree 1 irom whi<h 



reason perhaps Cicero calls virulent edicts, 
Archilochia edicta.-—Ci. Tu. \.—Q.uin. 10, 1. 

Her. 1, \2.—Hor. a. p. 19.—Ath. 1, 2. 

A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the 

Trojan war. — H. 11. 2, A Greek historian 

who wrote a chronological table, and other 
works, about the 20th or 30th olympiad. 

ARCH1MIDES, a famous geometrician of 
Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass 
that faithfully represented the motion of all 
the heavenly bodies. When Marcellus, 
the Roman consul, besieged Syracuse, Ar- 
chimedes constructed machines which sud- 
denly raised up in the air the ships of the 
enemy from the bay before the city, and 
let them fall with such violence into the 
water that they sunk. He set them also on 
fire with his burning glasses. When the 
town was taken, the Roman general gave 
strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Ar- 
chimedes, and even ottered a reward to him 
who should bring him alive and safe into 
his presence. All these precautions were 
useless ; the philosopher was so deeply en- 
gaged in solving a problem, that lie was 
even ignorant that the enemy were in pos- 
session of the town ; and a soldier, without 
knowing who he was, killed him because he 
refused to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus 
raised a monument over him, and placed 1 
upon it a cylinder and a sphere ; but the 
place remained long unknown, till Cicero, 
during his questorship in Sicily, found it 
near one of the gales of Syracuse, sur- 
rounded with thorns and brambles. Some 
suppose that Archimedes raised the site of 
the towns and villages of Egypt, and began 
those mounds of earth by means of which 
communication is kept from town to town 
during the inundations of the Nile. The 
story of his burning glasses had always ap- 
peared fabulous to some of the moderns, 
till the experiments of Button demonstrated 
it beyond contradiction. These celebrated 
glasses were supposed to be reflectors 
made of metal, and capable of producing 
their effect at the distance of a bow-shot. 
The manner in which he discovered how 
much brass a goldsmith had mixed with 
gold in making a golden crown for the 
king is well known to every modern hydro- 
static, as well as the pumping screw which 
still bears his name. Among the wild schemes 
of Archimedes, is his saying, that by mean* 
of his machines, he could move the earth 
with ease, if placed on a fixed spot near it. 
Many of his works are extant, especially 
treatises de sphcera Sf cylindro, circuli di- 
mensio, de lincis spiralibus, de quadratura 
paruboles, de numero arena, fyc. the best 
edition of which is that of David Rivaltius.. 
fol. Paris, 1615. — Ci. Tu. 1, 25.— Li. 24, 34^ 
—Quin. I. 10.— Vitr. 9, 3.— Pol. l.—Plu. 
Mar.—Va. Ma. 8, 7. 

ARCH1NUS, a man who, when he was 
appointed to distribute new arms among the 
populace at Argos, raised a mercenary 
band, and made himself absolute. —Pol, 3 

8. A rhetorician of Athens. 

ARCH 1PE LAG US, a part of a sea where 
islands in great number are interspersed, 
such as that part of Mie Mediterraiiear 
H 3 



ARC— ARC 



73 



ARC-ARC 



which lies between Greece and Asia Minor, 
and is generally called Mare JEgemn. 

ARCHIPOL1S, a soldier who conspired 
against Alexander with Dymnus.— Curt. 6,7. 

ARCHIPPE, a city of the Marsi, des- 
troyed by an earthquake, and lost in the 
lake of Fucinus.— PI. 3, 19. 

ARCHIPPUS, a king of Italy, from whom 
perhaps the town of Archippe received its 

name.— V. Mn. 7. A philosopher of 

Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. An archon 

at Athens. A cbmic poet of Athens, of 

whose 8 comedies only one obtained the 
prize. A philosopherin the age of Trajan. 

ARCHITlS,a name of Venus, worshipped 
on mount Libanus. 

ARCHON, one of Alexander's generals, 
who received the provinces of Babylon, at 
the general division, after the king's death. 

Di. 8. 

ARCHONTES, the name of the chief ma- 
gistrates of Athens. They were nine in 
number, and none were chosen but such as 
were descended from ancestors who had 
been free citizens of the republic for three 
generations. They were also to be without 
deformity in all the parts and members of 
their body, and were obliged to produce 
testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to 
their parents, of the services they had ren- 
dered their country, and the competency of 
their fortune to support their dignity. They 
took a solemn oath, that they would ob- 
serve the laws, administer justice with im- 
partiality, and never suffer themselves to be 
corrupted. If they ever received bribes, 
they were compelled by the laws to dedicate 
to the god of Delphi", a statue of gold of 
equal weight with their body. They all had 
the power of punishing malefactors with 
death. The chief among them was called 
Archon, the year took its denomination 
from him ; he determined all causes be- 
tween man and wife, and took care of le- 
gacies and wills ; he provided for orphans, 
protected the injured, and punished drunk- 
enness with uncommon severity. If he 
suffered himself to be intoxicated during 
the time of his office, the misdemeanor was 
punished with death. The second of the 
Archons was called Basileus : it was his 
business to keep good order, and to remove 
all causes of quarrel in the families of those 
who were dedicated to the service of the 
gods. The prophane and the impious were 
brought before his tribunal ; and he offered 
public sacrifices for the good of the state. 
He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusi- 
nian festivals, and other religious ceremo- 
nies. His wife was to be related to the 
whole people of Athens, and of a pure and 
unsullied life. He had a vote among the 
Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among 
them without his crown. The Polemarch 
was another Archon of inferior dignity. 
He had the care of all foreigners, and pro- 
vide a sufficient maintenance from the pub- 
lic treasury, for the families of those who 
had lost their lives in defence of their coun- 
try. These three chief Archons generally 
chose each of them two persons of respect- 
able character, and of an advanced age. 



whose counsels and advice might nssis an 
support them in their public capacity. The 
six other Archons were indistinctly called 
77ie$?7i0^ete,andreceivedcomplaints against 
persons accused of impiety, bribery, and 
ill behaviour. They settled all disputes be- 
tween the citizens, redressed the wrongs of 
strangers, and forbade any laws to be en- 
forced, but such as were conducive to the 
safety of the state. These officers of state 
were chosen after the death of king Codrus ; 
their power was originally for lire, but af- 
terwards it was limited to ten years, and at 
last to one vear. After some time, the 
qualifications which were required to be an 
archon were not strictly observed. Adrian, 
before he was elected emperor of Rome, 
was made archon at Athens, though a 
foreigner ; and the same honours were con 
fered upon Plutarch. The perpetual ar- 
chons, after the death of Codrus, were Me- 
don, whose office began B.C. 1070 ; Acastus, 
1050; Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995 ; 
Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus 
893 ; Pherecles, 665 ; Ariphron, 846 ; Thes- 
pius, 826 ; Agamestor, 799 ; iEschylus, 778 ; 
Alcmseon, 756 ; after whose death the archons 
were decennial, tbe first of whom was Cha- , 
rops, who began 753 ; iEsimedes, 744 ; Cli- 
dicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724 ; Leocrates, 
714; Epsander, 704 ; Eryxias, 694; after 
whom the office became annual, and of 
these annual archons Creon was the first. 
—Aris.—N. &■ A.— Flu. Sym. l.—Dem.— 
Poll.—Lys. 

ARCHVLUS THURlUS,a general ofDio 
nvsius the elder.— Di. 14. 
"ARChYTAS, a musician of Mitylene, wh« 

wrote a treatise on agriculture.— Diog. ■ 

The son of Hestisus of Tarentum, was a 
follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and 
an able astronomer and geometrician. He 
redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands 
of the tvrant Dionysius, and for his virtues 
he was* seven time's chosen by his fellow- 
citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented 
some mathematical instruments, and made 
a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perish- 
ed in a shipwreck, about 394 years before 
the Christian era- He is also the reputai 
inventor of the screw and the pully. A 
fragment of j his writings has been pre- 
served by Porphyry.— Hor. 1, 28.— Ci. 3, Or. 
—Diog. vi. 

ARCITENENS,an epi het applied to Apol- 
lo, from his bearing a bow, with which, as 
soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Py- 
thon.— P. Mn. 3. , t 

ARCTINUS, a Milesian poet said to be 
pupil to Homer. — Dto. H. 1. 

ARCTOPHYLAX, a star near the great 
bear, called also Bootes.— Ci. Nat. D. 2, 42. 

ARC TOS, a mountaiu near Propontis; in- 
habited by giants and monsters Two ce- 
lestial constellations near the north pole, 
commonly called Ursa Major and Minor, 
supposed to be Areas and his mother, who 
were made constellations.—Firg-. G.i.—Ara. 
—Ov. F. 3. 

ARCTURUS, a star near the tail of the 
great bear, whose rising and setting were 
generally supposed to portend great tern 



ard— are ; 

pests.— Horat. 3, od. 1. The name is de- 
rived from its situation, from the Greek 
arktos oura, a bear's tail. It rises now 
about the beginning of October, and Pliny 
tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, ac- 
cording to Columella, on the 5th September. 

ARDALUS, a son of Vulcan, said to have 
oeen the first who invented the pipe. He 
gave it to the Muses, who on that account 
nave been called ArdaLides and Ardaliol- 
ides.—Pa. 2, 31. 

ARDAN1A, a country of Egypt.— Str. 

ADRAXANUS, a small river of Illyri- 
cum. —Pol. 

ARDEA, formerly Ardua, a town of 
Latium built by Danae, or according to 
some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It 
was the capital of the Rutuli. Some 
diers set it on fire, and the inhabitants 
publicly reported, that their city had been 
changed into a bird, called by the Latins, 
Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it became a 
\ich and magnificent city, whose enmity to 
Rome rendered it famous. Tarqnin the 
Proud was pressing it with a siege, when 
his son ravished Lucretia. A road called 
Ardeatina branched from the Appianroad 
to Ardea.— C. Nep. At. U.—Li. 1, 57.— V. 
Mn. 7.—Ov. Me. U.—Slr. 5. 

ARDERICCA, a small town on the Eu- 
phrates, north of Babylon. 

ARDIjEI, a people of Nlyricum, whose 
capital was called Adia.— Str. 7. 

ARDONEA, a town of Apulia.— Zi.24, 20. 

ARDUA, ancient name ofArdea.— V.SLn.l. 

ARDUENNA, now Ardenne. a large 
forest of Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar, 
which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to 
the borders of the Nervii.— Ta. 8, An. 42. 
—Cass. b. O. 6, 29. 

ARDUINE, the goddess of hunting among 
the Gauls ; represented with the same at- 
tributes as the Diana of the Romans. 

ARDYENSES, a nation near the Rhone. 
— Pol. 3. 

ARDYS, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, 
who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made 
war against Miletus. — Her. 1, 15. 

AREA, a surname of Minerva, from her 
temple on .Mars' hill, f from the Greek Ares) 
erected bv Orestes.— Pa. 1, 28. 

ARDACID/E, nation of N umidia.- Polyb. 

AREAS, a general chosen by the Greeks 
against ^Etolia.— Ju. 24, 1. 

AKEGONIS, the mother of Morpsus by 
Am pyx.— Orph. Ar. 

ARELATUM, a town of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis.— Str. 4.— Me. 2, 5. 

A RELLI US, a celebrated painter of Rome, 
in the age of Augustus. He painted the 
goddesses in the form of his mistresses. — 
PI. 35, 10. A miser.— Hor. 

AREMORICA, a part of Gaul, at the 
north oftlieLoire, now called Britany.-- PlA. 

A REN A and ARENE, a city of Messenia, 
in Peloponnesus.—//. II. 2. [Hist. 5, 20. 

ARENACU.M, a town of Germany.— Ta. 

AREOPAGIT7E, thejudges of the Areo- 
pagus, a seat of j ustice on a small eminence 
near Athens, whose name is derived 
from the Greek, Areos pagos, the hill of 
Mars, because Mars was the first who was 



? ARE — ARE 

tried there, for the murder of Hallirhot'io*. 
who had offered violence to his daugh ler 
Alcippe. Some say that the place received 
the name of Areopagus, because the Ama- 
zons pitched their camp there and offered 
sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when 
they besieged Athens ; and others maintain, 
that the name was given to the place, be- 
cause Mars is the god of bloodshed, war, 
and murder, which were generally punished 
by that court. The time in which this ce- 
lebrated seat of justice was instituted, is 
unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the 
founder of Athens, first established it, while 
others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and 
others to Solon. The number of judges 
that composed this august assembly, is not 
known. They have been limited by some 
to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a 
greater number. The most worthy and 
religious of the Athenians were admitted 
as members, and such archons as had dis- 
charged their duty with care and faithful- 
ness. In the latter ages of the republic, 
this observance was often violated, and we 
find some of their members of loose and 
debauched morals. If any of them were 
convicted of immorality, if they were seen 
sitting at a tavern, or had used any indecent 
language, they were immediately expelled 
from the assembly, and held in the greatest 
disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of 
the Areopagus always was for lite. The 
Areopagites took cognizance of murders, 
impiety, and immoral behaviour, and par- 
ticularly of idleness, which they deemed 
the cause of all vice. They watched over 
the laws, and they had the management of 
the public treasury ; they had the liberty of 
rewarding the virtuous, and of inflicting 
severe punishment upon such as blasphemed 
against the gods, or slighted the celebration 
of the holy mysteries. They always sat in 
the open air, because they took cognizance 
of murder ; and by their laws it was not 
permitted for the murderer and his accuser 
to be both under the same roof. This cus- 
tom also might originate because the per- 
sons of the judges were sacred, and they 
were afraid of contracting pollution by 
conversing in the same house with men 
who had been guilty of shedding innocent 
blood. They always heard causes and passed 
sentence in the night, that they might not 
be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or 
of the defendant by seeing them. What- 
ever causes were pleaded before them, 
were to be divested of all oratory and fine 
speaking, lest eloquence should charm their 
ears, and corrupt their judgment. Hence 
arose the most just and most impartial de- 
cisions, and their sentence was deemed 
sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and 
defendant were equally convinced of its 
justice. The Areopagites generally sat on 
the 27th, 28th, and 29th day of every month. 
Their authority continued in its original 
state, till Pericles, who was refused admit- 
tance among them, resolved to lessen their 
consequence, and destroy their power. 
From that time the morals of the Athenians 
were corrupted, and the Areopagites were 



ARE-ARE 8 
no longer conspicuous for their virtue and 
\ustice ; ana when they censured the de- 
baucheries of Demetrius', one of the family 
of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if 
they wished to make a reform in Athens 
lliev must be?in at home. 

AREOPAGUS, a hill in the neighbour- 
hood of Athens. Vide Areopasritae. 

ARESTiE, a people of India, conquered 
bv Alexander.— Ju. 12, 8. 

ARESTHANAS, a countryman, whose 
troat suckled jtsculapius, when exposed by 
his mother.— Pa. 2, 26. 

ARESTORI DE5, a patronymic given to 
the hundred-eved Argus, as son of Arestor. 
-Or. Me. 1. ' 

ARETA, the mother of Aristippus the 

philosopher. — Laer. 2. A daughter of 

Dionvsius, who married Dion. She was 
thrown into the sea.— Plu. Di. A fe- 
male philosopher of Cyrene, B.C. 377. 

A daughter of Rhexehor, descended from 
Neptune, who married her uncle Alcinous, 
dv whom she had Nausicaa.— H. Od. 7.— 
Apol. I. 

ARETjEUS, a physician of Cappadocia 
very inquisitive after the operations of na- 
ture. His treatise on agues has been much 
admired. The best edition of his works 
which are extant is that of Boerhaave, L. 
Bat. fol. 1735. 

ARETAPHILA, the wife of Melanippus, 
a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered 
her husband to marry her. She, however, 
vas so attached to "Melanippus, that she 
endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at 
.ast caused him to be assassinated by his 
brother Lysander, whom she married. ' Ly- 
sander proved as cruel as his brother, upon 
which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown 
into the sea. After this she retired to a 
private station.— Plu. Mu.—Poly. 8, 38. 

ARETALES, a Cnidian, who wrote an 
historv of Macedonia, besides a treatise on 
island"?.— Plu. 

ARETE, Vide Areta. [Curt. 4, 15. 

ARETES, one of Alexander's officers.— 

ARETHTSA, a nymph of Elis, daughter 
of Oceanus, and one of Diana's atteud 
ants. As she returned one day from hunt- 
ing, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed 
in the stream. The god of the river was 
enamoured of her, and he pursued her over 
the mountains and all the country, when 
Arethusa. ready to sink under fatigue, im- 
plored Diana, who changed herintoa foun- 
tain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his 
streams with hers, and Diana opened a se- 
cret passage under the earth and under the 
sea, where the waters of Arethusa disap- 
peared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, 
near Syracuse, in Sicily. The river Alphe- 
tus followed her also under the sea, and 
rose also in Ortygia; so that, as mycolo- 
gists relate, whatever is thrown into the 
Alpheus in Elis, rises again, after some 
time, in the fountain Arethusa near Svra- 
cuse. Vide Alpheus.— Or. Me. 5, 10.— Ath. 

7. — Pa. One of the Hesperides. — Apol. 

2, 5. A daughter of Herileus, mother of 

Abas, by Neptune.— Hug. 157. One of 

Actaeou's dogs.— Hyg. f. 181. A lak* 3 



) ARE— ARG 

upper Armenia, near the fountains of flit; 
Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. 

—Pi. 2, 103. -A town of Thrace. Ana 

ther in Syria. [//. 5. 

ARETINUM, aRoman colony in Etruria. 

ARETES, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia 

— H. Od. 3. A Trojan against the Greeks. 

He was killed by Automedon.--H. 77. 17. 

A famous warrior, whose only weapon wa\ 
an iron club. He was treacherously killed 
by Lvcurgus, king of Arcadia. — Pa. 8, 11. 
'aRECS, a king of Sparta, preferred in 
the succession to Cleonymus, brother o' 
Acrotatus, who had made' an alliance wit> 
Pyrrhus. He assisted Athens when Anti- 
gonus besieged it, and died at Corinth.- 

Pa. 3, 6.— Plu. A [king of Sparta, who 

sucueeded his father Acrotatus II., and wa» 
succeeded by bis son Leonidas, son of Cle- 
onymus, A philosopher of Alexandria, 

intimate with Augustus.— Sue. A poet of 

Laconia. An orator mentioned bv Quin. 

ARGIL'S and ARGEUS, a son of Apollo 

and Cyrene.— Ju. 13, 7. A son of Per- 

diccas) who succeeded his father in the 

kingdom of Macedonia. — Ju. 7, }• A 

mountain of Cappadocia, covered with per 
petual snows, at the bottom of which is the 
capital of the country called Maxara. — 

Clan. A son of Pto'lemv, killed by his 

brother.— Pa. 1. A son of Licvmnius.— 

Apol. 2. [clas.— Pa. 3, 1. 

ARGALT'S, a kinsr of Sparta, son of Amy 

ARGATHONA. a huntress of Cios in 
tlivnia, whom Rhesus married before he 
went to the Trojan war. When she heard of 
his death she died in despair. — Parth.Er.3t, 

ARGATHONIUS, a king of Tartessua. 
who, according to PI. 7, i% med 120 years, 
and 300 according- to Jt. 3. 

ARGE, a beautiful huntress, changed into 

a stag bv Apollo.— Hyg. f. 205. One o* 

the Cyclops.— Hes. A daughter of Thes- 

pius, bv whom Hercules had two sons.— 

ApoL I. A nymph, daughter of Jupitet 

and Juno.— Apol. 1. [ 8 > S 3 - 

AKG£ATH^, a village of Arcadia.— Pa. 

ARGEA, aplace at Rome, where certain 
Arg-ives were buried. 

ARGENNUM, a promontory of Ionia. 

ARGES, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who 
had only one eve in his forehead. — Apol.\,\. 

ARGESTRATUS, a king of Laceda:mon, 
who reigned 35 years. 

ARGEUS, a son of Perdiccas, king of Ma- 
cedonia, who obtained the kingdom when 
Amvntas was deposed by the lllyrians. — 

A'RGI, (pi. k.) Vide Argos. [Ju. 2. 

ARGIA, daughter of Adrastus, married 
Polynices, whom she loved with uncom 
moii tenderness. 'When he was killed in the 
war, she buried his body in the night, again*, 
the positive orders of Creon, for which piou* 
action she was punished with death. The- 
seus revenged her death bv killing Creon 
— Hyg. f. 69.— St. Th. 12. [Vide Antigone* 

Creon. I A country of Peloponnesus 

called also Argolis, of'which Argos was the 
capital. — —One of the Oceaniats.— Hyg. 

pr<£. The wife of Inachus, and mother of 

lo.— Id. t. 145. The mother of Argos, by 

Poljbus.— Id. f. 145. A daughter of Au- 



ARG-ARG 



hi 



ARG-ARG 



tesion, who married Aristodemus, by whom 
she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles. 
—Apol. 2.— Pa. 4, 3. [A.U.C. 146. 

ARGIAS, a man who founded Chalcedon, 
ARGILETUM, a place at Rome, near the 
Palatium, where the tradesmen generally 
kept their shops.— V.JEn. 8, 355.— Mart. 1,4. 

ARG1LIUS, a favourite youth of Pausa- 
m'as, who revealed his master's correspond- 
ence with the Persian king, to the Ephori. 
— C. Nep. Pa. [ /he Nile. 

ARGILLUS, a mountain of Egypt, near 
ARG1LUS, a town of Thrace, near the 
Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians.— 
Th'. 4, 103.— Her. 7, 115. 

ARGINUSiE, three small islands near the 
continent, between Mitylene and Me- 
thymna, where the Lacedaemonian fleet was 
conquered by Conon the Athenian.— Sir. 13. 

ARGIOPE, a nymph of Mount Parnas- 
•us, mother of Thamyris, by Philammon 
the son of Apollo.— Pa. 4, 33. 

ARGIPHOBTES, a surname given to 
Mercury, because he killed the hundred- 
eyed Argus, by order of Jupiter. 

A RG I PPEI, a nation among the Sauroma- 
tians, born bald, and with flat noses. They 
lived upon trees. — Her. 4, 23. 

ARG1 VA, a surname of Juno, worshipped 
Zt Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, 
consecrated to her bv Euridice, the daugh- 
ter of Lacedsemon.— Pa. 4, 13.— V.JEn. 3. 

ARGIVl, the inhabitants of the city of 
Argos and the neighbouring country. The 
word is indiscriminately applied by the 
poets to all the inhabitants of Greece. 

ARGIUS, a steward of Galba, who pri- 
vately interred the body of his master in 
his gardens.— Ta. Hist. 1, 49. 

ARGO, the name of the famous ship 
•<ihich carried Jason and his 26 companions 
*o Colchis, when they resolved to recover 
the golden fleece. The derivation of the 
word Argo has often been disputed. Some 
derive it from Argos, the person who first 
proposed the expedition, and who built the 
ship. Others maintain that it was built at 
Argos, whence its name.— Ci. Tu. 1, 20, 
calls it Argos, because it carried Grecians, 
commonly called Argives. Diod. 4, derives 
the word from argos, which signifies swift, 
Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules 
built the ship, and called it Argo, after a 
son of Jason, who bore the same name. 
The ship Argo had fifty oars. According 
*o many authors, she had a beam on her 
prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Miner- 
va, which had the power of giving oracles 
to the Argonauts. This ship was the first 
that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. 
After the expedition was finished, Jason or- 
dered herto be drawn aground at the isthmus 
of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of 
the sea. The poets have made her a con- 
stellation in heaven. Jason was killed by a 
«eam which fell from the top, as he slept 
jn the ground near it. — Hyg. f. 14. — Cat. 
Nupt. P. & Th — Va. Flac. l.—Ph<e.4, f. 6. 
—Sen. Med.— Apol. Arg.— Apol. l.—Ci. Nat. 
D.—Pl. 6, 56.— Manil. I. 

ARGOLICUS SINUS, a bay on the coast 
of Argolis. 



ARGOLIS and ARG1A, a country of 
Peloponnesus between Arcadia and the 
iEgean sea. Its chief city was called Argos. 

ARGON, one of the descendants of Her 
cules, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before 
Gyges.—Her. i. 7. 

ARGONAUTS, a name given to those 
ancient heroes who went with Jason on 
board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 
years before the taking of Troy, or 1263 
years B. C. The causes of this expedition 
arose from the following circumstance: — 
Athamas, king of Thebes, had married I no, 
the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced 
to marry Nephele, by whom he had two 
children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele 
was subject to certain fits of madness, 
Athamas repudiated her, and took a second 
time Ino, by whom he had soon after two 
sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the chil- 
dren of Nephele were to succeed to their 
father by right of birth, Ino conceived an 
immortal hatred against them, and she 
caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a 
pestilence, by poisoning all the grain which 
had been sown in the earth. Upon this the 
oracle was consulted ; and as it had been 
corrupted by means of Ino, the answer was, 
that Nephele's children should be immolated 
to the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, 
and he immediately embarked with his sis- 
ter Helle, and fled to the court of j£etes f 
king of Colchis, one of his near relations. 
In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus 
arrived safe at Colchis, and was received 
with kindness by the king. The poets have 
embellished the flight of Phryxus, by sup- 
posing that he and Helle fled through the 
air on a ram which had a golden fleece and 
wings, and was endowed with the faculties 
of speech. This ram, as they say, was the 
offspring of Neptune's amours, under the 
form of a ram, with the nymph Theophane. 
As they were going to be sacrificed, the 
ram took them on his back, and instantly 
disappeared in the air. On their way Helle 
was giddy, and fell into that part of the sea 
which from her was called the Hellespont. 
When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacri- 
ficed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to 
others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated 
the golden fleece. He soon after married 
Chalciope, the daughter of jEetes ; but his 
father-in-law envied him the possession of 
the golden fleece, and therefore, to obtain 
it, he murdered him. Some time after 
this event, when Jason, the son of iEeson, 
demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown 
which he usurped, [ Fide Pelias, Jason, 
iEsan.] Pelias said that he yvouid restore it 
to him, provided he avenged the death of 
their common relation Phryxus, whom 
JEetes had basely murdered' in Colchis. 
Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and 
of an ambitious soul, cheerfully undertook 
the expedition, and embarked with all the 
young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. 
They_ stopped at the island of Lemnos, 
where they remained two years, and raised 
a new race of men from the Lemnian wf*. 
men who had murdered their husbands. 
[Vide Hypsipile , After they had left Leni- 



ARG— AUG 



82 



ARG— ARG 



nos, they vis. ted Samothrace, where they | 
offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence 
passed to Troas and to Cynicum. Here! 
thev met with a favourable "reception from ! 
Cyzicus, the king of the country. The 
night after their departure, they were driven 
back by a storm again on the coast of Cizi- 
cum, and the inhabitants, supposing them 
to be their enemies the Pelasgi, furiously 
attacked them. In this nocturnal engage- 
ment the slaughter was great, and Cizicus 
was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to 
expiate the" murder he had ignorantly 
committed, buried him in a magnificent 
manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mo- 
ther of the gods, to whom he built a temple 
on mount Dvndvmus. From Cyzicum they 
visited Bebrvcia, otherwise called Bithy- 
nia, where Pollux accepted the challenge 
of Amycus king of tbe country, in the com- 
bat of the cestus, and slew him. They were 
driven from Bebrvcia, by a storm, to Sal- 
mvdessa, on the coast o'f Thrace, where 
they delivered Phineus, king of the place, 
from the persecution of the harpies. Phi- 
neus directed their course through the 
Cyanean rock or the Symplegades, [Fide 
C'yanece] and thev safely entered the Eux- 
ine Sea. They visited the country of the 
Mariandinians, where Lycus reigned, and 
lost' two of their companions, Idmon, and 
Tiphis their pilot. After they had left this 
coast, thev were driven upon the island ot 
Arecia, where they found the children of 
Phryxus, whom iEetes their grandfather had 
sent to Greece to take possession of their 
father's kingdom. From this island they at 
last arrived safe in iEa, the capital of Col- 
chis. Jason explained the causes of his voy- 
age to iEetes; but the conditions on which 
he was to recover the golden fleece, were so 
hard, that the Argonaut must have perished 
in the attempt, had not Medea, the king's 
daughter, fallen in love with their leader. 
She had a conference with Jason, and after 
mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of He- 
cate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the 
Argonauts from her father's hard conditions, 
if Jason married her, and carried her with 
him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, 
which had brazen feet and horns, and which 
vomited clouds of fire and smoke, aud to tie 
them to a plough made of adamant stone, 
and to plough a field of two acres of ground 
never before cultivated. After this he was 
to sow, in the plain, the teeth of a dragon, 
from which an armed multitude were to rise 
up, and to be all destroved by his hands. 
This done, he was to kill' an ever-watchful 
dragon, which was at the bottom of the 
tree, on which the golden fleece was sus- 
pended. All these labours were to be per- 
formed in one dav : and Medea's assistance, 
whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and 
potions was unparalleled, easily extricated 
Jason from all danger, to the astonishment 
and terror of his companions, and of JEetes 
and the people of Colchis, who had assem- 
bled to be spectators of this wonderful 
action. He tamed the bulls will) ease, 
ploughed the field, sowed the dragon's teeth, 
and when the armed men sprang from the 



earth, he threw a stone in the midst o 
them, and they immediately turned their 
weapons one against the other, till they 
all perished. After this he went to the 
dragon, and by means of enchanted herbs, 
and a draught which Medea had given 
him, he lulled the monster to sleep, and 
obtained the golden fleece, and immedi- 
ately set sail with Medea. He was soon 
pursued by Absyrtus, the king's son 
who came up to them, and was seized 
and murdered by Jason and Medea. The 
mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed 
in the w ay through which JEetes was to pass, 
that his farther pursuit might be stopped. 
After the murder of Absyrtus, they entered 
the Palus Maeotis, and " by pursuing their 
course towards the left, according to the 
foolish account of poets who were ignorant 
of geography, they came to the island Peu- 
cesles, and to that of Circe. Here Circe 
informed Jason, that the cause of all his ca- 
lamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, 
of which she refused to expiate him. Soon 
after they entered the Mediterranean by the 
columns of Hercules, and passed the straits 
of Charybdis and Scylla, where they must 
have perished, had not Tethys, the mistress 
of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered 
them. They w ere preserved from the Sirens 
by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived 
in the island of the Phaeacians, where they 
met the enemy's fleet, which had continued 
their pursuit by a different course. It was 
therefore resolved, that Medea should be 
restored, if she had not been actually mar- 
ried to Jason ; but the wife of Alcinous, the 
king of the country, being appointed umpire 
between the Colchians and Argonauts, had 
the marriage privately consummated by 
night, end declared that the claims of iFetes 
to Me^ea were now void. From Phaeacia 
the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, 
whence they were driven by a storm upon 
the coast of Africa, and after many disasters 
at last came in sight of the promontory of 
Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason 
was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and 
soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The 
impracticability of such a voyage "is well 
known. Apollonius Rhodius gives another 
account, equally improbable. He says, that 
they sailed from the Euxine up one'of the 
mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus 
pursued them by entering another mouth 
of the river. After they had continued their 
voyage for some leagues, the waters de- 
creased, and they were obliged to carry the 
ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, 
upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with 
Absyrtus, who had pursued the same mea- 
sures, and conveyed his ships in like manner 
over the land. "Absyrtus was immediately 
put to death ; and soon after, the beam of 
Dodona [Vide Argo. J gave an oracle., that 
Jason should never return home if he was 
not previously purified of the murder. Upon 
this they sailed to the island of ./Ea, where 
Circe, who was the sister of JEeles, expiated 
him without knowing who he was. Thert 
is a third tradition, which maintains, that 
they returned to Colchis a second time, ami 



ARG— ARG 



33 



AKG— ARG 



visited many places of Asia. This famous 
expedition has been celebrated in the an- 
ient aeres of the world ; it has employed 
the pen of many writers, and among- the 
.jistorians, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Apol- 
.odorus, and Justin; aud among 1 the poets, 
Onomacritus, more generally called Or- 
pheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Va- 
lerius Flaccus, have extensively given an 
account of its most remarkable particulars. 
The number of the Argonauts is not exactly 
known. Apollodorns and Diodorus say that 
they were 54. Tzetzes states the number 
at 50, but Apollodorus mentions only 45. 
The following listis drawn from the various 
authors who have made mention of the Ar- 
gonautic expedition. Jason, son of JEson, 
as is well known, was the chief of the rest.- 
His companions were Acastus,son of Pelias, 
Actor, son of Hippasus, Admetns, son of 
Pheres, /Esculapius, son of Apollo, /Etalides, 
son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almcnus, 
son of Mars, -Amphiaraus, son of CEcleus, 
Amphidamus, son of Aleus, Amphion, son 
of Hyperasius, Anceus, a son of Lycurgrus, 
and another of the same name, Areas, Argus 
the builder of the ship Arg-o, Argus, son 
of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus, son of 
Mars, Asterion, son of Cometes, Asterius, 
mii of Neleus, Augeas, son of Sol, Atalanta, 
daughter of Schcentus, disguised in a man's 
«iress, Autolycus, son of Mercury, Azorus, 
Buphagus, Butes, son of Teleon, Calais, 
son of Boreas, Canthus, son of Abas, Castor, 
son of Jupiter, Ceneus, son of Elatus, Ce- 
pheus, son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius, and Iphi 
rus, sons of Eurythus, Coronos, Deucalion, 
son of Minos, Echion, son of Mercury and 
Antianira, Ergynus, son of Neptune and 
Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus, son of Cis- 
teus, Euridamas, ai d Eurythion, sons of 
Iras, Eurytus, son of Mercury, Glaucus, 
Hercules, son of Jupiter, Idas, son of Apha- 
reus, lalmenus, son of Mars, Idmon, son of 
Abas, lolaus, son of Iphiclus, lphiclus, son 
of Thestius, Iphiclus, son of Philacus, Iphis, 
son of Alector, Lynceus, son of Aphareus, 
Iritus, son of Naubolus, Laertes, son of 
Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus, son of Bias, 
Leitus, son of Alector, Meleager, son of 
CEneus, Mencetius, son of Actor, Mopsus, 
fon of Amphycus, Nauplius, son of Neptune, 
Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor, son 
of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Or- 
pheus, son of (Eager, Palemon, son of 
jttolus, Peleus and Telamon,sons of iEacus, 
Periclymenes, son of Neleus, Peneleus, son 
of Hipalmus, Philoctetes, son of Poean 
Phlias, Pollux, son of Jupiter, Polyphemus, 
son of Elates, Poeas, son of Thaumacus, 
Phanus, son of Bacchus, Phalerus, son o, 
A Icon, Phocas and Priasus, sons of Ceneusf 
one of the Lapithae, Talaus, Tiphys, son, 
of Aginus, Staphilus, son of Bacchus, two 
of the name of Iphitus, Theseus, son of 
./F.geus, with his friend Pirithous. Among 
these vEsculapius was physician, and Tiphys 
was pilot. 

ARGOS, (sing. neut. Argi, m. pi.) an 
ancient city, capital of Argolis in Pelopon- 
nesus, about two miles from the sea, on the 
Day called Argoltcus sinus. Juno wa« the 



chief deity of the place. The kingdom of 
Argos was founded by Inachus, 1856 years 
before the Christian era, and after it had 
flourished for about 550 years it was united 
to the crown of Mycenae. Argos was built 
according to Euripides, Iph. Au., by seven 
Cyclops, who came from Syria. These 
Cyclops were not Vulcan's workmen. The 
nine first kings of Argos were called 
Inachides, in honour of the founder. Their 
names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, 
Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stele- 
nus and Gefanor. Gelanor gave a kind re- 
ception to Danaus, who drove him from 
his kingdom in return for his hospitality. 
The descendants of Danaus were called 
Belides. Asramemnon was king of Argos 
during the Trojan *var ; and 80 years after, 
the Heraclidae seaed the Peloponnesus, and 
deposed the monarchs. The inhabitants of 
Argos were called Argivi and Argolici; 
and this name has been often applied to all 
the Greeks, without distinction.— PL 7, 56. 
—Pa. 2, \b.—Hor. 1, o. l.—Ml. V. H. 9, 15. 

Strab. 8.— Me. 1, 13.— V. Mn. 1. A town 

of Thessaly, called Pelasgicon by the Pelas- 

gians.— Luc. 6. Another in Epirus, called 

Amphilochium. 

ARGUS, a king of Argos, who reigned 

70 years. A son of Arestor, whence he 

is often called Arestorides. He married 
Ismene, the daughter of Asopus. As he 
had an hundred eyes, of which only two 
were asleep at one time, Juno set him to 
watch lo, whom Jupiter had changed into 
a heifer ; but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, 
slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep 
with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the 
eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a 
bird sacred to her divinity.— Mos. Id.—Ov. 

M. i. f. 12.— Prop. \.—Apol. 1. A son of 

Agenor.— Hyg. f. 145. A son of Danaus, 

who built the ship Argo.— Id. 14. A son 

of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which 
the father of the gods had by a mortal. 
He built Argos, and married Evadne, the 

daughter of Strymon. — Id. 145. A son of 

Pyras and Callirhoe.— Id. 1 45.- — -A son of 

Phryxus.— Id. 3. A son of Polybus.— 

Id. 14.— — One of Actaeon's dogs.— Apol. 

A dog of Ulysses, who knew his master 

after an absence of 20 years.— H. Od. 17. 

ARGYLLiE, an ancient name of Caere, 
in Etruria.— V. JEn. 7. 

ARGYNNIS, a name of Venus, which she 
received from Argynnus, a favourite youth 
of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the 
Cephisus.— Propert. 3, el. 5. 

ARGYRA, a nymph greatly beloved by a 
shepherd called S"elimnus. She was changed 
into a fountain, and the shepherd into a 
river of the same name, whose waters make 
lovers forget the object of their affections. 

—Vide Selimnus.— Pa. 7, 23. A city of 

Troas. Also the native place of Diodorus 

Siculus, in Sicily. 

ARGYRASPI DES, a Macedonian legion 
which received this name from their silver 
helmets.— Curt. A, 13. 

ARGYRE, an island beyond the mouth 
of the river Indus, abounding in metal.— 
M 3. 7. 



ARG-ARI 84 

ARGYRIPA, a town of Apulia, built by 
Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called 
by Polybius Argipana. Only ruins remain 
to shew where it once stoo'd, though the 
place still preserves the name of Arpi. — 
V. JEn. 11. 

ARIA, a country of Asia, situate at the 

east of Parthia.— Me. 1, 2. The wife 

of Paetus Cecinna, of Padua, a Roman se- 
nator who was accused of conspiracy 
against Claudius, and carried to Rome by 
sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat 
she stabbed herself, and presented the sword 
to her husband, who followed her example. 
-PI. 7. 

ARIADNE, daughter of Minos I., king 
of Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with 
Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth 
to be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave 
him a clue of thread, by which he extricated 
himself from tiie difficult windings of his 
confinement. After he had conquered the 
Minotaur, he carried her away according 
to the promise he had made, and married 
her; but when he arrived at the island of 
Naxos he forsook her, though she was al- 
ready pregnant, and repaid his love with 
the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne 
was so disconsolate upon being abandoned 
by Theseus, that she hung herself', according 
to some; but Plutarch says, that she lived 
many years after, and had some children 
by Onarus, the priest of Bacchus. Accord- 
ing to some writers, Bacchus loved her 
after Theseus had forsaken her, and he 
gave her a crown of seven stars, which, 
after her death, was made a constellation. 
The Argives shewed Ariadne's tomb, and 
when one of their temples was repaired, 
her ashes were found in an earthen urn. 
Homer, Od. II, says, that Diana detained 
Ariadne at Naxos.— Plu. Th.—Ov. Me. 8, f. 
2.— Cat. Nupt. P. Th. ep. Ql.—Hyg. f. 
U.—Apol. 3, I. 

ARIiEUS, an officer who succeeded to the 
command of the surviving army after the 
death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle 
of Cunaxa. He made peace with Artax- 
erxes.— Xen. [Dio. Per. 714. 

ARIANI & ARIENI, a people of Asia.— 
ARlANTAS,a king of Scythia, who yearly 
ordered every one of his subjects to present 
him with an arrow.— Her. 4, 82 

ARIAMNES, a kiug of Cappadocia, son 
of Ariarathes III. 

ARIARATHES, a king of Cappadocia, 
who joined Darius Ochus in his expedition 
against Egypt, where he acquired much 

glory His nephew, the 2d of that nbme, 

defended his kingdom against Perdiccas, 
the general of Alexander, but he was de- 
feated and hung on a cross in the 81st. year 

of his age,321 B.C. His son Ariarathes 111. 

escaped the massacre which attended his 
father and his followers ; and after the dea th 
of Pediccas,he recovered Cappadocia by con- 
quering Amyntas the Macedonian general. 

He was succeded by his son Ariamnes. 

Aariathes IV. succeeeded his father Ari- 
amnes, and married Stratonice, daughter of 
Antiochus Theos. He died altera reit r n of 
23 years, B.C. 220 and was succeed^ by 



— ARI 

his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married 
Antiochia, the daughter of king Antiochus, 
whom he assisted against the Romans. 
Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved 
his kingdom from invasion by paying the 
Roman's a large sum of money reiiiitted at 

the instance of the king of Pergamus. 

His son, the sixth of that name, called 
Philopater, from his piety, succeeded him 
166 B.C. ; an alliance with the Romans 
shielded him against the false claims that 
were laid to his crown by one of the fa- 
vourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He 
was maintained on his throne by Attalus, 
and assisted his friends of Rome against 
Aristonicus, the usurper of Percramus ; but 
he was killed in the war B.C. 130, leaving 
six children, live of whom were murdered 

by his surviving wife Laodice. The only 

one who escaped, Ariarathes VII., was pro- 
claimed king, and soon after married Lao- 
dice, the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by 
whom he had two sons. He was murdered 
by an illegitimate brother, upon which his 
widow Laodice gave herself and kingdom 
to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithri- 
dates made war against the new king, aud 
raised his nephew to the throne. The young 
king, who was the eighth of the name of 
Ariarathes, made war against the tyranni- 
cal Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated 
in the presence of both armies, and the 
murderer's son, a child eight years old, was 
placed on the vacant throne. The Cappado- 
cians revolted, and made the late monarch's 
brother, Ariarathes IX., king ; but Mithri- 
dates expelled him,and restored his own son. 
The exiled prince died of a broken heart; 
and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the 
power of the tyrant interested the Romans 
in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters 
wished to make the country free; but the 
Cappadocians demanded a king, and re- 
ceived Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death 
of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the 
throne, under the name of Ariarathes X ; 
but this title was disputed by Sisenna, the 
eldest son of Glaphyra, by Archelaus priest 
of Comana. M. Antony who was umpire 
between the contending parties, decided in 
favour of Sisenna ; but Ariarathes recovered 
it for a while, though he was soon after 
obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the 
second son of Glaphyia, B.C. 36.— Di. 18.— 
J a. ]3.-Str. 12. 

ARIBBtEUS, a general mentionea by 
Polyaen, 7, 29. 

A"RICIA, an Athenian princess, niece to 
iEgeus, whom Hippolitus married after he 
had been raised from the dead by jEscula- 
pius. He built a city in Italy, which he 
called after her name. He fiad a son b\ 
her, called Virbius.— Ov. Me. 15.— V. JEn. i. 

A very ancient town of Italy, now 

Riccia, built by Hippoly tus, sou of Theseus 
after he had been raised from the dead by 
jEsculapius, and transported into Italy by 
Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood o'f 
Aricia, Theseus built a temple to Diana, 
where he established the same rites as were 
in the temple of the goddess in Tauris. The 
priest of this temple, called Rex, 



— ARI 



85 



ARI— ARI 



always a fugitive, and the murderer of his 
predecessor, and went always armed with 
a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts 
might be made upon his life by one who 
wished to be his successor. The Arician 
forest, frequently called nemorensis or 
nemoralis sylva, was very celebrated, and 
no horses would ever enter it, because Hip- 
polytus had been killed by them. Egeria, 
the favourite nymph and invisible protec- 
tress of Nuraa, generally resided in this 
'amous grove, which was situated on the 
Appian way, beyond mount Albanus.— Ov. 
Me. \S.—Luc. 6.—V. Mn. 7. 

ARICIN A, a surname of Diana, from her 

temple near Aricia. [Vide Aricia.] The 

mother of Octavius.— Cic. 5, Phi. 6. 

ARIDJEUS, a companion of Cyrus the 
vounger. After the death of his friend, he 
reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by be- 
traying to him the surviving Greeks in'tlieir 
return. — Di. An illegitimate son of Phi- 
lip, who, after the death of Alexander, 
was made king of Macedonia, till Roxane, 
who was pregnant by Alexander, brought 
into the world an illegitimate male suc- 
cessor. Aridaeus had not the free enjoy- 
ment of his senses ; and therefore Perdic- 
cas, one of Alexander's generals, declared 
himself his protector, and even married his 
sister, to strengthen their connexion. He 
was seven years in possession of the sove- 
reign power, and was put to death, with his 
wife Eurvdice, by Olympias. — Ju. 9, 8. — Di. 

ARIENTS, daughter of Ahattes, married 
Astyages, king ot Media.— Her. 1, 74. 

ARIGiEUM, a town of India, which Alex- 
ander found burnt, and without inhabitants. 
— Arr. 4. 

ARU, a savage people of India. Of 

Arabia.— PI. 6. Of Scy thia.— Her. O f 

Germany. — Ta. 

ARIMA, a place of Cilicia or Syria, 
where Tvphceus was overwhelmed under 
the ground.— H. II. 2. 

ARIMASPI, a people conquered by Alex- 
ander the Great.— Curt. 7, 3.— Me. 2, 1. 

ARIMASPIAS, a river of Scythia with 
golden sands. The neighbouring inhabit- 
ants had but one eye in the middle of their 
forehead, and waged continual wars against 
the Griffins, monstrous animais that collec- 
ted the gold of the rivers.— Plin. 7. 3.— 
Her. 3 — Sir. I. 

ARIMASTHiE, a people near the Eux- 
ine sea.— Orph. Arg. 

ARIMAZES, a powerful prince of Sog- 
diana, who treated Alexander with much 
insolence, and even asked whether he could 
fly to aspire to so extensive a dominion. 
He surrendered, and was exposed on a cross 
with his friends and relations.— Curt. 7, 11. 

A RIM I, a nation of Syria.— Sir. 

ARIMINUM, (now R'IMINI,) an ancient 
city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the bor- 
ders of Gaul, on the Adriatic, founded by 
a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of 
Caesar's civil wars.— Luc. 1.— PI. 3, 15. 

ARIMINUS, a river of Italy, rising in 
the Apennine mountains.— Pi. 3, 15. 

A RI MPHiEI, a people of Scythia, near the 
Riphaean mountains, who Jived chiefly upon 



berries In the woods, and were remarkable 
for their innocence and mildness. — P/.6.7. 

AR1MUS, a king of Mysia. 

ARIOBARZANES, a man made king of 
Cappadocia by the Romans, after the trou- 
bles, which the false Ariarathes had raised, 
had subsided. Mithridates drove him from 
his kingdom, but the Romans restored him. 
He followed the interest of Pompey, and 
fought at Pharsalia against J. Caesar. He 
and his kingdom were preserved by means 
of Cicero.— Ci. 5, At. 29.— Hor. e. 6.— Fl. 

3, 5. A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the 

death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom 
of Pontus, and kept it for 26 years. He 
was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. — 
Hi. 17. A general of Darius, who de- 
fended the passes of Susa with lo,ooo foot 
against Alexander. After a bloody en- 
counter with the Macedonians, he was' killed 
as he attempted to seize the city of Perse- 
polis.— Hi. \l.~Curt. 4. A Mede of ele- 
gant stature, and great prudence, whom 
Tiberius appointed to settle the troubles of 
Armenia.— Ta. An. 2, 4. A mountain be- 
tween Parthia and the country of the Mas- 

sagetae. A satrap, who revolted from the 

Persian king. 



ARIOMANDES, son of Gobryas, was ge- 
~>lu. 

Cim. 



neral of Athens against the Persians. -Pit 



ARIOMARDUS, a son of Darius, in the 
army of Xerxes when he went against 
Greece.— Her. 7, 78. 

ARIOMEDES, a pilot of Xerxes. 

ARION, a famous lyric poet and musi- 
cian, son of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the 
island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with 
Periander, tyrant of Corinth, where he ob- 
tained immense riches by his profession, 
Some time after, he wished to revisit hi) 
native country ; and the sailors of the ship 
in which he embarked resolved to murder 
him, to obtain the riches which he was 
carrying to Lesbos. Arion seeing them in- 
flexible in their resolutions, begged that he 
mijfht be permitted to play some melodious 
tune ; and as soon as he had finished it, he 
threw himself into the sea. A number of 
dolphins had been attracted round the ship 
by the sweetness of his music ; and it is 
said that one of them carried him safe to 
Taenarus, whence he hastened to the court 
of Periander, who ordered all the sailors 
to be crucified at their return.— Hyg. f. J94. 
—Her. 1, S3.— Ml. Nat. An. 13, 45.— It. 11. 

—Pro. 2, el. 26.— Plu. Sym. A horse 

sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, 
when she travelled over the world in quest 
of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the 
figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning 
addresses of Neptune. The god changed 
himself into a horse, and from their union 
arose a daughter called Hera, and the horse 
Arion, which had the power of speech, the 
feet on the right side like those of a man, 
and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion 
was brought up by the "Nereides, who often 
harnessed him to "his father's chariot, which 
he drew over the sea with uncommon swiff, 
ness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, wh> 
^resented him to Hercules. Adrastus, king 



ARI— AKi 



86 



ARI— ARI 



of Argos, received him as a present from 
Hercules, and with this wonderful animal 
ne won the prize at the Nemaean games. 
Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of 
Adrastus.— Pa. 8, 25.— Pro. 2, el, 34.— 
Apol. 3, 6. 

ARIOVISTUS, a king of Germany, who 
I'rofessed himself a friend of Rome. When 
Caesar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched 
against him, and was conquered with the 
loss of 80,000 men.~C<es. 1 . b.G.-TaA.Hist. 

ARIS, a river of Messenia.— Pa. 4, 31. 

ARISBA, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by 

an earthquake.— Plin. 5, 31. A colony 

of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by 
the Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. 
— V. £n. 9.-H, II. 7.^The name of 
Priam's first wife, divorced that the mo- 
narch might marry Hecuba. 

ARISTiENETUS, a writer whose epistles 
have been beautifully edited by Abresch. 
Zwollae, 1749. 

ARISTiEUM, a city of Thrace at the 
foot of mount Haemus.— PI. 4, 11. 

ARISTiEUS, son of Apollo and the nymph 
Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Lybia, 
and brought up by the Seasons, and fed 
upon nectar and ambrosia. His fondness 
for hunting procured him the surname of 
Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled 
over the greatest part of the world, Aris- 
taeus came to settle in Greece, where he 
married Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, 
by whom he had a son called Actaeon. He 
fell in love with Eurydice, the wife of Or- 
pheus, and pursued her in the fields. She 
was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, 
and died," for which the gods destroyed all 
the bees of Aristaeus. In this calamity'he ap- 
plied to his mother, who directed" him to 
seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him 
how he might repair the losses he had sus- 
tained. Proteus advised him to appease the 
mants of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four 
bulls and four heifers : and as soon as he 
had done it, and left them in the air, swarms 
of bees immediately sprang from the rotten 
carcases, and restored Aristaeus to his for- 
mer prosperity. Some authors say, that 
Aristaeus had 'the care of Bacchus when 
young, and that he was initiated in the 
mysteries of this god. Aristaeus went to 
live on mount Haemus, where he died. He 
was, after death, worshipped as a demi-god. 
Aristaeus is said to have learned from the 
aymphs the cultivation of olives, and the 
management of bees, &c. which he after- 
wards communicated to the rest of mankind. 
—Virg. G. A.—Di. A.—Ju. 13, 7.—Ov. F. 1. 
-Ci. Nat. D. 3, 18.— Pa. 10, \l.~Hyg. f. 
161.— Apol. 3, A.— Her. 4, A.— Poly. 1, 24. 
A general who commanded the Corin- 
thian forces at the siege of Potidaea. He 
was taken by the Athenians and put to death. 

ARISTAGORAS, a writer who composed 
an history of Egypt.— Pi. 36, 12. A son- 
in-law of Histiaeiis, tyrant of Miletus, who 
revolted from Darius, and incited the 
Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. 
This so exasperated the king, that every 
evening before supper he ordered his ser- 
vants to remind him of punishing Arista- 



goras. He was killed in a battle againct 
the Persians, B.C. Am.— Her. 5, 30.— Poly 

I, 14. A man of Cyzicus.^ Another of 

Cumae.— Her. A. 

AR1STANDER, a celebrated soothsaver. 
greatly esteemed by Alexander.— Pin. Al. 

—Plin. 17, 25. An Athenian, who wrote 

on agriculture. [Pans. 3, i& 

ARISTANDROS, a statuary of Sparta.— 

ARISTARCHE, a matron of Ephesus, 
who by order of Diana, sailed to tbe coasts 
of Gaul with the Phocaeans, and was mack 
priestess.— Sir. 4. 

ARISTARCHUS, a celebrated gramma- 
rian of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. 
He lived the greatest part of his life at 
Alexandria, and Ptolemy Philometor en- 
trusted him with the education of his sons. 
He was famous for his critical powers, and 
he revised the poems of Homer with such 
severity, that ever after all severe critics 
were called Aiistarchi. He wrote above 
800 commentaries on different authors,much 
esteemed in his age. In his old a^e he be- 
came dropsical, upon which he' starved 
himself, and died in his 72d year, B.C. 157. 
He left two sons, called Aristarchus and 
Aristaaroras, both famous for their stupidit? . 
—Hor. A. P.—Ov. 3. Pon. e. 9.—Ci. Fa. 

3, e. 11.— Qnin. 10, 1. A tragic poet of 

Tegea in Arcadia, about 450 years B.C. He 
composed 70 tragedies, of which two only 
were rewarded w ith the prize. One of them 
called Achilles, was translated into Latin 

verse by Enoius.— Sui. A physician to 

queen Berenice, the widow of Antiochus.— 

Poly. 8. An orator of Ambracia. An 

astronomer of Samos, who first supposed 
that the earth turned round its axis, and 
revolved round the sun. This doctrine 
nearly proved fatal to him, as he was ac- 
cused" of disturbing the peace of the gods 
Lares. He maintained that the sun was 19 
times farther distant from the earth than 
the moon, and that the moon was 56 semi- 
diameters of our globe, and little more 
than one-third, and the diameter of the sun 
6 or 7 times more than that of the earth. 
The age in which" flourished, is not pre- 
cisely "known. Hts treatise on the largeness 
and the distance of the sun and moon is 
extant, of which the best edition is that of 
Oxford, &vo. 1688. 

ARISTAZANES, a noble Persian in favour 
with Artaxerxes Ochus.— Di. 16. 

ARLSTEAS, a poet of Proconnesus, who, 
as fables report, appeared seven years 
after his oeath to his countrymen and 540 
years after to the people of Metapontum in 
Italy, and commanded them to raise him a 
statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote 
an epic pcem on the Arimaspi in three 
books, and some of his verses are quoted 
by Longinus.— Her. 4, 13.— Si r. 14.— Max. 
T. 22. A onvsician of Rhodes. A geo- 
metrician, intimate with Euclid.— A poet, 
son of Demociares, in the age of Croesus. 

ARlSTERiE, an island on the coast of 
Peloponnesus.— Paus. 2, 34. 

ARISTliUS, a man of Argos, who ex 
cited king Pyrrhus to take up arms against 
his countrymen, the Argives.— Poly. 8 68* 



ARI— ARI 8f 
ARISTHENES, a shepherd who found 
/Esculapius, when he had been exposed in 
the woods bv his mother Coronis. 

ARISTHUS, an historian of Arcadia.— 
JJio.H.l. [Poly. 4, 12. 

AR1STIBUS, a river of Pseonia.— 
AR1STIDES, a celebrated Athenian, son 
of Lysimachus, whose great temperance and 
virtue procured him the surname of Just. 
He was rival to Themistocles, by whose in- 
fluence he was banished for ten years, B. C. 
484 ; but before six vears of his exile had 
elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians. 
He was at the battle of Salamis, and was 
appointed chief commander with Pausanias 
against Mardonius, who was defeated at Pla- 
taea. He died so poor, that the expenses of 
his funeral were defrayed at the public 
charge, and his two daughters, on account 
of their father's virtues, received a dowry 
from the public treasury when they were 
come to marriageable years. Poverty how- 
ever seemed hereditary in the family of Ar- 
istides, for the grandson was seen in the 
public streets getting his livelihood by ex- 
plaining dreams. The Athenians became 
more virtuous in imitating their great lead- 
er : and from the sense of his good qualities, 
at the representation of one of ihe tragedies 
of jEschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence 
concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the 
audience were all at once turned from the 
actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, 
it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, 
mentioned the injuries his opponent had 
done to Aristides, " Mention the wrong 
you have received," replied the equitable 
Athenian. " I sit here as judge, and the 
lawsuit is yours, and not mine."— C. Nep. 

Plu. Vi. An historian of Miletus, fonder 

of stories and of anecdotes, than of truth. 
He wrote an history of Italy, of which the 
40th volume has been quoted by Plu. Par. 

An Athlete, who obtained a prize at the 

Olympian, Nemean and Pythian games. 

Pa. 6. 16. A painter of Thebes,in Boeotia, 

in the age of Alexander the Great, for one 
of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 ses- 
terces.— Pi. 7. A Greek orator who wrote 

50 orations, besides other tracts. "When 
Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he 
wrote so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius, 
that the emperor ordered the city immedi- 
ately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in con- 
sequence raised to the orator. His works 
consist of hymns in prose in honour of the 
gods, funeral orations, apologues, panegy- 
rics, and harangues, the best edition of which 
is that of Jebb, 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1722, and 
that in a smaller size in l2mo. 3 vols, of 

Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604. A man of 

Locris, who died by the bite of a weazel. — 

Ml. V. H. 14. A philosopher of Mysia, 

intimate with M. Antonius. An Athenian, 

who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and 
agriculture. 

ARISTILLUS, a philosopher of the Alex- 
andrian school, who about 300 years B. C. 
attempted with Timocharis to determine the 
place of the different stars in the heavens, 
and to trace the course of the planets. 



Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and foundet 
of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the 
flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and dis- 
tinguished himself for his epicurean volup- 
tuousness, in support of which he wrote a 
book, as likewise an history of Libya. When 
travelling in the desarts of Africa, he or- 
dered his servants to throw away the money 
they carried, as too burdensome. On an- 
other occasion, discovering that the ship 
in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he 
designedly threw his property into the sea, 
adding, that he chose rather lose it than his 
life. Many of his sayings and maxims are 

recorded by Diogenes.— Hor. 2. s. 3. His 

grandson of the same name, called the 
younger, was a warm defender of his opin- 
ions, and supported that the principles of 
all things were pain and pleasure. He 

flourished about 363 years B. C. A tyrant 

of Argos, whose life was one continued 
series of apprehension. He was killed bv 
a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B. C. 

242.— JJiog. A man who wrote an history 

of Arcadia. — Diog. 2. 

ARISTI US, M. a tribune of the soldiers in 
Caesar's army.— Cces. b. G. 7, 42. Ano- 
ther. [Vide Fuscus.] A satyrist,who wrote 

a poem called Cyclops. 
A R IS 10.— Vide Ariston. 
ARISTOBULA, a name given to Diana 
by Themistocles. 

ARISTOBULUS, a name common to some 
of the high priests uic Kings of Judsea, &c. 

— Jos. A brother of Epicurus. One Oi 

Alexander's attendants, who wrote the 
king's life, replete with adulation and un- 
truth. A philosopher of Judgea, B.C. 150. 

ARISTOCLEA, a beautiful woman, seen 
naked by Strato, as she was offering a sacri- 
fice. She was passionately loved uy Callis 
thenes, and was equally admired by Strato. 
The two rivals so furiously contended for 
her hand, that she died during their quarrel, 
upon which Strato killed himself, and Cal- 
listhenes was never seen after.— Plu. Am. 

ARISTOCLES, a peripatetic philosopher 
of Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on 
philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. 
The 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. 
—He also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise 

nine books on morals. A grammarian of 

Rhodes. A stoic of Lampsacus An his- 
torian.—^?. 4. A musician.— Ath. A 

prince of Tegsea.— Poly. This name is 

common to many Greeks, of whom few or 
no particulars are recorded. 

AR[STOCLIDES,a tyrant of Orchomenus, 
who because he could not win the affection 
of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, 
upon which all Arcadia took up arms and 
destroyed the murderer. 

AR1STOCRATES, a king of Arcadia, put 
to death by his subjects for offering violence 

to the priestess of Diana.— Pa. 8, 5. His 

grandson of the same name, was stoned to 
death for taking bribes, during the second 
Messenian war, and being the cause of the 
defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. Id. 
ibid. A Rhodian. A man who endea- 
voured to destroy the democratical power 



AR1ST1PPUS, the elder, a philosopher of | at Athens. An Athenian general sen? to 



ARI-ARI 

the assistance of Corcyra with 25 gallies. 

Di. 15. An Athenian who was punished 

with death for flying from the field of battle. 

A Greek historian, son of Hipparches, 

— Plu. Ly. , 
ARISTOCREON, the writer of a book on 

° ARISTOCRITUS, wrote a treatise con- 
cerning- Miletus. 

ARISTODEME, a daughter of Priam. 

ARISTODEMUS, son of Aristomachus, 
was one of the Heraclidae. He, with his 
brothers Temenus and Chresphontes,invaded 
Peloponnesus, conquered it, and divided the 
country among themselves, 1 104 years before 
the Christian era. He married Argia, by 
whom he had the twins Procles and Eurys- 
thenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at 
Naupactum, though some say that he died 
at Delphi in Phocis.— Pa. 2, 18.— Her. 7, 

204. A king of Messenia, who maintained 

a famous war against Sparta. After some 
losses, he recovered his strength, and he 
so effectually defeated the enemy's forces 
that they were obliged to prostitute their 
women to re-people their country. The 
offspring of this prostitution was called 
Partheniae, and 30 years after their birth 
they left Sparta and seized upon Tarentum. 
Aristodemus put his daughter to death for 
the good of his country ; but being after- 
wards persecuted in a dream by her manes, 
he killed himself after a reign of six years 
and some months, in which he had obtained 
much military glory, B.C. 724. His death 
was lamented by his countrymen, who did 
not appoint him a successor, but only in- 
vested Damis, one of his friends with abso- 
lute power to continue the war, which was 
at last terminated after much bloodshed and 

many losses on both sides.— Pa. Mes. A 

tyrant of Cumae. A philosopher of .£gina. 

An Alexandrian who wrote some trea- 
tises, &c. A Spartan who taught the chil- 
dren of Pausanias. A man who was pre- 
ceptor to the children of Pompey. A ty- 
rant of Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an 

history of painting. A philosopher of 

flysa, B.C. 68, 

ARISTOGENES, a physician of Cnidos, 
who obtained great reputation by the cure 
of Demetrius Gonatas, king of Macedonia. 
A Thasian who wrote 24 books on me- 
dicine. 

ARISTOGITON and HARMODIUS, two 
celebrated friends of Athens, who, by their 
joint efforts, delivered their country from 
the tyranny of the Pisistratidae, B.C. 510. 
They received immortal honours from the 
Athenians, and had statues raised to their 
memory. These statues were carried away 
by Xerxes when he took Athens. The con- 
spiracy of Aristogiton was so secretly plan- 
ned, and so wisely carried into execution, 
that it is said a courtezan bit her tongue off, 
not to betray the trust reposed in her.— Pa. 
1 , 29.— Her. 5, 55.— Plu. 1 Or. An Athen- 
ian orator surnamed Canis, for his impu- 
dence. He wrote orations against Timar- 
chus, Timotheus, Hyperides, and Thrasyl- 
lu<i. A statuary.— Pa. 

ARISTOLAUS, a painter.— PL 35, 11. 



3 ARI-ARI 

ARISTOMACHE, the wife of Dionvsiu, 

of Syracuse.— Ci. Tu. 5, 20. The wife of 

Dion. A poetess.~Plu.Sym. A daugh- 
ter of Priam, who married Critolaus.— Pau. 
10, 26. 

ARISTOMACHUS, an Athenian, who 
wrote concerning the preparation of wine. 

—PI. 14, 9. A man so excessively fond 

of bees, that he devoted 58 years of bis life 

in raising swarms of them.— PI. 11, 9. 

The son of Cleodaeus, and grandson of Hyl- 
lus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Teme- 
nus, and Aristodemus, called Heraclidae, 
conquered Peloponnesus.— Pa, 2, 7.— Her. 

6. A man who laid aside his sovereign 

power at Argos at the persuasion of Aratus. 
—Pa. 2, 8. 

ARISTOMEDES, a Thessalian general in 
the interest of Darius III.— Curt. 3, 9. 

ARISTOMENES, a commander of the 
fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, conquered 
by the Macedonians.— Curt. 4, 1. A fa- 
mous general of Messenia, who encouraged 
his countrymen to shake off the Lacedaemo- 
nian yoke, under which they had laboured 
for above thirty years. He once defended 
the virtue of some Spartan women, whom 
his soldiers had attempted ; and when he 
was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta, 
the women he had protected interested 
themselves so warmly in his cause that they 
procured his liberty. He refused to assume 
the title of king, but was satisfied with that 
of commander. He acquired the surname of 
the Just, from his equity, to which he joined 
the true valour, sagacity, and perseverance 
of a general. He often entered Sparta with- 
out being known, and was so dexterous in 
eluding the vigilance of the Lacedaemonians, 
who had taken him captive, that he twice 
escaped from them. As he attempted to do 
it a third time, he was unfortunately killed, 
and his body being opened, his heart was 
found all covered with hair. He died 671 
years B.C. and it is said that he leftdrama- 
tical pieces behind him.— Di. 15. — Pa. Mes. 

A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dion- 

ysius.— Poly. 2. 

AR1STON, the son of Agasicles, king of 
Sparta. Being unable to raise children by 
two wives, he married another famous for 
her beauty, by whom he had, after seven 
months, a son Demaratus, whom he had 
the imprudence to call not his own.— Her. 

6,61. A general ot .flitolia. A sculptor. 

A Corinthian who assisted the Syra- 

cusans against the Athenians. An officer 

in Alexander's army. A tyrant of Me- 

thymna, who, being'ignorant that Chios had 
surrendered to the Macedonians, entered 
into the harbour, and was taken and put to 

death.— CurtA,9. A philosopher of Chios, 

pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect 
which continued but a little while. He sup- 
ported that the nature of the divinity is un- 
intelligible. It is said that he died by the 
heU of the sun, which fell too powerfully 
upon his bald head. In his old age he was 
nuch given to sensuality.— Diog. A law- 
yer in Trajan's reign, whose eulogium has 
been written by Pliny,— 22 ep.l. I. A pe- 
ri paletic nhilosopher of Alexandria, whc 



ARI — ARI 



SO 



ARI — ARI 



wrote concerning the course of the Nile. 

Str. A wrestler of Argos, under whom 

Plato performed some exercises. A musi- 

sian of Athens. A tragic poet. A pe- 
ripatetic of Cos. A native of Pella, in 

the age of Adrian, who wrote on the re- 
bellion of the Jews. [lene.— Pa. 2. 
ARISTONAUTjE, the naval dock of Pel- 
AR1STONICUS, son of Eumenes, by a 
concubine of Ephesns, 126 B.C. invaded Asia 
and the kingdom of Pergamus, which At- 
talus had left by his will to the Roman peo- 
ple. He was conquered by the consul Per- 
penna, and strangled in prison. — Ju. 36, 4. 

— Flo. 2, 20. A musician of Olynthus. 

— ~A grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote 
a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, be- 
sides a treatise on the Musaeum established 
at Alexandria bv the Ptolemies. [34, 14. 
ARISTONIDES, a noble statuary.— PL 
ARISTONUS, a captain of Alexander's 
cavalry.— Curt. 9, 5. 

ARISTON YMUS,a comic poet under Phi- 
ladelphus, keeper of the library of Alexan- 
dria. He died of a retention of urine, in 

his 77th year. — Ath. One of Alexander's 

musicians. — Plu. AL 

ARISTOPHANES, a celebrated comic 
poet of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. 
He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are 
come down to us. He lived in the age of 
Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C. 
434, and lashed the vices of his age with a 
masterly hand. The wit and excellence of 
his comedies are well known ; but they 
abound sometimes too much with obscenity, 
and his attack upon the venerable character 
of Socrates has been always censured, and 
with justice. As a reward of his mental 
greatness, the poet received a crown of 
olive, in a public assembly; but if he de- 
served praise, he merited blame for his li- 
centiousness, which spared not even the 
gods, and was so offensive to his country- 
men, that AJcibiades made a law at Athens, 
which forbade the comic writers from mi- 
micking or representing on the stage any 
living character by name. Aristophanes has 
been called the prince of ancient comedy, 
as Menander of the new. The play called 
Nubes is pointedly against Socrates, and the 
philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and hi6 
precepts placed in a most ludicrous point 
of view, by the introduction of one of his 
pupils in the characters of the piece. It is 
said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the 
comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, 
on account of the brilliancy of the compo- 
sition. Plutarch has made a comparison 
between the princes of the new and old 
comedy, which abounds with many anecdotes 
concerning these original characters. The 
best editions of the works of Aristophanes, 
are, Kuster's, fol. Amst. 1710, and the l2mo. 
L. Bat, 1670, and that of Brunck. 4 vols.8vo. 
Argent. 17*3, which would still be more 
jerfect, did it contain the valuable Scholia. 
-Quin. 10, \.~Pat. 1, \6.~Hor. I. S. 4, 1. 
• — A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of 
.he library of Alexandria under Ptolemy 
ivergetes. He wrote a treatise on the har- 
ots of Attica.— Diott. PL Sf Ep. 4'*>. 9 



A Greek historian of Bceotia, quoted bv 

Plu, Her. Mai. A writer on agriculture". 

A RISTOPHILI DES.a king of Tarentum in 
the reign of Dariua, son of Hystaspes.— Her. 2. 

ARISTOPHON, a painter in the age of 
Socrates. He drew the pictuie of Alcibi- 
ades softly reclining on the bosom of the 
courtezan Nemea, and all the people o. 
Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of 
the masterly piece. He also made a paint- 
ing of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus.— 

Plu. Ale— Ath. 13.— PL 35, 11. A comic 

poet in the age of Alexander, many of whose 
fragments are collected in Athenaeus. 

AR1STOR, the father of Argus, the hun- 
dred eyed keeper of Io. [Ov. Me. 1. 

ARI STOR 1 DES, the patronymic of A rgus. 

ARISTOTELEIA, festivals in honour of 
Aristotle, because he obtained the restitu- 
tion of his country from Alexander. 

ARISTOTELES, a famous philosopher, 
son of the physician Nicomachus, by Fes- 
tiada, born at Stagira. After his father's 
death he went to Athens, to hear Plato's 
lectures, where he soon signalized himself 
by the brightness of his genius. He had 
been of an inactive and dissolute disposition 
in his youth, but now he applied himseli 
with uncommon diligence, and after he had 
spent 20 years in hearing the instructions 
of Plato, he opened a school for himself, 
for which he was accused of ingratitude 
and illiberality by his ancient master. He 
was moderate in his meals ; he slept little, 
and always had one arm out of his couch 
with a bullet in it, which, by falling into a 
brazen bason underneath, early awakened 
him. He was, according to some, 10 years 
preceptor to Alexander, who received his 
instructions with much pleasure and defer- 
ence, and always respected him. Accord- 
ing to Plutarch, the improvement that 
Alexander made under Aristotle, was of 
more service to him than all the splendour 
and power which he received from Philip. 
Almost all his writings, which are composed 
on a variety of subjects, are extant : he 
gave them to Theophrastus at his death, 
and they were brought by one of the Ptole- 
mies, and placed in the famous library of 
Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given 
us a very extensive catalogue of them. 
Aristotle had a deformed countenance, but 
his genius was a sufficient compensation 
for all his personal defects. He has been 
called by Plato the philosopher of truth; 
and Cicero compliments him with the title 
of a man of eloquence, universal knowledge, 
readiness and acuieness of invention, and 
fecundity of thought. The writings of Aris- 
totle have been compared with those of 
Plato; but the one are the effusions of a 
lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the 
philosopher of Stagira studied nature more 
than art, and had recourse to simplicity of 
expression more than ornament. He nei- 
ther worshipped nor cared for the divinity, 
concerning which his opinions were ever 
various and dissonant ; and the more he 
disregarded the mythology of the ancients, 
the greater was the credit he acquired over 
his less philosophical predecessors. He 



ARI— ARI 



90 



AKT— ARAi 



was so authoritative in his opinions, that, 
as Bacon observes, he wished to establish 
the same dominion over men's minds, as 
his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is 
said, wished and encouraged his learned 
tutor to write the history of animals ; and 
the more effectually to assist him, he sup- 
plied him with 800 talents, and, in his 
Asiatic expedition, employed above a thou- 
sand men to collect animals, either in fish- 
ing, hunting, or hawking, which were 
carefully transmitted to the philosopher. 
Aristotle's logic has long reigned in the 
schools, and been regarded as the perfect 
model of all imitation. As he expired, the 
philosopher is said to have uttered the fol- 
lowing sentiment: Fade hunc mundumin- 
travi, anxius vixi, perturbatus egredior, 
causa causarum miserere mei. The letter 
which Philip wrote to Aristotle, has been 
preserved, and is in these words : — " I in- 
form you I have a son ; I thank the gods, 
not so" much for making me a father, as for 

fiving me a son in an age when he can 
ave Aristotle for his instructor. I hope 
vou will make him a successor worthy of 
me, and a king worthy of Macedonia." 
Aristotle wished to make his wife Pythias 
a deitv, and to pav her the same worship 
as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d 
year of his age, B.C. 322. His treatises 
have been published separately ; but the 
best edition of the works collectively, is 
that of Duval, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. Tyrr- 
whitt's edition of the Poetica, Oxon. 4to. 94. 
is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had 
a son whom he called Nicomachus, by the 
courtezan Herpyllis. Some have accused 
him of being accessary to the death of 
Alexander, and said that he drowned him- 
self in the Euripus, because he could not 
find out the cause of its flux and reflux. 
There are however different reports about 
the manner of his death, and some believe 
that he died at Athens of a cbolic, two 
years after Alexander's death. The people 
of Stagira instituted festivals in his honour, 
because he had rendered important services 
to their city.— Diog. vi.—Plu. Al.—Ci. Ac. 
Q.—Quin. I.— Ml. V. H. A.—Ju. 12.— Ju. 
M.—Aug. Ci. Dei. S.—PL 2.— Ath.— Fa. Ma. 

5, 6. There were besides seven of the 

fame name : A magistrate of Athens. 

A commentator on Homer's Iliad. An 

orator of Sicily, who answered the panegy- 
ric of Isocrates. A friend of Machine's. 

A man of Cyrene, who «rote on poetry. 

A schoolmaster, mentioned in Plato's 

Ife, written by Aristoxenus. An obscure 

grammarian. — Diog. Aris. 

ARISTOTIMUS, a tyrant of Elis, 271 
years B.C.— Pa. 5, 5. 

ARISTOXENUS, a celebrated musician, 
disciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentnm. 
He wrote 453 different treatises on philo- 
sophy, history, &c. and was disappointed 
in his expectations of succeeding in the 
school of Aristotle, for which he spoke with 
ingratitude of his learned master. Of all 
his works nothing remains but three books 
upon music, the three most ancient extant. 
A ohilosopher of Cyrene.— Ath *-* 



physician whose writings are quoted by 

Galen. A poet of Selinus. -a Pytha 

gorean philosopher. 

ARISTUS, A Greek historian of Salamis, 
who wrote an account of Alexander's expe 
dition.— Str. \A.—Arr. 7. 

AR1STYLLUS, an obscure poet. — Aris. 
An astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B.C . 

ARI US, a river of Gaul, and of Asia. The 
inhabitants in the neighbourhood are callea 

Arii. A celebrated writer, the origin of 

the Arian controversy, that denied the eter- 
nal divinity and consubstantiality of the 
word. Though he was greatly persecuted 
for his opinions, he gained the "favour of the 
emperor Constantine, and triumphed over 
his powerful antagonist, Athanasius. He 
died the very night he was going to enter 
the church of Constantinople in triumph. 
Pressed by nature, he stepped aside to ease 
himself ; but his bowels gushed out, and he 
expired on the spot.— Ath. 

ARMENES, a son of Nabis, led in tri- 
umph at Rome.— Li. 34, 1. 

ARMENIA, a large country of Asia, di- 
vided into upper and lower Armenia. Up- 
per Armenia, called also Major, has Media 
on the east, Iberia on the north, and Meso- 
potamia on the south. Lower Armenia, or 
Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia 
Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. 
The Armenians were a long time under the 
dominion of the Medes and Persians, til' 
they were conquered, with the rest of Asia, 
by Alexander and his successors. The Ro- 
mans made it one of their provinces, and, 
under some of the emperors, the Arme- 
nians had the privilege of choosing their 
own kings, but they were afterwards re- 
duced* The country received its name from 
Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, 
and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed 
the names and attributes of their deities 
from the Persians. They paid great ado- 
ration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of 
the people always prostituted their daugh 
ters in honour of this goddess. Armenia 
Major is now called Turcomania, and Minor 
Aladulia.— Her. 1, 194.— Curt. 4, 12.— Str. 1. 
— Me. 3.— PI. 6, 4,— Lu. 2. 

ARMENTARIUS, a Caesar in Dioclesian's 
reign. [vourites— Ju. 4, 53. 

ARMILLATUS, one of Domitian's fa- 

ARM I LUSTRI UM, a festival at Rome on 
the 19th of October. When the sacrifices 
were offered, all the people appeared under 
arms. The festival has often been con- 
founded with that of the Salii, though easily 
distinguished ; because the latter was ob- 
served the 2d of March, and on the cele- 
lebration of the Armilustrium they always 
played on a flute, and the Salii played upon 
the trumpet. It was institued A.U.C. 543. 
—Far. L. 3.—Liv. 27, 37. 

ARM1NIUS, a warlike general of the 
Germans, who supported a bloody war 
against Rome for some time, and was at 
last conquered by Germanicus in two great 
battles. He was poisoned by one of his 
friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his 
age.— Dio. 56.— Ta. An. I. 

ARMOR1C.E, cities of Celtic Gaul, fa 



ARN-ARR 



91 



ARR ARS 



inous for the warlike, rebellious, and in- 
constant disposition of the inhabitants, 
called the Armorici.— Ca. B. G. 

ARNE, a city of Lycia, called afterwards 

Xanthus. A town of Umbria, in Italy. 

A daughter of £olus, who gave her 

name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the 
other in Bceotia. Neptune changed himself 
into a bull to enjov her company.— Str. I. 
— Pa. 9, 40.— Or. Me. 6, f. 4. [Hercules. 

ARM, a people of Italy, destroyed by 

ARNIENSIS, a tribe in Rome.— Li.G. 

ARNOBIUS, a philosopher in Diocle- 
sian's reign, who became a convert to 
Christianity. He applied for ordination, 
but was refused by the bishops till he gave 
them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he 
wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he 
exposed the absurdity of irreligion, and ri- 
diculed the heathen gods. Opinions are 
various concerning the purity of his style, 
thougb. ail agree in praise ot his extensive 
erudition. The book that he wrote de Rhe- 
torica institutione is not extant. The best 
edition of his treatise adversus gentes is 
the4to, printed L. Bat. 1651. 

ARNUS, a river ot Etruria, rising on the 
Appennine mountains, and falling into the 
Mediterranean. — Li. 22, 2. 

AROA, A town of Achaia— Pa. 7. 

AROMA, a town of Caria of Capa- 

ARPANI, a people of Italy. [docia. 

ARPI, a citv of Apulia, built bv Dioinedes 
after theTroja'n war.— Ju. 20, 1.— V. tfn.lO. 

ARPINUM, atown of the Volsci, famous 
for giving birth to Cicero and Marias. The 
word Arpin<e chartce are sometimes applied 
to Cicero's works.— Mart. 10, ep. \9.—Juv. 
8.—Ci.Htd. 3. A town of Magna Graecia. 

ARRjEI, a people of Thrace.— Pi. 

ARRH ABjEUS, the king of a nation in the 
neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly 
distressed Archelaus.— Arts. 5. Polit. 10. 

ARRIA. — Vide Aria. 

ARR1A GALLA, a beautiful, but immo- 
dest woman in the reign of th'e emperors.— 
Ta. 15, 59. 

ARRIANUS, a philosopher of Nicomedia, 
yriestof Ceres and Proserpine, and diciple 
ff Epictetus, called a second Xenophon 
from the elegance and sweetness of his dic- 
tion, and distinguished for his acquaint- 
ance with military and political life. He 
wrote 7 books on Alexander's expedition, 
the periplus of the Euxine and Red Sea, 4 
books on the dissertations of Epictetus, 
besides an account of theAlani, Bithynians, 
and Parthians. He flourished about the 
140th year of Christ, and was rewarded 
with the consulship and government of Ca- 
padocia, by M. Antoninus. The best edi- 
tion of Arrian's Expeditio Alexandria is the 
fol. Gronovii. L. Bat. 1704, and the 8vo. 
a Raphelio, 2 vols. 1757, and the Tactica, 

Svo. Amst. 1683. A Greek historian. 

An Athenian, who wrote a treatise on hunt- 
ing, and the manner of keeping dogs. 

A poet, who wrote an epic poem in 24 books, 
on Alexander; also another poem on Atta- 
lus, king of Pergamus. He likewise trans- 
lated Virgil's Georgics into Greek verse. 
ARRIUS, a friend of Cicero, whose sump- 



tuous feasts Hor. describes, 2, s. 3.— — 
A PER, a Roman general who murdered 
the emperor, &c. 

ARRIUS and ARIUS, a philosopher of 
Alexandria, who soingratiated himself with 
Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that 
the conqueror declared the people of Alex- 
andria owed the preservation of their city 
to three causes; because Alexander was 
their founder, because of the beauty of the 
situation, and because Arrius was a native 
of the place.— Phi. Ant. 

ARRUNTIUS, a Roman consul. A fa- 
mous geographer, who, being accused of 
adultery and treason, under Tiberius, 
openedhis veins.— Ta. An. 6. 

ARSABES, a satrap of Armenia. Ot 

Persia. — Poly. 

ARSACES, a man of obscure origin, who, 
upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, 
invaded Parthia, and conquered the go- 
vernor of the province called Andragoras, 
and laid the foundation of an empire, 250 
B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyr- 
cani to his newly-acquired possessions, and 
spent his time in establishing his power, 
and regulating the laws. After his deatk 
he was made a god of his nation, and all 
his successors were called, in honour of his 

name, Arsacidce. — Ju. 41, 5. — Str. 11. 

His son and successor bore the same name. 
He carried on war against Antiochus, the son 
of Seleucus, who entered the field with 
100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards 
made peace with Antiochus, and died B.C. 

217.— Id. 41, 5. The 3d king of Parthia, 

of the family of the Arsacidae, bore the 
same name, and was also called Priapatius. 
He reigned 12 years, and left two sons, 
Mithridates and "Phraates. Phraates suc- 
ceeded as being the elder, and at his death 
he left his kingdom to his brother, though 
he had many children; observing that a 
monarch ought to have in view, not the 
dignity of his family, but the prosperity of 

his subjects.— Ju. 31, 5. A king of Pon 

ttis and Armenia, in alliance with the Ro- 
mans. He fought long with success against 
the Persians, till he was deceived by the 
snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put out 
his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. 
—Mar. The eldest son of Artabanus, ap- 
pointed over Armenia by his father, after 
the death of king Artaxias.— Ta. Hist. 6. 

A servant of Themistocles. 

ARSACIDjE, a name given to some of the 
monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, 
the founder of the empire. Their power 
subsisted till the 229th year of the Christain 
eera, when they were conquered by Arta- 
xerxes king of Persia.— Ju. 41. 

ARSAMENES. a satrap of Persia, at the 
battle of the Granicus. 

ARSAMETES, river of Asia, near Parthia. 
Ta. An. 15. 

ARSAMOSATA, a town of Armenia Ma- 
jor, 70 miles from the Euphrates. Ta. An. 
15. [Codomanus. 
ARSANES, the son of Ochus, and father of 
ARSANIAS, a river of Armenia, which, 
according to some, flows into the Tigris, and 
afterwards into the Eu ph rates.— PI. 5, 24. 



ARS — ARS 



9§ 



ARS— ARC 



ARSENA, a marsh of Armenia Major, 
whose fishes are all of the same sort.— Sir. 

ARSES, the youngest son of Ochus, whom 
the ennuch Ba'goas raised to the throne of 
Persia, and destroyed with his children, 
after a reign of three years.— Di. 17. 

ARS1A, a wood of Etruria, famnus for a 
oattle between the Romans and the Veientes. 

Plu. Po. A small river between Illyricum 

and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. 

River of Italy, flowing through Campania. 

ARSIDiEUS, a son of Datames, &c. 

ARSINOE, daughter of Leucippus and 
Philodice, was mother of iEsculapius by 
Apollo, according to some author*. She 
received divine honours after death at 

Sparta.— Apol. 3.— Pa. 2, 26. A daughter 

of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alc- 
niseon. — Apol. 3, 7- A fountain of Pelo- 
ponnesus. Pa. Mes. The sister and wife 

of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after 
death under the name of Venus Zephyritis. 
Dinochares began to build her a temple 
with loadstones, in which there stood a 
statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the 
power of the magnet ; but the deatli of the 
architect prevented its being perfected.— PL 

34, 14. A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, 

who married Lysimachus king of "Macedo- 
nia. After her' husband's death, Ceraunus, 
her own brother, married her, and ascended 
the throne of Macedonia. He previously 
murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons 
of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother's 
arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished 

into Samothrace.— Ju. 17, 1. A younger 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister "to Cleo- 
patra. Antony dispatched her to gain the 
good graces o'f he.' sister. — Hir. Al. 4.— 

Avp. The wife of Magas, king of Cyrene, 

who committee 1 aaaltery with herson-in-law. 

—Ju. 26, 3. A daughter of Lysimachus. 

— Pa. A town of Egypt, situated near the 

lake of Mceris, on the western shore of the 
Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest 
veneration to the crocodiles. They nourish- 
ed them in a spleadid manner, and em- 
balmed them after death, and buried them 
in the subterraneous cells of the labyrinth. 

Sir. A town of Cilicia of JEolia. of 

Syria r f Cvprus of Lvcia, &c. 

ARSITES, a satrap of Pa'phlagonia. 

ARTABANUS, a son of Hystaspes, was 
brother to Darius the first. "He dissuaded 
his nephew Xerxes from making war a- 
gainst the Greeks, and at his return he as- 
sassinated him with the hopes of ascending 
the throne. Darius, the son of Xerxes, was 
murdered in a similar manner; and Arta- 
xerxes would have shared the same fate, 
had not he discovered the snares of the 
assassin, and punished him with death.— Di. 

11.— Ju. 3, \.—Her. 4, 38. A king of 

Parthia, after the death of his nephew 
Phraates II. He undertook a war against 
a nation of Scythia, in which he perished. 
His son Mithridates succeeded him, and 
merited the appellation of Great. Ju. 42, 2. 
—A king of Media, and afterw ards of Par- 
ana, after the expulsion of Vonones, whom 
Tiberius had made king there. He invaded 
Armenia, from wbeDce he was driven ?wav 



by one of the generals of Tiberius. He wa* 
expelled from his throne, which Tiridates 
usurped ; and some time after, he was re- 
stored again to his ancient power, and died 

A. D. 48. Ta. An. 5. A king of Parthia, 

very inimical to the interest of Vespasian. 

Another king of Parthia, who made war 

against the emperor Caracalla, who had at- 
tempted his life on pretence of courting his 
daughter. He was murdered, and the power 
of Parthia abolished, and the crown tran 
slated to the Persian monarchs. Dio.—Hef 

ARTABAZUS,a son of Pharnaces, gene- 
ral in the army of Xerxes. He fled from 
Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. 

— Her. 7. A general who made war 

against Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He 
was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and 
became the familiar friend of Darius III. 
After the murder of this prince, he surren- 
dered himself up with his sons to Alexander, 
who treated him with much humanity and 
confidence.— Curt. 5. An officer of Ar- 
taxerxes against Datames.— Di. 15. 

ARTABRI and ARTABRIT^E, a people of 
Lusitania, who received their name from Ar- 
tabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, 
now called Finisterre.—Sil. 3. 

ARTACiEAS, an officer in the army of 
Xerxes, the taliest of all the troops, the king 
excepted. 

ARTACiENA, a city of Asia, near Aria. 

ARTACE, a town and seaport near Cyzi- 
cus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. 
There was in its neighbourhood a fountain 
called Artacia.— Her. 4, 14.— Proc. b. Per. 1, 

25— Str. \3.—Pl. 5, 32. A city of Phry- 

gia. A fortified place of Bithynia. 

ARTACENE, a country of Assyria, near 
Arbela, where Alexander conquered Darius, 
16 Str. 

ARTACIA, a fountain ill the country of 
the Lsestrygones.— Tib. 4, el. 1. 

ARTiEI, a name by which the Persians 
were called among their neighbours.— Her. 
7, 61. [— Str. 

ARTAGERAS, a town of Upper Armenia. 

ARTAGERSES, a general in the army of 
Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger.— 
Plu. Art. 

ARTANES, a king of the southern parts 

of Armenia.— Str. 11. A river of Thrace, 

falling into the Ister.— Her. 4, 49. A ri- 
ver ot Colchis. 

ARTAPH ERNES, a general whom Darius 
sent into Greece with Datis. He was con- 
quered at the battle of Marathon, bv Milti- 
ades.— Vide Datis.— C. Nep. Mil.— Her. 

ARTATUS, a river of Illyria.— Li. 43, 19 

ARTA VASDES, a son of Tigranes, king ot 
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and 
shone as an elegant orator and faithful his- 
torian. He lived in alliance with the Ro- 
mans, but Crassus was defeated partly on 
account of his delay. He betrayed M. An- 
tony in his expedition against Parthia, foi 
which Antony reduced his kingdom, and 
carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the 
triumph of the conqueror, led in golden 
chains. He was some time after murdered. 

—Sir. 11. The crown of Armenia was 

given by Tiberius to a person of the same 



ART— ART 

name, who was expelled. Augustus had 

also raised to the throne of Armenia, a per- 
son of the same name. — Ta. An. 2. 

ARTAXA and ARTAXIAS, a general of 
Antiochus the Great, who erected the pro- 
vince of Armenia into a kingdom, by his 
reliance on the friendship of the Romans. 
King Tigranes was one of nis successors.— 
Str. ll. 

ARTAXATA, (orum), now Ardesh, a 
strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, 
the capital of the empire, where the kings 

fenerally resided. It is said that Annibal 
uilt it for Artaxias, the king of the country. 
It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Ti- 
ridates, who called it Neronea, in honour 
of Nero.— Str. 11. 

ARTAXERXES I., succeeded to the king- 
dom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He 
destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered 
Xerxes, and attempted to destroy the royal 
family to raise himself to the throne. He 
made war against the Bactrians, and re- 
conquered B.fr.-pt., that had revolted, with 
the assistance "of the Athenians, and was re- 
markable for his equity and moderation. 
One of his hands were longer than the other, 
whence he has been called Macrochir or 
Longimanus. He reigned 39 years, and 
died B.C. 425.— C. Nep. Reg.—Plu. Art. 

• The 2d. of that name, king of Persia, 

was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his 
extensive memory. He was son of Darius 
the Second, by Parysatis, the daughter of 
Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three bro- 
thers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. His 
name was Arsaces, which he changed into 
Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne. 
His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious 
disposition, that he resolved to make him- 
self king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. 
Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when 
he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she 
obtained his pardon by her entreaties and 
•nfiuence. Cyrus, who had been appointed 
over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a 
large army under various pretences, and at 
last marched against his brother at the head 
:>f 100,000 Barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. 
He was opposed by Artaxerxes, with 900,000 
men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cu- 
naxa, in which Cyrus was killed, and his 
forces routed. It has been reported, that 
Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was 
so desirous of the honour, that he put to 
death two men for saying that they had 
killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted 
Cyrus against his brother, though at the dis- 
tance of above 600 leagues from their coun- 
try, made their way through the territories 
of the enemy ; and nothing is more famous 
in the Grecian history, than the retreat of 
the ten thousand. Alter he was delivered j 
from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes 
stirred up a war among the Greeks against 
Sparta, and exerted all his influence to wea- 
Aen the power of the Greeks. He married 
two of his own daughters, called Atossa and i 
Amestris, and named his eldest son Darius' 
ro be. successor. Darius however conspired 
against his father, and was put to death, I 
and Ochus, one of the younger sons, called , 



93 



ART — ART 



also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, 
by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and 
Arsames to be assassinated. It is said that 
Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in con- 
sequence of his son's unnatural behaviour, 
in the 94th year of his age, after a reisrn of 
46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 
children by his 350 concubines, and only four 
legitimate sons.— Plu. vi.—C. Nep. Reg. 

—Ju. 10, \.—Di. 13. The 3d, surnamed 

Ochus, succeeded his father Artaxerxes II., 
and established himself on his throne by 
murdering about 80 of his nearest relations. 
He punished with death one of his officers 
who conspired against him, and recovered 
Egypt, which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, 
and ravaged all Syria. He made war against 
the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private 
man, called Codomanus, for his uncommon 
valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, his 
cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his 
subjects, and Bagoas at last oblijed his phy- 
sician to poison him, B.C. 337, and afterwards 
gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and 
made handles for swords with his bones. 
Codomanus, on account of his virtues, was 
made king by the people ; and that he might 
seem to possess as much dignity as the house 
of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name 
Darius, the 3d.— Ju. 10, 3.— JJi. M.—Ml. 
V. H. 6", Is. or ARTAXARES I., a com- 
mon soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, 
A. D. 228, and erected Persia again into 
a kingdom, which had been extinct since 
the death of Darius. Severus the Roman 
emperor conquered him, and obliged him to 

remain within his kingdom.— Herod. 5. 

One of his successors," son of Sapor, bore 
his name, and reigned 11 years,during which 
he distinguished himself by his cruelties. 

ARTAXIAS, son of Artavasdes, king of 
Armenia,was proclaimed king by his father's 
troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he 
was defeated, and became so odious that 
the Romans, at the request of the Arme- 
nians, raised Tigranes to the throne. 

Another, son of Zeno. After the expulsion 
of Venones from Armenia, he was made 

king by Germanicus.— Ta. 6, An. 31. 

A general of Antiochus. — Vide Artaxa. 

ARTAYCTES, a Persian, appointed go- 
vernor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung 
on a cross by the Athenians for his cruel- 
ties.— Her. 7. 

ARTAYNTA.a Persian lady,whom Xerxes 
gave in marriage to his son Darius. She 
was one of the mistresses of her father- 
in-law— Her. 9, 103. 

ARTA YNTES, a Persian- appointed over 
a fleet in Greece, by Xerxes. — Her. 8. 

ARTEMBARES, a celebrated Medeinthe 
reign of Cvrus the Great.— Her. 1. 

ARTE MIDORUS, a native of Ephesus, 
who wrote an history and description of the 
earth, in eleven books. He flourished about 

104 years B. C. A physician in the age 

of Adiian. A man in the reign of Anto- 
ninus, who wrote a learned work on the in- 
terpretation of dreams, still extant; the 
best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, 
Paris, 4to. 1604, to which is annexed Ach- 
metis oneirocrit* A man of Cnidus, soc 



ART-ART 



94 



ART— ARU 



to the historiau Theopompus. He had a 
6chool at Rome, and he wrote a book on il- 
lustrious men, not extant. As he was a 
friend of J. Caesar, he wrote down an ac- 
count of the conspiracy which was formed 
against him. He gave it to the dictator from 
among- the crowd as he was going to the 
senate, but J. Caesar put it with other papers 
he held in his hand, thinking- it to be of no 
material consequence.— Plu. Cces. 

ARTEMIS, the Greek name of Diana, 
rier festivals, called Artemisia, were cele- 
brated in several parts of Greece, particu- 
lar^ at Delphi, where they offered to the 
goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed, 
bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting-, 
because it is said to hunt and kill the sea 
hare. There was a solemnity of the same 
name at Syracuse ; it lasted three davs, 
which were" spent in banqueting- and di- 
versions. — Ath. 7. 

ARTEMISIA, daughter of Lygdamis of 
Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus 
and the neighbouring- country. She assisted 
Xerxes in his expedition against Greece 
with a fleet, and her valour was so great 
that the monarch observed that all bis men 
fought like women, and all his women like 
men. The Athenians were so ashamed of 
fighting against a woman, that they offered 
a reward of 10,000 drachms for her head, 
t is said that she was fond of a youth of 
Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish 
his" disdain, she put out his eyes while he 
was asleep, and afterwards lea'peddown the 
promontory of Leucas.— Her. 7, 99.— Ju. 2, 

12. There was also another queen of that 

same, often confounded wj£h the daughter 
uf Lygdamis. She was daughter of Heca- 
Jorauus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and 
*as married to her own brother Mausoius, 
famous for his personal beauty. She was so 



tudo, and other equally valuable milita.'s 

engines. A man who wrote a treatise on 

collecting books. A native of Magnesia, 

who wrote the history of illustrious women. 

— —A physician of Clazomenae. A painter. 

A Syrian whose features resembled in 

the strongest manner those of Antiochus. > 
The queen, after the king's murder, made 
use of Artemon to represent her husband in 
a lingering state, that, by his seeming to 
die a natural death, she might conceal her 
guilt, and effect her wicked purpose.— Fide 
Antiochus. 

ARTIMPASA, a name of Venus among 
the Scvthians.— Her. 4, 59. 

ARTOBARZANES, a son of Darius, who 
endeavoured to ascend the throne in prefer- 
ence to his brother Xerxes, but to no pur- 
pose.— Her. 7, 2. 

ARTOCHMES, a generalof Xerxes, who 
married one of the daughters of Darius. — 
Her. 7, 73. [bv the JEqui.—Liv. 2, 43. 

ARTONA, a town of the Latins, taken 

ARTONTES, ason of Mardonius.--Pa.jBa?. 

ARTONIUS, a physician of Augustus, who 
on the night previous to the battle of Phi- 
lippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told 
him to assure Augustus of victory.- Fa. 
Ma. 1, 7. 

ARTOXARES, an eunuch of Paphlagonia, 
in the rei°:n of Artaxerxes 1st., cruelly put 
to death by Pary satis. 

ARTURIUS, an obscure fellow, raised tt 
honours and wealth bv his flatteries, &c- 
ARTYNES, a king of Media. [Ju. 3 
ARTYNTA, a lake of Asia Minor. 
ARTYSTONA, a daughter of Darius.- 
Her. 3, 88. 

AR11JE, a people of Hyrcania, where 
Alexander kindlv received the chief officers 
of Darius.— Curt. 6, 4. 
AR VALES, a name given to twelve priests 



fjnd of her husband, that at "his death she i who celebrated the festivals called Ambar- 



*rank in her liquor his ashes after his body 
nad been burned, and erected to his memory 
a monument, which, for its grandeur and 
magnificence, was called one of the seven 
wonders of the world. This monument she 
called Mausoleum, a name which has been 
given to all monuments of unusual splen- 
dour. She invited all the literary men of 
her ag-e, and proposed rewards to him who 
composed the elegiac panegyric upon her 
husband. The prize was adjudged to Theo- 
pompus. She was so inconsolable for the 
death of her husband, that she died two 
years after.— Vitr.—Str. 14.— PL 25, 7. 

ARTEMISIA.— Fide. Artemis. 

ARTEMISIUM, a promontory of Eubcea, 
where Diana had a temple. The neighbour- 
ing part of the sea bore the same name. 
The fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there 

with the Grecian ships. — Her. 7, 175. A 

lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple 
sacred to Artemis, whence the name. 

ARTEMITA.a city at the east of Selencia. 

An island opposite the mouth of the 

Achelous. — Sir. 

ARTEMON, an historian of Pergamus. 

A native of Clazomenae, who was with Pe- 
ricles at the siege of Saraos, where it is 
said he invented "w** battering ram, t-ie le r - 



valia. According to some, they were de- 
scended from the 12 sons of Acca Laurentia, 
who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown 
of ears of corn, and a white fillet.— Far, 
L. L. 4. — Fide Ambarvalia. 

ARDERIS, a god of the Egyptians, son 
of Isis and Osiris. According to some ac- 
counts, Osiris and Isis were married toge- 
ther in their mother's womb, and Isis was 
pregnant of Arueris before she was born. 

ARVERNI, a powerful people of Gaul 
near the Ligeris, who took up arms against 
J. Caesar. They were conquered witfc 
great slaughter. They pretended to be de- 
scended from the Trojans, as well as the 
Romans.— Cees. b.G. l.—Str. 14. 
ARVTRAGUS, a king of Britain.— Juv. . 
ARVISIUM and ARVTSUS, a promcntor 
of Chios, famous for its wine.— F. Eel. 5. 

ARUNCULEIUS COSTA, L., an officer 
sent by J. Caesar against the Gauls, by 
whom he was killed.— C<es. b. G. 
A RUNS, an Etrurian soothsayer in th* 

age of Marius. —Lucan. 1. A soldier who 

slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of 

Diana.— F. £n. II. A brother of Tarquin 

the Proud. He married Tullia, who mur- 
dered him to espouse Tarquin, who had 
assassinated his wife. A sou of Tarquin 



ARU— ASC 



ASC— ASC 



the Proud, who, in the battle that was 
fought between the partizans of his father 
and the Romans, attacked Brutus, the Ro- 
man consul, who wounded him, and threw 

him down from his horse.— Li. 2, 6. A 

s.on of Porsena, kin? of Etruria, sent by his 
father to take Aricia.— Li. 2, 14. 

ARUNTIUS, a Roman who ridiculed the 
rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebri- 
ated him to such a degree that he offered 
violence to his daughter Medullina, who 
murdered him when she found that he acted 
so dishonourably to her virtue. — Plu. Par. 

A man who wrote an account of the 

Punic wars in the style of Sallust, in the 
reign of Augustus.— An. 1. — Sen. e. 14. 

Another Latin writer.— Sen. ben. 6. 

PATERCULUS, a man who gave iEmylius 
Censorinus, tyrant of iEgesta, a brazen horse 
to torment criminals. The tyrant made the 
first experiment upon the body of the donor, 

—Plu. Par. STELLA, a poet descended 

of a consular family, in the age of Domitian. 

AROPINUS, a maritime town of Istria.— 
Tib. 4. el. 1. 

ARUSPEX.— Vide Haruspex. 

ARXATA, a town of Armenia, near the 
Ara.xes.— Str. II. 

ARYAN DES, a Persian appointed gover- 
nor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to 
death because he imitated Darius in what- 
ever he did, and wished to make himself 
immortal.— Her. 4, 166. 

ARYBAS, a native of Sidon, whose daugh- 
ter was carried away by pirates. — H. Od. 

-5. A king of the Molossi, who reigned 

10 years. 

ARYPTiEUS, a prince of the Molossi, 
who privately encourage the Greeks against 
Macedonia, and after,, rds embraced the 
party of the Macedonian, 

ASANDER, a man who separated, by a 
wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the conti- 
nent.— S7r. 7. 

ASBES'ITE and ASBYST^, a people of 
. ybia above Cyrene, where the temple of 
Amnion is built. Jupiter is sometimes 
called on that account Asbystius. — Her. 4, 
llQ.—Ptol. 4, 3. [dogs.— Ov. Me. 3. 

ASBOLIIS (black hair), one of Actseon's 

ASCALAPHUS, a son of Mars and Asty- 
oche, who was among the Argonauts, and 
went to the Trojan war at the head of the 
Orchomenians, with his brother Iaimenus. 

He was killed by Deiphobus. — H. II. 2. 

A son of Acheron, by Gorgyra or Orphne, 
stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine 
in the Eiysian fields. When Ceres had ob- 
tained from Jupiter her daughter's freedom 
and return upon earth, provided she had 
eaten nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, 
Ascalaphus discovered that she had eaten 
some pomegranates from a tree; upon 
which Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter 
to remain six months with Pluto, and the 
rest of the year with her mother. Proser- 
pine was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that 
she sprinkled water on his head, and imme- 
diately tnrnedhim into an owl.— Apol. 1, 5. 
— Ov. Me. 5, f. 8. 

ASCALON, a town of Syria, near the Me- 
diterranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusa- 



lem, still in being. It was anciently fa 
mous for its onions.— Jos. lei. J. 3, 2.— 
Theop. H. PI. 7, 4. 

ASCANIA, an island of the vEgean sea. 
A city of Troas, built by Ascanius. 

ASCANIUS, son of iEneas, by Creusa, 
was saved from the flames of Troy by his 
father, whom he accompanied in his voy- 
age to Italy. He was afterwards called 
lulus. He behaved with great valour in the 
war which his father carried on against the 
Latins, and succeeded /Eneas in "the king- 
dom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which 
he transferred the seat of his empire from 
Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius 
reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 
14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius 
reigned 38 years; 30 at Livinium, and 8 at 
Alba ; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthu- 
mus, son of iEneas by Lavinia. lulus, the 
son of Ascanius, disputed the crown with 
him ; but the Latins gave it in favour of 
Sylvius, as he was descended from the fa- 
mily of Latinus, and lulus was invested with 
the office of high priest, which remained a 
long while in his family.— Li. 1, 3.— V. JEn. 

1. According to Bio. H. 1, 15. the son of 

iEneas by Lavinia was also called Ascanius. 
A river of Bithynia.— Virg. G. 3. 

ASCII, a nation of India, in whose coun- 
try objects at noon have no shadow.— PL 2. 

ASCLEPIA, festivals in honour of Escle- 
pius, or Esculapius, celebrated all over 
Greece, when prizes for poetical and mu- 
sical compositions were honourably dis- 
tributed. At Epidaurus they were called 
by a different name. 

ASCLEPIADES, a rhetorician in the age 
of Eumenes, who wrote an historical ac- 
count of Alexander. — Arr. A disciple of 

Plato. A philosopher, disciple ofStilpo, 

and very intimate with Menedemus. The 
two friends lived together, and that they 
might not be separated when they married, 
Asclepiades married the daughter, and 
Menedemus, though much the younger, 
the mother. When the wife of Asclepiades 
was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his 
friend, and married another. He was blind 
in his old age, and died in Eretria.— Plu. 

A physician of Bithynia, B. C. 90, who 

acquired great reputation at Rome, and 
was the founder of a sect in physic. He 
relied so much on his skill, that he laid a 
wager he should never be sick ; and won it, 
as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age. 
Nothing of his medical treatises is now 

extant. An Egyptian, who wrote hymns 

on the gods of his country, and also a trea- 
tise on the coincidence of all religions. 

A native of Alexandria, who gave an his- 
tory of the Athenian archons. The 

writer of a treatise on Demetrius Phale- 

reus. A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote 

6 books on those events which had been the 

subject of tragedies. A physician in the 

age of Pompey. A tragic poet. Ano- 
ther physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. 
He lived 70 years, and was a great favour 
ite of the emperor's court. 

aSClEPIODORUS, a painter in the 
a*te of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the 



ASC-ASD 



96 



ASE— ASI 



pods were sold for 300 minae each, to an 

African prince.— PL 35. A soldier who 

conspired against Alexander with Hermo- 
laus. — Curt. 8, 6. [dates. 

ASCLEPIODOTCS, a general of Mithri- 

ASCLEPIUS.— Vide £sculapius. 

ASCLETARION, a mathematician in the 
age of Domitian, who said that he should 
be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him 
to be put' to death, and his body carefully 
secured ; but as soon as he was set on the 
burning pile, a sudden storm arose which 
put out the flames, and the dogs came and 
tore to pieces the mathematician's body.— 
Sue. Bom. 15. 

ASCLUS, a town of Italy.—/?, s. 

ASCOL1A, a festival in honour of Bac- 
chus, celebrated about December bv the 
Athenian husbandmen, who generally sa- 
crificed a goat to the god, because that 
animal is a great enemy to the vine. 
They made a bottle with 'the skin of the 
victim, which they filled with oil and wine, 
and afterwards leaped upon it. He who 
could stand upon it first was victorious, and 
received the bottle as a reward. This was 
called askoliazein para to epi askon al- 
lesthai, leaping upon the bottle, whence 
the name of the festival is derived. It was 
also introduced in Italy, where the people 
besmeared their faces' with the dres's of 
wine, and sang hymns to the god. "They 
always hanged some small images of the 
god on the tallest trees in their vinevards) 
and these images thev called Osc'ilia.— 
Virg. G. 2.— Poll. 9, 7. 

ASCONIUS LABEO, a preceptor of Nero. 

■ PEDIA, a man intimate with Virgil and 

tivy. Another of the same family in the 

age of Vespasian, who became blind in his 
old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, 
besides some historical treatises, annota- 
tions on Cicero'* orations. 

ASCRA, a town ot Boeotia, built, accord- 
ing to some, bythe giants Otus and Ephialtes, 
at the foot of mount Helicon. Hesiod was 
born there, whence he is often called the 
Ascrean poet. The town received its name 
from Ascra, a nvmph, mother of (Eoclus by- 
Neptune.— Sir- 9.— Pa. 9, 29.— Pat. 1. 

ASCULCM, now ASCOLI, a town of Pice- 
num, famous for the defeat Of Pyrrhus bv 
Curius and Fabricius.— Fi. 3, 18. Ano- 
ther in Apulia, near the Aufidus. 

ASDRUBAL, a Carthaginian, son-in-law 
of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in 
the Numidian war, and was appointed 
chief general on the death of his father-in- 
law, and for eight years presided with 
much prudence and" valour over Spain, 
which submitted to his arms with cheer- 
fulness. Here he laid the foundation of 
new Carthage, and saw it complete. To 
stop his progress towards the east, the 
Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, forbade 
him to pass the iberus, which was faith- 
fully observed bv the general. He was 
killed in the mids'tof his soldiers. B.C. 220, 
by a slave whose master he had murdered. 
The slave was caught, and put to death in 
the greatest torments, which he bore with 
patience, and even ridiculed. Some 6ay 



that he was killed in hunting.— It. \.—App. 
lb.— Pol. 2.— Zi.21, 2. A son of Hamil- 
car, who came from Spain with a large re 
inforcement for his brother Annibal. He 
crossed the Alps and entered Italy ; bur 
some of his letters to Anuibal having' fallen 
into the hands of the Romans, the consuls 
M. Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, 
attacked him suddenlv near the Metaurus, 
and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was killed 
in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared 
his fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners ; 
about 6000 Romans were killed. The head 
of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days 
after thrown into the camp of Annibal, who, 
in the moment that he was in the greatest 
expectations for a promised supply, ex- 
claimed at the sight, <£ In losing Asdrubal, 
I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all 
her hopes." Asdrubal had before made an 
attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but 
had been defeated bv the governor of Sar- 
dinia.— Li. 2\.—Pol'.—Hor. 4, 4. A Car- 
thaginian general, surnamed Calvus, ap- 
pointed governor of Sardinia, and taken 

prisoner by the Romans. — Li. Another, 

son of Gis'gon, appointed general of the 
Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time 
of ttie great Annibal. He made war against 
the R.omans in Africa, with the assistance 
of Syphax, but he was soon after defeated 

by Scipio. He died B.C. 206.— Li. Auo- 

ther, who advised his countrymen to make 
peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for 
laugning in the Carthaginian senate.— Li. 

A grandson of Massinissa, murdered in 

the senate-house by the Carthaginians. 

Another, whose camp was destroyed in 
Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 
20,000 men, in the last punic war. When 
all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and 
begged his life. Scipio showed him to the 
Carthaginians, upon which his wife, with 
a thousand imprecations, threw herself and 
her two children into the flames of the tem- 
ple of ./Esculapius, which she and others 
had set on fire. He was not of the same 
family as Hannibal.— it. 51. A Cartha- 
ginian general, conquered by L. Caecilius : 
Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he 
lost 30 elephants*. These animals were led 
in triumph all over Italy by the conquerors. 

ASELLIO (Sempronius)", an historian and 
military tribune, who wrote an account of 
the actions in which he waspresent.— Dio.H. ; 

ASIA, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, 
the Euxine,^2-ean,and Mediterranean seas. 
The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It 
receives Its name from Asia, the daughter 
of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given 
birth to many of the greatest monarchies 
of the universe, and to the ancient inhabi- 
tants of Asia we are indebted for most of ' 
the arts and sciences. The soil is fruitful, 
and abounds with all the necessaries as well ' 
as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into 
many different empires, provinces, and 
states, of which the most conspicuous were 
the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The ' 
Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, 
lasted 1270 years, and according to Justin, 1 



I 



ASI-ASI 



SI— ASP 



1300 years, down to the year of the world 
4380. The empire of Persia existed 2-*3 
vears, till the death of Darius III., whom 
Alexander the Great conquered. The em- 
pire of the Medes lasted 259 years accord- 
ing- to Eusebius, or less, according to others, 
till the reign of Astyages, who was con- 

fiuered by Cyrus the" Great, who trans- 
erred the power of the Medes, and founded 
the Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that 
the military valour of the Macedonians, 
and t e bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, 
.were so conspicuously displayed. It is in 
that part of the world that we are to look 
for the more visible progress of luxury, 
despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissi- 

Kation. Asia was generally divided into 
lajor and Minor. Asia Major was the 
most extensive, and comprehended all the 
eastern parts; and Asia Minor was a large 
country, in the form of a peninsula, whose 
boundaries may be known by drawing a 
line from the bay of Issus, in a northern 
direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine 
Sea. Asia Minor has been subject to many 
revolutions. It was tributary to the Scy- 
thians for upwards of 1500 years, and was 
a long time in the power of the Lydians, 
Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia 
Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient 
emigrations from Greece, and it was totally 
peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans 
generally and indiscriminately called Asia 
Minor by the name of Asia.— St'r.— Me.— Ju. 

—Pl.—Ta. One of the Oceanides, who 

married Japetus, and gave her name to one 
of the three quarters of the ancient globe. 

—Apol. 1, 2. One of the Nereides.— Hyg. 

\ mountain of Laconia.— Pa. 3, 24. 

ASIA PALUS, a lake of Mysia.— V.JEn.l. 
ASIATICUS, a Gaul, in the age of Vitel- 

lins. — Ta. Hist. 2. The surname of one 

of the Scipios and others, for their con- 
quests or campaigns in Asia. 
ASILAS, an augur, who assisted JEnezs 

against Turnus. A Trojan officer.— V. 

JEn. 9. 

AS1NARIA, a festival in Sicily, in comme- 
moration of the victory obtained over De- 
mosthenes and Nicias, at the river Asinarius. 

ASINARIUS, a river of Sicily, where the 
Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, 
were taken prisoners. 

ASINE, one of the Sporades. An island 

of the Adriatic. Three towns of Pelo- 
ponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, 
Argolis, and Messenia. 

ASINES, a river of Sicily. 

ASINIUS GALLUS, son of Asinius Pol- 
iio, the orator, married Vipsauia after she 
had been divorced by Tiberius. This mar- 
riage gave rise to a secret enmity between 
the emperor and Asinius, who starved him- 
self to death, either voluntarily, or by 
•rder of his imperial enemy. He" had six 
eons by his wife. He wrote a comparison 
between his father and Cicero, in which he 
eavea decided superiority to the former. — 

Ta. 1. An.—Dio. 5S.—P1.7, e. 4. MAR- 

CELLUS, grandson of Asinius Poilio, was 
accused of some misdemeanors, but ac- 
quitted, &c— 7a. 14. An POLLIO, an 



excellent orator, poet, and historian, inti- 
mate with Augustus. He triumphed over 
the Dalmatians, and wrote an account of 
the wars of Caesar and Pompey, in 17 books, 
besides poems. He refused to answ er some 
verses against him by Augustus, " because," 
said he, " you have the power to proscribe 
me, should my answer prove offensive." 
He died in the SOth year of his age, A.D. 4. 
He was Consul with Cn. Domitius Calvi- 
nus, A. U. C. 712. It is to him that the 
fourth of Virgil's Bucolics is inscribed.— 
Quin.—Sne. Ca>. 30.— Bio. 11.— Sen. tr. A. 
Src. 100.— PI. 7, 30.— Ta. 6.— Pat. 2.—Plu. 
Cms. A commander of Mauritania, un- 
der the first emperors, &c. — Ta. Hist. 

An historian in the age of Pompey. 

Another in the third centurv. QUA- 
DRATICS, a man who published the his- 
torv of Parthia, Greece, and Rome. 

ASIUS, a son of Dymas, brother of He- 
cuba. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
and was killed by Idomeneus.— H. II. 2. 

A poet of Samos, who wrote about the 

genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. 
— Pa. 7, 4. A son of Imbracus, who ac- 
companied iEneas into Italv.— V. JEn. 10. 

ASIUS CAM PUS, place near the Cayster. 

ASNAUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
which the river Aous flows. — Li. 32, 5. 

ASOPHIS, a small country of Pelopon- 
nesus, near the Asopus. [Pa. 2, 1. 

ASOPIA, the ancient name of Sicyon.— 

ASOPIA DES, a patronimic of iEacus, sou 
of iEg-ina,the daughter of Asopus.-Ov.Me.7. 

ASOP1S, the daughter of Asopus. A 

daughter of Thespius, mother of Mentor.— 
Apol. 2, 7. 

ASOPUS, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
the bay of Malia, at the north of Thermo- 
pylae.— Str. 8. A river of Bceotia, rising 

near Plat^a, and flowing into the Euripus, 
after it has separated the country of the 

Thebans and Platseans.— Pa. 9, 4. A 

river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near 
Laodicea. A river of Peloponnesus, pass- 
ing by Sicyon. Another of Macedonia, 

flowing near Heraclea.— Str. A river of 

Phoenicia. A son of Neptune, w ho gave 

his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three 
of his daughters are particularly celebrated, 
iEgina, Salamis, and Ismene.— Apol. l, 9.— 
Pans. 2. 12. 

ASPA, a town of Parthia, now Ispahan, 
iha capital of the Persian empire. 

ASPAMITHRES, a favourite eunuch of 
Xerxes, who conspired with Artabanus to 
destroy the king and royal family, 8ic.-Cte. 

ASPARAGIUM, a town- near Dyrrha- 
chium.— Cces. b. C. 3, 30. 

ASPASIA, a daughter of Hermotimus of 
Phocsea, famous for her personal charms 
and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, 
mistress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his 
brother Artaxerxes, from whom she passed 
to Darius. She was called Milto, Vermil- 
lion, on account of the beauty of her com- 
plexion.— Ml. V. H. 12, I . — Phi. Art. 

Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, 
born at Miletus. She came to Athens, 
where she taught eloquence, and Socrates 
was proud to be amongst her scholars. She 



ASP-ASP £ 

so captivated Pericles, by her mental and 
personal accomplishments, that he became 
her pupil, and at last took her for his mis- 
tress and wife. He was so fond of her, that 
he made war against Samos at her instiga- 
tion. The behaviour of Pericles towards 
Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the 
Athenians, and introduced dissipation and 
lascivious-ness into the state. She, how- 
ever, possessed the merit of superior excel- 
lence in mind as well as person, and her 
instructions helped to form the greatest 
and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some 
have confounded the mistress of Pericles 
with Aspasia, the daughter of Hermotimus. 

—Pint, in Per.~Q.uin. 11. The wife of 

Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we 
follow the improper interpretation given 
by some to Ci. In. 1, 31. 

ASPASIUS. a peripatetic philosopher in 
the 2d century, whose commentaries on 

different subjects were highly valued. 

A sophist, who wrote a penegyric on Adrian. 

ASPASTES, a satrap of Carmania, sus- 
pected of infidelity to his trust while Alex- 
ander was in the east.— Curt. 9, 20. 

ASPATHINES, one of the seven noble- 
men of Persia, who conspired against the 

usurper Smerdis. — Her. 5, 70. A son of 

Prexaspes. — Id. 7. 

ASPENDUS, a town of Pamphylia— Ci. 
Ver. l, 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine 
o Venus. [tuurn. 

ASPHALTITES, a lake.— Fide Mare Mor- 

ASPIS, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted 
from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Da- 
tames— C. Nep. D. A city and mountain 

of Africa. One of the "Cyclades. A 

city of Macedonia. 

ASPORENUS, a son of Neptune by the 
nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city 
of Bceotia, whose inhabitants went to the 
Trojan war.— H. II. 2.— Pa. 9, 38. 

ASPLEDON, a mountain of Asia Minor, 
near Pergamus, where the mother of the 
gods was worshipped, and called Asporena. 

ASSA, town near mount Athos. [Str.\3. 

ASSAB1NUS, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 

ASSARACUS, a Trojan prince, son of 
Tros, by Callirhoe. He was father to Ca- 
pys, the father to Anchises. — H. II. 20.— 

V. Mn. 1. Two friends of iEneas in the 

Rutulian war.— V. Mn. io. 

ASSERINI, a people of Sicily. 

ASSORUS, a town of Sicily, between 
Enna and Argyrium. 

ASSOS, a town of Lycia, on the sea coast. 

ASSYRIA, a large country of Asia, whose 
boundaries have been different in its flourish- 
ing times. At first it was bounded by the 
Lycrus and Caprus ; but the name of Assy- 
ria, more generally speaking, is applied to 
all that territory which lies between Media, 
Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The 
Assyrian empire is the most ancient in the 
world. It was founded by Minus or Belus, 
B.C. 2059, according to some authors, and 
lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus, the 
31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. Ac- 
cording to Eusebius, it flourished for 1240 j 
years ; according to Justin, 1300 years ; but 
Herodotus says, that its duration \\us not 



8 AST— AST 

above 5 or 600 years. Among the different 
monarchs of the Assvrian empire, Semira- 
mis greatly distinguished herself, and ex- 
tended the boundaries of her dominions as 
far as Ethiopia and Libya. In ancient au- 
thors, the Assyrians are often called Syrians, 
and the Syrians, Assyrians. The Assyrians 
assisted Priam in the' Trojan war, and sent 
him Memnon with an army. The king of 
Assyria generally styled himself king of 
kings, as a d monstration of his power and 
greatness. The country is now called Cur- 
ditsan.— Vide Syria.— Str. \Q.—Her. l.—Ju. 
—PL G, U.—Ptol. 1, 2.— Di. 2.— Me. 1, 2. 

AST A, a citv in Spain. 

AST ACCENT, a people of India, near thr 
Indus.— Str. 15. 

ASTACUS, a town of Bithynia, built by 
Astacus, son of Neptune and Olbia, or ra- 
ther by a colony of Megara and Athens. 
Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried the 
inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia, which 
was then lately built.— Pa. 5, 12. — Arr. — 
Str. 17. A city of Acarnania.— PL 5. 

ASTAPA, a town of Hispania Baetica.— Li. 
38, 20. [the Nile. 

ASTAPUS,a river of Ethiopia, falling into 

ASTARTE, a powerful divinity of Syria, 
the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She 
had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, 
w hich was served by 300 priests who were 
always employed in offering sacrifices. She 
was represented in medals with a long habit, 
and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left 
arm. She had one hand stretched forward, 
and held in the other a crooked staff in the 
form of a cross.— Lu. Dea. S.—Ci. Nat. D. 
3, 23. 

ASTER, adexterous archer of Amphipolis, 
who offered his service to Phiiip king of 
Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he re- 
tired into the city, and aimed an arrow at 
Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The 
arrow, on which was written, " aimed at 
Philip's right eye," struck the king's eye, 
and put it out ;* and Philip, to return the 
pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, 
with thtse words, " If Philip takes the 
town, Aster shall be hanged." The con- 
queror kept his word.— Lu. Hist. Sc. 

ASTERIA, a daughter of Ceus, one of the 
Titans, by Phoebe, daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra. She married Perses, son of Crius, 
by whom she had the celebrated Hecate. 
She enjoyed for a long time the favours of 
Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but 
falling under his displeasure, she was chang- 
ed into a quail, called Ortyx by the Greeks, 
whence the name of Ortygia, given to that 
island in the Archipelago, w here she retired. 
— Ov. Me. 6, f. A.—Hyg. f. 58.— Apol. 1 , 2. 

A town of Greece, whose inhabitants 

went to the Trojan war. — H. II. 2. One 

of the daughters of Dana us, who married 

Chaetus, son of jEgyptus.— Apol. 2. One 

of the daughters of Atlas, mother of Oeno- 

maus, king of Pisa— Hy. f. 250. A mis- 

tress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrofe three 
odes to comfort her during her lover* 
absence. 

ASTERION and ASTER I US, a river of Pe- 
loponnesus, which flowed through the coun- 



AST- a&*1 
try of Argolis. This river had three daugh- 
ters, Eubcea, Prosymna, and Acraea, who 

nursed the goddess Juno.— Pa. 2, 17. A 

son of Cometes, who was one of the Argo- 
nauts.— Apol. l. A statuary, son of JEs- 

chylus.— Pa. A son of Minos II., kin? 

of Crete, by Pasiphae. He was killed by 
Theseus, though he was thought thestrong- 
est ot his age. Apollodorus supposes him 
to be the same as the famous Minotaur. 
According to some, Asterian was son of 
Teutamus,oneof the descendants of iEoIus, 
and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, 
because he carried away Europa. by whom 
he had Minos l.—Di. 4.— Apol. 3.— Pa. 

2, 31. A son of Neleus and Chloris.— 

Apol. 1, 12. 

ASTERODIA, the wife of Endymion.— 
Pa. 5, l. J 

ASTEROPE and ASTEROPEA, one of 
the Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods 
and most illustrious heroes, and made con- 
stellations after death. A daughter of 

Pelias, king of Iolchos, who assisted her 
sisters to kill her father, whom Medea pro- 
mised to restore to life. Her grave was 
seen in Arcadia, in the time of Pausanias, 

8 > H. A daughter of Deion by Diomede. 

-Apol. 1. The wife of ^Esacus.— Id. 3. 

ASTEROP/EUS, a king of Pseonia, son of 
Pelegon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan 
war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, 
by Achilles.—//. II. 17. 
^ ASTERUSIUS a mountain at the south of 
Crete. A town of Arabia Felix. 

ASTINOME, ihe wife of Hipponous. 

ASTIOCHUS, a general of Lacedaemon, 
who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, 
and took Phocsea and Cumae, B.C. 411. 

ASTR/EA, a daughter of Astraeus king of 
Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, 
Saturn's brother, by Aurora. Some make 
her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and 
others consider her the same as Rhea, wife 
of Saturn. She was called Justice, of whicli 
virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon 
the earth, as the poets mention, during the 
golden age ; but the wickedness and im- 
piety of mankind drove her to heaven in the 
orazen and iron ag-es, and she was placed 
among the constellations of the zodiac, under 
Ihe name of Virgo. She is represented as 
a virgin, with a stern but majestic counte- 
nance, holding a pair of scales in one hand, 
and a sword in the other.— Sen. Oct.~Ov. 
Me. \ .—Arat. Pk<z. \.-Hes. Th. 

ASTRiEUS, one of the Titans who made 
war against Jupiter. A river of Macedo- 
nia, near Thermae.— Ml. H. V. 15, I. 

ASTU, a Greek word which signifies city 
generally applied by way of distinction, tt 
Athens, which was the most capital city of 
Greece. The word urbs is applied with the 
same meaning of superiority to Rome, and 
polis, to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, 
as also to Troy. 

ASTUR,an Etrurian, who assisted iEneas 
against Turnus.— V. lEn. 10. 

ASTURA, a small river and village of 
Latium, where Antony's soldiers cut off Ci- 
cero's head. 

ASTUSES.a people of HispaniaTarraco 



89 AST— AST 

nensis, who spend ail their lives in digging 
for mines of ore.— Luc. 4.— It. 1. 

ASTYAGE, a daughter of Hypseus, wno 
married Periphas, by whom she had some 
children, among whom was Antion, the fa- 
ther of fxion. 

ASTYAGES, son of Cyaxares, was th« 
last king of Media. He was father to Man- 
dane, whom he gave in marriage to Cam- 
byses, an ignoble person of Persia, because 
he was told by a dream, that his daughter's 
son would dispossess him of his crown. 
From such a marriage he hoped that none 
but mean and ignorant children could be 
raised ; but he was disappointed, and though 
he had exposed his daughter's son by the 
effects of a second dream, he was deprived 
of his crown by his grandson, after a reign 
of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and 
oppressive ; and Harpagus, one of his offi- 
cers, whose son he had wantonly murdered, 
encouraged Mandane's son, who was called 
Cyrus, to take up arms against his grandfa- 
ther, and he conquered him and took him 
prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cy- 
ropsedia, relates a different story, and as- 
serts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the 
most undisturbed friendship together.— Ju. 

1, 4.— Her. 1, 74. A grammarian who 

wrote a commentary on Callimachus. A 

man changed into a stone by Medusa's head. 
— Ov. Me. 5, f. 6. [lemus.— H. II. 6. 

ASTYALUS, a Trojan killed by Neopto- 
AST YANAX, a son of Hector and Andro- 
mache. He was very young when the 
Greeks besieged Troy ; and when the city 
was taken, his mother saved him in her 
arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was 
afraid lest the young prince should inherit 
the virtues of his father, and one day avenge 
the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, 
seized him, and threw him down from the 
walls of Troy. According to Euripedes, he 
was killed by Menelaus ; and Seneca says, 
that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles put him to 
death. Hector had given him the name of 
Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped 
he might prove as great as his father, 
called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the 

city.— H. II. 6.—V. JEn. I.—Ov. Me. 13. 

An Arcadian, who had a statue in the tem- 
ple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus.— Pa. 8. 

A son of Hercules.— Apol. 2, 7. A 

writer in the age of Gallienus. 
AS TYCRATIA, a daughter of Mollis.— 

H. II. A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 

AST YD AM US, an Athenian, pupil to 
Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of 
which only 15 obtained the poetical prize. 

A Milesian, three times victorious at 

Olympia. He was famous for his strength, 
as well as for his voracious appetite. He 
was once invited to a feast by king Ario- 
barzanes, and he eat what had been pre- 
pared for nine persons.— Ath. 10. Two 

tragic writers bore the same name, one of 

whom was disciple to Socrates. A comic 

poet of Athens. 

ASTYDAMIA,or ASTYADAMIA, daugh- 
ter of Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in 
Bceoiia, married Acastus, son of Pelias, 
who was king cf Iolchos. She became 
K 2 



AST- ATA 



100 



ATA— ATA 



enamoured of Peleus, son of jEacus, who 
had visited her husband's court ; and be- 
cause he refused to gratify her passion, she 
accused him of attempting her virtue. 
Acastus readily believed his wife's accusa- 
tion ; but as he would not violate the laws 
of hospitality, by punishing his giiest with 
instant death, he waited for a favourable 
opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. 
At last they went in a hunting party to 
mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a 
tree, by order of Acastus, that he might be 
devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved 
at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan 
to deliver him. When Peleus was set at 
Mberty, he marched with an army against 
Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished 
with deatli the cruel and false Astydamia. 
She is called by some Hippolvte," and by 
others Cietheis. — Apol. 3, 13.— Pin. N. 4. 

A daughter of Ormenus, carried away 

by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepolemus. 
— Ov. Her. 9, 50. 

ASTYLUS, one of the Centaurs, who had 
the knowledge of futurity. He advised his 
brothers not to make war against the Lapi- 

thae.— Ov. Me. 12. A man of Crotona, 

who was victorious three successive times 
at the Olympic games.— Pa. 

ASTYMEDUSA, a woman whom CEdipus 
married after he had divorced Jocasta. 

ASTYNOME, tkz daughter of Chryses 
the priest of Apollo, sometimes called 
Chryseis. She fell to the share of Achilles, 
at the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus. 
— Daughter of Araphion,— of Talaus.—i/ye-. 

ASTYNOUS, a Trojan prince.— H. II. 5. 

ASTYOCHE and ASTYOCHIA, a daugh- 
ter of Actor, who had, by IVIars, Ascalaphus, 
and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. 

— H. II. 2. A daughter of Phylas, king 

of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepole- 
mus, by Hercules.— Hyg, f. 97. A daug- 

Ser of Laomedon, by Strymo.— Apol. 3. 

A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. — Id. 
3, 4. A daughter of the Simois, who mar- 
ried Erichthomus.— Id. 3, 12. The wife 

of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.— Hyg. 

ASTYPALiEA, one of the Cvclades, be- 
tween Cos and Carpathos, called after 
Astypalsea, daughter of Phoenix, and mother 
of Antaeus, bv Neptune.— Pa, 7, 4.— Str. 14. 

ASTYPHIL'US, a soothsayer, well skilled 
in the knowledge of futuritv.— Plu. Cim. 

ASTYRON, a town built by the Argo- 
nauts, on the coast of Illyricum.— Str. 

ASYCHIS, a king of Egypt, who suc- 
ceeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that 
whoever borrowed money, must deposit his 
father's body in the hand of his creditors, 
as a pledge of his promise of payment. He 
built a magnificent pyramid.— Her. 2, 136. 

ASYLAS, a friend of /Eneas, skilled in 
auguries.— V. JEn. 9. 

ASYLLTJS, a gladiator.— Juv. 6. 

ATAEULUS, a wind which was frequent 
in Apulia.— Hor. 1, s. 5. 

ATABYRIS, a mountain in Rhodes, 
where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was 
surnamed Atabyrls. — Str. 14. 

ATACE, a town of Gaul, whence the 
adjpctive Atacinus. 



ATALANTA, a daughter of Shceneus* 
king of Scyros. According to some, she 
was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius, by 
Clymene ; but others say that Menalion was 
her father. This uncertainty of not rightly 
knowing the name of her father, has led the 
mvthologists into error, and some have 
maintained that there were two persons of 
that name, though their supposition is 
groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, 
and, according to Ovid, she determined to 
live in perpetual celibacy ; but her beauty 
gained her many admirers, an-i to free her- 
self from their importunities, she proposed 
to run a race with them. They were to run 
without arms, and she was to carry a dart 
in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, 
and whoever arrived at the goal before her 
would be made her husband ; but all those 
whom she overtook, were to be killed by 
the dart with which she had armed herself. 
As she was almost invincible in running, 
many of her suitors perished in the attempt, 
till Hippomenes, the son of Macareus, pro- 
posed himself as her admirer. Venus had 
presented him with three golden apples 
from the garden of the Hesperides, or ac- 
cording to others, from an orchard in Cy- 
prus ; and as soon as he had started in the 
course, he artfully threw down the apples, 
at some distance one from the other. 
While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, 
stopped to gather the apples, Hippomenes 
hastened on his course, arrived first at the 
goal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. 
These two fond lovers, in the impatience of 
consummating their nuptials, entered the 
temple of Cybele ; and the goddess was so 
offended at their impiety, and at their pro- 
fanation of her house, that she changed 
them into two lions. Apollodorus says, 
that Atalanta's father was desirous of rais- 
ing male issue, and that therefore she was 
exposed to wild beasts as soon as born. She 
was, however, suckled by a she bear, and 
preserved bv shepherds. She dedicated her 
time to hunting, and resolved to live in ce- 
libacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyieus 
and 'Rhecus, wno attempted her virtue. 
She was present at the hunting of the Caly- 
donian boar, which she first wounded, and 
she received the head as a present from 
Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She 
was also at the games instituted in honour 
of Pelias, where she conquered Peleus; 
and when her father, to whom she had been 
restored, wished her to marry, she consented 
to give herself to him who could overcome 
her in running, as had been said above. She 
had a son called Parthenopseus, by Hippo- 
menes. Hvginus says, that that son was 
the fruit of her love with Meleager; and 
Apollodorus says, she had him by Melanion, 
or, according: to others, by the god Mars. 
[Vide Meleager.]— Apol. 1, 8— Pa. J, 36.— 
Hyg. f. 99.— Ail. V. H. 13.— Di. A.—Ov.Me. 

8,*f. A.— Eur. Phcsn. An island near Eu- 

boea and Lucris.— Pa. 

ATARANTES, a people of Africa, ten 
days' journey from the Garamantes. There 
was in their country a hill of salt with a 
fountain of sweet water upon it. — fier.4,184. 



ATA— ATH 101 

ATARBECHIS, a town in one of the is- 
lands of the Delta,whereVenushad a temple. 

ATARNEA, a part of My si a, opposite 
Lesbos, with a small town in the neig hbour- 
hood, of the same name.— Pa. 4, 35. 

ATARGATIS, a divinity among- the Sy- 
rians, represented as a Syren. — Str. 16. 

ATAS and ATHAS, a youth of wonderful 
velocity, who is said to' have run 75 miles 
between noon and the evening.— Mart. 4, 
c. 19.— PL 7. 

ATAX, now Aude, a river of Gaul Nar- 
bonensis, rising- in the Pvrenean mountains, 
and falling- into the Mediterranean sez.-Me.2. 

ATE, the g-oddess of all evil, and daugh- 
ter of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy 
and sedition in heaven among the gods, that 
f upiter dragged her away by the hair, and 
banished her for ever from heaven, and 
sent her to dwell on earth, where she in- 
cited mankind to wickedness, and sowed 

commotions among them.— H. II. 19. 

She is the same as the Discord of the Latins. 

ATELLA, a town of Campania, famous 
for a splendid amphitheatre.— Juv. 6. 

ATENOMARUS, a chieftain of Gaul, who 
made war against the Romans.— Phi. Par. 

ATHAMANES, an ancient people of Epi- 
rus, who existed long before the Trojan 
war, and still preserved their name arjd 
customs in the age of Alexander. There 
was a fountain in their territories, whose 
waters, about the last quarter of the moon, 
were so sulphureous that they could set 
wood on fire.— Or. Me, lo.—Slr. 7,— PI. 2, 
103.— Me. 2, 3. 

ATHAMAS, king of Thebes, in Bceolia, 
was son of iEolus. He married Themisto, 
whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, De- 
motice. and Dy her he had Phryxus and 
Helle. Some time after, on pretence that 
Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he 
married I no, the daughter of Cadmus, by 
whom he had two sons, Learchusand Meli- 
certa. Ino became jealous of the children 
of Nephele, because they were to ascend 
their father's throne in preference to her 
own, therefore she resolved to destroy them; 
but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, 
on a golded ram. [Vide Phryxus & Argo- 
nautae.J According to the Greek scholiast 
of Lycophron, v. 22, Ino attempted to 
destroy the corn of the country ; and as if 
it were the consequence of Divine venge- 
ance, the soothsayer, at her instigation, 
told Athamas that," before the earth would 
yield her usual, increase, he must sacrifice 
one of the children of Nephele to the gods. 
The credulous father led Phryxus to the 
altar, where he was saved by Nephele. 
The prosperity of Ino was displeasing to 
•uno, and more particularly because she 
was descended from Venus. The goddess 
therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, 
to the house of Athamas, who became in- 
flamed with such sudden fury, that he took 
ino to be a lioness, and her two children 
to be whelps. In this fit of madness he 
snatched Learchus from her, and killed 
qim against a wall ; upon which Ino fled 
with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, 
she threw herself into the sea from a high 



ATH -ATH 



rocK, and was changed into a sea deity, 
After this, Athamas recovered the use of 
his senses : and as he was without children, 
he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sens 
of Thersander his nephew.— Hyg. f. 1.— 

Apol. 1, l.—Ov. Me. 4.— Pa. 9, 34. 

servant of Atticus.— Ci. At. 12, e. 10. — 

A stage dancer.— Id. Pis. 36. A tragic 

poet.— Id. Pis. 20. One of the Greeks, 

concealed in the wooden horse at the siege 
of Troy.— V. JEn. 2. 

ATHAMANTIADES, a patronymic of Me- 
iicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Ath- 
amas. -Ov. Me. 13. 

ATHANASIUS, a bishop of Alexandria, 
celebrated for his suffering's, and the de- 
termined opposition he maintained against 
Arius and his doctrine. His writings, which 
were numerous, and some of which have 
perished, contain a defence of the mystery 
of the Trinity, the divinity of the VVord and 
of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Con- 
stantine. The creed which bears his name 
is supposed by some not to be his composi- 
tion. Athanasius died 2d May, A.D. 373, 
after filling the archieoiscopalchair47 years, 
and leading alternately a life of exile and 
of triumph. The latest edition of his works 
is that of the Benedictin, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 
1698. [of Sicily.— Alh. 3. 

ATHANIS, a man who wrote an account 
ATHEAS, a king- of Scy thia, who implored 
the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against 
the Istrians, and laughed at him when he 
had furnished him with an army.— Ju. 9. 

ATHENA, the name of Minerva among 
the Greeks, and also among the Egyptians 
before Cecrops had introduced the worshij 
of the goddess into Greece.— Pa. 1. 

ATHENE, a celebrated city of Attic? 
founded about 1556 years before the Chris 
tian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian cc 
lony. It was called Cecropia, from its 
founder, and afterwards Athence in honour 
of Minerva, who had obtained the right of 
giving it a name in preference to Neptune. 
[Vide Minerva.] It was governed by 17 kings 
in the following order: — After a reign of 50 
years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, 
who began to reign 1506 B.C. ; Amphictvon, 
1497 ; Erichthonius, 1487 ; Pandion, 1437 ; 
Erichtheus, 1397 ; Cecrops II. 1347 ; Pandiog 
11.1307; iEgeus, 1263; Theseus, 1235 ; Me. 
nestheus,1205 ; Demophoon,l 182 ; Oxyntes, 
1149; Aphidas, 1137 ; Thymcetes, 1 136 ; Me- 
lanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was 
killed after a reign of 21 years. The history 
of the twelve first of these monarchs is 
mostly fabulous. After the death of Codrus, 
t*je monarchical power wa's abolished, and 
tne tate was governed by 13 perpetual, and 
317 years after, by 7 decennial, and lastly, 
B.C" 684, after an anarchy of 3 years, by 
annual magistrates, called Archons. [Vide 
Archontes.] Under this democracy, the Athe- 
nians signalized themselves by their valour 
in the field, their munificence, and the cul- 
tivation of the fine arts. They were deemed 
so powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, 
when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed 
his arras against Athens, which he took and 
burnt. Their military character was chiefiv 
K 3 



ATH— ATH 

Splayed in the battles of Marathon, of Sa- 
lmis, of Plataea, and of Myeale. After 
th ese immortal victories, they "rose in con- 
sequence and dignity, and they demanded 
J n e superiority in the affairs of Greece. The 
to wn was rebuilt and embellished by The- 
PMstocles, and a new and magnificent har- 
bour erected. Their success made them ar- 
r ogaut, and they raised contentions among 
the neighbouring states, that they might 
aggrandize themselves by their fall. The 
luxury and intemperance, which had been 
long excluded from the city by the salutary 
laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, 
crept by degrees among all ranks of peo- 
ple, and soon after all Greece united to des- 
troy that city, which claimed a sovereign 
power over all the rest. The Peloponnesian 
war, though at first a private quarrel, was 
soon fomented into a universal war ; and the 
arms of all the states of Peloponnesus [Vide 
Peloponnesiacum E-ellum.J were directed 
against Athens, which, after 28 years of mis- 
fortunes and bloodshed, was totally ruined, 
the 24th April, 4u4 years before the Christian 
era, by Lysander. After this, the Athenians 
were oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a 
while laboured under the weight of their 
own calamities. They recovered something 
Df their usual spirit in the age of Philipj 
and boldly opposed his ambitious views ; 
but their short-lived efforts were not of great 
service to the interests of Greece, and they 
fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. 
The Athenians have been admired in all ages, 
for their love of liberty, and for the great 
men that were born among them ; but fa- 
vour there was attended with danger ; and 
there are very few instances in the history 
of Athens, that can prove that the jealousy 
and frenzy of the people did not persecute 
and disturb the peace of the man who had 
fought their battles, and exposed his life in 
the defence of his country. Perhaps, not 
one single city in the world can boast, in 
such a short space of time, of such a number 
of truly illustrious citizens, equally cele- 
brated for their humanity,their learning,atid 
their military abilities. The Romans, in the 
more polished ages of their republic, sent 
their youths to ^finish their education at 
Athens, and respected the learning, while 
they despised the military character of the 
inhabitants. The reputation the Athenian 
schools had acquired under Socrates and 
Plato, was maintained by their degenerate 
and less learned successors ; and they flour- 
ished with diminished lustre, till an edict of 
the emperor Justinian suppressed, with the 
Roman consulship, the philosophical meet- 
ings of the academy. It has been said by 
Plutarch, that the good men whom Athens 
produced, were the most just and equitable 
in the world ; but that its bad citizens could 
not be surpassed in any age or country, for 
their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. 
Their criminals were always put to death by 
drinking the juice of hemlock. The an- 
cients, to distinguish Athens in a more pe- 
culiar manner, called it Astu, one of the 
eyes of Greece, the learned city, the school 
of the world, the common patroness of 



102 ATH— ATH 

Greece. The Athenians thought themselves 
the most ancient nation of Greece, and sup 
posed themselves the original inhabitants 
of Attica, for which reason they were called 
Sutochthones, produced from the same earlk 
which they inhabited, Gegeneis, sons of the 
earth, and Tettiges, grasshoppers. They 
sometimes wore golden grasshoppers intheir 
hair as badges of honour, to distinguish 
them from other people of later origin and 
less noble extraction, because those insects 
are supposed to be sprung from the ground 
The number of men able to bear arms at 
Athens in the reign of Cecrops was com- 
puted at 20,000, and there appeared no con- 
siderable augmentation in the more civilized 
age of Pericles; but in the time of ^^irie- 
trius Phalerus there were found 2u,o00 citi 
zens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 slaves. 
Among the numerous temples and public 
edifices none was more celebrated than that 
of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the 
Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the 
finest marble, and still exists a venerable 
monument of the hero's patriotism, and ot 
the abilities of the architect.— Ci. At.—Th. 
I.— Jus. 2.—Di. 13.—JEI. V. H.—Pt. 7.- 
Xen.Mem.—Plu.—Str. 9.— Pa. l.—Va.Ma. 
—Li. 31.— C. Nep. M.— Pol— Pat. 

ATH ENiE A, festivals celebrated at Athens 
in honour of Minerva. One of them was 
called Panathencea, and the other Chalcea ; 
for an account of which see those words. 

ATHENiEUM, a place at Athens, sacred 
to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, 
and rhetoricians generally declaimed and 
repeated their compositious. It was public 
to all the professors of the liberal arts. The 
same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, 
who made a public building for the same 

laudable purposes. A promontoryof Italy- 

A fortified place between iEtolia and 

Macedonia.— Li. 38. 

ATHENiEUS, a Greek cosmographer. 

A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the 

time of Augustus.— Str. A Spartan sent 

by his countrymen to Athens, to settle the 

peace during the Peloponnesian war. A 

grammarian of Naucratis, who composed 
an elegant and miscellaneous work, called 
Deipnosophistce, replete witl very curious 
and interesting remarks and anecdotes of 
the ancients, and likewise valuable for the 
scattered pieces of ancient poetry it pre- 
serves. The work consists of 15 books, of 
which the two first, part of the third, and 
almost the whole of the last, are lost. 
Athenaeus wrote, besides this, an historv of 
Syria, and other works now lost. He died 
A.D. 194. The best edition of his works is 
that of Cansubon, fol. 2 vols. Lugd. 1612. 
by far superior to the editions of 1595 and 

1657. A historian, who wrote an account 

of Semiramis.— Di. A brother of kinp 

Eumenes 2d, famous for his paternal affec 

tion. A Roman general, in the age oi 

Gallienus, who is supposed to have writter. 

a book on military engines. A physician 

of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who madt 
heat, cold, wet, dry, and air, the elements,, 
instead of the four commonly received. 
ATH EN AGORAS,a Greek in the time ot 



ATH— ATI 



203 



ATI— ATL 



Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the go- 
vernment of Chios, &c— Curt.8. A writer 

on agriculture.— Tar. A Christian phi- 
losopher, in the age of Aurelius, who wrote 
a treatise on the resurrection, and an apo- 
logy for the Christians, still extant. He 
died A. D. 177. The best edition of his 
works is that of Dechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706. 

The romance of Theagenes and Charis, 

is falsely ascribed to him. 

ATHENAIS, a Sibyl of Erythrgea, in the 

age of Alexander.— Str. A daughter of 

the philosopher Leontius. 

ATHENION, a peripatetic philosopher, 

108 B.C A general of the Sicilian slaves. 

A tvrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston. 

ATHENOCLES, a general, kc.—Poly. 
6. A turner of Mitylene.— PL 34. 

ATHENODORUS, a philosopher of Tar- 
sus, intimate with Augustus. The emperor 
often profited by his lessons, and was ad- 
vised by him always to repeat the 24 letters 
of the Greek alphabet, before he gave way to 
the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died 
in his 82d year, much lamented by his coun- 
trymen. — Sue. A poet who wrote co- 
medy, tragedy, and elegy, in the age of 

Alexander.— Ptu.Al. A stoic philosopher 

of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augus- 
tus. He was intimate with Strabo.— Str. 14. 

A philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and 

keeper of the royal library at Pergamus. 
■ A marble sculptor. A man assassi- 
nated at Bactra for making himself absolute. 

ATH EOS, a surname of Diagoras and 
Theodorus, because they denied the exist- 
ence of a deity.— Ci. Nat. D. 1. 

ATHESIS, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic 
Sea. — V . JEn. 9. 

ATHOS, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 
miles in circumference, projecting into the 
./Egean sea like a promontory. It is so high 
that it overshadows the island of Lemnos, 
though at the distance of 87 miles ; or, ac- 
cording to modern calculation, only eight 
leagues. When Xerxes invaded Greece, he 
made a trench of a mile and a half in length 
at the foot of the mountain, into which he 
brought the sea-water, and conveyed his 
fleet over it, so that two ships could pass 
one another, thus desirous either to avoid 
the danger of sailing round the promontory, 
or to show his vanity and the extent of his 

power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, 

offered Alexander to cut mount Athos, and 
make with it a statue of the king holding a 
town in his left hand, and in the right a 
spacious bason, to receive all the waters 
which flowed from it. Alexander greatly 
admired the plan, but objected to the place"; 
and he observed, that the neighbouring 
country was not sufficiently fruitful to pro- 
duce corn and provisions for the inhabitants 
which were to dwell in the city, in the 
hand of the statue. Athos is now called 
Monte Santo.— Her. 6.— Luc. 2.— Ml. An. 
\\i.—PUn. A.—JEsch. con. C. 

ATHRULLA, a town of Arabia.— Str. 

ATHYMBKA, a city of Caria, afterwards 
called Nyssa.— Str. 14. 

ATIA, a city of Campania. A law en- 



acted A. U.C. 690, by T. Atiu9 Labiemis 
the tribune or the people. It aboliishtd 
the Cornelian law, and put in full force 
the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right 
of electing priests from the college of priests 

to the people. The mother of Augustus. 

—Vide Accia. 

ATILIA LEX gave the pretor and a ma- 
jority of the tribunes, power of appointing 
guardians to* those minors who were not 
previously provided for by their parents. 
It was enacted about A. U. C. 560. Ano- 
ther, A. U.C. 443, which gave the people 
power of electing 20 tribunes of the soldiers 
into four legions.— Li. 9. 

ATI LI US, a freed man, who exhibited 
combats of gladiators at Fidenae. The am- 
phitheatre, whi€h contained the spectators, 
fell during the exhibition, and about 50,ooo 
persons were killed or mutilated.— Ta. 4, An. 

ATILLA, the mother of the poet Lucan. 
She was accused of conspiracy by her son, 
who expected to clear himself of the charge. 
—V. JEn. 7. [JEn. II. 

ATINAS, a friend of Turnus, kc.—V. 

ATINIA LEX, was enacted by the tri- 
bune Atinius. It gave a tribune of the 
people the privileges of a senator, and the 
right of sitting in the senate. 

ATLANTES, a people of Africa, in tW 
neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived 
chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and wert 
said not to have their sleep at all disturbed 
by dreams. They daily cursed the sun at 
his rising and setting, because his excessive 
heat scorched and tormented them.— Her. 

ATLANTIADES, a patronymic of Mer- 
cury, as grandson of Atlas.— Ov. Me. 1. 

ATLATsTIDES, a people of Africa, near 
mount Atlas. They boasted of being in 
possession of the country in which all the 
g-ods of antiquity received their birth. 
Uranus was the first king, whom, on ac- 
count of his knowledge of astronomy, they 
inrolled in the number of their gods.— Di. 3. 
The daughters of Atlas, seven in num- 
ber, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, 
Merope, Alcyone, and Celaeno. They mar- 
ried some of the gods, and most illustrious 
heroes, and their children were founders of 
many nations and cities. The Atlantides 
were called nymphs, and even goddesses on 
account of their great intelligence and 
knowledge. The name of Hesperides was 
also given them, on account of their mothei 
Hesperis. They were made constellations 
after death.— Fide Pleiades. 

ATLAS, one of the Titans, son of Japetus, 
and Clymene, one of the" Oceanides. He 
was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, 
and Mencetius. His mother's name, ac- 
cording to Apollodorus, was Asia. He mar- 
ried Pleione, daughter of Oceanus, or Hes- 
peris, according to others^ by whom he 
had seven daughters, called Atlantides.— 
[Vide Atlantides.] He was king of Mauri- 
tania, and master of a thousand flocks ol 
every kind, as also of beautiful gardens, 
abounding in every species of fruit, which 
he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. 
Perseus, after the conquest of trie Gorgons, 
passed by the palace of Atlas, aci demaudi V 



ATO-ATR 



104 



ATR — AT R 



hospitality. The king, who was informed ! ieinstated intheir former liberty and inde- 



by an oracle of Themis that he should be 
dethroned by one of the des -endants of Ju- 
piter, refused to receive him, and even 
offered hica yiolence. Perseus, who was 
unequal in strength, showed him Medusa's 
head, and Atias was instantly changed into 
a large mountain. This mountain, which 
runs across the deserts of Africa east and 
west, is so high that the ancients have 
imagined that the heavens rested on its top, 
and that Atlas supported the world on his 
shoulders. Hyginus says, that Atlas as- 
sisted the giants in their wars against the 
gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to 
bear the heavens on his shoulders. The 
fable that Atlas supported the heavens on 
his back, arises from his fondness for astro- 
nomy, and his often frequenting elevated 
places and mountains, whence he might ob- 
serve the heavenly bodies. The daughters 
of Atlas were carried away by Bosiris, king 
of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who 
received as a reward from the father the 
knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial 
globe. This knowledge" Hercules commu- 
nicated to the Greeks; whence the fable 
has further said, that he eased for some 
time the labours of Atlas, by taking upon 
his shoulders the weight of the heavens. 
According to some authors, there were two 
other persons of that name, a king of Italy, 
father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, 
father of Maia the mother of Mercury,— V 
Mn. 4.— Ov. Me. 4. f. 17.— Di. 3.— Luc. 9 
—Va.Flac.S.~Hrjg.$3.—Arat.Ast.—Apol. I. 

— Hes. Th. A river flowing from mount 

Hamus into Ister.— Her. 4. 

ATOSSA, a daughter of Cyrus, who was 
one of the wives of Cambyses, Smerdis, and 
afterwards of Darius, by whom she had 
Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous can- 
cer by Democedes. She is supposed by 
some to be the Vashti of scripture.— Her. 3. 

ATRACES, a people of zEtolia, who re- 
ceived their name from Atrax, son of iEto- 
lus. Their country was called Atracia. 
ATRAM YTTIUM, a town of Mysia. 
ATRAPES, an officer of Alexander, who, 
at the general division of the provinces, re- 
ceived Media.— Di. 18. 

ATRAX, a son of /Etolus, or, according 
to others, of the river Peneus. He was king 
of Thessaly, and built a town which he 
called Atrax or Atracia. This town became 
so famous, that the word Atracius has been 
applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He 
was father to Hippodamia, who married 
Pirithous, and whom we must not confound 
with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same 
name.— Pro. 1, el. 8.— St. I, Th.—Ov. Me. 

12. A city of Thessaly, whence the epithet 

of Atracius. A river of iEtolia, which 

falls into the Ionian sea. 

ATREBAT/E, a people of Britain, who 
were in possession of the modern counties 
of Berks, Oxford, &c. 

ATREBATES, now Artois, a people of 
Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, opposed 
. Caesar with 15,0)0 men. They werecon- 
Tuered, and Comius, a friend of the de- 



pendence, on account of the services 
Comius.— Gees. B. G. 2. 
ATRENI, a people of Armenia. 
ATREUb, son of Pelops by Hippodamia. 
daughter of CEnomaus king of Pisa, was 
king of Mycenae, and brother to Pittheus, 
Troezen, "Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As 
Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at 
the same time a favourite of his father,Hi| - 
podamia resolved to remove him. She per 
suaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to mur, 
der him ; but their refusal exasperated her 
more, and she executed it herself. This 
murder was grievous to Pelops: he sus- 
pected his two sons, who fled away from his 
presence. Atreus retired to the court ot 
Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and 
upon his death ne succeeded him on the 
throne. He married, as some reporl,.zErope, 
his predecessor's daughter, by whom he had 
Plisthenes, Menelaus, and "Agamemnon. 
Others affirm, that /Erope was the wife or 
Plisthenes, by whom she had Agamemnon 
and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of 
Atreus, because that prince took care of 
their education, and brought them up as his 
own. {Vide Plisthenes.) Thyestes had fol- 
lowed his brother to Argos, where he lived 
with him, and debauched his wife, by whom 
he had two, cr, according to some, thre» 
children. This incestuous commerce of 
fended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished 
from his court. He was however soon after 
recalled by his brother, who determined cru- 
elly to revenge the violence offered to his 
bed. To effect this purpose, he invited his 
brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thy- 
estes was served up with the flesh of the 
children he had had by his sister-in-law the 
queen. After the repast was finished, the 
arms and the heads of the murdered chil- 
dren were produced, to convince Thyestes 
of what he had feasted upon. This action 
appeared so cruel and impious, that the sun 
is said to have shrunk back in his course at 
the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately tied 
to the court of" Thesprotus, and thenco to 
Sicyon, where he ravished his own daughter 
Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, 
without knowing who she was. This incest 
he committed intentionally, as some report, 
to revenge himself on his brother Atrcuo, 
according to the word of the oracle, which 
promised him satisfaction for the cruelties 
he had suffered, only from the hand of a 
son who should be born of himself and his 
own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son 
whom she called /Egisthus, and soon after 
she married Atreus, who had lost his wife. 
Atreus adopted /Egjsthus, and sent him to 
murder Thyestes, who had been seized a 1 
Delphi, and imprisoned. Thyestes knew 
his son, and made himself known to him 
he made him espouse his cause, and instea 
of becoming his father's murderer, he ra. 
ther avenged his wrongs,, and returned to 
Atreus, whom he assassinated. — Vide Thy- 
estes, iEgisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and 
Menelaus.— Hyg,{. i^.—Eur.Or.—Plu.r'ur 
—Pa. 9.— Aral. Z.—Sen.Atr, 



ueral, was setover them *s king. They were i ATRI a patronymic given bv How 



ATR-ATT 105 ATT — ATT 



to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the 
sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the au- 
thority of Hesiod, Lactantius, Dictys of 
Crete,&c. who maintained that these princes 
were not the sons of Atreus, but of PJisthenes, 
and that they were brought up in the house 
and under the eye of their grandfather. — 
Vide Plisthenes. 

ATRONIU3, a friend of Turnus, killed 
by the Trojans. — V. Mn. 10. 

ATROPATl A, a part of Medea.— Str. 

ATROPOS, one of the Parcae, daughters 
of Nox and Erebus. According to the de- 
rivation of her name (a, non, irepo, muto.; 
she is inexorable and inflexible, and her 
duty among the three sisters is to cut the 
thread of life, without any regard to sex, 
age, or quality. She was represented by the 
ancients in a 'black veil , with a pair ot scis- 
sars in her hand.— Fide Parcae. 

ATTA T. Q., a writer of merit in the Au- 
gustine age, who seems to have received 
this name from some deformity in his legs 
or feet. His compositions, dramatical as 
well as satyrical, were held in universal 
admiration, though Horace thinks of them 
with indifference.— Hor. 2, e. 1. 

ATTALIA, a city of Pamphylia, built by 
king Attains.— Str. 

ATTALICUS. Vide Attalus III. 

ATTA L US 1., kina: of Pergamus, suc- 
ceeded Eumenes I. He defeated the Gauls 
who had invaded his dominions, extended 
his conquests to mount Taurus, and ob- 
tained the assistance of the Romans against 
Antiochus. The Athenians rewarded his 
merit with great honours. He died at Per- 
gamus, after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. 

—Li. 26.— Pol. 5.— Str. 13. The second 

of that name was sent on an embassy to 
Rome by his brother, Eumenes II., and at 
his return was appointed Guardian to his 
nephew Attalus III., who was then an in- 
fant. Prusias made successful war against 
him, and seized his capital ; but the con- 
quest was stopped by the interference of 
the Romans, who restored Attalus to his 
throne. Attalus, who has received the name 
of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, was 
a munificent patron of learning, and the 
founder of several cities. He was poisoned 
by his nephew in the 82d year of his age, 
B.C. 138. He had governed the nation with 
great prudence and moderation for 20 vears. 

— Str. 13.— Pol. 5. The III., succeeded 

to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder 
of Attalus II.. and made himself odious by 
his cruelty to his relations, and his wanton 
exercise of power. He was son to Eume- 
nes II., and surnamed Philopater. He left 
the cares of government to cultivate his 
garden, and to make experiments on the 
melting of metals. He lived in great unity 
with the Romans ; and as he died without 
issue by his wife Berenice, he left in his 
will the words P.R. meorum hceres esto, 
which the Romans interpreted as them- 
selves, and therefore took possession of his 
kingdom, B.C. 133, and made of it a Ro- 
man province, which they governed bv a 
proconsul. From this circumstance, what- 
ever was a valuable acquisition, or an am- 



ple fortune, was always called by the epi- 
thet Attalicus. Attalus, as wtil as his pre- 
decessors, made themselves celebrated for 
the valuable libraries which they collected 
at Pergamus, and for the patronage which 
merit and virtue alwavs found at their 
court.— Li. M.—Pl.l.—Ju. 39.— hor. l, o. 

1. An officer in Alexander's army. Curt. 

4. Another very inimical to Alexander. 

He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alex- 
ander was accused of the murder.— Curt. 6. 

A philosopher preceptor to Seneca.— 

Sen. e. 108. An astronomer of Rhodes. 

ATTAR R AS, an officer who seized those 
that had conspired with Dymnus against 
Alexander.— Curt. 6. 

ATTEIUS CAPITO, a consul in the age 
of Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacer- 
dotal laws, public courts of justice, and the 
duty of a senator. 

A PTES, a son of Calaus, of Phrygia, who 
was born impotent. He introduced the 
worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and 
became a great favourite of the goddess. 
Jupiter was jealoi^ of his success, and sent 
a wild boar to lay waste the country and 
destroy Attes.— Pa. 17. 

ATT HIS, a daughter of Cranaus the 
2d, King of Athens, who gave her name to 
Attica, according to Apol. 3. 

ATTICA, a country of Achaia or Hellas, 
at the south of Bceotia, west of the iEgean 
sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east 
of Megara. It received its name from 
Atthis the daughter of Cranaus. It was 
originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, 
who settled there ; and also Acte, which 
signifies shore, and Cecropia, from Cecrops 
the first of its kings. The most famous of 
its cities iscallen Athens, whose inhabitants 
sometimes bear the name of Attici. Attica 
was famous for its gold and silver mines, 
which constituted the best part of the public 
revenues. The face of the country was 
partly level and partly mountainous, di- 
vided into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, 
/Eantis, Antiochis, Attalis, jEgeis, Erech- 
theis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, 
Leontis, ^Eneis, Ptolemais, and Pandionis ; 
whose inhabitants were numbered in the 
1 16th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 
400,000 siaves, within 714 villages, some of 
whichvvere considerable towns. FieteAthenae. 

ATT1CUS, one of Galba's servants, who 
entered his palace with a bloodv sword, and 
declared he had killed Otho.— Ta. Hist ' 

(T. POMPOMUS) a celebrated Roma.* 

knight to whom Cicero wrote a great num- 
ber of letters, which contained the general 
history of the age. They are now extant, and 
divided into 17 books. In the time of Ma- 
rius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, 
where he so endeared himself to the citizens, 
that after his departure, they erected st.itues 
to him in commemoration of his munificence 
and liberality. He was such a perfect mas- 
ter of her Greek writers, and spoke their 
language so fluently, that he was surnamed 
Atticus, and as a proof of his learning, he 
favoured the world with some of his com- 
positions. He behaved in such a disin- 
terested manner, that he offended neither 



ATT— ATY 



IOf) 



ATY— ATY 



of the inimical parties at Rome, and both 
were equally anxious of courting' his appro- 
bation. He lived in the greatest intimacy 
with the illustrious men of his age, and he 
was such a lover of truth, that he not only 
abstained from falsehood even in a joke,but 
treated with the greatest contempt and in- 
dignation a lying tongue. It is said that he 
refused to take aliments when unable to get 
the better of a fever, and died in his 77th 
year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable cha- 
racter of peace-maker among his friends. 
C. Nep. ; one of his intimate friends, has 
written a minute account of histife.-Ci.At. — 
HERODES,an Athenian in the a?e of the An- 
tonines, descended fromMiltiades, and cele- 
brated for his munificence. His son of the 
same name was honoured with the consul- 
ship, and he generously erected an aque- 
duct at Troas, of which he had been made 
governor by the Emperor Adrian, and raised 
in other parts of the empire several public 
buildings as useful as they were magnificent. 

— A. Gel. n. A. A consul in the age of 

Nero.— Ta. An. 15. 

ATTILA, a celebrated king of the Huns, 
a nation in tht southern parts of Scythia, 
who invaded the Roman empire in the reign 
of Valentinian, with an armyof 500,000 men, 
and laid waste the provinces. He took the 
town of Aquileia, and marched against 
Rome ; but his retreat and peace were pur- 
chased with a large sum of money by the 
feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted in the 
appellation of the scourgeof God, died A. D. 
453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the 
first night of his nuptials. He had expressed 
his wish to extend his conquests over the 
whole world ; and he often feasted his bar- 
barity bv dragging captive kings in his train. 
—Jorn.'reb. G. 

ATTILIUS, a Roman consul in the first 

Punic war.— [Fide Regulus.J CALATI- 

NUS, a Roman consul who fought the 

Carthaginian fleet. MARCUS, a poet, 

who translated the Electra of Sophocles 
into Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose 
unintelligible language procured him the 

appellation of Ferreus. REGULl'S, a 

Roman censor who built a temple to the 

goddess of concord. — Li. 23, 23. The 

name of Attilius was common among the 
Romans, and many of the public magistrates 
are called Attilii ; their life, however, is not 
famous for any illustrious event. 

ATTfNAS, an officer set over Bactriana 
by Alexander.— Curt. 8. 

ATTHJS PELIGNUS, an officer of Cfesar. 

— Cces. b.C. 1. TULLIUS, the general of 

the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when 

banished from Rome.--it. VARUS seized 

Auxinum in Pompey's name, whence he 
was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, 
which he alienated from J. Caesar.— Cces. 1. 
b. c. A poet.— [Fide Accius.] The fa- 
mily of the Attii was descended from Atys, 
one of the companions of jEneas, according 
to the opinion which Virgil adopted.— JEn. 5. 

ATURUS, a river of Gaul, now the Adour, 
which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean 
mountains into the Bav of Biscav. — Luc. 1. 

ATYADiE descendants of Atys'theLvdian. 



ATYS, an ancient king of Lydia, who 
sent away his son, Tyrrhenus, with a colony 
of Lydians, who settled in Italy. — Her. I 

A son of Crcesus, King of Lydia. He 

was forbidden the use of all weapons by 
his father, who had dreamt that he had 
been killed. Some time after this, Atys 
prevailed on his father to permit him to go 
to hunt a wild boar, which laid waste the 
country of Mysia, and he was killed in the 
attempt by Adrastus, whom Crcesus had ap- 
pointed guardian over his son, and thus 
the apprehensions of the monarch were 

realized.— Her. 1. [Vide Adrastus.] A 

Trojan, who came to Italy with ./Eneas, and 
is supposed to be the progenitor of the fa- 
mily of the Attii at Rome.— V. £n. 5. 

A youth to whom Ismene, the daughter of 
(Edipus was promised in marriage. He was 
killed by Tydeus before his nuptials.— St. 

Th. 8. A son of Limniace, the daughter 

of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheue 
in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, 
and was killed by Perseus with a burning 

log of wood. — Ov. Me. 5. A celebrated 

shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother 
of the gods, generally called Cybele, be- 
came enamoured. She entrusted him with 
the care of her temple, and made him pro- 
mise he always would live in celibacy. He 
violated his vow by an amour with the 
nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess 
made him so insane and delirious, that he 
castrated himself with a sharp stone. This 
was afterwards intentionally made a practice 
by his sacerdotal successors in the service of 
Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows 
of perpetual chastity. This account is the 
most general and most approved. Others 
say, that the goddess became fond of Atys, 
because he had introduced her festivals iu 
the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that 
she herself mutilated him. Pausanias re- 
lates, in Ach., that Atys was the son of the 
daughter of the Sangar, who became preg- 
nant by putting the bow of an almond tree 
in her bosom. Jupiter, as the passage 
mentions, once had an amorous dream, 
and some of the impurity of the god fell 
upon the earth, which soon after produced 
a monster of an human form, with the 
characteristics of the two sexes. This mon- 
ster was called Agdistis, and was deprived 
by the gods of those parts which distinguish 
the male sex. From the mutilated parts 
which were thrown on the ground, rose an 
almond tree, one of whose branches a 
nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed 
in lier bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as 
soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but 
preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdis- 
tis saw him in the wood, and was capti- 
vated with his heauty. As Atys was going 
to celebrate his nuptials with "the daughter 
of the king of Pessinus, Agdistis, who was 
jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchant- 
ments the king and his future son-in-law 
with such an uncommon fury, that they 
both attacked and mutilated one another in 
the struggle.— Ov. says, Me. 10, f. 2, that 
Cybele changed Atys into a pine-tree as he 
was going kflay violent bauds upon himself, 



AVA— AUF 107 AUF— AUG 



and, ever after, that tree was sacred to the 
mot'ier of the gods. After his death, Atys 
received divine honours, and temples were 
rawed to his memory, particularly at Dymae. 
— Cat. A. 8r B.—Ov. Me. 10, f. 3.— Lu. 

D ea s. SYLVIUS, son of Albius Sylvius, 

was king of Alba.— Li. 1. 

AVARICUM, a strong and fortified town 
of Gaul.— Ces. B. G. 7. 

AVELLA, a town of Campania, abound- 
ing in nuts, whence nuts have been called 
avellina.—Si. 8.—V. JEn. 7. 

AVENTINUS,ason of Hercules, by Rhea, 
who assisted Turnus against ./Eneas, and 
distinguished himself by his valour.— V.JEn. 

7. A king of Alba, buried upon mount 

Aventine.— Ov. F. 4. One of the seven 

hills on which part of the city of Rome was 
built. It was 13,300 feet in circumference, 
and was given to the people tc build houses 
upon, by king Ancus Martius. It was not 
reckoned within the precincts of the city, 
till the reign of the emperor Claudius, be- 
cause the soothsayers looked upon it as a 
place of ? 11 omen, as Remus had been buried 
there, v/hose blood had been criminally 
shed. T v <e word is derived, according to 
some ch avibus, because birds were fond 
of the place. Others suppose that it re- 
ceives its name because Aventinus, one of 
the Albaa kings, was buried upon it. Juno, 
the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, 
and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, 
had magnificent temples built upon it.— 
Var. L.L. i.—V. JEn. 8— Li. 1. 

AVERNUS or AVERNA, a lake of Cnm- 
pania, near Baise, whose waters were so un- 
wholesome and putrid, that no birds were 
seen on its banks ; hence its original name 
was aornos, avibus carens. The ancients 
made it the entrance of hell, as also one of 
its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, 
and its depth could not be ascertained. The 
waters of the Avernus were indispensably 
necessary in all enchantments and magical 
processes. It may be observed, that all lakes 
whose stagnated waters were putrid and 
offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately 
called Averna.— V. JEn. 4.— Me. 2.—Str. 5. 
—Di. A.—Aris. Ad. 

AVESTA, a book composed by Zoroastar. 

A UFEI A AQUA, called afterwards Marcia, 
was the sweetest and most wholesome water 
in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the 
city by Ancus Martius. 

AUFIDENA, now Alfidena, a city of the 
Peiigni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called 
Aufidenates, were among the Sabines.— 
Li. 10. 

AUFIDIA LEX, was enacted by the tri- 
bune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692. It or- 
dained, that if any candidate, in canvassing 
for an office, promised money to the tri- 
bunes, and failed in the performance, he 
should be excused ; but if he actually paid 
it, he should be compelled to pay every tri- 
bune 6000 sesterces. 

AUFIDIUS, an effeminate person of Chios. 

—Jnv. 9. Bassus, a famous historian in 

tht age of Quintilian, who wrote an ac- 
count of Germany, and of the civil wars. 
A Roman senator, famous for his blind- 



ness and abilities.— Ci. Tu. 5. LURCO, a 

man who enriched himself by fattening pea- 
cocks, and selling them for moat.— PL 10. 

LUSCUS, a man obscurely born, and 

made a pretor of Fundi, in the age of ho- 
racs, 1. s. 5. 

AUFIDUS, a rive*- of Apulia falling into 
the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto, It 
was on its banks that the Romans were de- 
feated by Hannibal at Cannse.— Hor. 3, o. 
30.— V. JEn. 11. 

AUGA and AUGE and AUGEA, daughter 
of Aleus king of Tegea, by Neaera, was ra- 
vished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, 
whom she exposed in the woods to conceal 
her amours from her father. The child 
was preserved, and called Telephus. Alcus 
was informed of his daughter's shame, and 
gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. 
Nauplius refused to perform the cruel office, 
and fj-ave Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, 
who, being without issue, adopted her as 
his daughter. Some time after the domi- 
nions of Teuthras were invaded by an ene- 
my, and the king promised his crown and 
daughter to him who could save him from 
the impending calamity. Telephus, who 
had been directed by the oracle to goto the 
court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his 
parents, offered his services to the king, ant] 
they were accepted. As he was going t« 
unite himself to Auge, in consequence oi 
the victory he had obtained, Auge rushed 
from him in secret horror, and the gods 
sent a serpent to separate them. Auge im- 
plored the aid of Hercules, who made her 
son known to her, and she returned wit&t 
him to Tegea. Pausanias says, that Aug r 
was confined in a coffer with her infant 
son, and was thrown into the sea, where, 
after being preserved and protected by Mi- 
nerva, she was found by king Teuthras.— 
Apol. 2.— Pa. 8.—Hyg. f. 99. 

AUGARUS, an Arabian, who, for his good 
offices, obtained the favours of Pompey, 

whom he vilely deceived.— Dio. A king 

of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, 
after he had made him solemn promises of 
friendship and support.— Dio. 78. 

AUGEvE, a town of Laconia. — Pa. 3. 

Another of Locris. 

AUGIAS and AUGEAS, son of Eleus or 
Elius, wa6 one of the Argonauts, and after- 
wards ascended the throne of Elis. He had 
an immense number of oxen and goats, and 
the stables in which they were kept had ne- 
ver been cleaned, so that the task seemed 
an impossibility to man. Hercules under- 
took it on promise of receiving for a reward 
the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or 
something equivalent. The hero changed 
the course of the river Alpheus, or accord 
ing to others, of the Peneus, which imme 
diately carried away the dung and filth from 
the stables. Augias refused the promised 
recompense, on pretence that Hercules had 
made use of artifice, and had not experienced 
any labour or trouble, and he farther drove 
his own son Phyleus from his kingdom be- 
cause he tiupported the claims of the hero 
The refusal was a declaration of war. Her 
cules conquered Elius, put to death Augias, 



AUG— AUG 



108 



AUG-AUG 



and gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias 
says, 5, that Hercules spared the life of 
Aiigias for the sake of his son, and that 
Phvletus went to settle in Dulichium ; and 
that at the death of Augias, his other son, 
Agasthenes, succeeded to the throne. Au- 
gias received, after his death, the honours 
which were generally paid to a hero. Au- 
erias has been called the son of Sol, because 
F-lius signifies the sun. The proverb of 
Augean stable is now applied to an impossi- 
bility.— Hug.f. 14.— PI. \l.-Str.S.—Apol. 2. 

ALJGIL.&, a people of Africa, who sup- 
posed that there were no gods except the 
manes of the dead, of whom they sought 
oracles. —Me. 1. 

AUGJN'US, a mountain of Liguria.-Zi 



A UGUSTINUS. bishop of Hippo, in Africa, 
distinguished himself bv his writings, as 
well as by the austerity of his life. In hi 
works, which are numerous, he displayed 
the powers of a great genius, and an "ex- 
tensive acquaintance with the philosophy of 
Plato. He died in the 76th year of his age, 
A.D. 430." The best edition "of his works is 
that of the Benedict, fol. Ant. 1700 to 1703, 
12 vols. 

AUGUSTODUNUM, now Autun, a town 
of Gaul, the capital of the ancient iEdui. 

AUGUSTULOS, the last Roman emperor 
of the west, A.D. 475, conquered by Odo- 
acer, king of the Heruii. 

AUGUSTUS OCTAVIAKDS C^ISAR, se- 
cond emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius 



AUGURES, certain officers at Rome who j a senator, and Accia daughter of J ulius, and 
foretold future events; whence their name, ' sister to Julius Caesar. "He was adopted by 
ab avium garritu. They were first created his uncle Caesar, and inherited the greatest 
by Romulus, to the number of three. Ser- part of his fortune. He lost his father at the 
-iiiis Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes a°re of four; and though only 18 when his 
of the people, A. II. C. 454, increased the uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, 



numoer to nine; and Sylla added six more, 
during his dictatorship. They had a par- 



ticular college, and the chief amongst them consulship two years after, as the reward 
was called magister collegii. Their office ~* 
was honourable ; and if any one of them wai 



where he ingratiated himself with the senate 
and people, and received the honours of the 



ypocrisy. Though his youth and hi: 
inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, 



convicted of any crime, he could notbede- j who branded him with the appellation of 
prived of his privileges; an indulgence boy, yet he rose in consequence of his pru- 
granted to no other sacerdotal body at dence* and valour, and made war against his 
Pome. The augur generally sat on a "high opponents, on pretence of avenging the 
tower, to make his observations. His face death of his murdered uncle. But w hen 
was turned towards the east, and he had he perceived that by making him fight 
the north at his left, and the south at his against Antony, the senate wished to debi- 
right. "*ith a crooked staff he divided the j litate both antagonists, he changed his 
face of toe heavens into four different parts, views, and uniting himself with his enemy, 
and afterwards sacrificed to the gods, cover- soon formed the second triumvirate, in 
ing his head with his vestment. There were i which his cruel proscriptions shed the inno- 
generally five things from which the augurs cent blood of 30j senators and 200 knights, 



drew omens ; the first consisted in observinj 
the phenomena of the heavens, such a 
thunder, lightning-, comets, See. The se- 
cond kind of omen was drawn from the 
chirping or flying of birds. The fourth was 
from quadrupeds, from their crossing or 
appearing in some unaccustomed place. 
Tne fifth w as from different casualties,^ hich 
were called Dira, such as spilling salt on a 
table, or wine upon one's clothes, hearing 
strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, 
meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. 
From such superstitious notions did the 
Romans draw their prophecies ; the sight 
of birds on the left hand was always deemed 
a lucky object, and the words 'sinister &■ 
Icevus, though generally supposed to be 
terms of ill luck, were a'hva\s used by the 
augurs in an auspicious sense.— Ci.Di.—Li. 
l.—Dio. H.—Ov. F. 

AUGUSTA, a name given to seventy cities 
in the Roman provences, in honour of Au- 
gustus Caesar. London, as capital of the 

"' rinobantes, was called Augusta Trinoban- 
tina. Messalina, famous for her de- 
baucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of 
the Emperor Claudius.— Jut. 6. 

AUGLSTALl A, a festival at Rome, in 
commemoration of the day on which Au- 
gustus returned to Rome, after he had esta- 
blished peace ovei the different parts of 
the emDire. 



„ , and did not even spare the life of his friend 
such as I Cicero. By the divisions which were made 
among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for 
himself the more important provinces of 
the west, and banished, as it were, his col- 
leagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more dis- 
tant territories. But as long as the mur- 
derers of Caesar were alive, the reigning 
tyrants had reason for apprehension, and 
therefore the forces of the triumvirate w ere 
directed against the partizans of Brutus and 
the senate. The battle was decided at Phi- 
lippi. where it is said that the valour and 
conduct of Antony alone preserved the com- 
bined armies, and effected the defeat of the 
republican forces. The head of the unfor- 
tunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in 
insolent revenge thrown at the foot of 
Caesar's statue. O" his return to Italy, Au- 
gustus rewarded nis soldiers with the lands 
of those that had been proscribed ; but 
among the sufferers were many who had 
never injured the conqueror of Philippi, 
especially Virgil, whose modest application 
procured" the lestitution of his property. 
The friendship which subsisted between 
Augustus and Antony was broken as soon 
as the fears of a third rhal vanished away, 
and the aspiring heir of Caesar was easiiy 
induced to take up arms by the little jea- 
lousies and resentment o"f Fulvia. Her 
death, however, retarded hostilities; the 



AUG— AUG 109 AVI-AUL 



two rivals were reconciled ; their united 
forces were successfully directed against. the 
younger Pompey ; and" to strengthen their 
friendship, Antony agreed to marry Octa- 
via, the sister of Augustus. But as this step 
was political, and not dictated by affection, 
Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned 
himself to the pleasures and company of 
the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was in- 
censed, and immediately took up arms to 
avenge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps 
more eagerly to remove a man whose power 
and existence kept him in continual alarms, 
and made him dependant. Both parties met 
at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the fate of 
Rome. Antony was supported by all the 
power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. 
Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, 
and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, 
who followed her into Egypt. The con- 
queror soon after passed into Egypt, be- 
sieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a 
magnificent funeral, the unfortunate Ro- 
man, and the celebrated queen, whom the 
fear of being led in the victor's triumph at 
Rome had driven to commit suicide. After 
he had established peace all over the world, 
Augustus shut up the gates of the temple 
of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. 
It is said he twice resolved to lay down the 
supreme power, immediafely after the vic- 
tory obtained over Antony, and afterwards 
on account of his ill health; but his friend 
Mecoenas dissuaded him, and observed that 
ne would leave him to be the prey of the 
most powerful, and expose himself to ingra- 
titude and danger. He died at Nola in the 
76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had 
held 'the sovereign power during 44 years. 
Augustus was an active emperor, and con- 
sulted the good of the Romans with the 
most anxious care. He visited all the pro- 
vinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his 
consummate prudence and experience gave 
rise to many salutary laws; but it may be 
said, that he finished with a good grace 
what he began with cruelty. While making 
himself absolute, he took care to leave his 
countrymen the shadow of liberty ; and if, 
under the character and office of perpetual 
tribune, of priest and imperator, he was 
invested with all the power of sovereignty, 
he guarded against offending the jealous 
Romans, by not assuming the regal title. 
His refusal to read the letters he found 
after Pompey's defeat, arose more from 
fear than honour, and he dreaded the dis- 
covery of names which would have perhaps 
united to sacritice his ambition. His good 
qualities, and many virtues he perhaps never 
possessed, have been transmitted to posterity 
by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the 
poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To 
distinguish himself from the obscurity of the 
Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the re- 
membrance of his uncle's violent fate, he 
aspired after a new title ; and the submis- 
sive senate yielded to his ambition, by 
giving him the honourable appellation o*f| 
Augustus. He has been accused of licenti- 
ousness and adultery by his biographer ; I 
but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity 



of his friendship, which in some instance 
he possessed, made some amends for his 
natural foibles. He was ambitious of being 
thought handsome ; and as lie was publicly 
reported to be the son of Apollo, according 
to his mother's declaration, he wished his 
flatterers to represent him with the figure 
and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, 
his eyes were clear, and he affected to have 
it thought that they possessed some divine 
irradiation ; and was well pleased, if, when 
he fixed his looks upon any body, they held 
down their eyes as if overcome by the 
glaring brightness of the sun. He distin- 
guished himself by his learning ; he was a 
perfect master of the Greek language, and 
wrote some tragedies, besides memoirs ol 
his life, and other works, all now lost. He 
was married three times; to Claudia, to 
Scribonia, and to Livia; but he was unhappy 
in his matrimonial connexions, and his only- 
daughter, Jnlia by Scribonia, disgraced 
herself and her father by the debauchery 
and licentiousness of her manners. He re- 
commended, at his death, his adopted son 
Tiberius as his successor. He left his for- 
tune partly to Tiberius and to Drusus, and 
made donations to the army and Roman 
people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at 
the desireof Augustus, whom he represented 
under the amiable and perfect character of 
jEueas.— Sue. vi.—Hor.—Virg. —Pa.—Ta. 
—Pat.— Bio. Ca.—Ov. The name of Au- 
gustus was afterwards given to the succes- 
sors of Octavianus in the Pcoman empire as 
a personal, and the name of Caesar, as a 
family distinction. In a more distant pe- 
riod of the empire, the title of Augustus 
was given only to the emperor, while that 
of Caesar was "bestowed on the second per- 
son in the state, who was considered as pre- 
sumptive heir. 

AVTDIENUS, a rich and sordid man, 
whom Hor. stvles happv.— 2 Ser. 2. 

AV1D1US CASSIUS,'a man saluted em- 
peror, A.D. J75. He reigned only three 
months, and was assassinated by a centu- 
rion. He was called a second Catiline, from 
his excessive love of bloodshed. — Dio. 

AVI ENDS, RUFUS FESTUS, a poet in the 
age of Theodosius, who translated the phe 
nomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into 
Iambic verses. The best edition of what 
remains of him, is that of Cannegetier. 
8vo. 1731. [Nero.— Ta. An. \A. 

AVITUS, a governor of Britain under 

AVI U M, a city between Tyre and Sidon.— 
Str. 16. [Seine and the Loire. 

AULERCI, a people of Gaul, between the 

AULESTES, a king of the Etrurians when 
JEnezs came into Italy.— V. JEn. 12. 

AULETES, a general who assisted jEneas 

in Italy with 100 ships. — V. JEn. 10 The 

surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, 
father to Cleopatra. 

AULTS, a daughter of Ogyses.—Pa.Bte. 

A town of Bceotia near Chalc is on the sea 

coast,where all the Greeks conspired against 
Troy. They were detained there by con- 
trary winds', bv the anger of Diana, whose 
favourite stag'had been killed by Agamem- 
non. To appease the resentment of the 



AUL-AUR HO AUR-AU'f 



goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to sacri- 
fice liis own daughter Iphigeuia, wliom, 
however, Diana spared by substituting a 
ram.— V. Mn. 4.—0v. Me. 12.—H. II. 2. 

AULON, a mountain of Calabria, opposite 
Turentum, famous for its wine, which, ac- 
cording to Hot. 2, o. 6, is superior to that 
of Falernum.— Mart. 13, e. 125.— Str. 6. 
A place of Messenia. — Pa. 

AULONIUS, a surname of .Ssculapius. 

A U LUS, a praenomen, common among the 
Romans. GELLIUS, vide Gellius. 

AURUS, an European river, flowing into 
the Tsler from mount Haemus.— Her. 4. 

AURELIA LEX, was enacted A.U.C.653. 
hy the Pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, to invest 
the Senatori3n and Equestrian orders, and 
the Tribuni ./Erarii, with judicial power. 

Another, A. U. C. 678. It abrogated a 

clause of the Lex Cornelia, and permitted 
the tribunes to hold other offices after the 
expiration of the tribuneship, 

AURELIA, a town of Hispania Baetica. 

The mother of J. Caesar.— Sue. Cce. 74. 

A fish woman.— Juv. 4. 

AIIRELIANUS, emperor of Rome after 
Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even 
cruel, in the execution of the laws, and 
punished his soldiers with unusual severity. 
He rendered himself famous for his military 
character; and his expedition against Ze- 
nobia, the celebrated queen of Palmvra, 
gained him great honours. He beautified 
Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the 
author of many salutary laws. He was na- 
turally brave ; and in all the battles he 
fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 
men with his own hand. In his triumph he 
exhibited to the Romans, people of fifteen 
different nations, all of which he had con- 
quered. He was the first emperor who 
wore a diadem. After a glorious reign of 
six years, as he marched against the north- 
ern barbarians, he was assassinated near 
Byzantium, A.D. 275, 29th January, by his 
soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to 
rebellion against their emperor. This Mnes- 
theus had been threatened with death, for 
some ill behaviour to the emperor, and 
therefore he meditated his death. The sol- 
diers, however, soon repented of their in- 
gratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw 
Mnestheus to be devoured by wild beasts. 
—A physician of the fourth century. 

AURELIUS, emperor of Rome.— [Fide An- 
toninus Bassianus.] A painter in the age 

of Augustus.— PI. 35. VICTOR, an his- 
torian in the age of Julian, two of whose 
compositions are extant; an account of il- 
lustrious men, and a biography of all the 
Caesars to Julian. The best editions of 
Aurelius are the 4to. of Artnzenius, Amst. 

1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus, Utr. 1696. 

ANTONTNUS,an emperor.--Fz<ieAntoninu?. 

AUREOLUS, a general who assumed the 
purple in the age of Gallienus. 

AURINIA, a prophetess held in great ve- 
neration by the Germans.— Ta. Ge. 8. 

AURORA, a goddess, daughter of Hype- 
rion and Thia or Thea, or, according to 
others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that 
Pallas, son o f Crius, and brother to Perses. 



was her father; hence ner surname o 
Pallantias. She married Asti aeug. by whom 
she had the winds, the stars, 6cc. Her 
amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are aiso 
famous, by the former, she had Memnoa 
and iEmathion, and Phaeton by the latter. 
— Vide Cephalus and Tithonus. She had 
also an intrigue with Orion, whom she 
carried to the island of Delos, where he 
was killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora U 
generally represented by the poets drawn 
in a rose-coloured chariot, and openin« 
with her rosy fingers the gates of the east*, 
pouring the dew upon the earth, and mak- 
ing the flowers grow. Her chariot is gene 
rally drawn by white horses, and she is 
covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly 
before her, and the constellations of hea- 
ven disappear at her approach. She always 
sets out before the sun, and is the forerunner 
of his rising. The Greeks call her Eos.— 
H. 12. s.— Ov. Me. 3.—Apol. l.—V. Mn. 6. 
—Far. L. L. 5.—Hes. Th.—Hyg. pre. f. 

AURUNCE, an ancient town of Latium, 
built by Auson, the son of Ulysses by Ca- 
lypso.— V. Mn. 7. 

AUSCHISjE, a pepple of Libya.— Her. 4. 

AUSCI, a people of Gaul. 

AUSER, AUSERIS and ANSER, a river 
of Etruria which joins the Arnus before it 
falls into the Tyrrhene sea. 

AUSES, a people of Africa, whose virgin 
yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. 
She who behaves with the greatest valour, 
receives unusual honour, Sec— Her. 4. 

AUSON, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, 
from whom the Ausones,' a people of Italy 
are descended. 

AUSONIA, one of the ancient names of 
Italy, which it received from Auson, the son 
of Ulysses. If Virgil makes iEneas speak of 
Ausonia, it is bv anticipation. — V. Mn. 3. 

AUSONIUS DECIM., poet, born at Bour- 
deaux, in Gaul, in the 4th century, preceptor 
to Gratian, son of the emperor Valentinian, 
and made consul by the means of his pupil. 
His compositions have been long admired. 
The thanks he returned the empeior Gra- 
tian is one of the best of his poems, which 
were too often hurried for publication, 
and consequently not perfect. He wrote 
the consular fasti of Rome, an useful per- 
formance, now lost. His style is occasion- 
ally obscene, and he has attempted, upon 
the words of Virgil, what revolts every 
thing against his indelicacv. The best edi- 
tion is that of Tollhis, Svo.' L. Bat. 1671 ; or 
that of Jaubert, with a French translation, 
4 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1769. 

AUSPICES, a sacerdotal order at Rome, 
nearly the same as the augurs.— Fide Au- 
gures. 

AUSTER, one of the winds blowing from 
the south, whose breath was pernicious to 
flowers as well as to health. He was parent 
of rain.— V. Eel. 2.— Vide Venti. 

AUSTESION, a Theban, son of Tisaroe- 
nus. His son Theras led a colony into a;i 
island, which, from him, was called Thera. 
—Her. 4.— Pa. 

AUTOBULUS, a painter.— PI. 35. 

AUTOCHTHONES, the original inhabi- 



AUT-AXE 111 AXI BAB 

tanrs of a country who are the first pos- < AXIOCHUS, a philosopher, to whom 
sessors of it, and who never have mingled PJato dedicated a treatise concerning death, 
with other nations. The Athenians called 1 AXION, brother of Alphesibcea, mur- 
themselves Autochthones, and boasted that dered Alcmaeon, his sister's hushand, be- 
they were as old as the country which they cause he wished to recover from her a golden 
inhabited.— Pa. 1.— Ta. Ge.—C'i. Or. 3. j necklace.— Vide Alcmaeon and Alphesibcea. 

AUTOCLES, an Athenian, sent by his AXIOTEA, a woman who regularlv went 
countrymen with a fleet to the assistance of in a man's dress to hear the lectures of 'Plato. 
Alexander of Hherse. [Alh.9. | AXIOTHEA, the wife of Niocles, king of 

AUTOCRAT£S,an historian mentioned by Cyprus. — Poly. 8. 
AUTOLOUE, a people of Mauritania, AXIS, a town of Umbria.— Pro. 4. 



descended from theGaetuli. They excelled 
all their neighbours in running. — Luc. 4. 

AUTOLYCUS, a son of Mercury by Chi- 
one, a daughter of Dsedalion. He was one 
of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has 
been greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks 
of his neighbours, and mingled them with 
his own, after he had changed their marks. 
He did the same to Sisyphus, son of iEolus ; 
but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolvcus, 
and he knew his own oxen by a mark which 
he had made under their feet. Autolvcus 
was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, 
that he immediately formed an intimacy 
with him, and even permitted him freely 
to enjoy the company of his daughter An- 
ticlea, who became "pregnant of Ulysses, 
and was soon after married to Laertes. — 
[Vide Sisvphus, Laertes. ]-Hyg. f. 200 —Ov. 

Me. l. f."8.— Apol. \.—H. Od. 14. A son 

of Phrvxus and Chalciope — Hyg. f. 14. 

AUTOMATE, one of the Cyclades, called 
aUo Hera.— Pi.2,2,1. — Daughter of Danaus. 

AUTO MEDON, a son of Dioreus, who 
vent to the Trojan war with 10 ships. He 
was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose 
death he served Pvrrhus in the same capa- 
citv.— H. 11. 9.—V. JEn. 2. 

AUTOM EDUSA, daughter of Alcathous, 
killed bv Tedeus.— Apol. 2. 

AUTOMENES, one of the Heraclidse, 
king of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, 
annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were 
chosen at Corinth, and their power con- 
tinned 90 years, till Cypselus, and his son 
Periander made themselves absolute. 

AUTOMOLl,a nation of ^Ethiopia. ~Her.2. 

AUTONOE, a daughter of Cadmus, who 
married Aristaeus, by whom she had Actseon, 
often called Autoneius heros. The death of 
her son [Vide Action] was so painful to 
her, that she retired from Bceotiato Megara, 
where she soon after died. — Pa. \.— Hyg.f. 

179.— Ov. Me. 3. One of the Danaides.— 

Apol. 2. One of the Nereides.— His. Th. 

Female servant of Penelope.—//. Od. 1 8. 

AUTOPHRADATLS, a satrap of Lydia, 
who revolted from Artaxerxes. — Di. 

AUTURA, the Eure, a river of Gaul 
which fails into the Seine. 

AUXES1A and DAM 1 A, two virgins who 
came from Crete to Trcezene, where the 
inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedi- 
tion. The Epidaurians raised them statues 
by order of the oracle, when their country 
was become barren. They were held in 
great veneration atTroezene".-- Her. 5.— Pa. 2. 

AX EN US, the ancient name of theEuxine 
sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which 
x as highly applicable to the manners of the 
tncient inhabitants of the coast.— Of. 4 Tr 4. 



AXIUS, a river of Macedonia.— Her. 7. 
AXONA, a river of Belgic Gaul, which 
falls into the Seine below Paris. The inha- 
bitants of the neighbourhood are called 
Axones. 

AXUR and ANXUR, a surname of Jupi 
ter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. 
He was represented as a beardless youth. 

AX US, a town about the middle of 
Crete.— Apol. 

AZAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to 

Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia, 

by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided 
his father's kingdom with his brothers 
Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share 
Azania. There was in Azania a fountain, 
called Clitorius, whose waters gave a dis- 
like for wine to those who drank them.— 
Vitr. 8.—Ov. Me. 15.— Pa. 8. 

AZIRFS, a place in Libya, surrounded on 
both sides by delightful hills covered with 
trees, and watered by a river where Battus 
built a town. — Her. 4. 

AZONAX, a man who taught Zoroaster 
the art of magic— PL 30. 

AZORUS, one of the Argonauts. 

AZOTUS, now Ascod, a large town of Sy- 
ria, on the borders of the Mediterranean. 
— Jos. Ju. 15. 



BABILIUS, a Roman, who, by the help 
of a certain herb, is said to have* passed in 
six davs from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. 
—PL "prce, 19. 

BAB1US, an astrologer in Nero's age, 
who told the emperor to avert the dan- 
ger which seemed to hang over his head, 
from the appearance of a hairy comet, by 
putting all the leading men of Rome to 
death. His advice was faithfully followed. 
—Sue. Ne. 

BABYLON, a son of Belus, who, as some 
suppose, founded a city which beats his name. 

■ A celebrated city, the capital of the 

Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Euphra- 
tes. It had loo brazen gates; and its walls, 
which were cemented with bitumen, and 
greatly enlarged and embellished by the ac- 
tivity of Sem'iramis, measured 4So'stadiain 
circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 
200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B.C. 
538 after lie had drained the waters of the 
Euphrates into a new channel, and marched 
his troops by night into the town, through 
the dried bed ; and it is said that the fate of 
the extensive capital was unknown to the 
inhabitants of the dista n t suburbs till late in 
L-2 



BAB— BAG 
ihe evening. Babylon became famous for 
the death of Alexander, and for the new 
empire which was afterwards established 
there under the Seleucidae. [Vide Syria.] 
Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding 
ages, according to Pliny's observations, 
that in his time it was but 'a desolate wilder- 
ness, and at present the place where it stood 
is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants 
were early acquainted with astrology.— Pi. 
6 — Her. l.—Ju. U—Di. 2.—Xen. Cyr. 7.— 
Pro. 3, el. 11.— Or. Me. 4, f. 2.— Mart. 9,. 

■ There is also a town of the same name 

near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in 
Egypt. 

BABYLONIA,a large province of Assyria, 
of which Babylon was the capital. The in- 
habitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and 

afterwards became very powerful. The 

surname of Seleucia, which arose from the 
ruins of Babylon, under the successors of 
Alexander.— PI. 6. 

BABYLONII, the inhabitants of Babylon, 
famous for their knowledge of astrology, 
they first divided the year into 12 months, 
and the zodiac into 12 signs. 

BABYRSA, a fortified castle near Artax- 
ata.— Str. 11. 

BABYTACE, a citv of Armenia, whose in- 
habitants despise gold.— PL 7. 

BACABASUS, betrayed the snares of Ar- 
tabanus, brother of Darius, against Artax- 
erxes.— Ju. 3. 

BACCHiE, the priestesses of Bacchus.— 
Pa. 2. 

BACCHANALIA, festivals in honour of 
Bacchus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia 
of the Greeks. Vide Dionysia. 

BACCHANTES, priestesses of Bacchus, 
who are represented at the celebration of 
the orgies almost naked, with garlands of 
ivy, with a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. 
Their looks are wild, and they utter dread- 
ful sounds, and clash different musical in- 
struments together. They are also called 
Thyades and Menades.— Ov. Me. Q.—Hor. 3. 
o. 25.— Pro. 3, el. 21.— Luc. I. 

BACCHI, a mountain of Thrace, near Phi- 
lippa.— App. 

BACCHIADjE, a Corinthian family de- 
scended from Bacchia, daughter of Dionv- 
sius. In their nocturnal orgies, they, as 
some report, tore to pieces Actaeon, son of 
Melissus, which so enraged the father, that 
before the altar he entreated the Corinthians 
to revenge the death of his son, and imme- 
diately threw himself into the sea. Upon 
this the Bacchiadae were banished, and went 
to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and 
Pelorus.— Ov. Me. 5.— Str. 8. 

BACCHI DES, a general who betrayed 
the town of Sinope to Lucullus. — Sir. 

BACCHIS or BALUS, king of Corinth, 
succeeded his father Prumnides. His suc- 
cessors were always called Bacchidce, in 
remembrance of the equity and moderation 
of his reign. The Bacchidae increased so 
much, that they chose one of their number 
to preside among them with regal authority. 
Cypselus overturned this institution by 
making himself absolute.— Str. 8.— Pa. 2. 
-Her. 5,—Ov. Me. 5. 



H3 ijAC-BA«; 

BACCHIUM, a small island in the £gean 
sea, opposite Smyrna.— PI. 5. 

BACCHIUS and BITHUS, two celebrated 
gladiators of equal age and strength ; w hence 
the proverb to express equality, Bithus con- 
tra Bacchium.—Sue. Au.—Hor. 1, s. 7. 

BACCHUS, was son of Jupiteraud Semele, 
the daughter of Cadmus. After she had en- 
joyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was 
deceived and perished by the artifice of Ju- 
no. This goddess, al ways jealous of her hus- 
band's amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, 
Semele's nurse, and persuaded Semele that 
the lover she entertained was not Jupiter, 
but a false lover, and that to prove his divi- 
nity she ought to beg of him, if he really were 
Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same 
majesty as he courted the'embraces of Juno. 
The artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter 
promised his mistress whatever she asked, 
Semele required him to visit her with all the 
divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to 
violate' his oath, and Semele unwilling to re- 
tract it; therefore, as she was mortal, and 
unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she 
was consumed, and reduced to ashes, ^he 
child, of which she had been pregnant for 
seven months, was with difficulty saved from 
the flames, and put in his father's thigh, 
where he remained the full time he naturally 
was to have been in his mother's womb. 
From this circumstance Bacchus has been 
called Bimater. According to some, Dircp. 
a nymph of the Achelous. saved him from the 
flames. There are different traditions con- 
cerning the maimer of his education. Ovid 
says, that, after his birth, he was brought up 
by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to 
the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian 
supposes, that Mercury carried him as soon 
as born, to the nymphs of Nysa ; and Apol- 
lonius says, that he was carried by Mercury 
to a nymph in the island of Eubcea, w hence 
he was driven by the power of Juno, who 
was the chief de-ity of the place. Some sup- 
port, that Naxus can boast of the place of his 
education, under the nymphs Philia, Coro- 
nis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a tradition 
which prevailed in the town of Brasiae in Pe- 
loponnesus; and accordingly mentions, that 
Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daugh- 
ter's amours, shut her up, with her child 
lately born in a coffer, and exposed them on 
the sea. The coffer was carried safe by the 
waves to the coast of Brasiae ; but Semele 
was found dead, ana the child alive. Semele 
was honoured with a magnificent funeral, 
and Bacchus properly educated. This diver- 
sity of opinions shews that there were many 
of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three", 
and Cicero of a greater 'lumber ; but amon? 
them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele 
seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. 
Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and 
his history is drawn from the Egyptian 
traditions concerning that ancient king. Bac- 
chus assisted the gods in their w ars against the 
giants, and was cut to pieces ; but the son of 
Semele was not then born: this tradition 
therefore is taken from the history of Osiris, 
who was killed by his brother Typhon, and 
the worship of Osiris has been introduced 



BAC-BAC 



by Orpheus into Greece, under the name of 
Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep 
in the island of Naxos, and carried away by 
some mariners whom hp changed into dol- 
phins, except the pilot, who had expressed 
some concern at his misfortune. His expe- 
dition into the east is most celebrated. 
He marched at the head of an army com- 
posed of men, as well as of women, all in- 
spired with divine fury, and armed with 
thyruses, cymbals, and other musical instru- 
ments. The leader was drawn in a chariot 
by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied 
);y Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His 
•onquests were easy, and without bloodshed ; 
the people easily submitted, and gratefully 
elevated to the rank of a god, the hero who 
taught them the use of the vine, the cultiva- 
tion of the earth, and the manner of making 
honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, 
ne was relentless in punishing all want of 
respect to his divinity ; and the punishment 
lie inflicted on Pentheus, Agove, Lycurgus, 
&c. is well known. He has received the 
name of Liber, Bromius, Lyseus, Evan,Thy- 
onaeus, Psilas, &c. which are mostly derived 
from the places where he received adoration, 
or from the ceremonies observed in his 
festivals. As he was the god of vintage, of 
wine, and of drinkers, he is generally re- 
presented crowned with wine and ivy leaves, 
with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is 
that of an effeminate young man, to denote 
the joys which commonly prevail at feasts ; 
and sometimes that of an old man, to teach 
us that wine taken immoderately will ener- 
ate us, consume our health, render us lo- 
quacious and childish like old men, and un- 
able to keep secrets. The panther is sacred 
to him, because he went in his expedition 
covered with the skin of that beast. The 
magpie is also his favourite bird, because 
in triumphs people were permitted to speak 
with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is 
sometimes represented like an infant, hold- 
ing a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a 
horn. He often appears naked, and riding 
upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms 
of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He 
also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled 
with stars, and is then the same as the Sun 
or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bac- 
chus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, 
or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece 
from Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. 
The infamous debaucheries which arose from 
the celebration of these festivals are well 
known. [Vide Dionysia.] The amours of 
Bacchus are not numerous. He married 
Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by 
Theseus in the island of Naxos ; and hy her 
he had many children, amon<r whom were 
Ceranus, Thoas, Ginopion, Tauropolis, &c. 
According to some, he was the father of 
Hymenals, whom the Athenians made the 
god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed 
pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. 
The fir-tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the 
ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him ; and 
the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on 
account of the great propensity of that aui- 
■aiil to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, 
L 3 



113 BAC—Bm 

he was the fust w ho ever wore a crown. His 
beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, 
like him, he is represented with fine hair 
loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he 
is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes 
he has horns, either because he taught the 
cultivation of the earth with oxen, or be- 
cause Jupiter, his father, appeared to him 
in the desarts of Libya under the shape of a 
ram, and supplied his thirsty army with wa- 
ter. Bacchus went down to hell to recover 
his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a 
goddess, under the name of Thyone. The 
three persons of the name of Bacchus which 
Diodorus mentions, are, the one who con- 
quered the Indies, and is surnamed the 
bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Pro- 
serpine, who was represented with horns ; 
and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called 
the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned 
by Cicero are, a son of Proserpine ; a son of 
Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, 
who reigned in the "Indies; a son of Jupiter 
and the Moon ; and a son of Thvone and 
Nisus.— Ci. Nat. D. 2.— Pa. 2.— Her. 1.— 
Plu. Is. Sr Os.—Di. \.—Orp. Di.~Apol. I.— 
Ov. Me. 3, f. 3.—Hyg. f. 155.— PI. 7.—H. 
II. 6.—Lac.fal. R. l.—Virg. G. 2.— Eur. B. 
Opp. Cy. I.— Phil. \,Ic.—Sen. Chor. (Edip. 
—Mart. 8. e. 26. 

BACCHYLIDES, a Lyric poet of Cos, 
nephew to Simodines, who, like Pindar, 
wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his 
verses have been preserved.— Mar. 
BACENIS,a wood in Germany.— Cas.b.G.Q. 
BACIS, a famous soothsayer of Bneotia.— 

Ci. 1, Di. A king of Corinth, called also 

Bacchis.— [Vide Bacchis.] An athlete of 

Troezene.— Pa. 6. 

BACTRA (orum), now Balk, the capital 
of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. 
—Virg. G. 2,— Sir. 2. 

BACTRI & BACTR1ANI, the inhabitants 
of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and 
were always under arms. They gave to their 
dogs those that died through old age or dis- 
ease, and suffered slaves and strangers to 
take whatever liberties they pleased with 
their wives. They were conquered bv Alex- 
ander the Great.— Curt. A.— PI. 6'.- Plu. 
vit. inf. suf.—Her. 1. 

BACTRIANA, a country of Asia, fruitful 
as well as extensive. It formed once part 
of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts 
of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the 
most ancient king of this country, who 
taught his subjects the art of magic and as- 
trology.— Di. 2.—Ju. 1. 

BACTROS, now Dahesh, a river on the 
borders of Asiatic Scythia', from which Bac- 
triana receives its name.— Luc. 3. 

BACUNTIUS, a river of Pannonia, which 
falls into the Save above Sirmium. 
BADACA, a town of Media.— Di. 19. 
BADIA, a town of Spain.— Fa. Ma. 3. 
BADIUS, a Campanian, who challenged 
T. Q. Crispinus, one of his friends by whom 
he was killed. — Li. 35. 

BADHU ENNiE, a place in the country of 
the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. - 
Ta. 4, An. 

B/LBI A LEX was enacted for the election 



B2E-BAL I 

of four prctors every other year.— Li. 40. 

Another law by M. Bsebius, a tribune of the 
people, which forbade the division of the 
lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be 
paid by the possessors, and to be divided 
among- the people. — App. 1. 

BiEBIUS, M. a Roman, in whose consul- 
ship the tomb of Numa was discovered. — 

Pin. N.—Va.Ma. 1. LUCIUS, a Roman 

pretor, who, being- surprised by the Ligu- 
rians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three 
days after.— Li. 37. 

B^ETIS, a river of Spain, from which a 
part of the country has received the name 
of Batica. It was formerly called Tartessus 
and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. — 
Mart. 12, e. 100. [Alexander. 

BRETON, a Greek historian in the age of 

BAGISTAME, a delightful country of 
Media, Di. 17. 

BAGISTAN ES, a friend of Bessus, whom 
he abandoned when he murdered Darius.— 
Curt. 5. 

BAGOAS & BAGOSAS. an Egyptian eu- 
nuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so 
powerful that nothing could be done without 
liis consent. He led some troops against the 
Jews, and profaned their temple. He poi- 
soned Ochus, gave his flesh to the cats, and 
made knife-handles with his bones, because 
he had killed the god Apis. He placed on 
the throne Arses, the youngest of the 
slaughtered prince's children, and after- 
wards put him to death. He was at last 
killed, B.C. 335, by Darius, whom, after 
aising to the crown, he had attempted to 
poison.— Di. 16. Another greatly esteem- 
ed by Alexander. He was the cause that one 
c,f the satraps was put to death bv the most 
exruciating tortures.— Curt. \Q~.—Plu. Al. 
The name of Bagoas occurs very fre- 
quently in the Persian history; and it seems 
that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of 
Persia were generally known by that ap- 
pellation. 

BAGADARES, a friend of Bessus, whom 
he abandoned when he attempted the life of 
Darius.— Di. 17. 

BAGOPHANES, a governor of Babylon, 
who, when Alexander approached the city, 
strewed all the streets and burned incense on 
the aHars, &c— Curt. 5. 

BAGRADA, now Megerda, tl river of 
Africa, near Utica, where Regulus killed a 
serpent 120 feet long.— Pi. 8. 

BAIjE, a city of Campania near the the sea, 
founded by Baius, one of the companions of 
Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful 
situation and baths, where many of the Ro- 
man senators had country houses. Its ancient 
grandeur, however, has" now disappeared, 
and Baiae, with its magnificent villas, has 
yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which 
afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer 
to be found.— Mart. 14, e. h\.—Hor. 1, e. I.— 
Str.5. [Syria.- J?i. 31. 

BALA, a surname of Alexander, king of 

BALACRUS, an officer in Alexander's 

army, who took Miletus.— Curt. Another 

officer, who commanded some auxiliaries.— 
Id. 5. 

BALANAGR/F, a town of Cvrrnp.— Pa. o. 



14 BAL — EAL 

BALANEA, a town between Syria and 
Phoenicia,.— PI. 5. 

BALANUS, a prince of Gaul, who assisted 
the Romans in their Macedonian war.— 
A.U.C. 581.— Li. 44. 

BALAR1, a people of Sardinia.— Li. 41. 

BALBILLUS, C. a learned and benevolent 
man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote 
the history, under Nero.— Ta. An. 13. 

BALBINUS, an admirer of Agna, men- 
tioned Hot. 1, s.3. A Roman who, after 

governing provinces with credit and honour, 
assassinated the Gordians, and seized the 
purple. He was some time after murdered 
by his soldiers, A.D. 238. 

BALBUS, a mountain in Africa, famous 
for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had 
fought a battle against Syphax. 

BALBUS, L. a lawyer. &c, one among 

the pupils of Scaevola. A man killed by 

the assassins of the triumvirs. 

BALEARES, three islands in the Mediter- 
ranean, raodernly called Majorca, Minorca, 
and Yvica, on the coast of Spain,. The word 
is derived from ballein, to throw, because the 
inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, 
besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, 
that the mothers never gave their children 
breakfast before they had struck with an 
arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a 
woman was married, she was not admitted 
to her husband's bed before she had received 
the embraces of all her relations. The in- 
habitants were naturally of a lacivious 
propensity, and in their wars they required 1 
nothing hut females and wine, and often | 
changed four men for one women.— Sir. 14. 
~Fl. 3.—DL 5. 

BALETUS, a son of Hippo, who first 
founded Corinth.— Pat. I. 

BALEUS, a horse of Achilles.—//. 16. 

BALISTA, a mountain of Ligura. — Li. 40. I 

BALLON UTI, a people of European Sar- 
matia.— Flac. 6. 

BALNEA! (laths') were verv numerous at 
Rome, private as well as pubfic. In the an- i 
cient times simplicity was observed, but in 
the age of the emperors they became expen- 1 
sive ; they were used after walking, exercise, 
or labour, and were deemed more necessary j 
than luxurious. Under the emperors it be- 
came so fashionable to bathe, that without 
this the meanest of the people seemed to be j 
deprived of one of the necessaries of life. 1 
There were certain hours of the day appoint- , 
ed for bathing, and a small piece of money I 
admitted the poorest as well as the most j 
opulent. In the baths there were separate ! 
apartments for the people to dress and to 
undress ; and, after they had bathed, they | 
commonly covered themselves, the hair was 
plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed 
over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to 
render it smooth and fair. The Roman em- 
perors generally built baths, and all endea- 1 ! 
voured to eclipse each other in the magnifi- I : 
cence of the building. It is said, that Dio- 1 ' 
clesian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in 
building his baths; and when thev were 
finished, he destroyed all the workmen. 
Alexander Severus first permitted the people 
to use them in the night, and he hiinsel/ 



BAL— BAR J 
!>ften bathed with the common people. For 
some time both sexes bathed promiscuously 
and without shame, and the edicts of the 
emperors proved abortive for a while in 
abolishing that indecent custom, which gra- 
dually destroyed the morals of the people. 
They generally read in bathing, and we find 
many compositions written in the midst of this 
luxurious enjovment. 

BALVENTIUS,a centurion of great valour 
in Csesar's army, killed by Ambiorix.— Cass, 
b. G. 5. [Pa. 4. 

BALYRAS, a river of Peloponnesus.— 

BAMURUjE, a people of Libya.—//. 3. 

BANT1A, now St. Maria de Vanse, a town 
of Apulia, whence Bantinus. — Hor. 3, o. 4. 

BANT1 US, L. a gallant youth of Nola, 
whom Annibal found, after the battle of 
Cannae, almost dead amongst the heap of 
slain. He was sent back home with great 
humanity, upon which he resolved to betray 
his country to so generous an enemy. Mar- 
cellus the Roman general heard of it, and re- 
buked Bantius,who continued firm and faith- 
ful to the interest of Rome. — Li. 35. 

BAPH YRUS, a river of Macedonia.-ii.44. 

BAP1VE, the priests of Cotytto, the god- 
dess of lasciviousness and debauchery at 
Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in 
the night ; and so infamous and obscene 
was the behaviour of the priests, that they 
disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the 
goddess of obscenity. The name is derived 
from baptein, to wash, because the priests 
bathed themselves in the most effeminate 

manner. — Juv. 2. A comedy of Eupolis, 

in which men are introduced dancing 
on the stage, with all the indecent gestures 
of common prostitutes. 

BARiEl, a people of Colchis and Iberia, 
who burnt the bodies of their friends who 
died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the 
air such as fell in war.— Ml. An. to. 

BARATHRUM, a deep and obscure gulf 
at Athens, where criminals were thrown. 
The word is applied to the infernal re- 
gions by Va. Flac. 2. 

BARBARI, a name originally applied to 
those who spoke inelegantly, or with harsh- 
ness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans 
generally called all nations, except their 
own, by the despicable name of Barbarians. 

BARBARI A, a river of Macedonia— Li. 

44. A name given to Phrygia and Trov. 

— Hor. 1, e. 2. 

BARBOSTHENES, a mountain of Pelo- 
ponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta. — Li. 35. 

BARBYTHAC/E, a city of Persia.—/ 3 /. 6. 

BA RCA, a friend of Cato the elder. -Plu.C. 

BARCEI, or BARCITjE, a warlike na- 
tion of Africa, near Carthage.— V. Mn. 4. 

BARCE, the nurse of Sichseus.— V. Mn. 

4. A large country of Africa. Also a 

city about nine miles from the sea, founded 
by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cy- 
rene, 515 years before the Christian era. 
Strabo says, that in his age it was called 
i'tolemais ; but this arises because most of 
the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, which 
was on the sea-coast, to enrich themselves 

by commerce.— Sir. \7.—Ptol. 4. A small 

village of Bactriana, where the ceooie who 



15 BAR— BAS 

had been taken prisoners by Darius in Africa. 

were confined.— Her. 4. A city of Media. 

— Ju. l. 

BARCHA, the surname of a noble family 
at Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar 
were descended. By means of their bribes 
and influence, they excited a great faction, 
which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage 
by the name of the Barchinian faction, and 
at last raised themselves to power, and to 
the independent disposal of all the offices of 
trust or emolument in the state. — Li. 21. 

BARDjEI, a people of Illvr<>um, con- 
cerned in the factions of Mari'us.— Plu.Ma. 

BARDI, a celebrated sacerdotal order 
among the ancient Gauls, who praised their 
heroes, and published their fame in their 
verses, or on musical instruments. They 
were so esteemed and respected by the peo- 
ple, that, at their sight, two armies who 
were engaged in battle, laid down their 
arms, and submitted to their orders. They 
censured, as well as commended, the beha- 
viour of the people. — Luc. 1. — Str. 4.— 
Mar. 15. 

BARDYLLIS, an lllyrian prince, whose 
daughter Bicenna married king Pyrrhus.— 
Plu. Pyr. 

BAREAS SORANUS, a youth killed by 
his tutor Egnatius, a stoic philosopher.— 
Juv. 3. 

BARES, a naval officer of Persia, who 
wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed 
by Amagis.— Her. 4. 

BARGUSII, a people of Spain, at the east 
of the Iberus.— Li. 21. 

BARGYl.I^E, a town of Caria. 

BARINE, a prostitute whom Horace ac- 
cuses of perjury, 2, o. 8. 

BARISSES, one of the seven conspirators 
against the usurper Smerdis.— Cte. 

BARIUM, a town of Apulia, on the Adri- 
atic, now called Pari, and remarkable for 
its fine fish. — Hor. 1, 6. 5. 

BARNUUS, a town of Macedonia, near 
Heraclea.— Str. 6. 

BARSINE and BARSENE, a daughter of 
Darius, who married Alexander, by whom 
she had a son called Hercules. Cassandei 
ordered her and her child to be put to death 
—Ju. 13.— Arr. 

BARZAENTES, a satrap who revolted 
from Alexander, &cc. — Curt. 8. 

BA RZAN ES, a king of Armenia, tributary 
to Ninus.— Di. 2. 

BASILEA, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 

who was mother ot all the gods. — Di. 3. 

An island at the north of Gaul, famous for 

its amber.— Di. 5. An island in the Euxine 

sea.— PI. 4. 

BAS1L1D/E, European Sarmatians, de 
scended from Hercules and Echidna. — Me.l 

BASIL1DES, the father of Herodotus 
who, with others, attempted to destroy Stra 

tes, tyrant of Chios. — Her. 8. A famil> 

who held an oligarchical power at Erythrae. 

—Str. 14. A p.'iestof mount Carmel, who 

foretold many momentous events to Vespa- 
sian, when he'oflered sacrifices. — Ta. 2 Hist. 
—Sue. V. 7. 

BASILIPOTAMOS, the ancient name o 
the Eurotas.— Str. 6. 



BA5-BAT 11 



.6 BAT— B A 17 



BASILIS, an historian who wrote concern- 
ing India.— Ath. — A city of Arcadia, built by 
( ypselus, near the river Alpheus. — Pa. 8. 

BASILIUS, a river of Mesopotamia, fall- 
ing- into the Euphrates.— Str. A celebra- 

led bishop ot Africa, very animated against 
the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he 
refuted with warmth, but great ability. He 
was eloquent as well as ingenious, and pos- 
sessed of all those qualities which constitute 
the persuasive orator, and the elegant 
writer. Erasmus has placed him in the 
number of the greatest orators of antiquity. 
He died in his 5 1st year, A.D. 379. The 
latest edition of his works is that of the 
Benedictins, fol. Paris, 1721. 

BASILUS, a general who assisted Antony. 
— LucA. — An insignificant lawyer.~J««. 7. 
— A praetor who plundered the provinces. 
— Id. 10. [had a temple.— Pa. s. 

BASSjE, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo 

BASSANIA, a towu of IVIacedonia near 
IHyricum.— Li. 44. 

BASSAREUS, a surname of Bacchus, from 
the dress or long robe, called Bassaris, 
which his priests wore.— Hor. 1. o. 18. 

BASSARIDES, a name given to the vota- 
ries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, 
which seems derived from Eassara, a town 
of Lybia sacred to the god, or from a par- 
ticular dress worn by his priestesses, and so 
called bv the Thracians.— Pers. 1. 

BASSUS, AUFIDIUS, an historian in the 
age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germa- 
nic war.— Attire. 10. CjESUS, a lyric poet 

in Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed 
his 6th satire. Some of his verses are extant. 
JULIUS, an orator in the reign of Au- 
gustus, some of whose orations have been 

E reserved by Seneca.' A man spoken of 
y Hor. 1, o. 36, and described as fond of 
wine and women. 

BASTARN/E and BASTERN/E, a people 
of European Sarrnatia, destroyed by a sud- 
den storm as thev pursued the" Thracians. — 
Li. 40.~Ov. Tr.2.—Str. 7. 
B ASTIA, the wife of Metellus.--.Li. epit 89. 
BATA, a sea-port town of Asia, on the 
Euxine, opposite Sinope.— Str. 6. 

BATAVI, a people of Germany, who in- 
habited that part of the continent known 
under the modern name of Holland, and 
called by the ancitnts, Batavorum insula. 
—Li. 4.— Luc. 1. 
BATHOS, a river near the Alpheus.— Ptr.8. 
BATHYCLES, a celebrated artist of Mag- 
nesia.— Pa. 3. 

BATHYLLUS, a beautiful youth ofSamos, 
greatly beloved by Polycrates the tvrant, 

and by Anaereon.— Hor. e. 14. MECjE- 

NAS was also fond of a youth of Alexan- 
dria, of the same name.— Juv. 6. The 

poet who claimed as his own Virgil's distich, 
Node pluit tota, &-c. bore also the same name. 
—A fountain of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

BATIATUS, LENT, a man of Campania, 
who kept a house full of gladiators, who re- 
belled asrainst him.— Plu. Cr. 
BATIA, a naiad who married OZbalus. 

—Apol. 3. A daughter of Teucer, who 

married Dardanus.— Id. 
BATINA and BANT1NA.— Vide Bantia. 



BATIS, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, 
who, upon being unwilling to yield, was 
dragged round the city tied by the wheels 
to Alexander's chariot.— Curt '. 4. 

BATO, a Da'danian, who revolted to 
Rome, from king Philip.— Li. 31. 

BATON of Sinope, wrote commentaries 
on the Persian affairs.— Str. 12. A cha- 
rioteer of Amphiaraus. — Pa. 5. 

BATRACHOM VOMACHIA a poem, de- 
scribing the fight between frogs and mice, 
written by Homer, which has been printed 
sometimes separately from the Iliad or 
Odyssey. The best edition of it is Mait- 
taire's, 8vo. London, 1721. 

BATTIADES, a patronymic of Callima- 

chus, from his father Battus.— Ov. Ib. 

A name given to the people of Cvrene from 
king Battus.—//. 3. 

BATTIS, a girl celebrated by Philetas 
the elegiac poet. — Ov. Tr. I, el. 5. 

BATTUS I., a Lacedaemonian who built 
the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony 
from the island of Thera. He was son of 
Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in 
the "town he had founded, and after death 
received divine honours. The difficulty with, 
which he spoke, first procured him the'name 

of Battus.— Her. 4.— Pa. 10. The 2d of 

that name was grandson to Battus 1st, by 
Arcefilaus. He succeeded his father on the 
throne of Cyrene, and wassurnamed Felix, 

and died 554 B.C. — Her. 4. A shepherd 

of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he 
would not discover his having stolen the 
flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He 
violated his promise, and was turned into a 

pumice stone.— Ov. Me. 2. A general of 

Corinth against Athens. — Th. 4. A buf- 
foon of Caesar's. —Plu. Sym. 6. 

BATULUM, a town of Campania, whose 
inhabitants assisted Turnus against iEneas. 
-V. JEn. 7. 

BATULUS, a surname of Demosthenes, 
from his effeminacy when young.— Plu. Bern. 

BATYLLUS, a celebrated dancer in Domi- 
tian's reign.— Juv. 6. - 

BAUBO, a woman who received Cere> 
when she sought her daughter all over the 
world, and gave her some water to quench 
her thirst.— Or. Me. 5, f. 7. 

BAUCIS, an old woman of Phrygia, who, 
with her husband Philemon, lived'in a small 
cottage, in a penurious manner, w hen Jupi 
ter and Mercury travelled in disguise over 
Asia. The gods" came to the cottage, where 
they received the best things it afforded; 
and" Jupiter was so pleased with their hospi- 
tality, that he meta'mphorsed their dwelling 
into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis 
and her husband were made priests. After 
they had lived happy to an extreme old age, 
they died both at the same hour, according 
to their request to J upiter, that one might not 
have the sorrow of fol lowing the other to the 
grave. Their bodies were changed into trees 
before the doors of the temple.— Of. Me. s. 

BAVIUS and MiEVTUS, two stupid and 
malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, 
who attacked the superior talents of tne con- 
temporary writers. -V. Eel. 3. [Baise.-if. 12 

BAl'LIj a small town of latium, near 



BAZ —BEL 



J17 



BEL- BEL, 



BAZAENTES, a friend of Bessus. &c. 
BAZARIA, a country of Asia.— Curt. 8. 
BEBIUS, a famous informer in Vespasian's 
reign.— Juv. 1. Fide Bsebius. 

BEBRIACUM, now Caneto, a village be- 
tween Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius 
overcame Otho. —Juv. I.—Ta. 3. Hist. 1. 

BEBRYCE, a daughter of Danaus, who 
is said to have spared her husband. Most 
authors, however, attribute that character of 
humanity to Hypermnestra.-Fid<? Danaides. 

BEBRYCES and BERBRYCII, a nation 
of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and 
according to Arrian, descended from Be- 
bryce. They were expert in the battle of 
the cestus. The Argonauts touched on 
their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. 
—Apol. l.—Str. 7. 

BEBRYCIA, an ancient nameof Bithynia, 
from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus.— 
Str. 13.— V. JEn. 5. 
BELEMNIA, a town of Laconia.— Pa. 3. 
BELENUS, a divinity of the Gauls, the 
yame as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the 
Orus of the Egyptians. 

BELEPHANTES, a Chaldean, who, from 
his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander 
that his entering Babylon would be attended 
with fatal consequences to him.— Di. 17. 

BELESIS, a priest of Babylon, who told 
Arbaces, governor of Media, that he should 
.reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. 
His prophecy was verified, and he was re- 
warded by the new king with the govern- 
ment of Babylon, B. C. 826.— Di. 2. 

BELGiE, a warlike people of ancient 
Gaul, separated from the Celtae by the rivers 
Matrona and Sequana. Their country ex- 
tended from the Rhine to the river modernly 
called the Loire.— Ctes. b. G. 1. 

BELGICA, one of the four provinces of 
Gaul near the Rhine. 

BELGIUM, the capital of Gallia Belgica. 
The word is often used to express the w hole 
country.— Ctes. b. G. 5. 

BfiLGUJS, a general of Gaul, who des- 
troyed an army of Macedonians.— Ju. 23. 
— Pol. 2. [ters of Belus.— Ov. Me. 4. 

BELIDES, a surname given to the daugh- 
BELIDES, a name applied to Palamedes, 
as descended from Belus.— V. JEn. 2. 

BELISAMA, the name of Minerva among 
the Gauls signifying queen of heaven. — Ctes. 
b. G. 6. 

BELISARHJS, a celebrated general, who, 
In a degenerate and effeminate age, in the 
reign of Justinian emperor of Constanti- 
nople, renewed all the glorious victories, 
battles, and triumphs, which had rendered 
the first Romans so distinguished in the time 
of their republic. He died, after a life of 
Liilitary glory, and the trial of royal ingra- 
titude, in the 565th year of the Christian era. 

BELISTIDA, a woman who obtained a 
prize, at Olympia.— Pa. 5. 
BELITjE, a nation of Asia.— Curt. 4. 
BELLEROPHON, son of Glaucus, king 
of Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called 1 
Hipponous. The murder of his brother, ! 
whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, \ 
procured him the name of Bellerophon, or 
mwdertr of Beller. After this murder 



Bellerophon fled to the court of Praetus, 
king of Argos. As he was of a handsome 
appearance, the kind's wife, called Antaea 
or Stenobcea, fell in love with him ; and as 
he slighted her passion, she accused him 
before her husband of attempts upon her 
virtue. Proetus, unwilling to violate the 
laws of hospitality, by punishing Bellero- 
phon, sent him away to his father-in-law, 
Jobates, king of Lycia, and gave him a 
letter, in which he begged the king to pu- 
nish with death, a man who had so disho- 
nourably treated his daughter. From that 
circumstance all letters which are of an un- 
favourable tendency to the bearer, have 
been called letters of Bellerophon. Jobates, 
to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon 
to conquer a horrible monster, called Chi- 
raaera, in which dangerous expedition he 
heped, and was even assured, he must 
perish.— [Fide Chimaera.] But the provi- 
dence of Minerva supported him, and, with 
the aid of the winged horse, Pegasus, he 
conquered the monster, and returned vic- 
torious. After this, Jobates sent him against 
the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him des- 
troyed ; but he obtained another victory, 
and conquered afterwards the Amazons, by 
the king's orders. At his return from this 
third expedition, he was attacked by a party 
sent against him by Jobates; but he de- 
stroyed all his assassins, and convinced the 
king that innocence is always protected by 
the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer 
sought to destroy his life; but he gave him 
his daughter in marriage, and made him 
his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he 
was without male issue. Some authors 
have supported, that he attempted to fly to 
heaven upon the horse Pegasus ; but that 
Jupiter sent an insect, which stung the 
horse, and threw down the rider, who wan- 
dered upon the earth in the greatest melan- 
choly and dejection till the day of his death, 
one generation before the Trojan war. 
Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who 
was killed in his war against the Solymi, 
and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the 
throne after his death, besides one daugh- 
ter, called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon 
by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is 
called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Ache- 
mone by Homer.— H. II. G.—Juv. 10.— Apol. 
2.—Hyg. f. 157.- Hes. Th.—Hor. 4, o. 1 1.— 
Pa. 9. [Hipponous. — Vide Belerophon. 
BELLERUS and BELLER, a brother of 
BELLI EN US, a Roman, whose house was 
set on flames at Caesar's funeral.--Ci.2,PA^. 

BELLONA, the goddess of war, daugh- 
ter to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the 
Greeks Enyo, and often confounded with 
Minerva. She was anciently called Duet- 
liona, and was the sister of Mars, or, ac- 
cording to others, his daughter, or his wife. 
She prepared the chariot of Mars when he 
was going to war ; and she appeared in 
battles armed with a whip to animate the 
'combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a 
! torch in her hand. The Romans paid great 
| adoration to her; put she was held in the 
greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, 
and chiefly at Comuna, where she had 



BEL— BEF 



ua 



above 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome 
was near the Porta Carmentalia. In it the 
senators grave audience to foreign ambas- 
sadors, and to generals returned from war. 
At the gate was a small column, called the 
column of war, against which they threw a 
spear whenever war was declared against 
an enemy. The priests of this goddess con- 
secrated* themselves by great incisions in 
their body, and particularly in the thigh, 
of which they received the blood in their 
hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. 
In their wild enthusiasm they often pre- 
dicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of 
enemies, or the besieging of towns. — JuvA. 
—Far. L. L. S.—Hes'. Th.—Pa. A.—V.Mn. 
«i—Si. Th. 2.— It 5. 

BELLONARII, the priests of Bellona. 

BELLOVACI, a people of Gaul, conquer- 
ed bv J. Caesar.— Cees. b. G. 2. 

BELLOVESUS, a king of the Celtae, who 
in the reign of Tarquin Priscus was sent at 
the head of a Colony to Italy by his uncle 
Ambigatus.— Li. 5. 

BELON, a general of Alexander's.— Curt. 

6. A city aud river of Hispania Baetica. 

-Str. 3. 

BELUS, one of the most ancient kings of 
Babylon, about 1600 years before theageof 
Sem'iramis, was made a god after death, 
and worshipped with much ceremony by 
the Assyrians and Babvlonians. He was 
supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the 
Egyptians. The temple of Be! us was the 
most ancient and most magnificent in the 
world. It was originally the tower of Babel 
which was concerted into a temple. It had 
lot'cy towers, and it was enriched by all the 
succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, 
who, after his unfortunate expedition 
against Greece, plundered and demolished 
it. Among the riches it contained, were 
many statues of massv srold, one of which 
was 40 feet high. In* The highest of the 
towers was a magnificent bed, where the 
priests daily conducted a woman, who, as 
they said, was honoured with the companv 
of the god.— Jos. Ju. \o.—Her. \.— Str. 16. 

— An: l.—Di. 1. A king of Egypt, son 

of Epaphusand Libya, and father of Agenor. 

Another, son of Phoenix the son of 

Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. A 

river of Syria, wliere glass was first in 
vented.— Pi. 5. 

BENACUS, a lake of Italy, from which 
the Mincius flows into the Pb.—Virg. G. 2. 
—Mn. 10. [Li. 38. 

BEND1DIUM, a temple'of Diana Bendis. 

BENDIS, a name of Diana among the 
Thracians and their northern neighbours. — 

Str. 9. Her festivals, called Bendidia, 

were introduced from Thrace into Athens. 

BENEVENTUM, a town of the Hirpini, 
ouiit by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. 
Its original ;;ame?ras Maleventum. chansred 
into the more auspicious word of Beneven- 
tum. when the Romans had a colony there, 
't abounds in remains of ancient sculpture 
above any other town in Italv.— Pi. 3. 

BENTHESICYM E, a daughter of Nep- 
tune, the nurse of Eumolpus. Apol. 3. 

BEPOLITANUS, a youth whose life was 



BER — BER 

saved by the delay of the executioner, who 
wished not to stain the youth's fine clothes 
with blood.— Pin. Virt. Mu. 

BERBICiE, a nation who destroyed their 
relations when arrived at a certain age. — 

mi. v. h. a. 

BERiEA, a town of Syria, 90 miles from 
the sea and 100 from the Euphrates, now 
called Aleppo. 

BERECYNTHTA, a surname of Cybele, 
from mount Berecynthus, in Phrygia, where 
she was particularly worshipped. She has 
been celebrated in a poem by Catullus. — Hi. 
5.— St. Th. 4. — V. Mn. 9. 

BERENICE and BERONICE, a woman 
famous for her beautv, mother of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus by Lag'us.— Ml. V. H. 14.— 
Theo.—Pa. l. A daughter of Philadel- 
phus, who married Antiochus, king of Syria, 
after he had divorced Laodice, his former 
wife. After the death of Philadelphus, La- 
odice was recalled, and mindful of the treat 
ment she had received, she poisoned her 
husband, placed her son on the vacant 
throne, and murdered Berenice and her 
child at Antioch, where she fled, B.C. 248. 

A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who 

usurped her father's throne for some time, 
strangled her husband Seleucus, and mar- 
ritd Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her 
father regained his Dower, and put her to 

death, B.C. 55. The wife of Mithridates, 

who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered 
al! his wives to destroy themselves, for fear 
the conqueror should offer violence to them. 
She accordingly drank poison ; but this 
not operating soon enough, she was stran- 
gled by an eunuch. The mother of 

Agrippa, who shines in the history of the 
Jews, as daughter-in-law of Herod the 
Great. A daughter of Agrippa, who mar- 
ried her uncle Herod, and afterwards Po- 
lemon, king of Cilicia. She was accused by 
Juvenal of committing incest with her bro- 
ther Agrippa. It is said that she was pas- 
sionately loved by Titus, who would have 
made her empress'but for fear of the people. 

A wife of king Attalus. Another, 

daughterof Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who 
married her own brother Evergetes, whom 
she loved with much tenderness. When 
he went on a dangerous expedition, she 
vowed ail the hair of her head to the god- 
dess Venus, if he returned. Some time 
after his victorious return, the locks which 
were in the temple of Venus disappeared ; 
and Conon, an astronomer, to make his 
court to the queen, publicly reported that 
Jupiter had carried them away, and had 
made them a constellation. She was put to 
death by her own son, B.C. 221.— Cat. 67. 
—Hyg. P. A. 2. — Ju. 26.— This name is 
common to many of the queens and prin- 
cesses in Egypt. A city of Libya. — Sir. 

—Me. 3. Two towns of Arabia.— Sir. 16. 

One in Egypt, on the Red Sea, where 

the ships from India generally landed their 

cargoes.— PL 6. Another near the Svr- 

tes, 6ic.—Id. 17. 

BEREMC1S, a part of Africa, near the 
town of Berenice.— Luc. 9. 

BERGION and ALBION, two giants, soot 



BER— BIA 



i 



19 



BI A — BIF 



»f Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he 

j attempted to cross the Rhone, and were 
killed with stones from heaven. — Me. 2. 

! BERGISTANI, a people of Spain, at the 
east of the Iberus.— Li. 34. 
BERIS and BAR1S, a river of Cappado- 

cia. A mountain of Armenia. [Her. 8. 

BERMIUS, a mountain of Macedonia.— 
BEROE, an old woman of Epidaurus, 
nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape 
when she persuaded Semele not to grant 
her favours to Jupiter, if he did not appear 

in the majesty of a god.— Ov. Me. 3. The 

wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed 
by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she 

| advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet 
of ./Eneas in Sicily.— V. JEn.5. One of 

l the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene.— 

i Virg. G. 4. 

j BERCEA, a town of Thessalv.— Ci. Pi. 36. 

BERONICE. Vide Berenice. 
| BEROSUS, a native of Babylon, priest 
I to Belus. He passed into Greece, and re- 
mained a long time at Athens. He com- 
posed an history of Chaldaea, and signal- 
ized himself by his astronomical predictions, 
and was rewarded for his learning with a 
statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The 
age in which he lived is not precisely 
known, though some fix it in the reign of 
Alexander, or 268 years, B.C. Some frag- 
ments of his Chaldsean history are preserved 
by Josephus, contra App. Src.' in Antiq. Jud. 
105. The book that is now extant under 
| his name, and speaks of kings that never 
existed, is a suppositious fabrication. 

BERRHCEA,a town of Macedonia.-- Th.l. 

BERVTUS, now Berut, an ancient town 
of Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediter- 
ranean, famous in the age of Justinian for 
the study of law. 

BESA, a fountain in Thessalv.— Str. 8. 

BESlDliE, a town of the Brutii. Li. 30. 

BESIPPO, a town of Hispania Baetica, 
where Mela was born.— Me. 2. 

BESSI, a people of Thrace, on the left 
side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. 
— Ov. Tr. 4, el. I.— Her. 7. 

BESSUS, a governor of Bactriana, who, 
after the battle of Arbeia, seized Darius, 
his sovereign, and put him to death. After 
this murder, he assumed the title of king, 
and was some time after brought before 
Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres, the 
brother of Darius. The prince ordered his 
hands and ears to be cut off, and his body 
to be exposed on a cross, and shot at bv the 

soldiers.— Jus. 12.— Curt. 6. A parricide 

who discovered the murder he had com- 
mitted, upon destroying a nest of swallows, 
which, as he observed, reproached him of 
his crime.— Plu. 

BESTI A, L., a seditious Roman, who con- 
spired with Catiline against his country. 
-Ci. 2, Phil. 

BETIS, a river in Spain. A governor 

of Gaza, who bravely defended himself 
against Alexander, for which he was treated 
with cruelty by the conqueror. 

BETURIA, a country in Spain. 

BIA,adaughterof Pallasby Styx. — ApolA 

BIANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto, 



the daughter of Tiresias, who received the 
surname of Ochnus, and reigned over Etru- 
ria. He built a town, which he called Man- 
tua, after his mother's name. His tomb Was 
seen in the age of Virgil, on the road be- 
tween Mantua and Andes.— V. Eel. 9. \ 

Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon.—//. II 
11. — A centaur killed by Theseus.-Ow.Mp.l2 

BIAS, son of Amythaon and luomene, 
was king of Argos, and brother to the fa- 
mous soothsayer, Melampus. He fell in love 
with Perone," daughter of Neleus, king of 
Pylos: but the father refused to give his 
daughter in marriage before he received the 
oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother's 
request, went to seize the oxen, and was 
caught in the fact. He, however, one year 
after received his liberty from Ipiclus, who 
presented him with his oxen as a reward for 
his great services. Bias received the oxen 
from his brother, and obliged Neleus to give 
him his daughter in marriage.— //. Od. II. 

—Pa. 2.—Apol. 1. A Grecian prince, who 

went to the Trojan war.— H. 11. 4, 13. 

A river of Peloponnesus. — Pa. 4. One of 

the seven wise men of Greece, son to Teu- 
tamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved 
from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died 
in the arms of his grandson, who begged a 
favour of him for one of his friends.— JJiog. 
I.— Plu. Sym.—Va. Ma. 7.— Pa. 10. 

BIBACULUS, (M. Furius) a Latin poet, 
in the age of Cicero. He composed annals 
in Iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full 
of wit and humour, and other poems now 

lost. — Hor. 1, s. ?>.—Q.uin. 10. A pretor. 

—Va. Ma. 1. 

BiBLIA and BILLIA, a Roman lady fa- 
mous for her chastity. She married Duillius. 

BIBLIS, a woman wb,o became ena- 
moured of her brother Caunus, and was 
changed into a fountain near Miletus. — 
Ov. Me. 9. 

BIBL1NA, a country of Thrace. 

B1BLUS, a citv of Phoenicia.— Curl. 4. 

B1BRACTE, a town of the JEdui in Gaul, 
where Caesar often wintered. — Cess. b. G. 7. 

BIBULUS, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibu- 
lus by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was 
Caesar's colleague in the consulship, but oi 
no consequence in the state, according tc 
this distich mentioned by Sue. Ju. 20. 

Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Ccesarc 
factum est : 

Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini.— 
One of the friends of Horace bore that name. 
—1. s. I— Flit. 6. 

BICES, a marsh near the Palus Moeotis 

BIBON, a Greek who assassinated Athe- 
nodorus, because he made himself master or 
a colony which Alexander had left at Bac- 
tra.— Curt. 9. 

BICORNIGER, a surname of Bacchus. 

BICORNIS, the name of Alexander among 
the Arabians. 

Bl FORM IS, (two forms), a surname of 
Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it 
because he changed himself into an old wo- 
man, to fly from the persecution of Juno, 
or perhaps because he was represented some- 
times as a young, and sometimes as an old 
man. 



B IF- BIT 120 

BlFRONS,a surname of Janus, because lie 
wa> represented with two faces among the 
Romans, as acquainted with the past and 
future.— V. Mn. 7, 

BILBILIS, a town of Celtiberia, where 
Martial was born.— Mart. 1, e. 50.-^ A 
river of Spain.— Ju. 44. 

BI MATER, a surname of Bacchus, which 
signifies that he had two mothers, because 
when he was taken from his mother's womb, 
he was placed in the thigh of his father Ju- 
piter.— Ov. Me. 4. 

BINGIUM,atovvn of Germany. Ta.Hlsl. 4. 

BION, a philosopher and sophist of Bo- 
rysthenes in Scythia, who rendered himself 
famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, 
and philosophy. He made every body the 
object of his satire, and rendered his com- 
positions distinguished for clearness of ex- 
pression, for facetiousness, wit, and plea- 
santry. He died 241 B.C. — Diog. vi. A 

Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals 
in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and 
disciple, mentions, in an elegiac poem, that 
he died by poison, about 300 years B.C. 
His Idyllia are written with elegance and 
simplicity, purity, and ease, and they abound 
with correct images, such as the view of the 
country may inspire. There are many good 
editions of this poet's works, generally print- 
ed with those of Moschus, the best of which 

is that^ of Heskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1748. A 

soldier in Alexander's army, &c. — Curt. 4. 

A native of Propontis, in the age of Pli- 

erecydes. A man of Syracuse, who wrote 

on rhetoric. A native of Abdera, disciple 

to Democritus. He first found out that there 
were certain parts of the earth where there 
were six months of perpetual light and dark- 
ness alternately. A man of Soli, who com- 
posed an history of iEthopia. Another 

who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which he 
called by the names of the muses, and hence 
Bionei sermones meutioned by Hor. 2, e. 2. 
—Diog. 4. 

BIRRHUS.— Vide Ccelius. 

BISA L I7E, a people of Scythia, or, ac- 
cording to some, of Thrace, or Macedonia. 
Their country is called Bisaltia.— Di. 45. 
— PI. 4. 

B1SALTES, a man of Abydos, kc.—Her. 6 
BISALTIS, a patronymic of Theophane, 
by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, 
had the golden ra.rn.-Ov. Me. Q.-Hyg. f. 188. 

BISANTHE, a town on the Hellespont.— 
Her. 7. 

BISTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built 
Bisionia in Thrace, whence the Thracians 
are often called Bistones.—Her. 7. — Plin. 4. 
—Luc. 7. [ Her. 1. 

BISTON IS, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. 

BITHUS. Vide. Bacchius. 

BITHYjE, a certain race of women in 
Scythia, whose eyes, as Pliny reports, I. 7, 
killed those who gazed upon them for some 
time 

BITHYNIA, a country of Asia Minor, 
formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded 
by the Euxine on the north, on the South 
by Piirygia and Mysia, on the west by the 
Propontis, and the east by Paphla^onia. 
The country was first invaded by the Thra- 



BIF-BCE 
cians, under Bithynus, the son of Jupiter, 
who gave it the name of Bithynia. It vrt& 
once a powerful kingdom.— Str. 12.— He~. 
7.— Me. I. According to Pa. 8, the inhabi- 
tants were descended from Mantinea in 
Peloponnesus. 

BITIAS, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and 
Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to 
Jupiter. He followed the fortune of .Eneas, 
and, with his brother, was killed bv the Ru- 

tuii in Italy.— V. Mn. 9. One of Dido's 

lovers, present when jEneas and the Tro- 
jans were introduced to the queen. -V. Mn.'l. 
BITON. Vide Cleobis. 
BITUITUS, a king of the A Uobroges, con- 
quered bv a small number of Romans, &c— 
Va. Ma.'9,—FL 3. [<?. 55. 

BITUNTUM, a town of Spain.— Mart. 4, 
BITUKIGES, a people of Gaul divided 
from the jEdui by the Bigeris.— Ca-s. b. G. 7. 

BITURICUM, a town of Gaul, formerly 
the capital of the Belgae.— Str. 4. 

BIZ1A, a citadel near Rhodope belonging 
to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born 
there. 

BL.ENA, a fruitful country of Ponius, 
where the general of Mithridates Eupator 
destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bi- 
thynian.— Str. 12. 

BLiESII, two Romans, who killed them- 
selves because Tiberius deprived them of the 
priesthood.— Ta. An. 6. 
BL^ISUS, J UN. a governor of Gaul.— Ta. 
BLANDENONA, a place near Placentia. 
— Ci. 2, e. 15. Q. 

BLANDUSIA, a fountain on the borders 
of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, 
Horace's country seat.— Hor. 3, o. 13. 

BLASTOPHCENICES, a people of Lusita- 
nia.— App. 

BLEMMYES, a people of Africa, who, as 
is fabulously reported, had no heads, but had 
the eves and mouth placed in the breast.— 
Me. l. 

BLENINA.atown of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 
BLITIUSCATUL1NUS, was banished into 
the jEgean sea after Piso's conspiracy, 6cc. 
— Ta. 15, An. 

BLUC1UM, a castle where king Dejota- 
rus kept his treasures in Bithynia.— Str. t-i. 
BOADICEA. Vide Boudicea. [Pa. 8 
BOjE & BOEA, a town of Laconia.— 
BOAGRITUS, a river of Locris.— Str. !>. 
BOCA LIAS, a river in the island of Salam. 
BOCCAR, a king of Mauritania.— Juv. 4. 
applies the word in a general sense, to any 
native of Africa. [of Egypt. — Di. f. 

BOCCHORIS, a wise king and legislator 
BOCCHUS a king of Getulia, in alliance 
with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Ju- 
gurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius.- 
Sal. J.— Pat. 1. 

BODUNI, a people of Britain, who sur- 
rendered to Claudius Caesar —Dio. Ca. 60. 

BODUAGN A I DS, a leader of the Nervii, 
when Caesar made war against them.— C<es. 
BOKA. Vide Boae. [6. G. 2. 

BO L BE, a town of Thessalv.— Ov. Me. 7, 

f. 5. A lake of Crete— Str. 9. 

BOEBEIS, a lake of Thessaly, near mount 
Ossa. — Luc. 7. 
BCER1A LEX was enacted to elect four 



BOE- BOL 



121 



BOL BOB 



pretors every year. Another to insure 

proprietors in tlie possession of their lands. 

Another, A. U. C. 571, against using: 

bribes at elections. 

BOEDKOMIA, an Athenian festival insti- 
tuted in commemoration of the assistance 
which the people of Athens received in the 
reign of Erechtheus, from Ion, son of Xu- 
thus, when their country was invaded by 
Eumolpus, son of Neptune. The word is 
derived from " tou boedromein," coming 
to help. Plutarch in Thes. mentions it as 
in commemoration of the victory which 
Theseus obtained over the Amazons in a 
month, called at Athens Boedromion. 

BCEOTARCHvE, the chief magistrates in 
Bceotia. — Li. 42. 

BCEOTIA, a country of Greece, bounded 
on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, 
east by Euboea, and west by the bay of Co- 
rinth. It has been successively called Aonia, 
Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, 
and now forms a part of Livadia. It was 
called Bceotia, from Boeotus son of Itonus; 
or according to others, a bove, from a cow, 
by which Cadmus was led into the country 
where he built Thebes. The inhabitant's 
were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of 
bodily strength than of mental excellence; 
jet their country produced many illustrious 
men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. 
The mountains of Bceotia, particularly Heli- 
con, were frequented by the Muses, to whom 
also many of their fountains and rivers were 

consecrated.— Her. 2.— Ov. Me. 3. — Pa. 9. 

C. Nep. l.—Str. 9.—Ju. 2.—Hor.2, e. 1.— 
Di. 19.— Li. 27. [—Pa. 9. 

BCEOTUS, a son of Itonus by Manalippa. 

BCEOROBISTAS, a man who made him- 
self absolute among the Getae, by the strict- 
ness of his discipline. — Sir. 7, 

B0ETH1US, a celebrated Roman, banished 
and afterwards punished with death, on a 
suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king 
of the Ostrogoths, A.U. 525. It was during 
Ins imprisonment that he wrote his cele- 
brated poetical treatise de consolalione phi- 
losophies in 5 books. The best edition of his 
works is that of Hagenau, 4to. 14Sl,or that 
of L. Bat. 1671, with the notis variorum. 

BOETUS, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who 
wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi.— 

Sir. 14. A river of Spain, now called 

Guadalquiver. 

BOEUS, one of the Heraclidae. 

BOGES and BOES, a Persian, who de- 
stroyed himself and family when besieged 
by the Athenians. -Her. 7.— Pa. 8. 

BOGUD, a king of Mauritania, in the in- 
terest of Casar.— C<es. Al. 59. 

BOGUS, a king of the Maurusii, present 
at the battle of Actium.— Sir. 8. 

BOIl,a people of Celtic Gaul.— Cws. b. G. 
!• A people of Italy, near the Padus. S'i.4, 

BOJOCALUS,a general of the Germans in 
the a»re of Tiberius, kc.—Ta. An. 13. 

BOLA, a town of the jLqui in Italv.— 
V. Mn. 6. 

BOLBE, a marsh near IViagdonia. — Th. 1. 

BOLB1TINUM, one of the mouths of the 
Nile, with a town of the same name. Nau- 
cratis was built l.eai it.— Met, 1. 



BOLG1US, a g-eneral of Gaul, in an ex- 
pedition against Ptolemy, king of Mace- 
donia. — Pa. 10. 

BO LIN A, a virgin of Achaia, who reject- 
ed the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself 
into the sea to avoid his importunities. The 
god made her immortal. There is a city 
which bears her name in Achaia.— Pa. 7. 
BOLIN/EUS, a river near Bolina. — Pa. 8. 
BOLISSUS, a town and island near 
Chios.— Th. x. 

BOLLANUS, a man whom Horace repre- 
sents, 1, s. 9, as of the most irascible tem- 
per, and the most inimical to loquacity. 

BOLUS, a king of the Cimbri, who" killed 
a Roman ambassador. — Li. e. 67. 

BO M I ENSES,a people near JEto\ia.~Th.3. 
BOMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, son 
of Amilcar. He was suspected of conspi- 
racy with Agathocles and hung in the forum, 
where he had received all his dignity.— Di. 

26. — Ju. 22. An African, for some time 

the instrument of all Jugurtha's cruelties. 
He conspired against Jugurtha, who put 
him to death.— Sal. J. 

BOMONIC^, vouths that were whipped 
at the altar of Diana Orthia, during the 
festivals of the goddess. He who bore the 
lash of the whip with the greatest patience, 
and without uttering a groan, was declared 
victorious, and received an honourable 
prize. — Plu. Ly. 

BONA DEA, a name given to Ops, Vesta, 
Cybele, Rhea, by the Greeks^ and by the 
Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess 
was so chaste, that no man but her husband 
saw her after her marriage ; from which 
reason, her festivals were celebrated only in 
the night, by the Roman matrons in the 
houses of the highest officers of the state, and 
all the statues of the men were carefully 
covered with a veil, where the ceremonies 
were observed. In the latter ages of the 
republic, however, the sanctity of these 
mysteries was profaned by the intrusion of 
men, and by the iutroduction of lascivious- 
ness and debauchery. — Juv.6.—Pro. el. 10. 
— Ov. a. a. 3. 

BONONIA, called also Felsina, a town on 
the borders of the Rhine.— Va. Ma. 8— It. 8. 

BON OS I US, an officer of Probus, who 
assumed the imperial purple in Gaul. 

BONUS EVENTUS, a Roman deity, whose 
worship was first introduced by the pea- 
sants. He was represented holding a cup in 
in his right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. 
Far. R. R. I. — PI. 34. 

BOOS UR A. (tow's caudal town of Cyprus, 
where Venus had an ancient temple.— Sir. 

BOOTES, a northern constellation near 
the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and 
Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, 
the father of Eri^one, who was killed by 
shepherds for inebriating them. Others 
maintain that it is Areas, whom Jupiter 
placed in heaven. — Or. F. 3. — C. Nat. 
D. 2. 

BOOTUS and BOZOTUS, a son of Neptune 
and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but 
preserved by shepherds. Hyg.f- 186. 

BOREA, a town taken by Sext. Pompey. 
-Ci. 10, At. e. 4. 
1 M 



B OK- BOS 



122 



BOT— BRA 



BOREADES, the decendants of Boreas, 
who iong possessed the supreme power and 
the priesthood in the island of the Hiperbo- 
reans.— Di. 1. 

BOREAS, the name of the north wind 
blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. 
According' to the poets, he was son of As- 
iraeus and Aurora, but others make him 
^on of the Strymon. He was passionately 
fond of Hyaciiithus, [Vide Hyacinthus] and 
carried away Orithya, who refused to re- 
ceive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes 
and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was 
worshipped as a deity, and represented with 
wings and white hair. The Athenians de- 
dicated altars to him, and to the winds, 
when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas 
changed himself into a horse to unite him- 
self with the mare* of Dardanus, by which 
he had twelve mares so swift that they ran, 
or rather flew over the sea, without scarce 
wetting their feet.— H. II. 20.— Hes. Th.— 
Apol. 3.— Her. l.—Ov. Me. 6. 

BORE ASM I, a festival at Athens in honour 
of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, 
was related to them on account of his mar- 
riage with Orithyia, the daughter of one of 
their kings. They attributed the overthrow 
of the enemy's fleet to the respect which 
he paid his wife's native country. There 
were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Ar- 
cadia, in honour of Boreas.— Pa. At. 

BOREUS, a Persian, 6ic.—Poly. 7. 

BORGES, a Persian who burnt himself ra- 
ther than submit to the enemy, &cc.—Poly. 7. 

BORNOS, a place of Thrace.— C. Nep. Al. 

BORSIPPA, a town of Babylonia, sacred 
to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants eat 
bats.— Sir. 16. 

BORUS, a son of Perieres, who married 
Polydora the daughter of Peleus.— Apol. 

' BORYSTHEN ES, a large river of Scy thia, 
falling into the Euxine sea, now called the 
Dnieper, and inferior to no other European 
river but the Danube, according to Her. 4. 

There was a city of the same name on 

the borders of the river, built by a colony 
of Milesians, 555 years before the christian 
era. It was also called Olba Salvia.— Me. 

2. A horse with which the emperor Adrian 

used to hunt. At his death, he was honoured 
with a monument.— Di. 

BOSPHORUS and BOSPORUS, two nar- 
row straits, situate at the confines of Europe 
and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and 
joined the Palus Moeotis to the Euxine, 
now known by the name of the straits of 
Caffa; and the other, which was called the 
Thracian Bosporus, and by the moderns the 
strait of Constantinople, made a commu- 
nication between the Euxine sea and the 
Propontis. It is sixteen miles long, and 
one and a half broad, and where narrowest 
500 paces or four stadia, according to Hero- 
dotus. The word is derived from boosporos, 
bovis meatus, because, on account of its 
narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. 
Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, 
from the opposite banks, and in a calm day 
persons could talk one to the other.— PL 4. 
-Ov. Tr. 3, el, 4.— Me. l.—StrA2.—IIer.\. 



BOTER,a freedman of Claud ins.-Sue.CLi. 

BOTTIA, a colony of Macedonians in 
Thrace. The people were called Bottieei.— 
PI. A.-Her. l.—Th. 2. 

BOTTIjEIS, a country at the north of Ma- 
cedonia, on the bay of Therma.— Her. 7. 

BOUDICEA, a queen in Britain, who re- 
belled upon being insulted by the Romans. 
She poisoned herself when conquered.-.' 
Ta. An. 14. 

BOUIANUM, an ancient colony of the 
Samnites, at the foot of the xApenn'ines, not- 
far from Beneventum. — Li. 9. 

BO YTLLiE, a town of Latium near Rome. 
— Ov. F. 3. Another in Campania. 

BRACH MANES, Indian philosophers, 
who derive their name from Brahma, on« 
of the three beings whom God, according h; 
their theology, created, and with whose as 
sistance he formed the world. They devote<J 
themselves totally to the worship of the 
gods, and were accustomed from their 
youth to endure labours, and to live with 
frugality and abstinence. They never eat 
flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, 
and all carnal enjoyments. After they had 
spent SI years in the greatest trials, they 
were permitted to marry, and indulge them- 
selves in a more free and unbounded man- 
ner. According to modern authors, Brahma 
is the parent of all mankind, and he pnx 
duced as many worlds as there are part 
in the body, which they reckoned 14. They 
believed that there were seven seas, of water 
milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine 
each blessed with its particular paradise.- 
Sir. \5.—Di. 17. [tharme.— Apol. 3 

BRiESlA, a daughter of Cinvrasand Me- 

BRANCHIADES, a surname of Apollo. 

BRANCH I DM, a people of Asia near 
the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alex- 
ander. They were originally of Miletus, 
near the temple of Branchus, but had bees 
removed from thence by Xerxes.— Sir. 1 i. 

—Curt. 7. The priests of Apollo Didy- 

mseus, who gave oracles in Caria.— PL 5. 

BRANCHY ELIDES, a chief of the Boeo- 
tians.— Pa. 9 

BRANCHUS, a youth of Miletus, son of 
Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him 
the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at 
Didyme, which became inferior to none of 
the "Grecian oracles, except Delphi, and 
which exchanged the name of Didymean for 
that of Branchidae. The temple, according 
to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who 
took possession of the riches it contained, 
and transported the people into Sogdiana, 
where they built a city, which was after- 
wards destroyed by Alexander. — Sir. 15. — 
St. Th. 3.—Lu. Do. 

BRASI/E, a town of Laconia.— Pa. 3. 

BRASIDAS, a famous general of Lace- 
daemon, son of Tellus, who, after many 
great victories over Athens and other Gre- 
cian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, 
which Cleon, the Athenian, had besieged, 
B.C. 422. A superb monument was raised 

to his memory.— Pa. 3.—Th. A.—Di. 5. 

A man of Cos. — Theo. Id. 7. 

BRASIDEI A, festivals at Lacedaemon, in 
honour of Brusidas. None but freemen boro 



J23 



BRI— BRI 



Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, 
and such as were absent were fined. 

BRASI LAS, a man of Cos. — Theo. 7. 

BRAURE, a woman who assisted in the 
murder of Pittacus, king of the Edoni.-77i.4. 

BRAURON, a town of Attica, where 
Diana had a temple. The g-oddess had three 
festivals called "Braurouia" celebrated once 
every fifth year by ten men, who were cal- 
led ieropoioi. They sacrificed a goat to the 
goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the 
books of Homer's Iliad. The most re- 
markable that attended were young virgins 
in yellow gowns dedicated to Diana. They 
were about ten years of age, and not under 
^ive, and therefore their consecration was 
Jailed " dekateuein," from "de£a," decern ; 
fcnd sometimes " arkteuein, 1 '' as the virgins 
themselves bore the name of "arfcfoi," bears, 
from this circumstance. There was a bear 
in one of the villages of Attica, so tame, 
that he ate with the inhabitants, and played 
harmlessly with them. This familiarity 
lasted long, till a young virgin treated the 
animal too roughly, and was killed by it. 
The virgin's brother killed the bear, and the 
country was soon after visited by a pestilence. 
The oracle was consulted, and the plague 
removed by consecrating virgins to the ser- 
vice of Diana. This was so faithfully ob- 
served, that no woman in Athens was ever 
married before a previous consecration to 
the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, 
which had been brought into Greece by 
Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of 
Braiiron. Xerxes carried it away when he 
invaded Greece.— Pa 8.— Sir. 9. 

BRENNI and BREUNI, a people of Nori- 
cum.— Hor. 4, o. 14. 

BRENNUS, a general of the Galli Seno- 
nes, who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans 
at the river AUia, and entered their city 
without opposition. The Romans fled into 
the capitol, and left the whole city in the 
possession of their enemies. The Gauls 
climbed the Tarpeian rock jn the night, and 
the capitol would have been taken, had 
not the Romans been awakened by the 
noise of geese which were before the doors, 
and immediately repelled the enemy. Ca- 
millus, who was in banishment, marched 
to the relief of his country, and so totally 
defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to 
carry home the news of their destruction. — 

Li.5.—Plu.Ca>. Another Gaul, who made 

an irruption into Greece with 150,000 horse, 
and endeavoured to plunder the temple of 
Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with 
all his troops, by the god, or more properly, 
he killed himself in a fit of intoxication B.C. 
278, after being defeated by the Delphians. 
—Pa. 10.— Jn. 14. 

BRENTHE, a ruined city of Arcadia.Po.8. 

BRESCIA, a city of Italy, which had gods 
peculiar to itself, 

BRETTII, a people of Italy.- S/r. 6. 

BRIAREUS,a famous giant, son of Ccelus 
and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, 
and was called by men ^Egeon, and only 
by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Nep- 
tune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone 
Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and 



seated himself next to him, and so terrific^ 
the conspirators, by his fierce and threaten- 
ing looks, that they desisted. He assisted 
the giants in their war against the gods, and 
was thrown under mount JEtna., according 
to some accounts.— Hes. Th.—Apol. l—H. 

II. \.—V. Mn.Q. A Cyclops, made judge 

between Apollo and Neptune, in their dis- 
pute about the isthmus and promontory of 
Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, 
and the latter to Apollo.— Pa. 2. 

BRIAS, a town of Pisidia. 

BRIGANTES, a people in the northern 
parts of Britain. — Juv. 14. — Pa. 8. 

BRIGANT1NUS, a lake of Rhsetia, be- 
tween the Alps, now the lake of Constance. 
The town on its eastern banks is now Bre- 
gentzin the Tyrol, anciently called Brigan- 
tium.— PI. 9. 

BRILESSUS, a mountain of Attica.-TA. 2. 

BRIMO, (terror) a name given to Proser- 
pine and Hecate.— Pro. 2, el. 2. 

BR1SEIS, a woman of Lyrnessus, called 
also Hippodamia. When her country was 
taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines 
and brother killed in the fight, she fell to 
the share of Achilles, in the division of the 
spoils. Agamemnon took her away some 
time after from Achilles, who made a vow 
to absent himself from the field of battle. 
Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and 
when Agamemnon restored her to him, he 
swore he had never offended her chastity. 
H. II. \.—Ov. Her. 3.— Pro. 2, el. 8.— Pa. 
5.— Hor. 2, o. 4. 

BRISES, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to 
the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippoda- 
mia was called Briseis after him. 

BRISEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from 
his nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a 
promontory at Lesbos.— Pers. I. 

BRITANNI, the inhabitants of Britain 

[Vide Britannia.] A nation in Galiia Bel- 

gica.— PI. 4. 

BRITANNIA, an island in the northern 
ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered 
by J. Caesar during his Gallic wars, B.C 
55, and first known to be an island by Agri- 
cola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman 
province from the time of its conquest till 
the 448th year of the christian era. The in- 
habitants, in the age of Caesar, used to paint 
their bodies, to render themselves more ter- 
rible in the eyes of their enemies. The name 
of Britain was unknown to the Romans be- 
fore the Romans conquered it.— C&s. b. G. 
4.— Di. 5.— Pa. \ .—Ta. Agr. \0,-Pl. 34. 

BRITANNICUS, a son of Claudius C*sar 
by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne 
in preference to him, by means of Agrip- 
pina, and caused him to be poisoned. His 
corpse was buried in the night : but it is said 
that a shower of rain washed away the white 
paint which the murderer had put over his 
face, so that it appeared quite black, and 
discovered the. effects of poison.— Ta. An. 
—Sue. Ne. 

BRI TOMARTIS, a beautiful nymph of 
Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, 
who devoted herself to hunting, and be- 
came a great favourite of Diana. She was 
loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, 



— BRU 



124 



BRU— BRU 



that, to avoid his importunities, she threw 

herself into the sea.— Pa. 2. A surname 

of Diana. 

BRITOMARUS, a chief of the Galli In- 
subres, conquered^by jEmilius. — Fl. 2. 

BRITONES, the inhabitants of Britain.— 
Juv. 15. 

BRIXELLUM, a town in Italy near Man- 
tua, where Otlio slew himself when defeated. 
— Ta. Hist. 2. [Ju. 20. 

BRIX1A, a town of Italy beyond the Po. 

BR1ZO, the goddess of dreams, wor- 
shipped in Delos. 

B ROC U B E LU S , a governor of Syria, who 
fled to Alexander when Darius was mur- 
dered bv Bessus.— Curt. 5. 

BROMIUS, a surname of Bacchus, from 
bremein, /render e, alluding to the groans 
which Semele uttered when consumed by 
Jupiter's fire. — Ov.Me.A. — A son of^Egyptus, 
Apol. 2- [Me. 12. 

BROMUS, one of the Centaurs. -Ov. 

BRONGUS, a river falling into the Ister, 
Her. 4. {V. JEn. 8. 

BRONTES (thunder), one of the Cyclops. 

BRONTINIS, a Pythagorean philoso- 
pher. The father of'Theano, the wife of 

Pythagoras. — Diog. 

BROTEAS & AMMON, two men famous 

for their skill in the cestus.— Ov. Me. 5. 

One of the Lapithse. 

BROTHEUS, a son of Vulcan and Mi- 
nerva, who burned himself to avoid the 
ridicule to which his deformity subjected 
him.— Ov. Ib. [An. 1. 

BRUCTERI, a people of Germanv.— Ta. 

BRUMALIA, festivals celebrated at Rome 
in honour of Bacchus, about the month of 
December. They were first instituted by 
Romulus. 

BRUNDUSIUM, now Brundisi, a city of 
Calabria, on the Adriatic sea, where the 
Appian road was terminated. It was founded 
by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or ac- 
cording to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cre- 
tan colony. The Romans generally em- 
barked at Brundusium for Greece. It is fa- 
mous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius, 
and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its 
harbour, which is capacious, and sheltered 
by the land, and bv a small island at the 
entrance, against the fury of the winds and 
waves. Little remains of the ancient city, 
and even its harbour has now been choked 
up by the negligence of the inhabitants.— 
Ju. 3.—Str. b.—Cees. b. Ci. l.—Ci. At. 4.,e.l. 

BRUTIDIUS, a man dragged to prison in 
Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favouring 
Sejanus.— Juv. 10. 

BRUT! 1, a people in the farthest parts of 
Italy, who were originally shepherds of ti.e 
Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest 
of a settlement. They received the name 
of Brutii, from their stupidity and cow- 
ardice in submitting, without opposition, to 
Annibal in the 2d Punic war. They were 
ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and 
emplo\ed in every servile work. — Ju. 23.— 
Str. 6.'—Di. 16. 

BRUTULUS, a Samnite, who killed him- 
self, upon being delivered to the P«,omans for 
violating a treaty.— Li. 8. 



BRUTUS, L.JUNIUS, son of M. Junius 

and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin 
Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, 
were murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and 
Lucius, unable to' revenge their death, pre- 
tended to be insane. The artifice saved nis 
life; he was called Brutus for his stupidity, 
which he however soon after showed to be 
feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, 

B. C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of 
Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from 
the wound, and swore, upon the reeking 
blade, immortal hatred to the royal family. 
His example animated the Romans, the 
Tarquins were proscribed by a decree of 
the senate, and the royal authority vested 
in the hands of consuls chosen from patri- 
cian families. Brutus, in his consular 
office, made the people swear they never 
would again submit to kingly authority ; 
but the first who violated their oath were in 
his own family. His sons conspired with 
the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tar- 
quins ; and, when discovered, they were 
tried and condemned before their father, 
who himself attended at their execution. 
Some time after, in a combat that was 
fought between the Romans and Tarquins, 
Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce 
was the attack that they pierced one ano- 
ther at the same time. The dead body was 
brought to Rome, and received as in tri- 
umph; a funeral oration was spoken over 
it, and the Roman matrons showed their 
grief by mourning a year for the father of 
the republic— Fl. I.- Li. \.—Dio. H. 4.— 

C. Nep. in At. 8.—Eut. Tar.— V. JEn. 6.— 

Plu. Br. and Cobs. MARCUS JUNIUS, 

father of Caesar's murderer, wrote three 
books on civil law. He followed the party 
of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. 
After the death of Sylla, he was besieged 
in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surren- 
dered, and by whose orders he was put to 
death. He had married Servilia, Cato's 
sister, by whom he had a son and two 

daughters.— Ci. Or. 55.— Plu. Brut. His 

son of the same name by Servilia, was li- 
neally descended from J. Brutus, who ex- 
pelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed 
to inherit the republican principals of his 
great progenitor, and in the civil wars 
joined himself to the side of Pompey though 
he was his father's murderer, only because 
he looked upon him as more just and pa- 
triotic in his claims. At the battle of Phar- 
salia, Caesar not only spared the life of 
Brutus, but he made him one of his most 
faithful friends. He however forgot the fa- 
vour because Caesar aspired to tyranny. He 
conspired with many of the most illustrious 
citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and 
stabbed him in Pompey's Basilica. The 
tumult which this murder occasioned was 
great ; the conspirators Med to the capitol, 
and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to 
the populace, they 'reestablished tranquility 
in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, con- 
trary to the opinion of his associates, re- 
fused to seize, gained ground in behalf of 
his friend Caesar, and the murderers were 
soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired 



BUY — BUB 



125 



BUB-BUP 



fnto Greece, where he gained himself many 
friends by his arms, as well as by persua- 
sion, and he was soon after pursued thither 
bv Antony, whom young Octavins accom- 
panied. A battle was fought at Philippi. 
Brutus, who commanded the right wing- of 
the republican army, defeated the enemy ; 
but Cassias, who had the care of the left, 
was overpowered, and as he knew not the 
situation of his friend, and grew desperate, 
he ordered one of his freed*men to run him 
through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, 
and in the fulness of his grief, called him 
the last of the Romans. In another battle, 
the wing which Brutus commanded ob- 
tained a victory; but the other was defeated, 
and he found himself surrounded by the 
soldiers of Antony. He however made his 
escape, and soon after fell on his sword, 
B.C. 42. Antony honoured him with a mag- 
nificeat funeral. Brutus is not less cele- 
brated for his literary talents, than his 
valour in the field. When he was in the 
camp, the greatest part of his time was em- 
ployed in reading and writing ; and the 
day which preceded one of his most bloody 
battles, whilst the rest of his army was under 
tontinual apprehensions, Brutus calmly 
spent his hours till the evening, in writing 
an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of 
imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and 
in reading the histories of nations he im- 
bibed those principles of freedom which 
were so eminently displayed in his political 
career. He was intimate with Cicero, to 
whom he would have communicated his 
conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive 
of his great timidity. He severely repri- 
manded him in his" letters for joining the 
side of Octavius, who meditated the ruin of 
the republic. Plutarch mentions, that Cae- 
sar's ghost made its appearance to Brutus 
In his tent, and told him that he would 
meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Por- 
tia, the daughter of Cato, who killed herself 
by swallowing burning coals when she heard 
the fate of her husband.— C. Nep. At.— Pat. 

2.— Plu. Br. Sf C<e$. l.—Fl. 4. D. J UN. 

ALBINOS, one of Caesar's murderers, who, 
after the battle of Murina, was deserted by 
the legions, with which he wished to march 
against Antony. He was put to death by 

Antony's orders, though consul elect. 

J UN., one of the first tribunes of the people. 
— Plu. One of Carbo's generals. 

BRYAS, a general of the Argives against 
Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom 
he had offered violence.— Pa. 2. A gene- 
ral in the army of Xerxes.— Her. 7. 

BRYAX1S, a marble sculptor, who as- 
sisted in making the mausoleum. — Pa. 1. 

BRYCE, a daughter of Danaus bv Po- 
lyxo.— Apol. 2. [called Phrvges.— Sir. 1. 

BRYGES, a people of Thrace, afterwards 

BRYGI, a people of Macedonia, con- 
quered by Mardonius.— i7er. 6. 

BRYSEA, a town of Laconia.— Pa. 3. 

BDBACENE, a town of Asia.— Curt. 5. 

BUBACES, an eunuch of Darius.--CW.5. 

BUBARIS, a Persian who married the 
daughter of Amyntas, against whom lie had 
\ieei> sent with an army.— Ju. 7. 



BUBASTIACUS, one of the months of 
the Nile. 

BUBAST1S, a city of Egypt, in the east- 
ern parts of the Delta, where cats were 
held in great veneration, because Diana 
Bubastis, who is the chief deity of the place, 
is said to have transformed herself into a 
cat when the gods fled into Egypt.— Her. 2. 
—Ov. Me. 9. 

BUBASUS, a country of Caria, whence 
Bubasides applied to the natives.— Ov. Me, 9. 

BUBON, an inland citv of Lvcia.— PL 5. 

BUCEPHALA, a city of India, near the 
Hydaspes, built by Alexander, in honour of 
his favourite horse Bucephalus. — Curt.9. — 
Ju. 12.— Di. 17. 

BUCEPHALUS, a horse of Alexander's, 
whose head resembled that of a bull, whence 
his name {Boris kephalos, bovis caput J. Alex- 
ander was the only one who could mount 
on his back, and he always knelt down to 
take up his master. He was present in an 
engagement in Asia, where he received a 
heavy wound, and hastened immediately 
out of the battle, and dropped down dead 
as soon as he nad set down the king in a 
safe place. He was 30 years old when he 
died, and Alexander built a city which he 
called after his name.— Plu. Al.—Curt.— 
Arr. 5.— PI. 8. [— Ci. At. 14. 

BUCILIANUS, one of Caesar's murderers. 

BUCOLICA, a sort of poem which treati 
of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasure/ 
and occupations of the rural life, with sim- 
plicity and elegance. The most famous pat 
toral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, 
Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention ot 
Bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed 
to a shepherd of Sicily. 

BUCOLIC UM, one of the mouths of the 
Nile, situate between the Sebennytican and 
Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, 
Phatniticum.— Her. 2. 

BUCOLIUN, a king of Arcadia, after 

Laias.— Pa. is. A son of Hercules and 

Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus. 

A sou of Lycaon, King of Arcadia. — 

Apol. 2. 

BUCOLUS, a son of Hercules and Marse. 
A son of Hippocoon. — Apol. 2. 

BUDII, a nation of Media.— Her. 

BUDINI, a people ofScythia.-/rf. [T/1.2. 

BUDORUM, a promontory of Salamis.— 

BULBUS, a Roman senator, remarkable 
for his meanness.— Ci. V. 

BULIS, a town of Phocis, built by a co- 
lony from Doris near the sea, above the 

bay of Corinth. — Pa. 10. A spartan given 

up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence his 
countrymen had done for putting the king's 
messengers to death.— Her. 7. 

BULLATIUS, a friend of Horace, to whom 
the poet addressed, i.e. II, in consequence 
of his having travelled over part of Asia. 

BUMELLUS, a river of Assyria.— Cui t. A. 

BUNEA, a surname of Juno. 

BUN US, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, 
who obtained the government of Corinth 
when iEetes went to Colchis. He built a 
temple to Juno.— Pa. 2. 

BUPALUS, a statuary of Cla/.omena;. - 
Vide Anthertuus. 

M 2 



UP—BUT 



BUPHAGUS, ason of Japeius andTlior- 
nnx, killed by Diana, whose virtue he had 
attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his 

name.— Pa. 8. A surname of Hercules, 

triven him on account of his gluttonv. 

BUPHONIA, a festival in honour of Jupi- 
ter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. 
-Pa. \.—Ml. V. H. [of Elis.— Horn. 

BUPRASIUM, a city, country, and river 

BURA, a daughter of Jupiter, or accord- 
ing- to others of Ion and Helice, from whom 
Buraox Buris. once a flourishing' city in the 
bay of Corinth' received its name. This city 
was destroyed by the sea.— Ov. Me. 15.— Pa. 
I.—Str. \.'—Di.'\5. 

BURAICUS, an epithet applied to Hercu- 
les, from his temple near Bura. A river 

of Achaia.— Pa. 7. 

BURRHUS A FAN I US, a chief of the prae- 
torian guards, put to death by Nero. A 

brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus. 

BURSA, the capital city of Bithynia ; sup- 
posed to have been called Prusa', from its 
founder, Prusias.— Str, 12. 

BUR3IA, a town of Babylonia.— Ju. 12. 

BUSA, a woman of Ap'ulia. who enter- 
tained 1000 Romans after the battle of Can- 
nae.— Fa. Ma. 4. 

BCSiE, a nation of Media.— Her 1. 
. BUSIRIS. a king of Egypt, son of Nep- 
tune and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed 
foreigners* to Jupiter with the greatest 
cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Bu- 
siris carried him to the altar bound hand 
and foot. The hero soon disentangled him- 
self, and offered the tyrant his son Amphi- 
damas, and the ministers of his cruelty on 
the altar. Many Egyptian princes have 
borne the same name. One of them built a 
town called Busiris, in the middle of the 
Delta, where Isis had a famous temple.— 
Her. 2.— Str. 11.— Ov. Me. 2.—Plu. Th— 
Virg. G. 3.— Apol 2. 

BUTA, a town of Achaia.— Di. 20. 

BUTEO, a surname of M. Fabius.— Li. 30. 

A Roman orator.— Sen. 

BUTES, one of the descendants of Amy- 
cus, king of the Bebryces, very expert in 
ihe combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, 
where he was received by Lycaste, a beauti- 
ful harlot, by whom he had a son called 
Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, 
was called Venus; hence Eryx is often 

called the son of Venus.— V. JEn. 5. One 

of the Argonauts. — Apol. 1. A Trojan 

slain by Camilla.— V. £n. 11. A son of 

Boreas', who built Naxos. — Di. 5.— A son of 
Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minena 
and Neptune. He married Chthonia, daugh- 
ter of Erectheus.— Apol. 3. An arm- 
bearer to Anchises, and afterwards to as- 
cauius. Apollo assumed his shape when 
lie descended from heaven to encourage 
Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Tur- 

niis. — V. En. 9. A governor of Darius, 

oesieged bv Conon the Athenian. 

BUTHROTUM, now Butrinto, a sea-port 
town of Epirus opposite Corcyra, visited by 
/Eneas in his way to Italv from Trov.— V. 
£n. 3.— PI. A. 1. 

BUTHROTUS, a river in Italy near Locri. 
BLTHYREUS, a noble statuary, disri|.ie 



BUT — BT2 
to Myron. -PI. 34, 8. [near Crete. -PI. 4. 12. 
BUTOA, an island in the Mediterranean, 
BUTORIDES, an historian, who wrote 
concerning the pyramids.— PI. 36, 

BUTOS, a town of Egypt, where there 
was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an 
oracle of Latona.— Her. 2. [PI. 3. 

BUTUNTUM, an inland town of Apulia.- 
BUTCS, a son of Pandion. 
BUZYGES, an Athenian who first plough- 
ed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave 
him the Palladium with which Diomedes 
had intrusted him, to be carried to Athens 
—Poly. 1,5. rCaria.— Her. 1, 

BYBLESIA & BYBASSIA, a country of. 
BYBLIA, a name of Venus. 
BYBLII, a people of Syria.— Apol. 2. 1. 
B YBLIS, a daughter of Miletus and Cya- 
nea. She fell in love with her brother Cau- 
nus, and when he refused to gratify her pas- 
sion, she destroyed herself. "Some say that 
Caunns became enamoured of her, and fled 
from his country to avoid incest ; and others 
report, that he "fled from his sister's impor- 
tunities, who sought him all over Lyciaand 
Curia, and at last sat down all bathed in 
tears, and was changed into a fountain of the 
same name.— Ov.a.aA.— Hyg.i.2\3— Pa~,b. 

A small island in the Mediterranean. 

BYBLUS, a town of Syria, not far from 
the sea, where Adonis had" a temple.— Str. 16. 
BYLI.IONES, a people of Illvricum. 
BYRRHUS, a robber, famous for his dis- 
sipation. —Hor. 1, 4. 

BYRSA, a citadel in the middle of Car- 
thage, on which was the temple of.-Escula- 
pius. Asdrubal's wife burnt it when the 
city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, 
she bought of the inhabitants as much land 
as could be encompassed by 1 bull's hide. 
After the agreement, she tut the hide in 
small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of 
territory, on which she built a citadel which 
she calfedBvrsa ( Bursa, a hide).— V.3Ln.\. 
—Str. 17.— ju. 18, 5.—F1.2, 15.— Li. o4. 
B YZACtUM, a country of Africa. 
BYZANTIUM, a town situate ou the 
Thracian Bosphorus, founded bv a colony 
of Megara, under the conduct ofByzas, 638 
years before the Christian era. Pa'terculus 
says it was founded by the Milesians, and 
by'the Lacedaemonians according to Justin, 
and according to Ammianus by the Atheni- 
ans. The pleasantness and convenience of 
its situation was observed bv Constantine 
the Great, who made it the capital of the 
eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called 
it Constantinopolis. A number of Greek 
writers, who have deserved or usurped the 
name of Byzantine historians, flourished at 
Byzantium", after the seat of the empire had 
been translated thither from Rome. Their 
works, which more particularly relate to 
the time in which they flourished, and are 
seldom read but by those who wish to form 
an acquaintance with the revolutions of the 
lower empire, were published in one large 
collection, in 36 vols, folio, 1641, &c. at 
Paris, and recommended themselves by the 
notes and supplement of Du Fresne and du 
Cange. They wt re likewise printed at 
Venice, 1729, in 28 vols, though perhaps 



BYZ-CAI 



127 



CAB— lax) 



this edition is not so valuable as that of the 
French.— Str. I.— Pal. 2.—C. Nep. Pa.— 
Ju. 9—Ta. 12, An.— Me. 2.— Mar. 22, 8. 

BYZAS, a king of Thrace, from whom it 
vs said Bvzantium received its name.— DiA. 

BYZERES, a people of Pontus, between 
Cappadocia and Colchis.— Dio. Per.—Fl.o. 

BYZES, a celebrated artist in the age of 
Astyages. — Pa. 5. 

B'YZIA, a town in the possession of the 
kings ot Thrace, hated by swallows on ac- 
count of the horrible crimes of Tereus.— 
PI. 4. 



c. 

CAANTHUS, a son of Oceanus and Te- 
thys. He was ordered by his fathertoseek 
his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried 
away, and he burnt in revenge the ravish- 
er's "temple near the Isthmus. He was 
killed for this impiety by the god, and a 
monument raised to his memory. — Pa.9. 

CaBADES, a king of Persia. 

CABALA, a place of Sicily where the 
Carthaginians were conquered by Diony- 
ius.— Di. 15. 

CABALEI, a people of Africa.-#<?r. 

CABALIS, a people of Asia Minor.— Id. 

CABALINUS, a clear fountain on mount 
Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called 
also Hippocrene, as raised from the ground 
by the foot of Pegasus.— Pers. 

CABALLINUM, a town of the iEdui, now 
Chalons, on the Saone.— Cas. 7,b. G. 42. 

CABARNOS, a deity worshipped at Pa- 
ros. His priests were called Cabarni. 

CABASSUS, a town of Cappadocia. A 

village near Tarsus. 

CABALLIO, a town of Gaul. 

CABIRA, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she 
had three sons. A town of Paphlagonia. 

CABIRI, certain deities held in the great- 
est veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Mace- 
donia, and Phrygia, but more particularly 
hi the islands of Samothrace and lmbros. 
Tlie number of these deities is uncertain. 
Some say there were only two, Jupiter and 
Bacchus'; others mention three, and some 
four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, 
and Camillus. It is unknown where their 
worship was first established ; yet Phoenicia 
seems to be the place according to the au- 
thority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence 
it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. 
The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri, 
were celebrated with the greatest solemnity 
at Samothrace, where all the ancient he- 
roes and princes were generally initiated, 
as their power seemed to be great in pro- 
jecting persons from shipwreck and storms. 
The obscenities which prevailed in the ce- 
lebration have obliged the authors of every 
country to pass over them in silence, and 
say that it was unlawful to reveal them. 
Tnese deities are often confounded with the 
4Jorybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c. and ac- 
cording to Herodotus, Vulcan was their 
father. This author mentions the sacrilege 
Which Cambyses committed in entering 



their te*»iple, and turning to ridicule their 
sacred mysteries. They 'were supposed to 
preside over metals.— Her. 2.— Str. 10.— Pa. 
9.—CL Nat. D.\. 

CABIRI A, a surname of Ceres. The 

festivals of the Cabiri. Vide Cabiri. 

CABURA, a fountain of Mesopotamia, 
where Juno bathed.— PI. 31, 3. 

CABURUS, a chief of the Helvii.— Cms. 

CACA, a goddess among the Romans, 
sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered' 
to Hercules, where her brother had conceal- 
ed his oxen. She presided over the excre- 
ments of the body. The vestals offered 
sacrifices in her temple.— Lac. 1. 

CACHALES, a river of Phocis.— Pa. 10. 

CACUS, a famous robber, son of Vulcan 
and Medusa, represented as a three-headed 
monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided 
in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were 
covered with human bones. He plundered 
the neighbouring country ; and when Her- 
cules returned from the conquest of Geryon, 
Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged 
them backw ards into his cave to prevent dis- 
covery. Hercules departed without perceiv- 
ing the theft ; hut his oxen having iowed, 
were answered by the cows in the cave of 
Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with 
the loss he had sustained. He ran to the 
place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and stran- 
gled him in his arms, though vomiting fire 
and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to 
Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his 
victory ; and an annual festival was insti- 
tuted by the inhabitants in honour of the 
hero, who had delivered them from such a 
public calamity. —Ov. 1, F.— V. JEn 8.— 
Pro. 4, el. lo.— Juv. 5.— Li. \.— Bio. 
H. 1. 

CACUTHIS, a river of India flowing into 
the Gang-es.— Arr. In 

CACYPAR1S, a river of Cicily 

CADI, a town of Phrygia.— Str. 12. 

Of Lvdia.— Pro. 4, el. 6. 

CADMEA, a citadel of Thebes, built bv 
Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes 
itself, and the Thebans are often called 
Cadmeans.— St. Th. 8.— Pa. 2, 5. 

CADMEIS, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

CADMUS, son of Agenor, king of Phoe- 
nicia, by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered 
by his father to go in quest of his sister Eu- 
ropa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and 
he was never to return to Phoenicia if "he did 
not bring her back. As his search proved 
fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, 
and was ordered to bu:ld a city where he 
should see a young heifer stop in the grass, 
and to call the country Bceotia. He found 
the heifer according "to the directions of 
the oracle ; and as he wished to thank the 
god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to 
retch water from a neighbouring grove. The 
waters were sacred to Mars.an l guarded by 
adragon, which devoured all the Phoenician's 
attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming 
delay, went to the place, and saw the mon- 
ster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked 
the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance 
of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, 
upon which armed men suddenly rose t:p 



CAD -CAD 128 CAD— C.ZEC 



from the ground. He threw a stone in the 
midst of them, and they instantly turned their 
arms one against the other, till all perished 
except five, who assisted him in building his 
nty. Soon after he married Hermione the 
daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in 
ihe greatest cordiality, and by whom he had 
a son, Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, 
A grave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno perse- 
cuted those children ; and their well-known 
misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Her- 
mione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded 
with grief, and infirm with age. They in- 
treated the gods to remove them from the 
misfortunes of life, and they were immedi- 
ately changed into serpents. Some explain 
the dragon's fable, by supposing that it was 
a king of the country whom Cadmus con- 
quered by war ; and the armed men rising' 
from the field, is no more than men armed 
with brass, according to the ambig-uous signi- 
fication of the Phoenician word, Cadmus was 
the first who introduced the u<=e of letters 
into Greece; but some maintain, that the 
alphabet which he brought from Phoenicia, 
was only different from that which was used 
by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This 
alphabet consisted only of 16 letrers,to which 
Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simo- 
nides of Melos the same number. The wor- 
ship of many of the Egyptian and Phoenician 
deiries was also introduced by Cadmus, who 
is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 
years before the Christian era, and to have 
died 61 years after. According to those who 
believe that Thebes was built at the sound of 
Araphion's lyre, Cadmus built only a small 
citadel, which he called Cadmea, and laid 
the foundations of a city which was finished 
bv one of his successors'.— Ov. Me. 3, f. 1.— 
Her. I.—Hyg. f. 6.— Di. 1.— Pa. 9.—Hes. 
Th. A son of Pandion of Miletus, cele- 
brated as an historian in the age of Croesus, 
and as the writer of an account of some 
cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called 
the ancient, in contradistinction from ano- 
ther of the same name and place, son of 
Archelaus, who wrote an history of Attica, 
in t6 books, and a treatise on lore in 14 
books.— Di. \.—Dio. H. 2.— CI. AL 3.—Str. 
J. — PI. 5. A Roman executioner, men- 
tioned bv Hor. 1, s. 6. 

CADRA, a hill of Asia Minor.— Ta. 

CAD'UCEUS, a rod entwined at one end by 
two serpents, in the form of two equal semi- 
circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and 
the emblem of power, and it had been given 
him by Apollo, in return for the lyre. Various 
interpretations have been put upon the two 
serpents round it. Some suppose them to be 
a symbol of Jupiter's amours with Rhea, 
when these two deities transformed them- 
selves into snakes. Others say, that it ori- 
ginates from Mercury'* having appeased the 
fury of two serpents that were fighting, by 
touching them with his lod. Prudence is 
generally supposed to be represented by these 
two serpents, and the wings are the symbol 
of diligence ; both necessary in the pursuit of 
business and commerce, which Mercury pa- 
tronized. With it Mercury conducted to the 
infernal regions the souls of the dead, and 



could lull to sleep, and even raise to life 
a dead person.— V. JEn. A.— Hor. 1, o. 10. 

CADURCI, a people of Gaul.— C<es.[Plut. 

CADUSCI.a people near the Caspian sea.- 

CADYTIS, a town of Syria.— Her. 2. 

C/EA,an island of the iEg-ean sea among the 
Cvclades. called also Ceosand Cea. from Ceus 
the son of Titan.-Ou. 20, Her.—Virg. G. 1. 

CyECIAS, a wind blowing from the north. 

CjECILIA, the wife of Sylla.— Phi.Sy. 

The mother of Lucullus.— Id. Lu. A 

daug-hter of Atticus. fnaquil. 

CECILIA CAIA, or Tanaquil.— Vide Ta- 

CiECILIA LEX, was proposed A.U.C. 
693, by Caecil. Metellus Nepos, to remove 
taxes from all the Italian states, and to give 

them free exportation. Another called 

also Didia, A.U.C. 654, by the consul Q. 
Csecilius Metellus, and T. Didius. It re- 
quired that no more than one single matter 
should be proposed to the people in oneques- 
tion, lest by one word they should give their 
assent to a whole bill, which might contain 
clauses worthy to be approved, and others 
unworthy. It required that every iaw, be- 
fore it was preferred, should be exposed tc 
public view on three market-days. Ano- 
ther, enacted by Caecilius Metellus the cen- 
sor, concerning fullers. — Pl.35. Another, 

A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their 
original rights and privileges, which had 
been lessened by P. Clodius the tribune. 

Another called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 

685, against usury. [agre of Cicero. 

CtECILIANUS," a Latin writer before the 

CjECILI I, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
scended from Caecas, one of the compa- 
nions of iEneas, or from Caeculus the son of 
Vulcan, who built Prseneste This family 
gave birth to many illustrious generals and 
patriots. 

C^CILIUS, CLAUDIUS ISIDORUS, a 
man who left in his will to his heirs 4116 
slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small 

cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver.— PJ. 33. 

Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened 
a school at Rome, and is said to have first 
taught reading to Virgil and some other 

growing poets. A Sicilian orator in the 

age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile 
wars, a comparison between Demosthenes 
and Cicero and an account of the orati«ns 

of Demosthenes. METELLUS.— [Vide 

Metellus], STATIUS, a comic poet, de- 
servedly commended by Cicero and Quinti- 
lian, though the orator ad Attic, calls him 
Malum Latinitatis auctorem. Above 30 of 
his comedies are mentioned by ancient his- 
torians, among which are his Nauclerus, 
Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusae, Fcenerator, 
Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native 
of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C. and was 
buried in the Janiculum. — Hor. 2, e. 1. 

CiECINA TUSCUS, a son of Nero's nurse, 

made governor of Egypt. — Sue. Ne. A 

Roman who wrote some physical treatises. 

A citizen of Volaterrae defended by 

Cicero. 

CSCUBUM, a town of Campania in Italy, 
near the bay of Caieia, famous for the excel- 
lence and plenty of its wines.— Str. 
Hor.—l, o. 20. 



C/EC-CiEN 29 

C.ECULUS, a son of Vulcan, conceived, 
a* some say, by his mother, when a spark 
nf fire fell" into her bosom. He was called 
CiEculus, because his eyes were small. After 
a life spent in plundering 1 and rapine, he 
built Praeneste ; but being unable to find in- 
habitants, he implored Vulcan to show whe- 
ther he really was his father. Upon this a 
flame suddenly shone among - a multitude 
who were assembled to see some spectacle, 
and they were immediately persuaded to 
become "the subjects of Caeciilus.— V. JEn. 7, 
says, that he was found in fire by shepherds, 
and on that account called son of Vulcan, 
uho is the ?od of fire. 

C^EDICIUS, Q. a consul, A.U.C. 495. 

Another, A.U.C. 468. A military tribune 

in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to 
rescue the Roman army from the Cartha- 
ginians, B. C. 254. He escaped with his life. 

A rich person, kc.—V. JEn. 9. A 

.friend of Turnus.— V. JEn. 10. 

CiELlA LEX. was enacted A.U.C. 635, 
by Caelius, a tribune. It ordained, I hat in 
judicial proceedings before the people, in 
ca-es of treason, the votes should be given 
upon tablets contrary to the exception of the 
Cassian law. 

C/ELU'S, an orator, disciple to Cicero. 
He died very young. Cicero defended him 
when he was a'ccused by Clodius of being 
accessary to Catiline's conspiracy, and of 
having murdered some ambassadors from 
Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour 
with Clodia the wife of Metellus.— Or. pro. 

M. C&L—Qirin. 13. A man of Tarracina, 

found murdered in his bed. His sons were 
suspected, of the murder, but acquitted. — 

Va. Ma.2. AURELI ANUS, a writer about 

300 years after Christ, the best edition of 
whose works is that of Almeloveen, Anist. 

1722 & 1755. ANTIPATER, L., wrote 

an history of Rome, which M. Brutus epit- 
omized, and which Adrian preferred to the 
histories of Sallust. Caelius flourished 120 

years B.C.— Fa. Ma. \.—Ci. 13, At. Tu- 

bero, a man who came to life after he had 
been carried to the burning pile. — PI. 7. 

Vibenus, a king of Etruria, who assisted 

Romulus against the Cseninenses, &c. 

Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, 
who composed a treatise on the edicts of the 

curule ediles. One of the seven hills on 

which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded 
it with a ditch and rampart, and it was in- 
closed by walls by the succeeding kings. It 
received" its name from Caelius, who assisted 
Romulus against the Sabines. 

C&MARO, a Greek, who wrote an ac- 
count of India. 



C^N— C^S 



C;EXI3, a promontory of Italv, opposite 
to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one 
mile and a naif. 

C/ENIS, a Thessalian woman, daughter 
of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished bv 
Neptune, obtained from the god the power 
to chansre her sex, and to became invulner- 
able. She also changed her name, and was 
called Ceeneus. In the wars of the Lapithae 
against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, 
and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of 
wood, and changed into a bird.— Ov. Me. 
12.— V. JEn.Q, says, that she returned again 
to her pristine form. 

C^EPI0,SERV1L1US Q. a Roman consul, 
A,U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plun- 
dered a temple at Tolossa, for which he 
was punished by divine vengeance, &c. — Ju. 

32.— Pat. 2. -A quaestor who opposed Sa- 

turninus.— Ci. Her. [river. 

CERATUS, a town of Crete.— Str. A 

CiERE, CERES, anciently Ajrylla, now 
Cer-veteri, a city of Etruria, once the capi- 
tal of the whole country. It was in being 
in the age of Strabo. When iEneas came 
to Italy, Mezentius was king over the in- 
habitants called Ceeretes or Ccerites ; but 
they banished their prince, and assisted the 
Trojans. The people of Caere received with 
all possible hospitality the Romans who fled 
with the fire of Vesta, when the city was 
besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity 
they were made citizens of Rome, but with- 
out the privilege of voting; whence Ccerites 
iabulx was applied to those who had no suf- 
frage, and Ccerites cera appropriated as a 
mark of contempt.— V. JEn. 8.— Li. I.— 
Str. 5. 

CERRSI, a peoole of Germany.— C<vf. 
CiESAR, a surname given to the Jnlian 
family of Rome, either because one of them 
kept an elephant, which bears the same name 
in the Punic tongue, or because one was 
born with a thick head of hair. This name, 
after it had been dignified in the person of 
Julius Caesar, and of his successors, was 
given to the apparent heir of the empire, 
in the age of the Roman emperors. The 
twelve first Roman emperors were distin- 
guished by the surname of Caesar. They 
reigned in the following order: Julius 
Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Clau- 
dius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespa- 
sian, Titus and Domitian. In Domitian, 
or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cae- 
sar was extinguished. But after such a lapse 
of time, the appellation of Caesar seemed 
inseparable from their imperial dignity, and 
therefore it was assumed by the successors 
of the Julian family. Sue'tonius has written 
C/ENE, a small island in the Sicilian sea. Ian account of these twelve characters, in an 



—A town on the coast of Laconia, whence 
J upiter is called Caenius.— PI. 4.— Ov. Me. 9. 

C.ENEUS, one of the Arg-onauts. — Apol. 1. 
——A Trojan killed by Turnus.— Virg. 

C/ENIDES, a patronymic of Eetion, as 
descended from Caeneus.— Her. 5. 

C/ENINA, a town of Latium near Rome. 
T'ne inhabitants, called Ceeninenses, made 
war against the Romans when their virgins 
had been stolen away. — Ov. F. 2. ™ 
el. n.-Li. 1. 



extensive and impartial manner. C. JU- 
LIUS Caesar, the first emperor of Rome, 
v/as son of L. Caesar and Aurelia the daugh- 
ter of Cotta. He wa< descended, according 
to some accounts, from Julus, tbe son of 
iEneas. When he reached his 15th year he 
left his father, and the vear after "he was 
made priest of Jupitet. Sylla was aware of 
. . his ambition, and endeavoured to remove 
Pro. 4, him ; but Caesar understood his intentions, 
land, to avoid discovery, changed every day, 



ISO 



c;es-c^:s 



his lodging's. He was received into Sv lla's 
friendship some time after; and tlie dicta- 
tor told those who solicited the advance- 
ment of voung Caesar, that they were warm 
in the interest of a man who would prove 
some day or other the ruin of their country 
and of their liberty. When Caesar went to 
finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apoilo- 
nius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who 
offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He 
gave them 40, and* threatened to revenge 
their insults; and he no sooner was out of 
their power, than he armed a ship, pursued 
them, and crucified them all. His eloquence 
procured him friends at Rome ; and the ge- 
nerous manner in which he lived, equally- 
served to promote his interest. He obtainc d 
the office of high priest at the death of Me- 
tellus ; and after he had passed through the 
inferior employments of the state, he was 
appointed over Spain, where he signalized 
himself by his valour and intrigues. At 
his return' to Rome, he was made consul, 
and soon after he effected a reconciliation 
between Crassus and Pompey. He was ap- 
pointed for the space of five years over the 
Gauls, bv the interest of Pompey, to whom 
he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. 
Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Ro- 
man empire by conquest, and invaded Bri- 
tain, which was then unknown to the Roman 
people. He checked the Germans, and 
soon after had his government over Gaul 
prolong-ed to five other years, by means of 
his friends at Rome. The death of Julia 
and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the 
Roman senate, and the ambition of Caesar 
and Pompev, soon became the causes of a 
civil war. 'Neither of these celebrated Ro- 
mans would suffer a superior, and the 
smallest matters were sufficient ground for 
unsheathing the sword. Caesar's petitions 
were received with coldness or indifference 
by the Roman senate ; and, by the influence 
of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip 
him of his power. Antony, who opposed 
it as a tribune, fled to Caesar's camp with 
the news ; and the ambitious general no 
sooner heard this, than he made it a plea 
of resistance. On pretence of avenging the 
violence which had been offered to the sa- 
cred office of tribune in the person of Au- 
tonv, he crossed the Puibicon, which was 
the'boundary of his province. The passage 
of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, 
and Caesar entered Italy sword in hand. 
Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of 
liberty, left P».orue, and retired to Dyrra- 
chiuni ; and Csesar, after he had subdued 
all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and 
provided himself with money from the pub- 
lic treasury. He went to Spain, where he 
conquered 'the partizans of Pompey, under 
Petreius, Afranius, and Varro ; and, at his 
return to Rome, was declared dictator, and 
soon after consul. When he left Rome, he 
went in quest of Pompey, observing that he 
was marching against a general without 
troops, after having defeated troops without 
a general in Spain. In the plains of Phar- 
saiia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals en- 
gaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled 



into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cap 
sar, after he had made a noble use of vic- 
tory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, 
where he for some time forgot his fameand 
character in the arms of Cleopatra, by 
whom he had a son. His danger was great 
while at Alexandria ; but lie extricated 
himself with wonderful success, and made 
Egypt tributary to his power. After seve- 
ral conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, 
Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey 's sons 
in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed 
over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, 
Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created 
perpetual dictator. But now his glory was 
at an end, his uncommon success created 
him enemies, and the chiefest of the sena- 
tors, among whom was Brutus, his most 
intimate friend, conspired against him, and 
stabbed him in the senate-house on the 
ides of March. He died, pierced with 
twenty-three wounds, the 15th of March, 
B.C. 44. in the 56th year of his age. Casca 
gave him the first blow, and immediately 
he attempted to make some resistance ; 
but when he saw Brutus among the 
conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and 
fell down at their feet, muffling up his 
mantle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute .' 
Caesar might have escaped the sword of the 
conspirators, if he had listened to the advice 
of his wife, whose dreams, on the nightpre- 
vious to the day of his murder, were alarm- 
ing-. He also received, as he went to the 
senate-house, a paper from Artemidorus, 
which discovered the whole conspiracy to 
him ; but he neglected the reading of what 
might have saved his life. When he was in his 
first campaign in Spain, he was observed to 
gaze at a stalue of Alexander, and even shed 
tears at there collection that the hero who 
had conquered the world at an age in which 
he himself had done nothing. The learning 
of Caesar deserves commendation, as well as 
his military character. He reformed the 
calendar. He wrote his commentaries on 
the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought 
his battles; and the composition has been 
admired for the elegance as well as the 
correctness of its style. This valuable book 
was nearly lost ; and when Caesar saved his 
life in tlie bay of Alexandria, he was 
obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms 
in one hand and his commentaries in the 
other. Besides the Gallic and Civil wars, 
he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. 
The history of the war in Alexandria and 
Spain is attriouted to him by some, and by 
others to Hirtius. Caesar has been blamed 
for his debaucheries and expenses ; and the 
first year he had a public office, his debts 
were rated at 830 talents, which his friends 
discharged : yet, in his public character, he 
must be reckoned one of the few heroes that 
rarely make their appearance among man- 
kind. His qualities were such that in every 
battle he could not be but conqueror, and 
in every republic, master; and to his sense 
of his superiority over the rest of the world, 
or to his ambition, we are to attribute his 
saying, that he wished rather to be first ia 
a little village, than second at Rome, i 



CMS-CMS 1£ 
was after his conquest over Pharnaces in 
one day, that he made use of these remark- 
able words, to express the celerity of his 
operations; Veni, vidi, vici. Conscious of 
the services of a man who, in the intervals 
of peace, beautified and enriched the capital 
of hisconntry with public buildings, libra- 
ries, and porticos, the senate permitted the 
dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald 
head; and it is said, that, to reward his 
benevolence, thev were going to give him 
the title or authority of king all over the 
Roman empire, except Italy, when he was 
murdered. In his private character, Caesar 
has been accused of seducing one of the 
vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy 
to Catiline's conspiracy ; and it was his fond- 
ness for dissipated pleasures, which made 
his countrymen say, that he was the husband 
of all the. women at Rome, and the woman; 
of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 
nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three 
millions of men, one of which fell in the ! 
field of battle.— PI. 7, 25, says that he could 
employ at the same time, his ears to listen, 
his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his 
mind to dictate. His death was preceded, 
as many authors mention, by uncommon 
prodigies ; and immediately after his death, 
a large comet made its appearance. The 
best editions of Caesar's commentaries, are 
the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, fol. 
Lond. 1712; that of Cambridge, with a 
Greek translation, 4to. 1727 ; that of Ouden- 
dorpe. 2 vols. 4to. L. Bat. 1737; and that of 
Elzevir, Svo. L. Bat. 635.— Sue. & Plu. vi. 
—Dio.—App.—Oros—m. \6.— Virg. G. 1.— 

Ov.Me. la.—Mar.—Fl. 3. LUCIUS, was 

father to the dictator. He died suddenly, 
when putting on his shoes.— OCTAVIANUS. 

Vide Augustus. CAIUS, a tragic poet and 

orator, commended by Ci. Br. — His brother 
C. LUCIUS was consul, and followed, as well 
as himself, the party of Sylla. They were 

both put to death bv order of Marius. 

LUCIUS, an uncle "of M. Antony, who fol- 
lowed the interest of Pompey, and was pro- 
scribed by Augustus, for which Antony pro- 
scribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His 
son Lucius was put to death by J. Caesar, in 

hisyouth. Two sons of Agrippa bore also 

the name of Caesars Cains, and Luci\is.-[Vide 

Agrippa. ] AUGUSTA a town of Spain, 

built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now 
called Saragossa . 

CjESAREA, a city of Cappadocia, of 

Bithynia, of Mauritania, of Pales- 
tine. There are many small insignificant 
towns of that name, either built by the em- 
perors, or called by their name, in compli- 
ment to them. 

C-ESARION, the son of J. Caesar, by queen 
Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, oroclaimed 
by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, 
Egypt, and Ccelosyria. He was put to'death 
five years after by Augustus. -Sue. -Vu. tf'Cct. 

CiESENNIUS PjETUS, a general, sent by 
Nero to Armenia, ike- Ta. \b.—An, 6. 

C/ESETIUS, a Roman who protected his 
Children against Caesar. — Va. Ma. 5. 

C/ESIA, a surname of Minerva. A wood 

in Germany.— Ta .1, An. 



CjESIUS, a Latin poet, whose talents were 

not of uncommon brilliancy. — Cat. 14. 

A Lyric and Heroic poet in the reign of 
Nero.— Per*. [volted to the Volsci. 

C/ESO, a son of Q. Cincinnatus, who re- 

CiESOM A, a lascivious woman who mar- 
ried Calicula, and was murdered at the same 
time with her daughter Julia. — Sue. Cat. 

CiESONIUS MAXIM US, was banished 
from Italy by Nero, on account of his friend 
ship with Seneca, &c. — Ta. 15, An. 

CETULUM, a town of Spain.— Str. 2. 

CAGACO, a fountain of Laconia.— Pa. 3, 

CAIC1NUS, a river of Locris. — Th. 3. 

CA1CUS, a companion of iEneas.— V.JEn 

1. A river of Mysia, falling into th* 

/Egean sea, opposite Lestos.— Virg. G. i 
—Ov. Me. 2. 

CAIETA, a town, promontory, and nar 
bour of Campania, which received its nam? 
from Caieta, the nurse of jEneas, who was 
buried there. — V. Mn. 7. 

CAIUS &CAIA, a praenomen very com- 
mon at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natu- 
ral position, denoted the man's name, and 
when reversed q it implied Caia. — Quin. 1. 

CAIUS, a son of Agrippa by Julia. — Vide 
Agrippa. 

CALABER, Q., called also Smyrnaeus, 
wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a con- 
tinuation of Homer's Iliad, about the begin- 
ning of the third century. The best editions 
of this elegant and well-written book, are, 
that of Rhodoman, l2mo. Hanover, 1604, 
with the notes of Dausqueius, and that o- 
Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 1734. 

CALABRIA, a country of Italy in Magna 
Graecia. It has been called Messapia, Japy 
gia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poes 
Ennius was born there. The country was 
fertile, and produced a variety of fruit* 
much cattle, and excellent honey. — Virg.G 
3.—Hor. 1. &. 31.— Str. 6.— Me. 2.— PI. 8. 

CALABRUS, a river of Calabria.— Pa. 6. 

CALAGURRITANI, a people of Spain, 
who ate their wives and children, rather tha- 
yield to Pompey. — Fa. Ma. 7. 

CALAIS, & ZETHES.— Vide Zethes. 

CALAGUT1S, a river of Spain.— Flor. a 

CALAMIS,an excellent carver.-Pro.3,el.9 

CA LAM ISA, a place of Samos.— Her. 9. 

CALAMOS, a town of Asia, near mount 

Libanus.— PI. 5. A town of Phoenicia. — » 

Another of Babylonia. 

CALAMUS, a son of the river Mseander 
who was tenderly attached to Carpo.— Pa.9. 

CALANUS, a celebrated Indian philoso- 
pher, one of the gymnosophists. He follow- 
ed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and 
being sick, in his 83d year, he ordered a pile 
to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked 
with flowers and garlands, tc the astonish- 
ment of the king and of the army. When 
the pile was fired, Alexander asked him 
whether he had any thing to say : " No," 
said he, " I shall meet you, again in a very 
short time." Alexander died three months 
after in Babylon.— Str. 15.— Ci. Di. \.—Arr. 
4- Plu. Al.—JEl. 2.—Va. Ma. I. [Pa. 7. 

CALAON, a river of Asia, near Colophon. 

CALARIS, a city of Sardinia.— Fl. 2^ 

CALATHANA,a townof Macedonia.-Li.u? 



CAL— CAL 



132 



CAL— CAL 



CA LATH ION, mountain of Laeonia.-Prt.'*. 

CALATHUS, a son of J upiter and Antiope. 

CALATES, a town of Thrace near Tonius, 
on the Euxine sea.— Str. 7.— Me. 2. 

CALATIA, a town of Campania, on the 
Appian way. It was made a Roman colonv 
in the age of Julius Caesar.— Si. 8. 

CALATIjE, a people of India, who eat the 
flesh of their parents.— Her. 3. 

CA LA VII, a people of Campania.— Li.26. 

CALAVIUS, a magistrate of Capua, who 
rescued some Roman senators from death. 
—Li. 23. 

CALAUREA and CALAURIA, an island 
ear Trozene in the hay of Argos. Apollo, 
and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity 
of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes 
was seen there, who poisoned himself to 
flee from the persecutions of Autipater.— 
Of. Me. l.—Pa. \.—Str. 8.— Me. 2. 

CALBIS, a river of Caria.— Me. 1. 

CALCE, a river of Campania.— Sir. 5. 

CALCHAS, a celebrated soothsayer, son 
ofThestor. He accompanied the Greeks to 
Troy, in the office of high priest ; and he in- 
formed them that the city could not be ta- 
ken without the aid of Achilles, that their 
fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphige- 
nia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the 
plague could not be stopped in the Grecian 
army, before the restoration of Chryseis to 
her father. He told them also that Troy 
could not be taken before ten years' siege*. 
He had received the power of divination from 
Apollo. Calchas was informed, that as soon 
as he found a man more skilled than him- 
self in divination, he must perish ; and this 
happened near Colophon, after the Trojan 
war. He was unable to tell how many figs 
were in the branches of a certain fig-tree ; 
and when Mopsus mentioned the exact 
number, Calchas died through grief.— [Vide 
M%>sus.J H. II. \.—Mse. Ag.—Eur. Iph. 
— Pa. 1. 

CALCHEDONIA.— Vide Chalcedon. 

CALCHINIA, a daughter of Leucippus. 
She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his 
grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon.— Pa. 2. 

CALDUS CiELIUS. a Roman who killed 
himself when detained bvtheGermans.-Por.2. 

CALE, (es,) CALES," (ium,) 6c CA LE- 
NUM, now Calvi, a fe «n of Cumpania.-i/or. 
4, o. 12.— Juv. 1.— Si. 8.— V. £n. 7. 

CALEDONIA, a country at the north of 
Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish 
hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants 
seemed to denounce a German extraction, 
according to Tacit, in vita Agric. It was so 
little known to the Romans, and its inhabi- 
tants so little civilized, that they called it 
Britannia Barbara, and they never pene- 
trated into the country either for curiosity 
or conquest.— Mart. 10, e. 44.— Si. 3. 

CA LENTUM, a place of Spain, where it is 
said they made bricks so light that they swam 
on the surface of the water.— PI. 35. 

CALENUS, a famous soothsayer of Etru- 

ria, in the asre of Tarquin.— PI. 28. A 

lieutenant of' Caesar's army. After Caesar's 
murder le concealed some that had been 
proscrided by the triumvirs, and behaved 
with great honour to thp.ni.~ Pi«, Cces. 



CALF.S, [Vide Ca!e.] A city of Bithvnia 

on the Euxine. — Arr. 

CALKS! US, a charioteer of Axylus, killed 
by Diomedes in the Trojan war.—//. II. 16. 

CALET7E, a people of Belgic Gaul, now 
Pays de Caux, in Normandy. — Cas. b. G. 2, 
—Their town is called Caletum. 

CALE TOR, a Trojan prince, slain by Aj ax 
as he was going to set lire to the ship of 
Protesilaus.— H. II. to. 

CALEX, a river of Asia Minor, falling 
into the Euxine sea.— Th. 4. 

CALIADNE, the wife of Egyptus.-^oZ.2. 

CALICENT, a people of Macedonia. 

CAL1DIUS, M. an orator and pretoriari 
who died in the civil wars, &cc.—C<es. b. Ci. 

I. L. JULIUS, a man remarkable for his 

riches, the excellency of his character, his 
learning and poetical abilities. He was pro- 
scribed by Volumnius. but delivered by At- 
ticus.— C. Nep. At. 12. 

CALIGULA, C. the emperor, received this 
surname from his wearing in the camp, the 
Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He 
was son of Germ'anicus, by Agrippina, and 
grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight 
months of his rei^n, Rome expected univer- 
sal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, 
taxes were remitted, and profligates dis- 
missed ; but Caligula soon became proud, 
wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to him- 
self, and ordered his head to be placed on the 
images of the gods, while he wished to imi- 
tate the thunders and power of Jupiter. The 
statues of all great men were remov ed, as it 
Rome would sooner forget her virtues in 
their absence ; and the emperor appeared in 
public places in the most indecent manner, 
encouraged roguery, and committed incest 
with his three sisters, and established public 
places of prostitution. He often amused 
himself with putting innocent people to 
death ; he attempted to famish Rome, by a 
monopoly of corn ; and as he was pleased 
with the" greatest disasters which befel his 
subjects, he often wished the Romans had 
but one head, that he might have the grati- 
fication to strike it off. Wild beasts were 
constantly fed in his palace with human 
victims, and his favourite horse was made 
high-priest and consul, and kept in marble 
apartments, and adorned with the most 
valuable trappings and pearls the Roman 
empire could furnish. Caligula built a 
bridge upwards of three miles into the sea; 
and would perhaps have shewn himself more 
tyrannical, had not Chaereas, one of his 
servants, formed a conspiracy against his 
life, with others equally tired with the 
cruelties and the insults that were offered 
with impunity to the persons and feelings o, 
the Romans." In consequence of this, the 
tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 
29th year, after a reign of three years and 
ten months, A.D. 41. It has been'said, that 
Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but 
his love of learning is better understood 
from his attempts to" destroy the writings of 
Homer and of Virgil.— Dio.--Sue.vi.--Ta.An* 

CAL1PUS, a mathematician of CyziCug, 
B. C. 330. 

CAL1S, a man in Alexander's army, ;or- 



CAL-CAL 



i33 



CAL— CAL 



tared for conspiring against tlie king. 
—Curt. 6. \—Plu. Ale. 

CALLjESCHERUS, the father of Critias. 

CALLAICI, a people of Lusitania, now 
Gallicia, at the north of Spain.— Ov. 6, P. 

CALLAS, a general of Alexander,— Di. 

17 Of Cas»ander against Polyperchon.— 

Id. 19. A river of Eubcea. 

CALLATEBUS, a town of Caria.— Her. 7. 

CALLETERIA, a town of Campania. 

CALLENI, a people of Campania. 

CALLIA, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

CALLIADES, a magistrate of Athens, 
when Xerxes invaded Greece.— Her. 8. 

CALLIAS,an Athenian, appointed to make 
peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 
Di. 12. A son of Temenus, who mur- 
dered his father, with the assistance of his 
brothers.— Apol. 2. A Greek poet, son of 

Ksimachus. His compositions are lost. 
i was surnamed Schcenion, from his 
twisting ropes, " schoinos," through po- 
verty.— Ath. 10. A partial historian of 

Syracuse. He wrote an account of the 
Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by 
Agathocles, because he had shown him in a 

favourable view. — Ath. \2. — Dio. Ad 

Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. 

Her. 6. A soothsayer An Athenian, 

commander of a fleet against Philip, whose 

6hips he took, &c. A rich Athenian, who 

liberated Cimon from prison, on condition 
of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice.— 

C. Nep. 8f Plu. Cim. A historian, who 

wrote an explanation of the poems of 
Alcaeus and Sappho. 

CALLIBIUS, a general in the war be- 
tween Mantinea and Sparta.— Xen. Hut.G. 

CALL1CERUS, a Greek poet, some of 
whose epigrams are preserved in the An- 
♦bologia. 

CALLICHORUS, a place of Phocis, where 
Ihe orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated 

CALLICLES, an Athenian, whose house 
was not searched on account of his recent 
marriage, when an enquiry was made after 
the money given by Harpales, &c. — Plu, 
Bern. A statuary of Megara. 

CALLICOLONA, a place of Troy, near 
the Simois. 

CALLI CRATES, an Athenian, who seized 
upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by im- 
posing upon Dion when he had lost his po- 
pularity. He was expelled by the sons of 
Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He 
is called Callippus bysome authors.— C.Nep. 

Di. An officer entrusted with the care of 

the treasures of Susa, by Alexander. — 

Curt. 5. An artist, who made, with ivory, 

ants and other insects, so small, that they 
could scarcely be seen. It is said that he 
engraved some of Homer's verses upon a 

grain of millet.— PI. 7.— Ml. V. H. i. 

An Athenian, who, bv his perfidy constrain- 
ed the Athenians to submit to R.o"nie.— Pn. 7. 

A Syrian, who wrote an account of 

Aurelian's life. A brave Athenian killed 

at the battle of Plataea.— Her. 9. 

CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan, who suc- 
ceeded Lysander in the command of the 
fleer. He took Methvmna, and routed the 
Athenian fleet under Conon. He was de- 



feated and killed near the Ar<?inusae, in a 
naval battle, B.C. 406.— Di. 13.— Xen. Hisl. 

G. One of the four ambassadors sent by 

the Lacedaemonians to Darius, upon the 
rupture of their alliance with Alexander.— 
Curt. 3. A Pythagoren writer. 

CALLID1US, a celebrated Roman orator, 
contemporary with Cicero.— Ci. Br. 271. 
-Pat. 2. [pylse.— Th. S. 

CALLIDROMUS, a place near Thermo- 

CALL1GETUS, a man of Megara, receiv- 
ed in his banishment by Pharnabazus.— Th.8. 

CALLI MACH US, an historian and poet of 
Cyrenes, son of Battus and Mesatma, and 
pupil to Hermocrates, the grammarian. He 
had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphia, 
kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apol- 
lonius of Rome among his pupils, whose in- 
gratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him 
severely in a satyrical poem, under tne 
name of Ibis. [Fide Apollonius.] The Ibis 
of Ovid is an imitation of this piece. He 
wrote a work in 120 books, on famous men, 
besides treatises on birds; but of all his 
numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, 
an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are 
extant ; the best editions of which, are that 
of Ernestus, two vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1761, and 
that of Vulcanius, i2mo., Antwerp, 1584. 
Propertius styled himself the Roman Calli- 
machus.— Pro. 4, el. 1.— Ci. Tu. \.—Hor. 2. 

e. 2.—Quin. 10. An Athenian general 

killed in the battle of Marathon. His bodv 
was found in an erect posture, all covered 

with wounds.— Plu. A Colophonian, who 

wrote the life of Homer.— Plu 

CALLI ME DON, a partizan of Phocion, 
at Athens, condemned by the populace. 

CALLI MELES, a youth ordered to be 
killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus 
of Cassandrea.— Poly. 6. 

CALLINUS, an orator, who is said to have 
first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some 
of his verses are to be found in Stobaeus.— 
Ath.— Sir. 13. 

CALLIOPE, one of the Muses, daughter 
of Jupiter and Mnemosvne, who presided 
over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is 
said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, 
and Horace supposes her able to" play on 
any musical instrument. She was repre- 
sented with a trumpet in her right hand, 
and with books in the other, which signified 
that her office was to take notice of the fa- 
mous actions of heroes, as Clio was em- 
ployed in celebrating them ; and she held 
the three most famous epic poems of anti- 
quity, and appeared generally crowned with 
laurels. She settled the dispute between 
Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, 
whose company these two goddesses wished 
both perpetually to enjoy.— Hes. Th.—Apol. 
I.— Her. 1. 

CALL1PATIRA, daughter of Diagoras, 
and wife of Callianax the athlete, went dis- 
guised in man's clothes with her son Pisi- 
dorus to the Olympic games. When Piso 
dorus was declared victor, she discovered 
her sex through excess of joy, and was ar- 
rested, as women were not permitted to ap- 
pear there on pain of death. The victory 
of her ton obtained her release ; and a law 



CAL — CAL f; 
*as instantly made, which forbade any 
wrestlers to appear but naked.— Pau. 5 

CALLIPHON, a painter of Sanios, famous 
for his historical pieces.— PL in. A philo- 
sopher who made the summum bonnm con- 
sist in pleasure joined to the love of ho- 
nesty. This svstem was opposed bv Ci.Q.AA. 

CALLl PHRON,a celebrated dancing mas- 
ter, who had Epaminondas anions his pu- 
pils.— C. Nep. Ep. 

CALLIPID.E, a people efScythia.-Her.4. 

CALLIPOLIS, a city of Thrace on the 
Hellespont.— Si. 14. — -A town ofSicilvnear 

/Etna.. A city of Calabria on the co'as'c of 

Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a 
bridge to the continent. It is now cafled 
Gallipoli, and contains 6000 inhabitants, 
who trade in oil and cotton. 

CA LUPUS orCALLIPPUS, an Athenian, 
dis -iple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. 
[Vide Callicrat.es.]— C. Nep.Di. A Corin- 
thian, who wrote an history of Orchomenos. 

—Pa. 6. A philosopher".— Diog. Ze. A 

general of the Athenians when the Gauls in- 
vaded Greece by Thermopylae.— Pa. 1. 

CALLl PYGES, a surname of Venus. 

CALLIRHOE, a daughter of the Scamar- 
der, who married Tros, by whom she had 
llus, Ganymede, and Assaracus. A foun- 
tain of Attica where Callirhoe killed her- 
self. [Vide Coresus.]— Pa. l.—St. 12. Th. 
A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mo- 
ther of Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by 

Chrysaor.— Hes. A daughter of vcus, 

tyrant of Lybia, who kindiv received'Dio- 
medes at his return from Troy. He aban- 
doned her, upon which she killed herself. 
A daughter of the Achelous, yvho mar- 
ried Alcmaeon. [Vide Alcmaeon.]— Pa. 8. 

A daughter of Phocus the Boeotian, 

whose beauty procured her many admirers. 
Her father behaved with such coldness to 
her lovers that they murdered him. Callir- 
hoe avenged his death with the assistance of 

the Boeotians.— Pl u . Am. N. A daughter 

of Piras and Niobe.— Hyg. fa. 145, 

CALLISTE, an island of the iEgean Sea, 
called afterwards Thera.—Pl. A.— Pa. 3. 

Its chief town was founded 1150 years 

before the Christian era, by Theras. 

CALLISTEIA, a festival at Lesbos, during 
which, all the women presented themselves 
in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was 
rewarded in a public manner. There was 
also an institution of the same kind among 
the Parthasians, first made bv Cvpselus, 
whose wife was honoured with the first 
prize. The Eleans had one also, in which 
the fairest man received as a prize a com- 

Klete suit of armour, which he dedicated to 
linerva. 

CALLl STHENES, a Greek who wrote an 
history of his own country in 10 books, be- 
ginning from the peace between Artaxerxes 
and Greece, down to the plundering of the 

temple of Delphi by Philomelus Di. 14. 

A man who with others attempted to 

expel the garrison of Demetrius fromAthens. 
— Poly. 5. A philosopher of Olyntnus, in- 
timate with Alexander, whom he accompa- 
nied in his oriental expedition in the capa- 
city of a preceptor, and to whom he had 



14 CAL— CAL 

been recommended by his friend and master 
Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours 
to the king, for which he was accused of 
conspiracy, mutilated, and exposed to wild 
beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysi- 
machus gave" him poison which ended toge- 
ther his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. 
None of his compositions are extant.— Curt. 

8.— Plu. Al.—Arr. A.—Ju. 12. A writer 

of Sybaris. — A freed-man of Lucullus. It 
is said that he gave poison to his master.— 
Plu. Lu. 

CALL1STO & CALISTO, called also He- 
lice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arca- 
dia, and one of Diana's attendants. Jupi 
ter saw her, and seduced her after he ha^. 
assumed the shape of Diana. Her preg- 
nancy was discovered as she bathe 1 win 
Diana ; and the fruit of her amour witt 
Jupiter, called Areas, was hid in the woods, 
and preserved. Juno, who was jealous o" 
Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear ; but 
the god, apprehensive of her being hurt bj 
the huntsmen, made her a constellation of 
heaven, with her son Areas, under the 
name of the bear. — Ov. Me. 2, f. 4.— ApoL 
3.— Hyg. f. 176.— Pa. 6. [at Thebes.— Pa.9. 

CALLISTONICUS, a celebrated statuan 

CALLISTRATUS, an Athenian, appointed 
general with Timotheus and Chabrias against 

Lacedaemon. — Di. 1 5. An orator of Aphid- 

na, in the time of Epaminondas, the mos* 

eloquent of his age. An Athenian, witl 

whom Demosthenes made an intimate ac 
quaintance after he had heard him plead. 

— Xen. A Greek historian praised by Dio. 

H. A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes. 

A statuary.— PL 34. A secretary o 

Mithridates.— Plu. Lu. A grammarian. 

who made the alphabet of the" Samians con- 
sist of 24 letters. Some suppose that lie 
wrote a treatise on courtezans. 

CALLIXENA, a courtezan of Thessaly, 
whose company Alexander refused, though 
requested by his mother Olympias. Th* 
was attributed by the Athenians to othet 
causes than chastity, and therefore the 
prince's ambition was ridiculed. 

CALL1XENUS, a general who perished 

by famine. An Athenian imprisoned for 

passing sentence of death upon some pri- 
soners. — Di. 13. 

CALON, a statuarv.— Quin. 12.— PL 34. 

CALOR, now Cal'ore, a river in Italy 
near Beneventum.— Li. 14. 

CALPE, a lofty mountain in the most 
southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount 
Abyla on the African coast. These two 
mountains were called the pillars of Hercu- 
les. Calpe is now called Gibraltar. 

CALPHURNIA, a daughter of L. Piso, 
who was Julius Caesar's fourth wife. The 
night previous to her husband's murder, 
she dreamed that the roof of her house had 
fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her 
arms ; and on that account she attempted, 
but in vain, to detain him at home. After 
Caesar's death, she placed herself under the 
patronage of M. Antonv.— Sue. Ju. 

CALPHURNIUS BESTIA, a noble Ro- 
man bribed bv Jugurtha. It is said that 
he murdered 'his wives when asleep.— PU 



CAL— CA1 



535 



CAL— CAL 



7. CRASSUS, a patrician, vno went 

with Regulus against the Massyli. He was 
seized by the enemy as he attempted to 
plunder one of their towns, and he was or- 
dered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia, 
the king's daughter, fell in love with him, 
and gave him an opportunity of escaping 
and conquering her father. Calphurnius 
returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed 

herself. A man who conspired against 

the emperor Nerva. GALF.Rl ANUS, son 

ofPiso, pr.t to death.— Ta. Hist A. PISO, 

Condemned for using seditious words against 

Tiberius. —Ta. Hist. 4. Another famous 

for his abstinence.— Fa. Ma. 4. TITUS, 

a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of 
Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are ex- 
tant, and generally found with the works of 
the poets who have written on hunting. 
Though abounding in many beautiful lines, 
they are, however, greatly inferior to the 
elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best 
edition is that of Kempher, 4to. L. Bat. 
1728. A man surnamed Frugi, who com- 
posed annals, B.C. 130. 

CALPURNIA or CALPHURNIA, a noble 
•family in Rome, derived from Calpussonof 
Numa,— PI. N. 

CALPURNIA & CALPHURNIA LEX, 
was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to pun- 
ish such as were guilty of using bribes, 

Sic.—Ci. Off. 2. A daughter of Marius, 

sacrificed to the gods t»y her father, who 
was advised to do it, in a dream, if he 
wished to conquer the Cimbri.— Piu. Par. 

■ A woman who killed herself when she 

heard that her husband was murdered in 

the civil wars of Marius.— Pat. 2. The 

wife of J. Caesar. [Vide Calphurnia.] A 

favourite of the emperor Claudius.— Ta. An. 
A woman ruined by Agrippina, on ac- 
count of her beauty.— Ta. 

CALVIA, a female minister of Nero's 
lusts.— Ta. Hist. 1. [— s. 3. 

CALVINA, a prostitute in Juvenal's age. 

CALVISIUS, a friend of Augustus.— Plu. 

Ant. An officer whose wife prostituted 

herself in nis camp by night,— Ta. l. Hist. 

CALUx\INIA and IMPUDENTIA, two 
deities worshipped at Athens. Calumny 
was ingeniously represented in a painting 
by Apelles. 

CALUSIDIUS, a soldier in the army of 
Germanicus. When this general wished to 
stab himself with his own sword, Calusidius 
offered him his own, observing that it was 
sharper.— Ta. I. An. 

CALUS1UM, a town of "*-»iria. 

CALVUS CORN. L1CI5 S, a famous 
orator, equally known for ..riting iambics. 
As he was both factious and satyrical, he 
did not fail to excite attention by his ani- 
madversions upon Ceesar and Pompey, and, 
from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of 
eloquence with Cicero.— Ci. e.—Hor. 1, lo. 

CA LV BE, a town of Thrace.-S/r. 17. 

The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon.— 

Apol. 3. An old woman, priestess in the 

lumple which Juno had at Ardea.— V. JEn.l. 

CALYADNUS, a river of Cilicia. 

CALYCE, a daughter of iEolus, son of 
rlelenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deima- 



chus. She had Endymion, king of Elis, by 
jEthlius the son of Jupiter.— Apol. \.—Pa.b. 

A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a 

youth called Evathlus. As she was unable 
to gain the object of her love, she threw 
herself from a precipice. This tragical 
story was made into a song by Stesichorus, 
and "was still extant in the age of Athenaeus, 

14. A daughter of Hecaton, mother of 

Cycnus.— Hyg. f. 157. 

CALYDIUM, a town on the Appian way. 

CALYDNA, an island in the Myrtoan 
sea. Some suppose if to be near Rhodes, 
others near Tenedos.— Ov. Me. 8. 

CALYDON, a city of #:tolia, where 
CEneus, the father of Meleager, reigned. 
The Evenus flows through it, and it receives 
its name from Calydon, the son of iEtolus. 
During the reign of CEneus, Diana sent a 
wild boar to ravage the country, on account 
of the neglect which had been shown to her 
divinity by the king. Ail the princes of the 
age assembled to hunt this boar, which is 
greatly celebrated by the poets, under the 
name of the chace of Calydon, or the Ca- 
lydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal 
with his own hand, and gave the head to 
Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The 
skin of the boar was preserved, and was 
still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the 
temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were 
also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, 
and Augustus carried them away to Rome, 
because the people of Tegea had followed 
the party of Antony. These tusks were 
shewn for a long time at Rome. One of 
them was about half an ell long, and the 
other was broken. -[Fide Meleager and 
Atalanta.]— Apol. \.—Pa. 8.—Str.8.—H. II. 

9.— Hyg. f. 174.— Ov. Me. 8, f. 4. A son 

ofiEtoJus and Pronoe, daughterof Phorbas. 
He gave his name to a town of vEtolia. 

CALYDON IS, a name of Deianira, as 
living in Calvdon.— Ov. Me. 9, f. 4. 

CALYDONIUS, a surname of Bacchus. 

CALYMNE, an island near Lebynthos. 
— Ov. A. A. 2. 

CA LYNDA, a town of Caria.— Plol. 5. 

CALYPSO, one of the Oceanides, or one 
of the daughters of Atlas, according to 
some, was goddess of silence, and reigned 
in the island of Ogygia, whose situation and 
even existence is doubted. When Ulysses 
was shipwrecked on her coasts, she re- 
ceived him with great hospitality, and of- 
fered him immortality if he would remain 
with her as a husband. The hero refused, 
and after seven years' delay, he was per- 
mitted to depart from the island by order of 
Mercury, the messenger of Jupiter. During 
his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, 
Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso" was 
inconsolable at the departure of Ulvsses.— 
H. Od. l.—Hes. Th.—Ov. Pon. 4, e. 18.— 
Pro. 1, el. 15. 

CAMANTIUM, a town of Asia Minor. 

CAMARINA, a town of Italy. A lake 

of Sicily, with a town of the same name, 
built B.C. 552 It was destroyed by the 
Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hip- 
ponous. The lake was drained contrary to 
the advice of Apollo, as the ancients sud- 
N 2 



CAM — CAM 



136 



CAM- CAM 



posed, and a pestilence was the consequence ; | 
but the lowness of the lake below the level 
of the sea prevents its being drained. The 
words Camarinam movere are become pro- 
verbial to express an unsuccessful and dan- 
gerous attempt.— V. En. 3.—Str. Q.—Her.l. 

CAMBALLES, a general of some Gauls 
who invaded Greece. — Pa. 10. 

CAMBES, a prince of Lydia, of such vo- 
racious appetite that he ate his own wife, 
&c— Ml. l. V. H. 

CAM B RE, a place near Puteoli.— Juv. 7. 

CAMBRUN1I, mountains of Macedonia. 
—Li. 42. 

CAMBYSES, king of Persia, was son of 
Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, 
and was so offended at the superstition of 
the Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, 
and plundered their temples. When he 
wished to take Pelusiura, he placed at the 
head of his army, a number of cats and 
dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in an 
attempt to defend themselves, to kill ani- 
mals which they reverenced as divinities, 
became an easy prey to the enemy. Cam- 
byses afterwards sent an army of 50,ooo 
men to destroy Jupiter Amnion's temple, 
and resolved to attack the Carthaginians 
and Ethiopians. He killed his brother 
Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed 
alive a partial judge, whose skin he naiied 
on the judgment seat, and appointed his son 
to succeed him, telling him to remember 
where he sat. He died of a small wound he 
had given himself with his sword as he 
mounted on horseback ; and the Egyptians 
observed, that it w as the same place on which 
he had wounded their god Apis, and that 
therefore he was visited by the hand of the 
gods. His death happened 521 years B.C. 
He left no issue to succeed him, and his 
throne was usurped by the magi, and as- 
cended by Darius soon after.— Her. 2.—Ju. 
I. Va. Ma. 6. A person of obscure ori- 
gin, to whom king Astyages gave his daugh- 
ter Mandane in marriage. The king, who 
had been terrihetl by dreams which threat- 
ened the loss of his crow n by the hand of his 
daughter's son, had taken this step in hopes 
that the children of so ignoble abed would 
ever remain in obscurity. He was disap- 
pointed. Cyrus, Mandane's son, dethroned 
him when grown to manhood.— Her. I.— 

Ju. 1. A river of Asia, w hich flows from 

mount Caucasus into the Cvrus.— Me. 3. 

CAM ELAN I, a people of Italy. 

CAMELITiE, a people of Mesopotamia. 

CAMERA, a field ot Calabria.— Ov. F. 3. 

CAMERINUM & CAMERTIUM, a town 
of Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The in- 
habitants were called Camertes.— Li. y. 

CAMERINUS, a Latin poet, who wrote a 
poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. 

Ov. 4. Pon. el. 16. Some'of'the family 

of the Camerini were distinguished for their 
zeal as citizens, as well as tor their abil ities 
as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius, 
commissioned by the Roman senate to go 
to Athens, to collect the best of Solon's 
laws. — Juv. 7. 

CAMERIUM, an ancient town of Italy 
ui ar Rome taken by K<~vmilus.— Pin.— R. 



CAMERTES, a friend of Turnus, killeu 
by vEneas.— V. En. it).— Vide Camerinum. 

CAMILLA, queen of the Volsci, was 
daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was 
educated in the woods, inured to the labour 
of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. 
Her father devoted her, when youner, to the 
service of Diana. When she was declared 
queen, she marched at the head of an army, 
accompanied hy three youthful females 
of equal courage as herself", to assist Turnus 
against iEneas, where she signalised herself 
by the numbers that perished by her hand. 
She was so swift that she could run, or 
rather fly over a field of corn without bend- 
ing the blades, and make her way over the 
sea without wetting her feet. She died by a 
wound she received from Aruns. — V.En. 7. 

CAM1LLI & CAMILLA, the priests insti- 
tuted bv Romulus for the service of the gods. 

C AMI LLCS, (L. Furius) a celebrated 
Roman, called a second Romulus, from his 
services to his country. He was banished 
by the people for distributing, contrary to 
his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. 
During his exile, Rome was besieged by the 
Gauls under Brennus. In the midstof their 
misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected 
him dictator, and he fors-ot their ingrati- 
tude, and marched to the relief of his 
country, which he delivered, after it had 
been for some time in the possession of the 
enemy. He died in the SOth year of his age- 
B. C. 365, after he had been' five times die 
tator, once censor, three times interrex, 
twice a military tribune, and obtained four 
triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, 
Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded 
his countrymen from their intentions of 
leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he 
besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper 
indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, 
who had betrayed into his hands the sons of 
the most worthy citizens.— Plu. vi.—Li. 5. 

—Fl. l.—Di. 14.— V. En. 6. A name of 

Mercurv. An intimate friend of Cicero. 

CAMiRO & CLYT1A, two daughters of 
Pandarus of Crete. When their parents 
were dead, they were left to the care of 
Venus; who, with the other goddesses, 
brought them up with tenderness, and asked 
Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupi- 
ter, to punish upon them for the crime of 
their father, who was access \xs to the impiety 
of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry 
themawav and deliver them to the furies.-^- 
Pa. \0.—H. Od. 20. 

CAMIRUS & CA MIRA, a town of Rhodes, 
which received its name from Camirus, a 
son of Hercules and Iole. — H. II. 2. 

CAMISSARES, a governor of part of Ci- 
licia, father to Datames.— C. Kep. D. 

CAM MA, a woman of Galatia, who 
avenged the death of her husband Sinetus 
upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him 
drink in a cup of which the liquor was poi- 
soned, on pretence of marrying him accord- 
ing to the custom of their country, which 
required that the bridegroom and his bride 
should drink out of the same vessel. She 
escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of 
illness.— Pol' . &. 



CAM— CAN 



137 



CAN- CAN 



CAMCEN/E, a name given to the muses, 
from the sweetness and melody of their sonars, 
a cantu amceno, or, according' to Varro, from 
carmen.— Var. L, L. 5. 

CAM PAN A LEX, or Julian agrarian law, 
was enacted by J. Caesar, A. U. C. 691, to 
divide some lands among- the people. 

CAMPANIA, a country of Italy, of which 
Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, 
Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Medi- 
terranean sea. It is celebrated for its de- 
lightful views, and for its fertility. Capua 
is often called Campana urbs.—Str. 5.—Ci. 
,<?. Ag.—Ju. 20.— PI. 3.— Me. 2.— Ft. 1. 

CA.MPE, kept the J 00 handed monsters 
confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, 
because she refused to give them their liberty 
to come to his assistance against the Titans. 
—Hes. Th.—Apol. 1. 

CAMPASPE 6c PAN" CASTE, a beautify 
concubine of Alexander, whom the king 
gave to Appelles, who had fallen in love with 
her, as he drew her picture in her naked 
charms. — PI. 35. 

CAMP1 DIOMEDIS, a plain situate in 
Apulia.— Man. 13, e. 93. 

CAMPSA, a town near Pallene.— Her. 7. 

CAMPUS MARTI US, a large plain at 
Rome, without the walls of the city, where 
the Roman youths performed their exer- 
c ises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw 
the discus, hurj the javelin, ride a horse, 
drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies 
were held there, and the officers of state 
chosen, and audience given to foreign am- 
bassadors. It was adorned with statues, 
columns, arches, and porticoes, and its plea- 
sant situatiou made it very frequented. It 
was called Martius, because dedicated to 
Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, 
from its closeness to the Tiber. It was 
given to the Roman people by a vestal 
virgin ; but they were deprived of it by 
I'arquin the Pro'ud, who made it a private 
t^eld, and sowed corn in it, When Tarquin 
ras driven from Rome, the people recovered 
it, and threw away into the Tiber, thecorn 
ivhich had grown there, deeming it un- 
lawful for any man to eat of the produce of 
lhat land. The sheaves which were thrown 
into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and 
by the accumulated collection of mud 
became firm ground, and formed an island, 
which was called the Holy Island, or the 
island of /Esculapius. Dead carcases were 
generallv burnc in the Campus Martius.— 
Str. b.— Li. I. 

CAMULOGINUS, a Gaul raised to great 
honours by Caesar, for his military abilities. 
— Cas. b. G. 7. [Sabines and Etrurians. 

CAMULUS, a surname of Mars among the 

CANAjCityandpromontoryof jEolia.-3/e. i. 

CAN ACE, a daughter of jEolus and Ena- 
retta, who became enamoured of her brother 
Macarcus, by whom he had a child, whom 
she exposed. The cries of the child disco- 
vered the mother's incest; and jEoIus sent 
his daughter a sword, and obliged her to 
kill herself. Macarcus fled, and became a 
priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that 
Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom 
she had many children, among whom were 



Epopeus, Triops, and Alous.— Apol. I .—Hyg < 
f. 238.— Ov. Her. 11. 

CANACHE, one of ActEeon's dogs. 

CANACHUS, a statuary of Sicyon. — Pa. 6. 

CANjE, a city of Locris, ot' jEolia. 

CANARII, a people near mount Atlas in 
Africa, who received this name because they 
fed in common with their dogs. The islands 
which they inhabited were calied Fortunate 
by the ancients, and are now known by the 
name ot the Canaries. — PL 5. 

CANATH US, a fountain of Nauplia, where 
Juno yearly washed herself to revive her 
infant purity.— Pa. 2. 

CANDALE, a queen of Ethiopia, in the 
age of Augustus, so prudent and meritori- 
ous lhat her successors always bore her 
name. She was blind of one eve.— PI. 6. — 
Dio. oi.—Str. 17. 

CAN DAY I A, a mountain of Epirus, which 
separates Illvria from Macedonia. — Luc.Q. 

CANDAULES, or Myrsilus, son of Myr- 
sus, was the last of the Heraclidae who sat'on 
the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife 
naked to Gyges, one of his ministers ; and 
the queen was so incensed, that she ordered 
Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years be- 
fore the Christian era. After this murder, 
Gjges married the queen, and ascended the 
throne.— Ju. I. —Her. 1. — Plu. Sym. 

CANDEl, a people of Arabia who fed on 
serpents. [vished by her brother. 

CANDIOPE, a daughter of Oenopion ra- 

CANDYBA, a town of Lycia. 

CAN ENS, a nymph called also Venilia, 
daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king 
of the Laurenles. When Circe had changed 
her husband into a bird, she lamented him 
so much, that she pined away, and was 
changed intu a voice. She was reckoned as 
a deity bv the inhabitants.— Of. Me. 14. f. 9. 

CANEPHORIA, festivals at Athens in 
honour of Bacchus, or, according toothers, 
of Diana, in which ail marriageable women 
offered small baskets to the deity, and re- 
ceived the name of Canephorm, whence sta- 
tues representing women in that attitude 
were called by the same appellation.— Ci. 
Ver. 4, [mountain of Bceotia. 

CANETHUM, a place of Eubaea. A 

CAN I CU LARES DIES, certain days in 
the summer, in which the star Lanis is said 
to influence the season, and to make the 
days more warm during its appearance. — 
Manilius. 

CANTDIA, a certain woman of Neapolis, 
against whom Horace inveighed as a sorcer 
ess. — Hor. epo. 

CANT D I US, a tribune, who proposed a 
law lo empower Pompey. to go only with 
two lictors, to reconcile ' Ptolemy and the 
Alexandrians.— Plu. Pom. 

CANINEFATES, a people near Batavia, 
where modern Holland now is situate. 
Ta. Hist. 4. 

CAMNTUS REBILUS, C, a consul with 
J. Caesar, after the death ot Trebonius. He 
was consul only for seven hours, because his 
predecessor died the last day of the year, and 
he was chosen only for the remaining part of 
the day ; whence Cicero observed, that Rome 
was greatl» indebted to him for his vigilance, 



CAN— CAN 



CAN-CAP 



as he had not slept during the whole time because they retained the language of thei' 
of his consulship.— Ci. 7. Vara. e. 33.— Plu. i founder, and likewise adopted thai of their 
t'cef. LUCIUS, a lieutenant of Caesar's neighbours. Horace complained of the 



army in Gaul.— C<es. b. G. 7. RUFUS, a 

friend of Pliny the younger.— Pi. 1, e. 3. 
GALLUS, an intimate friend of Cicero. 

CANISTIUS, a Lacedaemonian courier, 
who ran 1200 stadia in one day.— PL 7. 

CAN I US, a poet of Gades, cotemporary 
\-ith Martial. He was so naturally merry 

i oat he always laughed. — Mart. 1. e. 62. 

A Roman knight, who went to Sicily for his 
amusement, where he bought gardens well 
stocked with fish, which disappeared on the 
morrow.— Ci. 3. Of. 

CANNiE, a small village of Apulia near 
the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the 
Roman consuls, I'. iEmylius and Terentius 
Varro, and slaughtered 40,ooo Romans, on 
the 2lst of May, B.C. 216. The spot where 
this famous battle was fought is now shewn 
by the natives, and denominated the field of 
biood.— Li. 22.— Fl. 2.— Plu. An. 

CANOPICUMOSTIUM,one of the mouths 
of the Nile 12 miles from Alexandria.— Pa. 5. 

CANOPUS, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from 
Alexandria, celebrated for the temple ofSe- 
rapis. It was founded by the Spartans and 
therefore called Amyclasa, and it received 
its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel 
of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. 
The inhabitants were dissolute in their man- 
ners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of 
Pellceus, because Alexander, who was bon 
at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbour- 
hood.— It. 11.— Me. i.—Str. M.—PL 5.- 

Virg. G. 4. 287. The pilot of the ship of 

Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast 
of Egvpt, bv the bite of a serpent.— Me. 2. 

CANTABRA, a river falling into the In- 
dus.— PI. 6. 

CANTABRI, a ferocious and warlike peo- 
ple of Spain, who rebelled against Augus- 
tus, by whom they were conquered ; their 
country is now called Biscays.— It. 3.— 
Hor. 2. o. 6. 

CANTABRI^E LACUS, a lake in Spain, 
where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 12 
axes were found. — Sue. G. 8. 

CANTHARUS, a famous sculptor of Sicy- 
on.— Pa. 6. A comic poet of Athens. 

CANTHUS, a son of Abas, one of the Ar- 
gonauts. 

CANTIUM, a country in the eastern parts 
of Britain, now called Kent.— Cces. b. G. 5. 

CAN U LEI A, one of the four first vestals 

chosen by Nunia.— PLu. A law. Vide 

Canuleius. 

CAN U LEI US C, a tribune of the people 
of Rome, A. U. C, 310, who made a law 
to render it constitutional for the patricians 
and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained 
also, that one of the consuls should be 
yearly chosen from the plebeians.— Li. 4. 
— Ft. I. 

CANULIA, a Roman virgin, who became 
pregnant by her brother, and killed herself 
by order of her father.— Plu. Par. 
"CANUSIUM, now Canosa, a town of Apu- 
lia, whither the Romans lied after the battle 
of Cannae. It was built by Diomedes, and 
its inhabitants have been railed bilingn*:s 



grittiness of their bread.— Hor. I, 10.— Me. 
2.- PL 8. 

CANUSIUS.aGreek historian under Pto- 
lemy Auletes.— Plu. 

CANUTIUS TIBERINUS, a tribune of the 
people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked 
Antony when declared an enemv to the 
state. His satyr cost him his life.— Pal, 2. 
A Roman actor.— Plu. Pr. 

CAPANEUS, a noble Argive, son of Hip- 
ponous and Astinome, and husband to Evad- 
ne. He was so impious, that when he went 
to the Theban war, he declared that he 
would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. 
Such contempt provoked the god, who struck 
him dead with a thunderbolt. His body was 
burnt separately from the others, and his 
wife threw herself on the burning pile to 
mingle her ashes with his. It is said that 
vEsc'ulapius restored him to life.— Ov. Me. 
9,-St. Th. Z.—Hyg. f. 68.— Eur. Phoen.— 
JEsc. Th. 

CA PELLA, an elegaic poet in the age o. 

J. Caesar.— Ov. Pon. 4, el. 16. MARTlA- 

NUS, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote 
a poem on the marriage of Mercury, on 
philolagy, and in praise of the liberal arts. 
The best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo. 
Bernse, 1763. A gladiator.— Juv. 4. 

C A PEN A, a gate of Rome.— Ov. F. 5. 

CAPENAS, a small river of Italy.— Si. 
Th. 13. 

CAPENI, a people of Etruria, in whose 
territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. 
— V. JE'n. 7.— Li. 5. 

CAPER, a river of Asia Minor. 

CAPETUS, a king of Alba, who reigned 

26 years.— Dio. A suitor of Hippodamia. 

—Pa. 6. 

CAPHAREUS, a lofty mountain and pro- 
montory of Eubcea, where Nauplius king o, 
the country to revenge the death of his sou 
Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning 
torch in the darkness ofnight, which caused 
the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. 
— V. JEn. 11.— Ov* Me. 14.— Pro. 4, el. 1. 

CAPHYjE, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

CAPIO, a Roman, famous for his friend- 
ship with Cato.— Plu. Pat. Am. 

CAP1TO, the uncle of Paterculus, who 
joined Agrippa against Cassius. — Pat. 2. 

Conteius, a man sent by Antony to settle 

his disputes with Augustus.— Hor. l. 5. 

A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and 
severely punished by the senate. — Juv. 8. 

An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote 

on love. An historian of Lycia, who 

wrote an account of Isauria in eight books. 
A poet who wrote on illustrious men. 

CAP1TOLINI LUDI, games yearly cele- 
brated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who 
preserved the capitol from the Gauls. 

CAPITOLINUS, a surname of Jupiter, 

from his temple on mount Capitolinus. 

A surname of M. Manlius, who, for his am- 
bition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian 

rock, which he had so nobiy defended. 

A mountain at Rome, called "also Mous Tar- 
peius and Mons Satunu. The capitol was 



CAA - CAP 



CAP CAli 



built uDon it. A man of lascivious morals, 

consul with Marcellus.— Plu. Mar. JU- 
LIUS, an author in Dioclesian's reign, who 
wrote an account of the life of Verus, An- 
toninus Pius, the Gordians, &c— most of 
which is now lost. 

CAPITOLIUM, a celebrated temple and 
citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the 
plan of which was made by Tarquin Pris- 
cus. It was begun by Servius Tullius, finish- 
ed by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated 
by the consul Horatius after the expulsion 
of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built 
upon four acres of ground; the front was 
adorned with three rows of pillars, and the 
other sides with two. The ascent to it from 
the ground was by an hundred steps. The 
magnificence and richness of this temple 
are almost incredible. All the consuls suc- 
cessively made donations to thecapitol, and 
Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 
2,000 pound's weight of gold. Its thresholds 
were made of brass, and its roof was gold. 
It was adorned with vessels and shields of 
solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It 
was burnt during the civil wars of Marius ; 
and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the de- 
dication, which was performed by Q. Catu - 
lus. It was again destroyed in the troubles 
under Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endea- 
voured to repair it, saw it again in ruins 
at his death. Domitian raised it again, 
for the last time, and made it more grand 
and magnificent than any of his predecessors, 
and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When 
they first dug for the foundations, they found 
a man's head called Tolius, sound and en- 
tire in the ground, and from thence drew 
an omen of the future greatness of the Ro- 
man empire. The hill was from that circum- 
stance called Capitolium, a capile Toll. The 
consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices 
there, when they first entered upon their 
offices, and the procession in triumphs was 
always conducted to the capitol.— V. iEn. 6. 

-Ta.3. Hisl.72,—Plu. Pop.—Li.{.—Pl.33. 
—Sue. Au. 

CAPPADOCIA, a country of Asia Minor, 
between the Halys, the Euphrates, and the 
Euxine. It receives its name from the river 
Cappadox, winch separates it from Gallatia. 
The inhabitants were called Syrians and 
Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks., They were 
of a dull and submissive disposition, and ad- 
dicted to every vice, according to the an- 
cients, who wrote this virulent epigram 
against them : 

Vipcra Cappadocem nocitura momordit ; 
at ilia 

Gustato periil sanguine Cappadocis. 
When they were offered their freedom and 
independence by the Romans, they refused 
it, and begged* of them a king, "and they 
received Ariobarzanes. It was some time 
after governed by a Roman proconsul. 
Though the ancients have ridiculed this 
country lor the unfruitfuliiess of its soil, 
and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it 
can boast of the birth of the geographer 
Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, 
among other illustrious characters. The 
horses of this country were in general es- 



teem, and with these they paid their tri- 
butes to the king of Persia while under his 
power, for want of money.— The kings o 
Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ana 
rathes.— Hor. 1, e. 6.— PL 6.— Curt. 3.— Sit 
I {.—Her. {.—Me. 1. 

CAPPADOX, a river of Cappadocia.— PI, 

CAPRARIA, a mountainous island on the 
coast of Spain, famous for its goats.— PL 3- 

CAPRE/E, now Capri, an island on the 
coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and 
famous for the residence and debaucheries 
of the emperor Tiberius, during the seveq 
last years of his life. The island, in which 
now several medals are dug up expressive 
of the licentious morals of tie emperor, 
is about 40 miles in circumference, ana 
surrounded by steep rocks.— Ov. Me. 15.— 
Sue. Tib.— St. Si/. 3. 

CAPRE#: PA LUS. a place near Rome, 
where Romulus disappeared.— Plu. in Rom. 
-Ov. F. 2. 

CAPRICORNUS, a sign of the Zodiac, in 
which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, 
supposed by the ancients to be the goat 
Amalthea, which fed Jupiter with her milk. 
Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed 
himself into a goat when frightened at the 
approach of Typhon. When the sun enters 
this sign, it is the winter solstice, or the 
longest night in the year.— Man. 2.— Hor. 2, 
o, 17.— Hyg. f. 196.— P. A. 2, 28. 

CAPRI FICIALIS, a day sacred to Vulcan, 
on which the Athenians offered him monev. 
—PL 11. 

CAPRI MA, a town of Caria. 

CAPRIPEDES, a surname of Pan, the 
Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having 
goats' feet. [age.— Hor. 1, s. 4. 

CAPRI US, a great informer in Horace's 

CAPROT1NA, a festival celebrated at 
Rome in July, in honour of Juno, at which 
women only officiated. [Vide Philotis.]— 
Var. L. L. 5. 

CAPRUS, a harbour near mount Athos. 

CAPSA, a town of Libya, surrounded by 
vast deserts full of snakes.— Fl.3.—Sat. B. J. 

CAPS AGE, a town of Syria.— Curl. lo. 

CAPUA, the chief city of Campania in 
Italy, supposed to have been founded by 
Capys, the father, or rather the companion 
of Anchises. This city was very ancient 
and so opulent that, it even rivalled Rome, 
and was called altera Roma. The soldiers 
of Anniba., after the battle of Cannae, were 
enervated by the pleasures and luxuries 
which powerfully prevailed in this volup- 
tuous city and under a soft climate.— V. 
JEn. 10.— LiA.— Pat. {.—FL {.-Ci.PhilA2. 
- Plu. An. 

CAPYS, a Trojan who came with JEneas 
into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one 
of those who, against the advice of Thymne- 
tes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, 
which proved the destruction of Troy.— V. 
JEn. 10. A son of Assaracus by a daugh- 
ter of the Simois. He was father of Anchi- 
ses by Themis.- Ov. F. 4. 

CAPYS SYLVIUS, a king of Alba, who 
reigned 28 years.— Dio. H.—V. En. 6. 

CAR, a son of Phoroneus, king of IMe- 
gara. — Pa. i . A son >f v Manes, who mar 



CAR— CAR 



140 



CAR— CAR 



rled Callirhoe, daughter of the Mseander. 
Caria received its name from him.— Her. 1. 

CARABACTRA, a place in India. 

CARABIS, a town of Spain. 

CARACALLA. Vide Antoninus. 

CARACATES, a people of Germany. 

C ARACTACUS, a kins of the Britons, con- 
quered bv an officer of Claudius Caesar, A.D. 
47.— Ta An. 12. 

CARiE, certain places between Susaand 
the Tigris, whereAlexander pitchedhiscamp. 

CARPUS, a surname of Jupiter in Bceo- 
tia— In Caria. 

CARALIS, (or es, ium), the chief city of 
Sardinia. Pa. 10. 

CARAMBIS, now Kerempi, a promon- 
tory of Paphlagonia.— Me. 1. 

CARANUS, one of the Heraclidae, the 
'vst who laid the foundation of the Macedo- 
nian empire, B,C. 614. He took. Edessa,, 
And reiarned 28 years, which he spent in 
isiablishing and strengthening' the govern- 
ment of his newly founded kingdom. He 
v.as succeeded by Perdiccas.— Ju. 7. — Pat.i. 

• — A general o'f Alexander.— Curt. 7. 

An harbour of Phoenicia. 

CARAUSIUS, a tyrant of Britain for 
ieven years, A.D. 293. 

CARBO, a Roman orator who killed 
Oimself because he could not curb the li- 
centious manners of his countrymen- — Ci. 

Br. CENEUS, a son of the orator Carbo, 

who embraced the party of Marius, and 
after the death of China succeeded to the 
governments. He was killed in Spain, in 
ii3 third consulship, by order of Pompey. 

-Va. Ma. 9. An orator, son of Carbo 

the orator, killed by the army, when desi- 
rous of re-establishing- the ancient military 
discipline.— Ci. Br. [tliage. 

CARCHEDON, the Greek name of Car- 

CARCINUS, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, 
in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote 
on the rape of Proserpine.— Di. 5. Ano- 
ther of Athens. Another of Naupactum. 

- — A man of Rliegium, who exposed his son 
•igathocles on account of some uncommon 
dreams during his wife's pregnancy. Aga- 

tiiocles was preserved. — Di. 19. An 

Athenian general, who laid waste Pelopon- 
nesus in the time of Pericles. — Id 12. 

CARCINUS. a constellation, the same as 
the Cancer.— Luc. 9. [Sir. 15. 

CARDACES, a people of Asia Minor. 

CARDAMYLE, a town of Argos. 

CARDIA, a town in the Thracian Cher- 
eonesus.— PL 4. [Di. 14. 

CARDUCH1, a warlike nation of Media. 

CARES, a nation which inhabited Caria, 
and thought themselves the original posses- 
sors of that country. They became so pow- 
fui that their country was not sufficiently 
extensive to contain them all, upon which 
they seized the neighbouring islands of the 
./Egean sea. These islands were conquered 
by Minos, king of Crete. Nileus, son of 
Codrus, invaded their country, and slaugh- 
tered many of the inhabitants. In this ca- 
lamity, the Carians, surrounded on every 
>>ide by enemies, fortified themselves in the 
tnountanious parts of the country, and, soon 
after made themselves terrible by sea. The* 



were ancientlv called Lelesres.— Her.L— Pa 
\.—Str. 13.— Curt. 6.- Ju. 13.— V. En. 8. 

CARESA, an island of the iEgean sea 
opposite Attica. 

CARESSUS, a river of Troas. 

CARFINIA, an immodest woman men 
tioned in Juv. 2. 

CARIA, now Aidinelli, a country of Asia 
Minor, whose boundaries have been dif 
ferent in different ages. Generally speak- 
ing, it was at the south of Ionia, at the 
east and north of the Icarian sea, and at 
the west of Phrygia Major and Lycia. I 
has been called Phoenicia, because a Phce 
nician colony first settled there ; and after 
wards it received the name of Caria, from 
Car, a king who first invented the auguries 
of birds. The chief town was called Hali- 
carnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deitv. 
[Vide Cares.] A port of Thrace.— Me. 2. 

CARlAS, a town of Peloponnesus. 

A general.— Vide Laches. 

CAR.IATE, a town of Bactriana, where 
Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes. 

CARILLA, a town of the Piceni, destroy- 
ed bv Annibal, for its great attachment "to 
Rome.— Si. Ital. 8. 

CARINA, a virgin of Caria, &c— Poly. 8, 

CA R I N/E, certain edifices at Rome, built 
in the manner of ships, which were in the 
temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was 
a street in which Pompey's house was built. 
V. Mn. S.—Hor. 1, e. 7. 

CARINE, a town near the Caicus in Asi? 
Minor.— Her. 7. 

CARINUS, M. Aurelius, a Roman whe 
attempted to succeed his father Cams a* 
emperor. He was famous for his debauche 
ries and cruelties. Diocletian defeated bin 
in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldie 
whose wife he had debauched, A.'D. 268. 

CARISIACUM, a town of ancient Gaul 
now Cressv in Picardv. 

CARISSANUM, a place of Italy, near 
which Milo was killed.— PI. 2. 

CARISTUM, a town of Liguria. 

CARMANIA, a country of Asia, between 
Persia and India.— Arr.—Pl. 6. 

CARMANOR, a Cretan, who purified 
Apollo of slaughter. — Pa. 2. 

CARME, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus, 
and mother of Britomartis, by Jupiter. She 
was one of Diana's attendants.— Pa. 2. 

CARMELUS, a god among the inhabitants 
of mount Carmel, situate between Syria and 
Judaea.— Ta. Hist. 2.— Sue. V. 5. 

CARMENTA and TARMENTIS, a pro- 
phetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, 
with whom she came to Italy, and was re- 
ceived by king Faunus, about 60 years be- 
fore the Trojan war. Her name was Nicos- 
trata. and she received that of Carmentis, 
from the wildness of her looks when giving 
oracles, as if carens mentis. She was the 
oracle of the people of Italy during her 
life, and after death she received divine 
honours. She had a temple at Rome, and 
the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the 
name of Themis.— Ov. F. l.—Plu. R. V.En. 
S.-Li. 5. 

C ARM ENTA LES, festivals at Rome in 
honour of Caimenta celebrated the nth ». 



CAR— CAR 



141 



CAR — CAR 



January near the Porta Carmentalis, below 
the Capitol. This goddess was entreated to 
render the Roman matrons prolific, and 
their labours easv. — Li. I. 

CARMENTALIS PORTA, one of the 
gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of the 
capitol. It was afterwards called Scelerata, 
because the Fabii passed through it in going 
to that fatal expedition where they perished. 
— V. Mn. 8. [memory.— PI. 7. 

CARiVlIDES, a Greek of an uncommon 

CARNA and CARDINEA, a goddess at 
Piome who presided over hinges, as also 
over the entrails and secret parts of the hu- 
man body. She was originally a nymph 
called Grane, whom Janus ravished," and, 
for the injury, he gave her the power of 
presiding over the exterior of houses, and 
of removing all noxious birds from the 
doors. The Romans offered her beans, ba- 
con, and vegetables, to represent the sim- 
plicity of their ancestors. — Ov. Fa. 6. 

CARNAS1US, a village of Messenia in Pe- 
loponnesus.— Pa. 4. 

CARNEADES, a philosopher of Cyrene 
in Africa, founder of a sect called the third 
or new Academy. The Athenians sent him 
with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critoiaus the 
Peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B.C. 
J. 55. The Roman youth were extremely 
fond of the company of these learned phi- 
losophers ; and when Carneades, in a speech, 
had given an accurate and judicious disser- 
tation upon justice, and in another speech 
confuted all the arguments he had advanced, 
and apparently given no existence to the 
virtue he had so much commended ; a re- 
port prevailed all over Rome, that a Gre- 
cian was come, who had so captivated by 
bis words the rising generation, that they 
forgot their usual amusements, and ran 
mad after philosophy. When this reached 
the ears of Cato the censor, he gave imme- 
diate audience to the Athenian ambassadors 
in the senate, and dismissed them in haste, 
expressing his apprehension of their cor- 
rupting the opinions of the Roman people, 
whose only profession, he sternly observed, 
was arms and war. Carneades denied that 
any thing could be perceived or understood 
in the world, and he was the first who in- 
troduced an uiuversal suspension of assent. 
He died in the yOth year of his age,"BX. 
128.— Ci. At. 12, ep, 2Z.—PL 7.— Lac. 5.— 
Va. Ma. &. 

CARNEIA, a festival observed in most 
of the Grecian cities, but more particularly 
at Sparta, where it was first instituted, 
about 673 B.C. in honour of Apollo, sur- 
uamed Carneus. It lasted nine days, and 
was an imitation of the manner of Jiving in 
camps among the ancients. 

CARNTON, a town of Laconia. A river 

of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

CARNUS, a prophet of Acarnania, from 
whom Apollo was called Carneus.— Pa. 3. 

CARNUTES, a people of Celtic Gaul.- 
Cers. b. G. 6. [Cvprus. 

CARPASIA and CARPASIUM, a town of 

CARPATHUS, an island in the Mediter- 
ranean between Rhodes and Crete, now 
called Scapanto. It has given its name to 



\ part o" the neighbouring sea, t lence called 
the Carpathian sea, between Rhodes and 
Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited bv 
gome Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 
miles in circumference, and was sometimes 
called Tetrapolis, from its four capital ci- 
* ; us.— PL A.— Her. 3.—DI 5.—Str. 10. 

CARPIA, an ancient name of Tartessus. 

CARPIS, a river of Mysia.— Her. [Pa.6. 

CARPO, a daughter of Zephyrus, and 
one of the Seasons. She was loved by Ca- 
lamus, the son of Meander, whom she 
equally admired. She was drowned in the 
Maeander, and was changed by Jupiter into 
ail sorts of fruit.— Pa. 9. 

CARPOPHORA, a name of Ceres and 
Proserpine in Tegea.— Pa. 8. 

CARPOPHORUS, an actor greatly es- 
teemed by Domitian.— Mart.— Juv. 6. 

CARRiE and CARRHiE, a town of Meso- 
potamia, near which Crassus was killed.— 
Luc. I .—PL 5. 

CARR1N ATES SECUNDUS, a poor but 
ingenious rhetorician, who came from 
Athens to Rome, wheae the boldness of I ia 
expressions, especially against tyrannical 
power, exposed him "to Caligula's reseiit--- 
tnent, who banished him. — Juv. 7. 

CARRUCA, a town of Spain. -Hir.His.27. 

CARSEOLI, a town of the /Equi.— Ov.F. 4. 

CARTALIAS, a town of Spain. 

CARTEIA, a town at the extremity of 
Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to 
be the same as Calpe. 

CARTENA, a town of Mauritania, now 
Tenez, on the shores of the Mediterranean. 

CARTHiEA, a town in the island of Cea, 
whence the epithet of Cartheius.— Ov.Me.l. 

CARTHAG1MENSES, the inhabitants of 
Carthage, a rich and commercial nation.— 
Vide Carthago. 

CARTHAGO, a celebrated city of Africa, 
the rival of Rome, and long the capital of 
the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, 
and Sardinia. The precise time of its foun 
dation is unknown, yet most writers seem 
to agree that it was first built by Dido, 
about 669 years before the Christian era, 
or, according to others, 72, or 93 years be- 
fore the foundation of Rome. This city 
and republic flourished for 737 years, and 
"the time of its greatest fflory was under 
Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Pu- 
nic war, it contained no less than 700,000 
inhabitants. It maintained three famous 
wars against Rome, called the Punic wars, 
—[Vide Punicum Bellum]. in the 3d of 
which Carthage was totally destroyed by 
Scipio the second Africanus, B.C. 147, and 
only 5000 persons were found within the 
walls. It was 23 miles in circumference: 
and when it was set on fire by the Romans, 
it burned incessantly during 17 days. After 
the destruction of Carthage, Utica became 
powerful, and the Romans thought them- 
selves secure; and as they had no rival to 
dispute with them in the field, they felj 
into indolence and inactivity, Caesar planted 
a small colonv on the ruins of Carthage. 
Augustus sent "them 3000 men ; and Adrian, 
after the example of his imperial predeces- 
sors, rebuilt cart of it, which he called 



CAR— CAR 



J 42 



CAS— CAS 



tdrianopolis. Carthage \\ as conquered from 
iie Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 
,39 ; and it was for more tlian a century the 
'eat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and 
'ell into the hands of the Saracens in the 
'th century. The Carthaginians were go- 
verned as a republic, and had two persons 
yearly chosen among them with regal au- 
Ihority. They were very superstitious, and 
generally offered human victims to their 
gods; an unnatural custom, which their al- 
lies wished them to abolish, but in vain. 
They bore the character of a faithless and 
treacherous people, and the proverb Punica 
fides is well known.— Str. \1.— V. Mn. ].— 
Me. \.—Ptol. 4.—Ju.—Li. 4.— Pal. \.-Plu. 

An. — Cic. NOVA, a town built in Spain, 

on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by As- 
drubal the Carthaginian general. It' was 
Saken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered 
irimself after a heavv loss. It now bears 
ie name of Lartnagena.— Pol. 10.— Li. 26. 
—Si. 15. A daughter of Hercules. 

CARTHASIS, a Scvthian, ice— Curl. 7. 

CARTHEA, a towii of Cos.— Ov.MeJ,f.9. 

CARVILIUS, a king of Britain, who at- 
tacked Caesar's naval station by order of 
Cassivtlaunus, &c. — Cms. b. G. 5.- — SPU- 
RIUS, a Roman who made a large image 
Of the breast-plates taken from the Sam- 
mies, and placed it in the capitol.— PI. 34. 

■ The first Roman who divorced his wife, 

during the space of above 600 years. This 
v?as for barrenness, B.C. 231.— Dio. H. 2. 
—Va. Ma. 2. 

CARLS, a Roman emperor who succeeded 
Probus. He was a prudent and active ge- 
neral ; he conquered the Sarmatians, and 
continued the Persian war which his pre- 
decessor had commenced. He reigned two 
years, and died on the banks of the Tigris 
as he was going in an expedition against 
Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, 
Carinus and Numerianus, Caesars; and as 
his many virtues had promised the Romans 
Happiness, he was made a god after death. 

*~Eut. One of those who attempted to 

cale the rock Aornus, by order of Alexan- 
der.— Curt. 8. 

CARYA, a town of Arcadia. A city of 

laconia. — Pa. 3. Here a festival was 

.bserved in honour of Diana Caryatis. It 
-ras then usual for virgins to meet at the 
celebration, and join in a certain dance, 
.aid to have been first instituted by Castor 
?.nd Pollux. When Greece was invaded by 
Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear be- 
fore the enemy, for fear of displeasing the 
goddess, by not celebrating her festival. 
At that time the peasants assembled at the 
asual place, and sang pastorals called 
Boukolismoi, from Bouholos, a neatherd. 
From this circumstance some suppose that 
Bucolics originated.— St. 4.— T/1. 

CARYAT&, a people of Arcadia. 

CARYSTIUS ANT1GONUS, an historian, 
Sec. B.C. 248. 

CARYSTUS, a maritime town on the 
south of Eubcea, still in existence, famous 
for its marble.— St. 2, Sy. 2.— Mart. 9. 

CARYUM,a place of Laconia, w here aris- 
lomenes preserved some virgins &c.-Pa.4. 



CASCA,one of Caesar's assassins, who gave 
him the first blow.— Plu Cms. 

CASCELLIUS AULUS, alawverof great 
merit in the Augustan age —Hor. A.P.37X. 

CASlLINUM,"a town of Campania. When 
it was besieged bv Hannibal, a mouse sold 
for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 
540 or 570 natives of Prasneste, who, when 
half their number had perished either by war 
or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. — 
Li. 23.— Sir. 5.—Ci. In. 2.— PI. 3. [nia. Si.4. 

CASINA & CASINUM, a town of Campa-- 

CASIUS, a mountain near the Euphrates. 

Another at the east of Pelusium, where 

Pompey's tomb was raised by Adrian. Ju- 
piter surnamed Casius, had a temple there. 

Luc. 8. Another in Syria, from whose 

top the sun can be seen rising, though it be 
still the darkness of night at the bottom of 
the mountain.— PL 5.— Me. 1. 

CASM EfiJE, a town built by the Svracu- 
sans in Sicily.— Th. 6. [Mn. II. 

CASMILLA, the mother of Camilla. — V. 

CASPER1A, wife of Rhoetus king of the 
Marrubbii, committed adultery with her son- 
in-law.— V. Mn. 10. A town of tl e Sa- 

bines.— V. M. 7. 

CAS PERU LA, atownof the "•"abines.-S'i. 8. 

CASPliU PORTiE, certain passes of Asia, 
which some place about Caucasus and the 
Caspian sea, and others between Persia and 
the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or | 
Armenia, or Cilicia. — Di. 1. — PI. 5. 

CASP1ANA, a country of Armenia. 

CASPII, a Scythian nation near the Cas- 
pian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 
70th year were starved to death. Their dogs 
were'remarkable for their fierceness.— Her. 
3.—C. Nev. 14.— V. Mn. 6. 

CASPIUM MARE, or HYRCANUM, a ! 
large sea in the form of a lake, whjch has 
no communication with other seas, and lies 
between the Caspian and Hyrcanian moun- 
tains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in 
its capacious bed the tribute of several large 
rivers. Ancient authors assure us, that it 
produced enormons serpents and fishes, dif- 
ferent in colour and kind from those of all 
other waters. The eastern parts are more 
particularly called the Hyrcanian sea, and 
the western the Caspian. It is now called 
the sea of Sala or Baku. The Caspian is 
about 680 miles long, and in no part more 
than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, 
and on account of its numerous shoals it is 
navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten 
feet water. It has strong currents, and, like 
inland seas, is liable to violent storms. Some 
navigators examined it in 1708, by order 
of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of 
three years, a map of its extent was publish- 
ed. I ts waters are described as brackish, and 
not impregnated with salt so much as the 
wide ocean. Her. I.— Curt. 3.— Str. 11.— 
Me. 1.— PI. 6.— Dio. Per. 

CASPIUS MONS.a branch of mountTau- 
rus, between Media and Armenia, at the 
east of the Euphrates. [byCvrus.— Her. 2. 

CASSAN DANE the mother of Cambvses 

CASSANDER. son of Antipater, made 
himself master of Macedonia after his fa- 
ther's death, where he reigned for 18 



CSS— CAS 



143 



CAS — CAS 



years. He married Thesalonica, the sister 
of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his 
throne. Olympus, the mother of Alex- 
ander, wished to keep the kingdom of Ma- 
cedonia for Alexander's young children ; 
and therefore she destroyed the relations of 
Cassander, who besieged her in the town 
of Pvdna, and put her to death. Roxane, 
with "her son Alexander, and Barsena the 
mother of Hercules, both wives of Alex- 
ander, shared the fate of Olympias with their 
children. Antigonus, who had been for some 
time on friendlv terms with Cassander, de- 
clared war against him; and Cassander, to 
make himself equal with his adversary, made 
a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and 
obtained a memorable victory at Ipsus, B.C. 
301. He died three years after this victory, 
of a dropsv. His son Antipater killed his 
mother; and for this unnatural murder he 
was put to death by his brother Alexander, 
who, to strengthen himself, invited Deme- 
trius, the son of Antigonus, from A sia. De- 
metrius took advantage of the invitation, 
and put to death Alexander, and ascended 
the throne of Macedonia. — Pa. U—JH. 19. 
— Ju. 12. 

CASSANDRA, daughter of Priam and 
Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, 
who promised to grant" her whatever she 
might require, if she would gratify his pas- 
sion. She asked the power of knowing fu- 
turity ; and as soon as she had received it, 
she refused to perform her promise, and 
slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappoint- 
ment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and 
by this action, effected that no credit or re- 
liance should ever be put upon her predic- 
tic as, however true or faithful they might 
be. Some maintain that she received the 
gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, 
By being placed when voung one night in 
the temple of Apollo, where serpents were 
found wreathed round their bodies, and 
icking their ears, which circumstance gave 
f hem the knowledge of futurity. She was 
:ooked upon by the Trojans as insane, and 
ihe was even confined, and her predictions 
were disregarded. She was courted by many 
princes during the Trojan war. When Troy 
was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple 
of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and 
offered her violence, with the greatest cru- 
elty, at the foot of Minerva's statue. In the 
divisions of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, 
who was enamoured of her, took her as his 
wife, and returned with her to Greece. She 
repeatedly fortold to him the sudden cala- 
mities that awaited his return ; but he gave 
no credit to her, and was assassinated by his 
wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared his 
fate, and saw all her prophecies but too 
truly fulfilled. [Vide Agamemnon.]— Ms. 
Ag.-H. II. 13.— Od. A.—Hyg. f. 117.— V. 
JEn. 2.—Q. Cat. 13.— Eur. Tro.—Pa. 1. 

CASSANERIA, a town of the peninsular 
of Pallene in Macedonia, called also Poti- 
dcea.—Pa. 

CASSIA LEX was enacted by Cassius 
Longinus, A. U.C. 649. By it no mancon- 
:ien.ed or deprived of miliary power was 
termltted to enter the senate-house. 



Another enacted by C. Cassius, the pretor,to 
chuse some of the" plebeians to be admitted 

among the patricians. Another A. U. C. 

616, to make the suffrages of the Roman 
people tree and independent. It ordained 
that they should be received upon tablets. 

—Ci. Li, Another A. U. C. 267, to make 

a division of the territories taken from the 
Hernici, half to the Roman people, and half 

to the Latins. Another enacted A. U. C. 

596, to grant a consular power to P. Anicius 
and Octavius, on the day they triumphed 
over Macedonia. — Li. 

CASSIODORUS, a great statesman am* 
writer in the sixth century. He died A. D 
562, at the age of 100. "His works were 
edited bv Chandeler, 8vo. London, 1722. 

CASSI'OPE 6c CASSIOPEA, married Ce- 
pheus, king of ./Ethiopia, by whom she hai 
Andromeda. She boasted herself to be 
fairer than the Nereijes ; upon which Nep 
tune, at the request of these despisei. 
nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope. 
and sent a huge sea monster to rav;st 
^Ethiopia. The wrath of Neptune couli 
be appeased only by exposing Andromeda 
whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the furj 
of a sea monster ; and just as she was going 
to be devoured, Perseus delivered her.-^ 
[Fide Andromeda.] Cassiope was made t 
southern constellation, consbiingof 13 star; 
called Cassiope.— Ci. Nat. D. l.—Apol. 2. 
— Ov. Me. A.—Hyg. f. 64.— Pro. 1, el. 17.— 

Man. 1. A city of Epirus near Thespro- 

tia. Another in the island of Corcvra.— 

PL A. The wife of Epaphus.— St.Sy, 

CASSITERIDES, islands in the western 
ocean where tin was found, supposed to be 
the Scilly islands, the Land's end, and Li 
zard point, of* the moderns. — PI. A. 

CASS I V ELA UN US, a Briton invested with 
sovereign authority when J. Caesar made a 
descent upon Britain.— Cces. b. G. 5, 

CASSIUS, C. a celebrated Roman, who 
made himself known bv being first quaestor 
to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, 
from whieh he extricated himself with un- 
common address. He followed the interest 
of Pompey ; and when Caesar had obtained 
the victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cas- 
sius was one of those who owed their life tc 
the mercy of the conqueror. He marries 
Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him ht 
resolved to murder the man to whom he 
was indebted for his life, on account of his 
oppressive ambition ; and before he stabbeu 
Ceesar, he addressed himself to the statue 
of Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice 
of him he was going to assassinate. WhcC 
the provinces were divided among Caesar" 
murderers, Cassius received Africa ; ani 
when his party had lost ground at Rome 
by the superior influence of Augustus an. 
M. Antony, he retired to Philippi, with hit 
friend Brutus and ther adherents. In th« 
battle that w as fought there, the wing whier 
Cassius commanded was defeated, and hi, 
camp was plundered. In this unsuccessftf 
moment he suddenly gave up all hopes <f 
recovering his losses, and concluded that 
Brutus was conquered and mined as well 
as himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy's 



CAS— CAS 



144 CAS— CAS 



hands, he ordered one of his freed- men to 
run him through, and he perished by that 
very sword which had given wounds to 
Ca?sar. His body was honoured with a 
magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, 
who declared over him that he deserved to 
be called the last of the Romans. If 
If he was brave, he was equally learned. 
Some of his letters are still extant among 
Cicero's epistles. He was a strict follower 
of the doctrine of Epicurus. He was 
often too rash and too violent, and many of 
the wrong steps which Brutus took are to 
be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cas- 
sius. He is allowed by Paterculus to have 
beeu a better commander than Brutus, 
though a less sincere friend. The day after 
Caesar's murder he dined at the house of 
Antony, who asked him whether he had then 
a dagger concealed in his bosom ; yes, re- 
plied he, if you aspire to tyranny.— Sue.Cce. 
$ Au.—Plu. Br. Sf C(ES.—Pat. 2.—Dio. 40. 
—A Roman citizen, who condemned his 
son to death, on pretence of his raising 

commotions in the state.— Va. Ma. 5. 

A tribune of the people, who made many 
laws tending to diminish the influence of 
the Roman nobility. He was competitor 

with Cicero for the consulship. One of 

Pompey's officers, who, during the civil 

wars, revolted to Caesar with 10 ships. 

A poet of Parma, of great genius. He was 
killed by Varus by order of Augustus, whom 
he had offended by his satyrical writings. 
His fragments of Orpheus were found and 
edited some time after by the poet Statins. 
—Hor. 1, sat. 10, v. 62. SPURIUS, a Ro- 
man, put to death on suspicion of his as- 
piring to tyranny, after he had been, three 
times consul, B.C. 485.— Bi. 11.— pa. Ma. 

6. BRUTUS, a Roman who betrayed his 

his country to the Latins, and fled to the 
temple of Pallas, where his father confined 

him, and he was starved to death. LON- 

GINUS, an officer of Caesar in Spain, much 

disliked.— Cce. Al. 48. A consul to whom 

Tiberius married Drusilla, daughter of Ger- 
manic us.— Sne. Cal. 57. A lawyer whom 

Nero put to death because he bore the name 

of J. Caesar's murderer. — Sue. Ne. L. 

HEiUINA, the most ancient writer of annals 

at Rome. He lived A.U.C. 608. LUCI US, 

a Roman lawyer, whose severity in the ex- 
ecution of the law has rendered the words 
Cassiani judices applicable to rigid judges. 

— Ci. Ros. LONGINUS, a critic. [Vide 

Longinus.] LUCIUS, a consul with C. 

Marius, slain with his armv by the Gauls 

Senones.— App.Cel. M.SC;EVA,a soldier 

of uncommon valour in Caesar's army.— Fa. 

Ma. 3. An officer under Aurelius, made 

emperor by his soldiers, and murdered three 

months after. FELIX, a physician in the 

age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals. 

SEVERUS, an orator who wrote a severe 
treatise on illustrious men and women. He 
died in exile, in his 25th year. [Vide Severus.] 

CASSOTIS, a nymph and fountain of Pho- 
Cis — Pa. 10. 

CASTABALA, a city of Cilicia, whose in- 
habitants made war with their dogs.— PI. 8. 

TASTABUS a town of Che«-souesus. 



CASTA LI A. a town near Phocis. A 

daughter of the Achelous. 

CASTA LI US, FONS, or CASTALI A, a 
fountain of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. 
The waters of this fountain were cool and 
excellent, and they had the power of in- 
spiring those that "drank of them with the 
true fire of poetry. The muses have re- 
ceived the surname of Castalides from this 
fountain.— Virg. G. 3.— Mart. 7, ep. II. 

CASTANEA, a town near the Peneus, 
whence the nuces Cabtanee received their | 
name.— PI. 4. 

CASTELLUM MENAPIORUM, a town 

of Belgium on the Maese, no*w Kessel. 

MORlNORUM,now mount Cassel, in Flan- 
ders. CATTORUM, now Hesse Cassel. 

CASTHENES, a bay of Thrace, near By- 
zantium. 

CASTIANIRA, a Thracian mistress ot 
Priam and mother of Gorgythion.— H. U.S. 

CASTOR & POLLUX, were twin brothers, 
sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tyn- 
darus, king of Sparta. The manner of their 
birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was en- 
amoured of Leda, changed himself into a 
beautiful swan, and desired Venus to me- , 
tamphorse herself into an eagle. After this 
transformation, the goddess pursued the god 
with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for 
refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bath- 
ing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage 
of his situation, and nine months after, 
Leda, who was already pregnant, brought 
forth two eggs, from one of which came 
Pollux and Helena; and from the other, 
Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former 
were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter 
were believed to be the children of Tyn- 
darus. Some suppose that Leda brought 
forth only one egg, from w hich Castor and 
Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after 
their birth, carried the two brothers to 
Pallena, where they were educated ; and 
as f>£>onas they had arrived to years of ma- 
turity, they embarked with Jason to so in ; 
quest of the golden fleece. In this expe- 
dition both behaved with superior courage : * | 
Pollux conquered and slew Amycus, in the 
combat of the cestus, and was ever after 
reckoned the god and patron of boxing and I 
wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in 
the management of horses. The brothers 
cleared the Hellespont, and the neighbour- 
ing seas, from pirates, after their return 
from Colchis, from which circumstance they 
have been always deemed the friends of 
navigation. During the Argonautic expe- 
dition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire 
were seen to play around the heads of the 
sons of Leda, and immediataely the tempest 
ceased and the sea was calmed. From this 
occurrence, their power to protect sailors 
has been more firmly credited, and the two 
mentioned fires, w hich are very common in 
storms, have since been known by the name 
of Castor and Pollux ; and when they both ap- 
peared, it was a sign of fair weather ; but 
if only one was seen, it prognosticated 
storms", and the aid of Castor and Pollux 
was consequently solicited. Castor and 
Pollux made war against the Athenians t<» 



CAS— CAS 



145 



CAS— CAT 



recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus 
liad carried away ; and from their clemency 
to the conquered, they acquired the sur- 
name of Anaces, or benefactors. They were 
initiated in the sacred mysteries of the 
Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. 
They were invited to a feast when Lynceus 
and Idas were going to celebrate their mar- 
riage with Phcebeand Talaria, the daughters 
of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyudarus. 
Their behaviour after this invitation was 
cruel. They became enamoured of the two 
women whose nuptials theywere to celebrate, 
and resolved to carry them away and marry 
them. This violent step provoked Lynceus 
and Idas : a battle ensued, and Castor killed 
Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux- 
revenged the death of his brother by killing 
Idas ; and as he was immortal, and tender- 
ly attached to his brother, he entreated Ju- 
piter to restore him to life, or to be de- 
prived himself of immortality. Jupiterper- 
mitted Castor to share the immortality of 
his brother ; and consequently, as long as 
the one was upon earth, so long was the 
other detained in the infernal regions, and 
they alternately lived and died every day ; 
or, according to others, every six months. 
This act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded 
by making the two brothers constellations 
in heaven, under the name of Gemini, which 
never appear together, but when one rises 
the other sets, and so on alternately. Cas- 
or made Talaira mother of Anogon, and 
Phoebe had Musileus by Pollux. They re- 
ceived divine honours after death, and were 
cenerally called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. 
White lambs were more particularly offered 
on their altars, and the ancients were fond 
of swearing by the Dioscuri, by the expres- 
«ons of JEdepol and Mcastor. Among the 
'ncients, and especially among the Romans, 
here prevailed many public reports, at 
-iifferent times, that Castor and Pollux had 
tiade their appearance to their armies ; 
ind, mounted on white steeds, had marched 
it the head of their troops, and furiously 
Attacked the enemy. Their surnames were 
itiany, and they were generally represented 
mounted on two white horses, armed with 
spears, and riding side by side, with their 
heads covered with a bonnet, on whose top 
glittered a star.— Ov. Me. Q.—Hyg. f. 77.— 
Hy. Jov.—Eur. He.-Plu. Th.—V. 
Mn. 6.— Man. Arg. 2.— Li. I.—Dio. H. 6.— 
Ju. 20.— Hor. 2, l.—Fl. 2.— Ci. Nat. D. 2. 

— Apol. I.— Pa. 3. An ancient physician. 

A swift runner. A friend of JEne&s, 

who accompanied him into Italy.— V. Mn. 

10. An orator of Rhodes, related to 

king Deiotarus. He wrote two books on 
Babylon, and one on the Nile. A gladia- 
tor.— Hor. 1, e. 18. 
CASTRA ALEXANDRI, a place of Egypt 

about Pelusium.— Curt. 4. CORNELIA, 

a maritime town of Africa, between Car- 
thage and Utica.— Me. 1.- — ANNIBALIS, 

a^ town of the Brutii, now Roccella. 

CVRI, a country of Cilicia, where Cv.rus 
encamped when he marched against Croe- 
sus.— Curt. 3. JULIA, a town of Spain. 



POSTHUMIANA, a place of Spain.- 

Hir. His. 8. 

CASTRATUJS, a governor of Placentia 
during the civil wars of lYlarius.— Va. Ma.Q. 

CASTRUM NOVUM, a place on the coast 

of Etruria.— Li. 36. TRUENTINUN, a 

town of Picenum.— Ci. At. 8, e.12. INUl, 

a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 
-V. Mn. 6. 

CASTULO, a town of Spain, where An- 
nibal married one of the natives.— Plu. S. 
~Li. 24.— It. 3. 

CATABATHMOS, a great declivity near 
Cyrene, fixed by Sallust, as the boundary of 
Africa.— Sal. J. 17.— PL 5. 

CATADUPA, the name of the large cata- 
racts of the Nile, whose immense noise 
stuns the ear of travellers for a short space 
of time, and totally deprives the neigh- 
bouring inhabitants of the power of hearing. 
— Ci. Som. Sc. 5. 

CATAGOG1A, festivals in honour of Ve- 
nus, celebrated by the people of Eryx. — 
Fide Anagogia. 

CATAMENTELES, a king of the Sequani, 
in alliance with Rome, kc.—Cas. B. G. 1. 

CATANA or CATANEA, a town of Sicily, 
at the foot of mount ./Etna, founded by 
a colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the 
chrisiian era. Ceres had there a temple, 
in which none but women were permitted 
to appear. Tt was large and opulent, and 
it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful 
overthrows to which it has been subjected 
from its vicinity to iEtna, which has dis- 
charged, in some of its eruptions, a stream 
of lava 4 miles broad and 50 feet deep, ad- 
vancing at the rate of 7 miles in a day. Ca- 
tana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. 
— Ci. Ver. 4. — Di. U.-Str. 6.-77*. 6. 

CATAONIA, a country ahove Cilieia, 
near Cappadocia.— C. Nep. D. 4. 

CATARACTA, a city of the Samnites. 

CATARACTES, a river of Pamphylia, 
now Dodensoui. [sus was seized. — Curt. 7, 

CATENES, a Persian hy whose means Bes- 

CATIL3EA, a country of India. 

CATHARI, certain gods of the Arcadians. 
An Indian nation, where the wives ac- 
company their husbands to the burning 
pile, and are burnt with them.— Di. 17. 

CATIA, an immodest woman, mentioned 
Hor. 1, s. 2. [Juv, 3. 

CATIENA. a courtezan in Juvenal's age. 

CATIENUS, an actor at Rome in Ho- 
race's age, 2 S. 3. 

CATILINA, SERGIUS, L., a celebrated 
Roman, descended of a noble family. 
When he had squandered away his fortune 
by his debaucheries and extravagance, and 
been refused the consulship, he secretly 
meditated the ruin of his country, and con- 
spired with many of the most illustrious of 
the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to ex- 
tirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, 
and set Rome on fire. This conspirac was 
timely discovered by the consul C/cero, 
whom he had resolved to murder ; and 
Catiline, after he had declared his inten- 
tions in the full senate, and attempted to 
vindicate himself, on seeing five of his ac- 



CAT- CAT i 

complices arrested, retired to Gani, where 
bis partizans were assembling an army ; 
vrhile Cicero at Rome punched the co'n- 
oeinned conspirators. Petreius, the other 
consul's lieutenant, attacked Catiline's ill 
disciplined troops, and routed them. Ca- 
tiline was killed in the engagement, bravelv 
fighting, about the middle of December", 
B.C. 63. His character has been deserv- 
edly branded with ti e foulest infamy ; and 
to the violence he offered to a vestal, he 
added the more atrocious murder of his own 
brother, for which he would have suffered 
death, had not friends aud bribes prevailed 
over justice. It has been reported that Ca- 
tiline and the other conspirators drank hu- 
man blood, to make their oaths more firm 
and inviolable. Sallust has written an ac- 
count of the conspiracy.— Ci. C.—V. JE?i.s. 
CaTILLI, a people 'near the river Anio. 



CAT- CAT 

that the learning and luxury of Athens 
would destroy the valour and simplicity of 
the Roman people ; and he often observed 
to his son, that the Romans would be cer- 
tainly ruined whenever thev began to be 
infected with Greek. It appears, however, 
that he chamred his opinion, and made him- 
self remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, 
which he acquired in his old age. He him- 
self educated his son, and instructed him 
in writing and grammar. He taught him 
dexterously to throw the javelin, and inu- 
red him to the labours of the field, and to 
bear cold and heat with the same indiffer- 
ence, and to swim across the most rapid 
rivers with ease and boldness. He was 
universally deemed so strict in his morals, 
that Virgil makes him one of the judges of 
hell. He repented only of three things 
during his life ; to have gone by sea when he 



— Si. 4. [])i. 5. 1 con Id* 3 go bv land, to have passed a dav in- 

CATIL1US, a pirate of Dalmatia. —Ci. | active, "and" to have told a secret to his wife, 



CATILLL1S, or CATIIXS, a son of Am- 
phiaraus, who came to Italy with his bro- 



A statue was raised to his memory, and he 
distinguished himself as much forhisknow- 



thers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built ledge of agriculture as his political life. In 
Tibur, and assisted Turnus against A'neas. Cicero's aire there w 



—V. Mn. l.—Hor. I, 

CAT1NA, a town of Sicily, called al . 

Catana.— [Vide Catana.] Another of Ar- j history of the Roman monarchy; the se- 

cadia. 



there were 150 orations of his, 
besides letters, and a celebrated work called 
Origines, of which the first book gave a 



' cond "and third an account of the neigh- 
CATIUS, M., an epicurean philosopher bourhig cities of Italy : the fourth a detail 
of Insubria, w ho wrote a treatise in four [of the first, and the fifth of the second Pu- 
books, on^ the nature of things, aud the i nic war ; and in the others, the Roman 

history was brought down to the war of the 
Lusitanians, carried on by Ser. Galba. 



snmmum bortum, and an account of the doc- 
"rine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he 

-*as not a sound or faithful follower of the ! Some fragments of the Ofigints remain, 
Epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed i supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato's 
~ treatise, De re rustica, was edited bv An- 
son, Pompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. I5S0; but 
the be<t edition of Cato, &c. seems to be 
Gesner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735. Cato died 
in an extreme old age, about 150 B. C. ; 
and Cicero, to shew his respect for him, 
has introduced him in his treatise on oid 

a?e, as the principal character. — PL 7. 

PLUTARCH and C. NEPOS have written 

an account of his life.— Ci. Ac. Se. 

MARCUS, the son of the censor, married 
the daughter of P. iEmylius. He lost his 
sword in a battle, and though wounded and 
tired, he went to his friends, and, with 
their assistance, renewed the battle, and 

recovered his sword.— Pin. Cat. A ccu- 

rapeous Roman, grandfather to Cato the 
censor. He had five horses killed under 

him in battles.— Phi. Cat. VALERIUS, 

a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in 
the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome 
many noble pupils, *nd wrote some poems. 

—Ov. 2, Tr. 1. MARCUS, surnamed 

Uticensis, from his death at Ctica, was 
great grandson to the censor of the same 
name. The early virtues that appeared in 
his childhood, seemed to promise a great 
man; and at the age of fourteen, he ear- 
nestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to 
stab "the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in 
his morals", and a'strict follower of the te- 
nets of the Stoics : he was careless of his 
dress, often appeared barefoot< d in public, 
and never travelled but on foot. He was 
such a lover of discipline, that in whatever 



bjr Hor. 2, s. A.—Quin. 10. VESTING 

a military tribune in M. Antonv's army.— 
Ci. Di. 10. 

CATIZI, a people of the Pygmaeans, sup- 
posed to have been driven from their coun- 
try by cranes.— PL 4. 

CATO, a surname of the Porcian familv, 
rendered illustrious bv M. Porcius Cato, "a 
celebrated Roman, afterwards called Cen- 
sorius, from his having exercised the office 
of censor. He rose to all the honours of 
l^e state, and the first battle he ever saw 
was against Annibal, at the age of seventeen, 
where he behaved with uncommon valour. 
In his quaestorship, under Africanus against 
Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain, 
against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he 
displayed equal proofs of his courage and 
prudence. He was remarkable for his love 
of temperance ; he never drank but water, 
and was always satisfied with whatever 
meats were laid upon his table by his ser- 
vants, whom he never reproved with an an- 
gry word. During his censor-hip, which 
he" obtained, though he had made many de- 
clarations of his future severity if ever in 
office, he behaved with the greatest rigour 
and impartiality, shewed himself an enemy 
to all luxury and dissipation, and even ac- 
cused his colleague of embezzling the prblic 
money. He is famous for the great opposi- 
tion which he made against the intrcduction 
of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and 
his treatment of Carneades is well known. 
This prejudice arose from an appreher.sion 



CAT- CAT 147 CAT- CAT 



frffice he was employed, lie always reformed 
its abuses, and n stored the ancient regu- 
lations. When he was set over the troops 
in the capacity of a commander, his remo- 
val was universally lamented, and deemed 
almost a public loss to his affectionate sol- 
diers. His fondness for candour was so 
great, that the veracity of Cato became 
proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he 
wished to give as little molestation as pos- 
sible ; and the importuning civilities of king 
JDejotarus so displeased him, when he was 
•at his court, that he hastened away from 
his presence. He was very jealous of the 
safety and liberty of the republic, and 
watched carefully over the conduct of Pom- 
pey, whose power and influence were great. 
He" often expressed his dislike to serve the 
office of a tribune ; but when he saw a man 
of corrupted principles apply for it, he of- 
fered himself a candidate to oppose, him, 
and obtained the tribuneship. In the con- 
spiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, 
and was the chief cause that the conspira- 
tors were capitally punished. When the 
provinces of Gaul were decreed for five 
years to Caesar, Cato observed to the sena- 
tors, that they had introduced a tyrant into 
thecapitol. He was sent to Cyprus against 
Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, 
who hoped that the difficulty of the expedi- 
tion would injure his reputation. But his 
prudence extricated him from every dan- 
ger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a suc- 
cessful campaign, Cato was received at 
Home with the most distinguishing honours, 
which he, however, modestly declined. 
When the first triumvirate was" formed be- 
tween Csesar, Pompey, and Crassus, Caio 
opposed them with all his might, and with 
an independent spirit foretold to the Ro- 
man people all the misfortunes which soon 
after followed. After repeated applications 
lie was made pretor, but he seemed ra.her 
to disgrace than support the dignity of that 
office, by the meanness of his dress. He 
applied for the consulship, but could never 
obtain it. When Caesar had passed the 
Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to 
deliver the care of the republic into the 
hands of Pompey ; and when his advice 
had been complied with, he followed him 
with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after 
a small victory there, he was entrusted 
with the care of the ammunitions, ana of 
15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, 
Cato took the command of the Corcyrean 
fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey's death, 
on the coast of Africa, he traversed the de- 
serts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. 
He refused to take the command of the 
army in Africa, a circumstance of which he 
afterwards repented. \\ hen Scipio had 
been defeated, partly for not paying regard 
to Cato's advice, Cato fortified himself in 
Utica, but, however, not with the inten- 
tion of supporting a >iege. When Caesar 
approached near the city, Cato disdained 
to fly, and rather than fall alive into the 
conqueror's bauds, he stabbed himself, af- 
ter lie had read Plato's treatise on the im- 
mortality of the soul, B.C. 45, in the 59th 



year of his age. He had first married Attilia, 
a woman whose licentious conduct obliged 
him to divorce her. Afterwards he united 
himself to Marria, daughter of Philip. Hor- 
tensius, his friend, wished to raise children 
by Martia, and therefore obtained herfrom 
Cato. After the death of Hortensvus, Cato 
took her again. This conduct was ridi- 
culed by the Romans, who observed that 
Martia had entered the house of Hortemius 
very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato 
loaded with treasures. It was observed 
that Cato always appeared in mourning, 
and never laid himself down at 1. is meals 
since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat 
down, contrary to the custom of the Ro- 
mans, as if depressed with the recollection 
that the supporters of republican libertj 
were decaying. Plutarch has written an 
account of" his life.— Luc. \.— Va. Ma. 2.— 

Hor. 3, o. 21.— V. Bn. 6. A son of CaU> 

of Utica, who was killed in a battle, aftf? 
he had acquired much honour.— Piu. Cos. 
Min, 

CATREA, a town of Crete.— Pa. 

CaTREUS, a king of Crete, killed by ins 
son at Rhodes, unknowingly. — Di. 5 

CATTA, a woman who had the gift & 
prophecy. — Sue. Fit. 14. [Ta. An. id. 

CATT'i, a people of Gaul and Germany. 

CATULlANA, a surname of Minerva, 
from L. Catulus, who dedicated a standard 
to her.— PI. 34. 

CATULLUS, C. or Q. VALERIUS, * 
poet of Verona, whose composition ele- 
gant and simple, are the offspring of 4. lux- 
uriant imagination. He was acquainted 
with the most distinguished people of lin- 
age, and directed his satire against Ceerar, 
whose only revenge was to invite the poe^ 
and hospitably entertain him at his table 
Catullus was the first Roman who imitated 
with success the Greek writers, and intr-- 
duced these numbers among the Latins* 
Though the pages of the poet are occasion- 
ally disfigured with licentious expressions, 
the whole is written with great purity 
of style. Catullus died in the 46th vear 
of his age, B. C. 40. The best editions of 
his works, which consist only of epigrams, 
are that of Vulpius, 4to. Patavii, 17^7, and 
that of Barbou, l2mo. Paris, \lb\.-Mart.\, 

e. 62.— Ov. Tr. 2.- A man surnamed Ur- 

bicarius, was a mimographer. — Juv. 13. 

CATULUS, Q. LUCTAT1US, went with 
300 ships during the first Punic war against 
the Carthaginians, and destroyed 6uo of 
their ships under Hamilcar,'near the Agates. 
This celebrated victory put an end to the 

war. An orator distinguished also as a 

writer of epigrams, and admired for the 
neatness, elegance, and polished style of 
his compositions. He is supposed to be the 
same as the colleague of Marius, when a 
consul the fourth time ; and be shared with 
them the triumph over the Cinibri. He 
was, by his colleague's order, suffocated in 
a room filled with the smoke of burning 

coals.— Luc. 2.—Plu. Ma. A Roman sent 

by his countrymen to carry a present to the 
god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from 
Asurubtl.— Li, 27. 



CAT-CAU 



US 



CATURIGES, a people of Gaul, now 
Chorges, near the source of the Durance. 
— Ccbs. B.G. I.— PL 3. 

CAVARES, a people of Gaul, who in- 
habited the present province of Conitat in 
Provence. 

CAVARILLUS, a commander of some 
troops of the Adui in Caesar's army.— 
Ces. B. G. 7. 

CAVARINUS, a Gaul, made king of the 
Senones by Caesar, and banished by his sub- 
jects.— C<es. B. G. 5. 

CAUCASUS, a celebrated mountain be- 
tween the Euxine and Caspian seas, which 
may be considered as the continuation of 
the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is 
immense. It was inhabited anciently by va- 
rious savage nations who lived upon the 
wild fruits of the earth. It was covered 
with snow in some parts, and in others it 
was variegated with fruitful orchards and 
plantations. The inhabitants formerly were 
supposed to gather gold on the shores of 
their rivulets in sheep-skins, but now they 
lived without making- use of money. Pro- 
metheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by 
Jupiter, and continually devoured by vul- 
tures, according to ancient authors. The 
passes near this mountain, called Caucasia 
porta, bear now the name of Derbent, and 
it is supposed that through them the Sarrua- 
tians, called Huns, made their way, when 
thev invaded the provinces of Rome. — PI. 
6.— Sir. 11.— Her. 4.— V. Eel. 6, G. 2,—Mn. 
A.—Flac. 5. 

CAUCON, a son of Clinus, who first in- 
troduced the Orgies into Messenia from 
Eleusis.— Pa. 4. 

CAU CONES, a people of Paphlagonia, 
originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scy- 
thia, according to some accounts. Some of 
them made a settlement near Dymae, in 
Ehs.—Her. \.-Str. 8. 

CAUDI, or CAUDIUM, a town of the 
Samnites, near which, in a place called 
Caudince Furculcc, the Roman army under 
T. Veturius Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius, 
was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, 
and pass under the yoke with the greatest 
disgrace.— lit. 9.— Luc. 2. 

CAVTI, a people of Illyricum. — Li. 44. 

CAULONIA, or CAULON, a town of Italy, 
near the country of (he Brulii, founded by 
a colony of Achaeans, and destroyed in the 
wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. — 
Pa. 6.- V. jEn. 3. 

CAUMUS, a man raised to affluence from 
poverty, by Artaxerxes.— PLu. Art. 

CAUNUS, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He 
was passionately fond of, or, according to 
others, he was tenderiy beloved by his sister 
Bablis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, 
he retired to Caria, where he built a city 
called by his own name. [Vide Byblis.] — 
Ov. Me. 9, f. 11. A city of Caria, oppo- 
site Rhodes, where Frotogenes was born. 
The climate was considered as unwholesome, 
especially in summer, so that Cicero men- 
tions the'ery of a person who sold Cauni.m 
rigs, which were very famous, {qui Cauneas 
clamitahat,) at Brundusmm, as a bad omen 
{cave ne eas) against Cras*"- *>oing to at- 



CAU— CEC 

Di. : 



tack the Parthians.— Ci. Di. 2.—Str. 14.— 
Her. 1. 

CAUROS, an island with a small town for- 
merly called Andros,in the jEgean sea.--P/.4. 

CAURUS, a wind blowing from the west. 
—Virg. G. 3. 

CAOS, a village of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

CAYCI orCHAUCI,a nation of Germany, 
now the people of Friesland and Groningeu. 
—Luc. 1. 

CAYCUS, a river of Mvsia.— Vide Caicus. 

CAYSTER or CAYSTRUS, now Kitcheck- 
Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in 
Lydia, and after a meandering course, falling 
into the iEgeansea nearEphesus. According 
to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of 
this river were generally frequented by 
swans.— Ov. Me. 2 — Mart. 1, e. a4.— H. II. 
2.— Virg. G. 1. 

CEA, or CEOS, an island near Eubcea, 
called also Co.— Vide Co. 

CEADES, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus 
was concerned in the Trojan war.— H. II. 2. 

CEBA, now CEVA, a town of modern 
Piedmont, famous for cheese.— PI. li. 

CEBALLINUS, a man who gave informa 
tion of the snares laid against Alexander.- 
Di. n.—Curt. 6. 

CEBARENSES, a people of Gaul.— Pa. U 

CEBENXA mountains, now the Cevennes t 
separating the Arverni from the Helvii, ex- 
tending from the Garonne to the Rhone.— 
Cces. b. G. 7.— Me. 2, 5. 

CEBES, a Theban philosopher, one of the 
disciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended 
his learned preceptor in his last moments, 
and distinguished himself by three dialogues 
that he wrote; but more " particularly by 
his tables, which contain a beautiful and 
affecting picture of human life, delineated 
with accuracy and judgment, and great 
splendour of sentiment. The best editions 
of Cebes, are those of Gronovius, 8vo. ltfSy ; 
and Glasgow, 12mo. 1747. 

CEBRKN, the father of Asterope.--.4poZ. 3. 

CEBRENIA, a country of Troas, with a 
town of the same name, called after the 
river Cebrenus, which is in the neighbour- 
hood. CEnone, the daughter of Cebrenus, 
receives the patronymic of Cebrenh. — Ov. 
Me. 1 1. — St. 1, Syl. 

CEBRIONES, one of the giants conquered 

by Venus. An illegitimate son of Priam, 

killed with a stone by Patroclus,— H. II. 

CEBRUS, now Zebris, a river falling in a 
southern direction into the Danube, and 
dividing Lower and Upper Alcefia. 

CEC1DAS, an ancient dithvrambic poet. 

CEC1LIUS.— Vide Ccecilius. 

CECINA, a river near Yoiaterra, in Etru- 
rin.— Me. 2. 

CECINNA, A. a Roman knight in the in- 
terest of Pompey, who used to breed up 
young swallows, and send them to curry 
news to his friends as messengers. He was 
a particular friend to Cicero, with whom he 
corresponded. Some of his letters are still 

extant in Cicero.— PL 10.— Ci. 15, 66. A 

scribe of Octavius Caesar.— Ci. 16.— At. 8. 

A consular man suspected of conspiracy, 

and murdered by Titus, after an invitation 
to supper.— Sue. in Tit. c. 6. 



CEC-CEL 



no 



CEL— CEL 



CECROPIA,the original name of Athens, 

in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The 
ancients often use this word for Attica, and 

the Athenians are often called Cecropid<e, 

V. JEn. 6,—Ov. Me. 7.— Luc. 3.— PI. 7.— Cat. 
62— Juv. 6. 

CECROP1D.E, an ancient name of the 
Athenians, more particularly applied to those 
who were descended from Cecrops the 
founder of Athens. The honourable name 
of Cecropidae was often conferred as 
ward for some virtuous action in the field of 
battle.— V. /En. 6.—Ov. 7, Me. 

CECROPS, a native of Sais in Egypt, who 
led a colony to Attica, about 1556 years be- 
fore the Christian era, and reigned over part 
of the country, which was called from him 
Cecropia. He softened and polished the 
rude and uncultivated manners of the inha- 
bitants, and drew them from the country to 
inhabit 12 small villages which he had found- 
ed. He gave them laws and regulations, and 
introduced among them the worship of those 
deities which were held in adoration in 
Egypt. He married the daughter of Actaeus, 
a Grecian prince, and was deemed the fi st 
founder of Athens. He taught his subjects 
to cultivate the olive, and "instructed them 
to look upon Minerva as a watchful pa- 
troness of their city. It is said that he was 
the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in 
Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a 
reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his 
newly formed kingdom, and in polishing the 
minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leav- 
ing three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and 
Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, 
a native of the country. Some time after, 
Theseus, one of his successors on the throne, 
formed the 12 villages which he had estab- 
lished, into one city, to which the name of 
Athens was given. [Vide Athenae.] Some 
authors have described Cecrops as a mon- 
ster, half a man and half a serpent; 
and this fable is explained by the recollec- 
tion that he was master of two languages, 
the Greek and Egyptian ; or that lie had 
the command over two countries, Egypt and 
Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to 
the regulations which Cecrops made amongst 
the inhabitants concerning marriage and 
the union of the two sexes.— Pa. l.— Sir. 
9.—Ju. 2.— Her. 8.— Apol. 3.— Ov. Me. 11. 

Hyg. f. 166. The second of that name, 

was the seventh king of Athens, and the son 
and successor of Erechtheus. He married 
Metiadusa the sister of Daedalus, by whom 
he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and 
died 1307, B.C.— Apol. 3.— Pa. 1. 

CECYPHALjE, a place of Greece, where 
the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Pelo- 
ponnesians.— Th. 1. 

CEDREATI3, the name of Diana among 
the Orchomenians, because her images were 
hung on lofty cedars. 

CEDON, an Athenian general, killed in an 
engagf-nent against the Spartans.— Di. 15. 

CEORUSI1, an Indian nation.— Curt. 9. 

CEGLUSAjthe mother of Asopu.s by Nep- 
tune.— Pa. 2. 

CEI, the inhabitants of the island Cea. 

CELADON, a man killed by Perseus, at 
O 3 



the marriage of Andromeda.— Ov. Me. 5. 

A river of Greece flowing into the Al- 

pheus.— Sir. 8.— II. 1. 
CELADUS, a river of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

An island of the Adriatic sea,— Me. 3. 

CELjENjE, or CELENE, a city of Phrvgia, 
of which it was once the capital. Cyrus 
the younger had a palace there, with a park 
filled with wild beasts, where he exercised 
himself in hunting. The Maeander arose in 
this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel 
there after his defeat in Greece. The in- 
habitants of Celene were carried by Anti- 
ochus Soter to people Apamea when newly 
founded.— Stfr. 12.— Li. 38.— Xen. An. I. 
— Marsyas is said to have contended in its 
neighbourhood against Apollo.— Her. 7. 
— Luc. 3. 

CELiENO, one of the daughters of Atlas, 

ravished by Neptune.— Ov. 4. F. One of 

the harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. 

— V. JEn. 3. One of the Danaides.— Apol. 

2. A daughter of Neptune and Ergea.— 

Hyg' A daughter of Hyamus, mother of 

Delphus by Apollo.— Pa. 10. 
CELEiE, a town of Peloponnesus. -Pa. 2 
CELElA 6i CELA, a town ofNoricum.— 
PI. 3. 

CELELATES, a people of Liguria.-Z?. 32 
CELENDRZE, CELENDR1S, & CELEN- 
DERIS, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, 
with a harbour of the same name at the 
mouth of the Selinus.— Luc. 8. 

CELENEUS, a Cimmerian, who firsr 
taught how persons guilty of murder mighi 
be expiated. — Flac. 3. 

CELENNA or CELiENA, a town of Cam- 
pania, where Juno was worshipped.— V, 
Mn. 7. 

CELER, a man who with Severus under- 
took to rebuild Nero's palace afcer the burn- 
ing of Rome.— Ta. An. 15. A man called 

Fabius, who killed Remus, when he leaped 
over the walls of Rome, by order of Rott/e - 

lus.— Ov. F. 4.— Plu. Rom. METIUS, a 

noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a 
poem. 

CELERES, 300 of the noblest and strong- 
est youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to 
be his body guards, to attend him wherever 
he went, to protect his person. The chief 
or captain was called Tribunus Celerum. — 
Li. I. 

CELETRUM, a town of Macedonia.-Li. |. 
CELEUS, a king of Eleusis, father to 
Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind 
reception to Cere», who taught his son the 
cultivation of the earth. - [Vide Triptole- 
mus.] His rustic dress became a proverb. 
The invention of several agricultural instru- 
ments made of osiers is attributed to him, 
— Ov. F.3.— Virg. G. \.—Apol. 1, 5.— Pa. I. 

A king of Cephallenia. 

C ELM US, a man who nursed Jupiter, by 
whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
changed into a magnet-s>tone for saying that 
Jupiter was mortal.— Ov. Me. 4. [17. 
CELONjE, a place of Mesopotamia.— Di. 
CELSUS, an epicurean philosopher in the 
second century, to whom LuHan dedicated 
one of his compositions. Ht wrote a trea- 
tise against the Christians, to which an 



CEL-CEN 



150 



CEN — CEN" 



answer was returned by Origen. CORN. 

a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote 
aight books on medicine, besides treatises on 
agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. 
The best editions of Celsus de medicina, are 
the 8vo. L. Bat. 1746, and that of Vallart, 
12mo. Paris apud Didot, 1772. ALBINO- 
VAN US, a friend of Horace, warned against 
plagiarism, 1,. ep. 3, and pleasantly ridiculed 
in the 8th epistle, for his foibles. Some of 

his elegies have been preserved. JU- 

VENTIUS, a lawyer who conspired against 

Domitian. TITUS, a man proclaimed 

emperor, A. D. 265, against his will, and 
murdered seven days after. 

CELTiE, a name given to the nation that 
inhabited the country between the Ocean 
and the Palus Moeotis, according- to some 
authors mentioned by Pla. Ma, This name, 
though anciently applied to the inhabitants 
of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, 
was more particularly given to "a part of the 
Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, 
was situate between the rivers Sequana and 
Garumna, modernly called la Seine and la 
Garonne. The Celtae seemed to receive their 
name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of 
Polyphemus. The promontory which bore 
the name of Cellicnm, is now called Cape 
Finisterre.— Cats. B. G. \.—Me. 3.— Her. A. 

CELTIBERI, a people of Spain, des- 
cended from the Celtae. They settled near 
the Iberus, and added the name of the r iver 
to that of their nation, and were afterwards 
called Celtiberi. They made strong head 
against the Romans and Carthaginians when 
they invaded their country. Their country, 
called Celtiberia, is now known by the name 
of Arragon.— Di. 6.—FI. 2— Str. A.— Luc. 
4.— Si. It. 3. [inhabited by the Celtae. 

CELTICA, a well-populated part of Gaul, 

CELTIC1, a people of Spain. The pro- 
montory which bore their name, is now 
called Cape Finisterre. 

CELTILLUS, the father of Vercingetorix 
among the Arverni.— Cats. B. G. 7. 

CELTOR1I, a people of Gaul, near the 
Senones.— Plu. [Scythians.— Str. 10. 

CELTOSCYTHiE, a northern nation of 

CEMMENUS, a lofty mountain of Gaul.— 
Str. 

C EM PS I, a people of Spain at the bottom 
of the Pyrenean mountains. -Dio. Per. fbum. 

CENABU M, or GENABUM. FitfeGena- 

CEN^UM, a promontory of Eubcea, 
whereJupiter Catneus had an altar raised bv 
Hercules.— Ov. Me. 9. — Th. 3. 

CENCHREjE, now Kenkri, a town of 
Peloponnesus on the Isthmus of Corinth. 

A harbour of Corinth.— Ov. Tr. l.el. 9. 

— PI. A. 

CENCHREIS, the wife of Cinyras king of 
Cvprus, or as others say, of Assyria. — 
riyg. f. 58. 

CENCHREUS, a son of Neptune and Sa- 
iamis, or as some say of Pyrene. He killed 
a large serpent at Salamis.— Pa. 2,—Di. A. 

CENCHRIUS, a river of Iona near Ephe- 
sus, were some suppose that Latona was 
washed after she had brought forth.— Ta. 
dn . 3. [Carthago Nova.— Pol. 

«JEN EPOL1S, a town of Spain, the 6ame as 



CENETIUM, a town of Peloponnesus. Str, 

CENIMAGNI, a people on the western 
parts of Britain. 

CENINA. Vide Caenina. ' 

CENNEUS. Vide. Caenis. 

CENON, a town of Italy.— Li. 2. 

CENSORES, two magistrates of great 
authority at Rome, first created, B. C. 443. 
Their office was to number people, estimate 
the possessions of every citizen, reform and 
watch over the manners of the people, and 
regulate the taxes. Their power was also 
extended over private families; they pun- 
ished irregularity, and inspected the ma- 
nagement and education of the Roman 
youth. They could inquire into the ex- 
penses of every citizen, and even degrade a 
senator from all his privileges and honours, 
if guilty of any extravagance. This punish- 
ment was generally executed in passing 
over the offender's name, in calling the list 
of the senators. The office of public censor 
was originally exercised by the king's. Ser- 
vius Tullius, "the sixth king of Rome, first 
established a census, by which every man 
was obliged to come to" be registered, and 
give in writing the place of his residence, 
his name, his quality, the number of hi« 
children , of his tenants, estates, and domes- 
tics, &c. The ends of the census were very ' 
salutary to the Roman republic. They knevi 
their own strength, their ability to support I 
a war, or to make a levy of troops, or 
raise a tribute. It was required that every ! 
knight should be possessed of 400,000 ses- 
terces, to enjoy the rights and privileges of 
his order; and a senator was entitled' to sit 
in the senate, if he was really wortn 800,000 
sesterces. This laborious task of numbering 
and reviewing the people, was, after the 
expulsion of theTarquins, one of the duties 
and privileges of the consuls. But when 
the republic was become more powerful, 
and when the number of its citizens was 
increased, the consuls were found unable to 
make the census, on account of the multi- 
plicity of business. After it had been neglect- 
ed for 16 years, two new magistrates called I 
censors were elected. They remained in 
office for five years, and every fifth year they 
made a census of all the citizens in the cam- i 
pus martins, and offered a solemn sacrifice, 
and made a lustration in the name of all 
the Roman people. This space of time was j 
called a lustrum, and ten or twenty years \ 
were commonly expressed by two or' four 1 
lustra. After the office of the censors had 1 
remained for some time unaltered, the Ro- 
mans, jealous of their power, abridged the 
duration of their office, and a law was made, 
A. U. C. 420, by Mamercus TEmilius, to limit 
the time of the censorship to 18 months. 
After the second Punic war, they were al- 
ways chosen from such persons as had been 
consuls ; their office was more honourable, j 
though less powerful, than that of the con- 
suls ; the badges of their office were the same, 
but the censors were not allowed to have 
lictors to walk before them, as the consuls. 
When one of the censors died, no one was 
elected in his room till five years had ex- 
pired, and his colleague immediately re- 



CEN— CEN 



131 



CEN — CEN 



signed. This circumstance originated from 
the death of a censor before the sack of 
Rome by Brennus, and was ever after deem- 
ed an unfortunate event to the republic. 
The emperors abolished the censors, and 
took upon themselves to execute their office. 

CENSORINUS, AP. CL. was compelled, 
after many sendees to the state, to assume 
the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom 
he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270. 
MARTI OS, a consul, to whom, as a parti- 
cular friend, Horace addressed his 4 o. 8. 

A grammarian of the third century, 

whose book, De die natali, is extant, best 
edited in 8vo., by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1768. 
It treats on the birth of man, of years, 
months, and days. 

CENSUS, the numbering of the people at 
Rome, performed by the censors, a censeo, 
to value. [Fide Censores.] A god wor- 
shipped at Rome, the same as Consus. 

CENTARETUS, a Galatian, who, when 
Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse in 
the greatest exultation. The horse, as if 
conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped 
down a precipice, and killed himself and his 
rider.— PI. 8 

bENTAURI, a people of Thessaly, half 
men and half horses. They were the off- 
spring of Centaurus, son of Apollo, b 



try, and retire to Arcadia. Here their inso- 
lence was a second time punished by Her- 
cules, who, when he was scoing to hunt the 
boar of Etymanthus, was kindfy entertained 
by the Centaur, Pholus, who gave him wine 
which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, 
but had been given them on condition of 
their treating Hercules with it, whenever 
he passed through their territory. They 
resented the liberty which Hercules took 
with their wine, and attacked him with un- 
common fury. The hero defended himself 
with his arrows, and defeated his adver- 
saries, who fled for safety to the Centaur 
Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of 
Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he 
would desist in his presence. Hercules, 
though awed at the gight of Chiron, did 
not desist, but, in the midst of the engage- 
ment, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, 
who, in the excessive pain he suffered, ex- 
changed immortality for death. Tl^e death 
of Chiron irritated' Hercules the more, and 
the Centaurs that were present, were all ex- 
tirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped 
the common destruction. The most cele- 
brated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eury- 
tus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, 
Arneus, '.Medon, Rhcetus, Pisenor, Merme- 
ros, Pholus, &e.— Di. A.—Tz. Ch. 9.~HUt. 



Stilbia, daughter of rhe Peneus. According J —Hes. Sc. H.—H. II. $ Od.—Ov. Me. 12.- 
to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of \Str. 9.— Pa. 5.— Ml. V. H. 11. -Apol. 2.— 
Ixion's adventure with the cloud in the | V. j£n. &.—Hyg. f. 33.— Pin. Py 2. 

CENTAURUS, a ship in the fleet of iEneas, 
which had the figure of a Centaur. -V.JEn. 5. 
CENTOBRICA, a town of Celtiberia.— 



shape of Juno, or as others assert, of the 
union of Centaurus with the mares of .Mag- 
nesia. This fable of the existence of the 
Centaurs, monsiers supported upon the four 
legs of a horse, arises from the ancient peo^i 
pie of Thessaly having tamed horses, and 
having appeared to their neighbonrs mount- 
ed on~horieback, a sight very uncommon at 
that time, amd which, when at a distance, 
seems only one body, and consequently 
one creature. Some derive the name 
from kentein taurous, goading bulls, be- 



Va. Ma, 

CENTORES, a people of Scvthia.— Floe, 
CENTORIPA, or CENTURIPA. — Vide 
Centuripa. [Media. 
CENTRlTES,a river between Armenia and 
CENTRONES, a people of Gaul, severely 
beaten by J. Caesar, when they attempted 
to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the 
modern country of Tarrantaise in Savoy. 



cause they went on horseback after their; There was a horde of Gauls of the same 
bulls which had strayed, or because they name, subject to the Nervii, now supposed 
hunted wild bulls with' horses. Some of the I to be near Courtray in Flandeis.— Cees. G. 
ancients have maintained, that monsters like B. I.— PI. 3. 

the Centaurs can have existed in the natural | CENTRONIDS, a man who squandered 
course of things. Plutarch, in Sympos. I his immense riches on useless and whimsi- 
nientions one seen bv Periander, tvrant of! cal buildings.— J uv. 14. 

Corinth : and Pliny 7,' c. 3, says, that he saw CENTUM VTRI, ihe members of a court 
one embalmed in honey, which had been of justice at Rome. They were originally 
brought from Rome to Egypt, in the reign cUosen, three from the 35 tribes of the peo- 
of Claudius. The battle ot the Centaurs with I pie, and though 105, they were aiways called 
the Lapithae, is famous in history. Ovid j Centumvirs. They were afterwards in- 
has elegantly described it, and it" has also I creased to the number of*l60, and still kept 
employed the pen of Hesiod, Valerius Flac- j their original name. The pretor sent to 
cus, &c, and Pausanias, in Eliac, says, their tribunal, causes of the greatest impor- 
it was represented in the temple of Jupiter ; tance, as their knowledge of the law was ex- 
at Olympia, and also at Athens, by Phidias tensive. They were generally summoned 



and Parrhasius, according to Pliny* 36, c. 5. 
The origin of this battle was a quarrel at the 
marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, 
where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, 
behaved with rudeness, and even offered 
violence to the women that were present. 
Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, 
and the rest of the Lapithte, who defeuded 
the women, wounded and defeated the Cen- 
taurs, and obliged them to 'eave their coun- 



by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the 
chiefest among them; and tliey assembled 
in the Basilica, or public court, and had 
their tribunal distinguished by a spear with 
an iron head, whence a decree of their conn 
was called Hastce judicium: their s» ntences 
were verv impartial, and without appeal.— 
Ci. Or. l.—Quin. 4.— PI. 6, e. 

CENTUM CELLO M, a sea-port town o/ 
Etruria, built by Trajan, who had there a 



CEN— CEN 



162 



CEN — CEP 



witoH. Itis aow Civita Vecchia, and belongs 
to the Pope — PL 6, e. 31. 

CENTURIA, a division of the people 
anions- the Romans, consisting of a hundred. 
The Roman people were originally divided 
into three tribes, and each tribe into ten 
Curiae. Servius Tullius made a census, and 
when he had the place of habitation, name, 
and profession of every citizen, which 
amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear 
arms; he divided them into six classes, and 
each class into several centuries or compa- 
nies of a hundred men. The first class 
consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were 
composed of men from the age ot 45 and 
upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 
40 others were voung men from 17 to 45 
years of age, appointed to go to war and 
tight the enemies of Rome. Their arms 
were all the same, that is, a buckler, a cui- 
rass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a 
sword, lance, and a javelin ; and as they 
were of the most illustrious citizens, they 
were called by way of eminence, Classici, 
and their inferiors infra classctn. They 
were to be worth 1,100,000 asses, a sum 
equivalent to 1800 pounds English money. 
The second, third, and fourth classes, con- 
sisted each of '20 centuries, ten of which 
were composed of the more aged, and the 
others of the younger sort of people. 
Their arms were a large shield, a spear, 
and a javelin ; they were to be worth in the 
second class, 75,000 asses, or about 1211. 
In the third, 50,000, or about 801 ; and in 
the fourth, 25,000, or about 401. The fifth 
class consisted ot 30 centuries, three ot 
which were carpenters by trade, and the 
others of different professions, such as were 
necessary in a camp. They were all armed 
with slings and stones. They were to be 
worth 1 1000 asses, or about 181. The sixtli 
class contained only one centuria, com- 
prising the whole body of the poorest citi- 
zens, who were called Proietarii, as their 
only service to the state was procreating 
children. They were also called capite cen- 
si, as the censor took notice of their per- 
son, not of their estate. In the public as- 
semblies in the Campus Martius, at the 
election of public magistrates, or at the 
trial of capital crimes, the people gave 
their vote bv centuries, whence the assem- 
bly was called comitia centuriata. In these 
public assemblies, which were never con- 
vened only by the consuls at the permission 
of the senate, or bv the dictator, in the ab- 
sence of the consuls, some of the people 
appeared under arms, for fear of a:; attack 
from some foreign enemy. When a law was 
proposed in the public assemblies, its ne- 
cessity was explained, and the advantages 
it would produce to the state were enlarged 
upon in a harangue; after which it was 
exposed iu the most conspicuous parts of 
the city three aarket days, that the people 
might 'see and consider. Exposing it to 
public view, was called proponere legem, 
and explaining it promulgate legem. He 
who merely proposed it was called lator 
iegis ; and he who dwelt upon its impor- 
ance and utility, and wished it to be en- 



forced, was called auctor legis. When the 
assembly was to be held, the auguries were 
consulted by the consul, who, after haran- 
guing the people, and reminding them to 
have in view the good of the republic, dis- 
missed them to their respective centuries, 
that their votes might be gathered. They 
gave their votes viva voce, till the year o"f 
Rome, A. U. C. 615, when they changed 
the custom, aud gave their approbation or 
disapprobation by ballots thrown into an 
urn. If the first "class was unanimous, the 
others were not consulted, as the first was 
superior to all the others in number; but if 
they were not unanimous, they proceeded 
to consult the rest, and the majority de- 
cided the question. This advantage of the 
first class gave offence to the rest; and it 
was afterwards settled, that one class of the 
six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes 
first, without regard to rank or priority. 
After all the votes had been gathered, the 
cousul declared aloud, that the law which 
had been proposed was duly and constitu- 
tionally approved. The same ceremonies 
were observed in the election of consuls, 
pretors, &c. The word Centuria is also 
applied to a subdivision of one of the Ro- 
man legions which consisted of an hundred 
men, and was the half of a manipulus, and 
the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth 
part of a legion. The commander of a 
centuria was called centurion, and he was 
distinguished from the rest by the branch 
of a vine which he carried in his hand. 

CENTURIPA, (es, or a. arum,) now 
Centorlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of 
Mount JEtnz.—Ci. Ver. A.— It. 14.— PL 3. 
CEOS and CEA, an island.— Vide Co. 
CEPHALAS, a lofty promontory of Africa 
near the Syrtis Major.— Str. 

CEPHALEDION, a town of Sicily, neat 
the river Himera. — PL 3.—Ci. Ver. '2. 

CEPH ALLEN, a noble musician, son of 
Lampus. — Pa. 10. 

CEPHALENA and CEPHALLENfA, an 
island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, 
whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to" the 
Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excel- 
lent wines. It was anciently divided into 
four different districts, from which circum- 
stance it received the name of Tetrapolis. — 
Str. 10.-PL 4. Me. 2.—H. IL <2.—Th. 2. 
—Pa. 6. 

CEPH ALO, an officer of Eumenes.-Di.19. 
CEPHALOEDIS and CEPHALUDHJ M, 
now Cephalu, a town at the north of Sici- 
ly.— Si. 14.— Ci. 2.— Ver. 

CEPHALON, a Greek of Ionia, who 
wrote an history of Troy, besides an epi- 
tome of universal history from the age of 
Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into 
nine books, inscribed with the name of the 
nine muses. He affected not to know th^ 
place of his birth, expecting it would be 
disputed like Homer's. He lived in the 
reign of Adrian. 

CEPHALUS, son of Deioneus, king of 
Thessaly, by Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, 
married Procris daughter of Erechtheus, 
king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with 
him, and carried him away ; but he refused 



CEP — CEh 



,53 



CAR— CAR 



o listen to her addresses, and was impa- 
ient to return to Procris. The goddess 
sent him back ; and to try the fidelity of his 
wife, she made him put on a different form, 
and he arrived at the house of Procris in 
the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf 
to every offer ; but she suffered herself to 
be seduced by the gold of this stranger, 
who discovered himself the very moment 
that Procris had yielded up her virtue. 
This circumstance so shamed Procris, that 
she fled from her husband, and devoted 
herself to hunting 1 in the island of Eubcea, 
where she was admitted among- the atten- 
dants of Diana, who presented her with a 
dog always sure of his prey, and a dart 
which never missed its aim, and always re- 
turned to the hands of its mistress of its 
own accord. Some say that the dog was a 
present from Minus, because Procris had 
cured his wounds. After this, Procris re- 
turned in disguise to Cephalus, who was 
willing to disgrace himself by some unna- 
tural concessions to obtain the dog and the 
dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself 
at the moment that Cephalus shewed him- 
self faithless, and a reconciliation was ea- 
sily made between them. They loved one 
another with more tenderness than before, 
and Cephalus received from his wife the 
presents of Diana. As he was particularly 
fond of hunting, he every morning early 
repaired to the woods, and after much toil 
and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool 
shade, and earnestly called for Aura, or 
the refreshing breeze. This ambigious word 
was mistaken for the name of a mistress ; 
and some informer reported to the jealous 
Procris, that Cephalus daily paid a visit to 
a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris 
too readily believed the information, and 
secretly followed her husband into the woods. 
According to his daily custom, Cephalus 
retired to the cool, and called after Aura. 
At the name of Aura, Pocris eagerly lifted 
up her head to see her expected rival. 
Her motion occasioned a rustling among 
the leaves of the bush that concealed her ; 
and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to 
be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring 
dart. Procris was struck to the heart, and 
instantly expired in the arms of her hus- 
band, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy 
was the cause of her death. According to 
Apollodorus, there were two persons of the 
name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury 
and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with 
whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he 
had a son called Tithonus. The other mar- 
ried Procris, and was the cause of the tra- 
gical event, mentioned above. Cephalus 
was father of Arcesius by Procris and of 
Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. 
—Ov. Me. 7, f. 26.—Hyg. f. 189. -Apol. 3. 

A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Ti- 

moleon in regulating the republic of Syra- 
cuse.— -Di. 1G.— Plu. Tim. A king of 

Epirus.— Li. 43. An orator frequently 

mentioned by Demosthenes. 

CEPHE1S, a name given to Andromeda 
as daughter of Cephens.— Ov. A. A. I. 
CEPHENES, an ancient name of the 



Persians.— Her. 7. A name of the JEtho- 

pians, from Cepheus, one of their kings.— 
Ov. Me. 5. 

CEPHiEUS, a king of ^Ethiopia, father 
of Andromeda, by Cassiope. He w as one of 
the Argonauts, and was changed into a con- 
stellation after his death.— Ov.MeA.—PaA. 
—Apol. 1, mentions one, son of Aleus, and 
another, son of Belus. The former he makes 
king of Tegea, and father of Sterope ; and 
says that he, with his twelve sons, assisted 
Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where 
they were killed. The latter he calls king 

of /Ethiopia, and father of Andromeda. 

A son of Lycurgus present at the chase of 
the Calydo'nian boar.— Apol. I. 

CEPHISIA, a part of Attica, through 
which the Cephisus flows.— PL 4. 

CEPHISIADES, a patronymic of Ereocles, 
son of Andreas and Evippe, from the sup- 
position of his being the son of the Cephisus. 
—Pa. 9. 

CEPHISIDORUS, a tragic poet of Athens, 

in the age of iEschylus. An historian who 

wrote an account of the Phocian war. 

CFPHISION, the commander of some 
troops sent by the Thebans to assist Megalo- 
polis. kc.—Di. 16. 

CEPH1SIDOTUS, a disciple of Isocrates, 
a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a 
book on proverbs.— Ath. 2. 

CEPHISUS & CEPHISSUS, a celebrated 
river of Greece, that rises at Lilsea in Pho- 
cis, aud after passing at the north of Delphi 
and mount Parnassus, enters Bceotia, where 
it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces 
were particularly fond of this river, whence 
they are called the goddesses of the Cephi- 
sus. There was a river of the same name 
in Attica and another in Argons.— Str. 9. 
—PI. 4.— Pa. 9.—H. 11. 2— Luc. 3,—Ov. 
Me. 1. A man changed into a sea mon- 
ster, by Apollo, when lamenting the death 
of his grandson. — Ov. Me. 7. 

CEPHREN, a king of Egypt, who built 
one of the py ramids. — Di. l. 

CEPIO or CiEPIO, aman who by a quar- 
rel with Drusus caused a civil war at Rome. 

SERVJLIUS, a Roman consul who put 

an end to the war in Spain. He took gold 
from a temple, and for that sacrilege the 
rest of his life was always unfortunate. He 
was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods 
were publicly confiscated, and he died at 
last in prison. 
CEPION, a musician.— Plu. M. 
CERACA, a town of Macedonia.— Pol. 5. 
CERACATES, a people of Germany.— 
Ta. 4,H. 

CERAMBUS, aman changed into a beetle, 
or, according to others, into a bird, on 
mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the 
deluge.— Ov. Me. 7, f. 9. 

CERAMICUS, now Keramo, a bay of 
Caria near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, re- 
ceiving its name from Ceramus.— PL 5.— 

Me. 1. A public walk, and a place to 

bury those that were killed in defence of 
their country, at Athens.— Ci. At. 1. e. JO. 

CERAMIUM, a place of Rome, where 
Ckero's house was built. — Ci. At. 

^ERAMl'S, a town at the west of Asia 



CER — CER 



154 



CER— CER 



. CERAS, a people of Cyprus metamor- 
phosed into bulls. 

CERAS US (untis) now Keresoun, a ma- 
ritime city of Cappadocia, from which cher- 
ries were first brought to Rome bv Lucullus. 

Mar. '22~Pl.'_V6.—Me. 1. Another, built 

by a Greek colony from Sinope.— Di. 14. 

CERATA, a place near Megara. 

CERATUS, a river of Crete. 

CERAUN1A, a town of Achaia. 

CERAUMA 6i CERaUMI, large moun- 
tains of Epirus, extending far into the sea 
•ind forming a promontory which divides the 
Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same 
as the Acroceraunia. [Vide Acfocerauniuni.] 

Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. 

-PI. 5. 

CERAUNII, mountains of Asia, opposite 
the Caspian sea.— Me. l. 

CERAUNUS, a river of Cappadocia. 

a surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his bold- 
ness.— C. Nep. Re. 3. 

CER A US 1 US, a mountain of Arcadia. Pa. 8. 

CERBALUS, a river of Apulia.— Pi. 3. 

CERBERION, a town of the Cimmerian 
Bosphorus.— PI. 6. 

CERBERUS, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of 
Echidna's union with Typhon. He had 50 
heads according to Hesiod, and three ac- 
cording to other mythologists. He was sta- 
tioned at the entrance of hell, as a watchful 
keeper, to prevent the living from entering 
the infernal regions, and the dead from es- 
caping from their confinement. It was usual 
for those heroes, who in their life-time vi- 
sited Pluto's kingdom, to appease the bark- 
ing mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Or- 
pheus lulled him to sleep \\ ith his lyre ; and 
Hercules dragged him from hell "when he 
went to redeem Alceste.— V, JEn. 5.— H.Od. 
11.— Pa. 2.—Hes. Th.—Tib. 1. el. 10. 

CERCAPHUS, a son of /Eolus. A son 

of Sol, of ereat power at Rhodes.— Di. 5. 

CERCASORUM, a town of Egypt, where 
the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and 
Canopic mouths. — Her. 2. 

CERCEIS, one of the Oceani'des.-7/es.TAe. 

CERCENE, a country of Africa.— Di. 3. 

CERCESTES, a son o"r\<Eg\ptus and Phoe- 
nissa.— Apol. 2. 

CERCIDES, a native of Megalopolis, who 
wrote Iambics. — Alh. 10.— Jhl. V. H. 13. 

CERCi I, a people of Italy. 

CERCINA & CERCINNA, a small island 
of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syr- 
tis, on the coast of Africa.— Ta. l, An.— Sir. 

\l.—Li.'i:i.—Pi.S. A mountain of Thrace, 

towards Macedonia. — Th. 2. 

CERC1NTUM, a town of Macedonia. 14.31. 

CERCI US & RHETIUS, charioteers of 
Castor and Pollux. 

CERCoPES, a people of Ephesus, made 
prisoners by Hercuies. — Apcl. 2. The in- 
habitants of the island Pithecusa, changed 
into monkies on account of their dishonesty. 
—Or. Me. 14. 

CERCOPS, a Milesian, author of a fabu- 
lous history, mentioned by Athenaeus. 

A Pvthagorean philosopher. 

CERCYON & CERCYONES, a king of 
Eleusis, son of Neptune, or according to 
others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers 



to wrestle with him ; and as he was a dex- 
terous wrestler, they were easily conquered 
and put to death. After many cruelties, he 
challenged Theseus in wrestling, and he was 
conquered and put to death by his antago- 
nist. His daughter, Alope, was loved by 
Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cer- 
cyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon ; 
but he was preserved by a mare, and after- 
wards placed upon his grandfather's throne 
bv Theseus.— Of. Me.l.—Hyg. f. i&T.—Plu. 
Th.~Pa. l. 

CERCYRA & CORCYRA, an island in the 1 
Ionian sea, which receives its name from 
Cercyra, daughter of the Asopus.— Di. A. 

CE'RDYLlUM, a place near Amphipolis. 
— Th. 5. 

CEREALIA, festivals in honour of Ceres; 
first instituted at Rome by Memmius the 
edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. 
Persons in mourning were not permitted to 
appear at the celebration ; therefore they 
were not observed after the battle of C annas. 
They are the same as the rhesmophoria of 
the "Greeks. Vide Thesmophoria. 

CERES, the goddess of corn and of har- 
vests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She 
had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called 
Pherephata, fruit bearing, and afterwards 
Proserpine. This daughter was earned 
away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers 
in the plains near Enna. The rape of Pro- 
serpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought 
her all over Sicily; and when night came, 
she lighted two torches in the flames of 
Mount iEtna, to continue her search by 
night all over the worLi. She at last found 
her veil near the fountain Cyane ; but no 
intelligence could be received of the pi ice of 
her concealment, till at last the nymph 
Arethusa informed her that her daughter 
had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner 
had Ceres heard this, than she flew to 
heaven with her chariot drawn by two dra- 
gons, and demanded of Jupiter the restora- 
tion of her daughter. The endeavours of 
Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto 
as a powerful god, to become her son-in- \ 
law, proved fruitless, and the restorat on 
was granted, provided Prosperine had not 
eaten any thing in the kingdom of Pluto. 
Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Pro- 
serpine had eaten the grains of a pomegra- 
nate which she had gathered as she walked 
over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the 
only one who had seen her, discovered it to 
make his court to Pluto. The return of 
Proserpine upon earth was therefore im- 
practicable ; but Ascalaphus, for his unso- 1 
licited information, was changed into an 
owl. [ride Ascalaphus.] The grief of Ceres 
for the loss of her daughter was so great, 
that Jupiter granted Prosperine to pass six 
months with her mother, and the rest of the 
year with Piuto. During the inquiries of J 
Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the 1 
earth was neglected, and the ground became 
barren ; therefore, to repair the loss which 
mankind had suffered by her absence, the 
goddess went to Attica, "which was become 
the most desolate country in the world, and 
instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in every 



CER— CER 



155 



CER— CER 



thins; which concerned agriculture. She 
taught him how to plough the ground, to 
sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and 
to take particular care of fruit trees. After 
these instructions, she gave him her chariot, 
and commanded him to travel all over the 
world, and communicate his knowledge of 
agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who 
hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of 
the earth. [Fide Triptolemus.] Her benefi- 
cence to mankind made Ceres respected. 
Sicily was supposed to be the favourite re- 
treat of the goddess, and Diodorns says, that 
she and her daughter made her first appear- 
ance to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto re- 
ceived asa nuptial dowry from Jupiter when 
he married Proserpine. The Sicilians made 
a yearly sacrifice to Ce«s, every man ac- 
cording to his abilities ; and the fountain of 
Cyane, through which Pluto opened a pas- 
sage with his trident, when carrying 1 away 
Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an 
offering of bulls, and the blood of the 
victims was shed in the waters of the foun- 
tain. Besides these, other ceremonies were 
observed in honour of the goddesses who 
had so peculiarly favoured the island. The 
commemoration of the rape was celebrated 
about the beginning of the harvest, and the 
search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown 
in the earth. The latter festival continued 
six successive days ; and during the celebra- 
tion, the votaries of Ceres made use of some 
free and wanton expressions, as that lan- 
guage had made the goddess smile while 
melancholy for the loss of her daughter, 
Attica, which had been so eminently distin- 
guished by the goddess, gratefully remem- 
bered her favours in the celebration of the 
F.leusinian mysteries. [Vide Eleusinia.J 
Ceres also performed the duties of a legis- 
lator, and the Sicilians found the advantages 
of her salutary laws; hence, her surname 
of Thesmophora. She is the same as the 
fsis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it 
is said, was first brought into Greece by 
Erechtheus. She met with different adven- 
tures when she travelled over the earth, and 
the impudence of Stellio was severely 

Sunished. To avoid the importunities of 
eptune, she changed herself into a mare ; 
but the god took advantage of her meta- 
morphosis, and from their union arose the 
horse Arir>n. [Vide Arion.] The birth of 
this monster so offended Ceres, that she 
withdrew herself from the sight or mankind ; 
and the earth would have perished for want 
of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her 
in Arcadia, and given information of it to 
Jupiter. The Parcaewere sent by the god 
to comfort her, and at their persuasion she 
returned to Sicilv, where her statues repre- 
sented her veiled in black with the head of 
a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, 
and in the other a dolphin. In their sacri- 
fices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant 
sow, as that animal often injures and des- 
troys the earth. While the corn was yet in 
grass, they offered her a ram, after the 
victim had been led three times round the 
field. Ceres was represented with a garland 
of ears of corn on her head, holding in one 



hand a lighted torch, and in the other a 
poppy, which was sacred to her. She ap- 
pears as a country-woman mounted on the 
back of an ox, and carrying abasket on her 
left arm, and holding a hoe; and some- 
times she rides in a chariot drawn by winged 
dragons. She was supposed to be the same 
as Rhea, Tellus, Cybele, Bona Dea, Bere- 
cynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great 
adoration, and her festivals were yearly 
celebrated by the Roman matrons in the 
month of April, during eight days. These 
niatrons abstained during several days from 
the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. 
They always bore lighted torches in com- 
memoration of the goddess ; and whoever 
came to these festivals without a previous 
initiation, was punished with death. Ceres 
is metaphorically called brevd and corn, as 
the word Bacchus is frequently used to 
signify wine. ApoL 1. — Pa. l.—Di. \.—Hes. 
fh.~Ov. Fa. 4. Me. f. 7.— Claud. R. P.— 
Ci. Ver.—Cal. Cer.—Li. 29.— St. Th. 12.— 
Dio. H. \.—Hyg. P. A. 2. 

CERESSUS, a place of Bceotia.— Pa. 9. 

CERE Mi, a people of Crete. 

CERIALIS ANIC1US, a consul elect, who 
wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to 
a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian 
conspiracy. — Ta. An. 15. 

CERII, a people of Etruria. 

CERILLI, or CAPJLLiE, now Cirella, a 
town of the Brutii, near the Laus.— Str. 5. 

CERILL.UM, a place of Lucinia.— Str. 6. 
— Si. It. 8. 

CERIN'THUS, now Zero, a town of Eu- 
boea, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan 
war, headed by Elphenor, son of Chalcodon. 

— H. II. 2.— Str. 10. A beautiful youth, 

long- the favourite of the Roman ladies, and 

especially of Sulpitia.— Hor. 1, s. 2. One 

of the early heretics from Christianity. 

CERMANUS, a place where Romulus was 
exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. 

- Plu. R. 

CERNE, an island without the pillars of 
Hercules, on the African coast.— Str. 1. PL 5. 

CERNES, a priest of Cybele. 

CERON, a fountain of Histiasotis, whose 
waters rendered black all the sheep that 
drank of them.— PL 3. 

CEROPASADES, a son of Phraates, king 
of Persia, given as an hostage to Augustus. 

CEROSSUS, a place of the Ionian sea. 

CERPHERES, a king of Egypt, who is 
supposed to have built the smallest pyramid. 

CERRHiEl, a people of Greece, who pro- 
faned the temple of Delphi.— Plu. So. 

CERRETANl, a people of Spain, that in- 
habited the modern district of Cerdana, in 
Catalonia.— PL 3. 

C ERSOB LE PTES, a king of Thrace, con- 
quered by Philip, king of Macedonia. -Pol;/. 1. 

CERTiMA, a town of Celtiberia.— Li. -10. 

CER TON I CM, a town of Asia Minor. 

CERVAR1US, a Roman knight who con- 
spired with Piso against Nero.— Ta. An. 15. 

CERVIUS, P., an officer under Verres.— 
Ci. Ver. 5. [Th. 8. 

CERYCES, a sacerdotal family at Athens, 

CERYC1US, a mountain of liaotia.— Pa.J. 

CERYMICA, a town of Cyprus.— I)i. 



CER-CHA 

CERYNEA, a town of Achaia,and moun- 
tain of Arcadia.— Pa. 7. 
CERYN1TES, a river of Arcadia.— Pa.l. 
CESELLIUS BALSUS, a turbulent Cartha- 
ginian, who dreamed of money, and per- 
suaded Nero that immense treasures had 
been deposited by Dido in a certain place, 
which he described. Inquiry was made, and 
when no money was found, Cesellius de- 
stroyed himself." —Ta. An. 16. 

CESENNIA, an infamous prostitute, born 
of an illustrious family of Rome.— Juv. 6. 

CESTIUS, an epicurean of Smyrna, who 
taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of 

Cicero. A governor of Syria. — Ta. H. 5. 

An informer under Nero.— 7a. H. 4. 

Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation 
of embezzling the public money.— Id. Au. 30. 

■ A bridge at Rome. 

CESTRIN A, part of Epirus — Pa. 2. 
CESTRINUS, son of Helenus and Andro- 
mache ; after his father's death he settled in 
Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called 
the country Cestrina. — Pa. [teus. — Di.l. 
CETTES,a king of Egvpt,the same as Pro- 
CETHEGUS, a consul' in the Second Punic 

war.— Ci. Br. A tribune at Rome, of the 

most corrupted morals, who joined Cataline 
in his conspiracy against the state, and was 
commissioned to murder Cicero. He was 
apprehended, and with Lentulus, put to 

death by the Roman senate.— Phi. Ci. A 

Trojan, killed by Turnus.— V. Mn. 12. P. 

CORN, a powerful Roman, who embraced 
She party of Marius against Sylla. His mis- 
Iress nad obtained such an ascendancy over 
him, that she distributed his favours, and 
Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, 
when he wished to be appointed general 

against Mithridates. A senator put to 

death for adultery, under Valentinian. 
CET1I, a people of Cilicia. 

CET1US, a river of Mysia. A mountain 

which separates Noricum from Pannonia. 

CETO, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, 
who married Phorcys, bv whom she had the 
three Gorgons, &c.—His. Th.—Luc. 9. 

CEUS and CjEUS, a son of Ccelus and 
Terra,who married Phoebe, by whom he had 
Latona and Asteria.— Hes. fh. — V. Mn. 4. 

The father of Trcezen.— H. II. 2. 

CEYX, a king of Trachiuia, son of Luci- 
fer, and husband of Alcyone. He was drown- 
ed as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. 
His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a 
dream, and found his dead body washed on 
the sea shore. They were both changed into 
birds called Alcyons. [Fide Alcyone.]— Or. 
Me. 11.— Pa. l. According to Apot. 1., the 
husband of Alcyone, and king of Trachinia 
were two different persons. 
CHEA, a town of Peloponnesus. 
CHARINUS, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 

m. 3. 

CHABRIA, a village of Egypt. 

CHABRIAS, an Athenian general and phi- 
osopher, who chiefly signalized himself 
when he assisted the Boeotians against Age- 
silaus. In this celebrated campaign, he 
ordered his soldiers to put one knee on the 
ground, and firmly to rest their spears on the 



156 CHA-CHA 

shields, by which means he daunted the ene- 
my, and had a statue raised to his honour i;i 
e posture. He assisted also Neeta- 
nebus, king of Egypt, and conquered the 
whole island of Cyprus ; but he at last fell 
sacrifice to his excessive courage, des- 
pising to fly from his ship, when he had it in 
his power "to save his life like his compa- 
nions, B.C. 376.— C. Nep. vi.—Di. J 6.— 
Plu. Pho. 
CHABRYIS, a king of Egypt.— Di. 
CH/EANITjE, a people at the foot of 
Caucasus. 

CHOREAS, an Athenian, who wrote of 

agriculture. An officer who murdered 

Caligula. An Athenian, kc.—Th. 8. 

CH^EREDEMUS, a brother of Epicurus, 
&c— Dior. 
CH/EREMON, a comic poet, and disciple 

of Socrates. A sloic, who wrote on the 

Egyptian priests. 

CH/EREPHON, a tragic poet of Athens, 
in the age of Philip of Macedonia. 

CHiERESTRATA, the mother of Epicu- 
rus, descended of a uob.e *amily. 

CHiERIN THUS, a beautiful youth, &c— 
Hor. \.— Ser. 2. 
CH/ER I PPUS, an extortioner, &c— Jwr.8. 
CHiERO, the founder of Chaeronea. — - 
Plu. Su. 

CHiERONTA, CH&RONEA, and CHER- 
RONEA, a city of Bceotia, on the Cephisus, 
celebrated for the defeat of the Athenians, by 
the Boeotians, B. C, 447, and for the victory 
which Philip of Macedonia obtained there 
with 32,0oo men, over the confederate army 
of the Thebans and Athenians, consisting of 
30,000 men, the second of August, B.C. 338. 
Plutarch was borne there. The town was 
anciently called Arne.— Pa. 9.— Plu. Pci.— 
Str. 9. 

CHAL.SON, a city of Locris. A port o. 

Boeotia, 

CHALES, a herald of Busiris, put to death 
by Hercules.— Apol. 3. [nicia. 

CHALCiEA, a town of Caria, of Phce- 

CHALCEA, an island with a town near 

Rhodes.- -Pi. 5. A festival at Athens.-- 

Fide Panathensea. 

CHALCEDON and CHALCEDONTA,now 
Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, op- 
posite Byzantium, built by a colony from 
Megara, headed by Argias, B. C. 685. It 
was first called Prbceratis, and afterwards 
Colpusa. Its situation, however, wassoini- 
properly chosen, that it was called the city 
of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate 
plan of the founders.— Str. l.— PL 5.— Me. I. 

CHALCI DEN E, a part of Syria, very 
fruitful.— Pi. 5. 
CHALCIDENSES, the inhabitants of the 

Isthmus, between Teos and Erythrae. A 

people near the Phasis. 

CHALCIDECS, a commander of the La- 
cedaemonian fleet killed by the Athenians. 
— Th. 8. [Svria. 
CHALCIDICA, a country of Thrace, of 
CHALCID1CUS, (of Cha'lcis,) an epichel 
applied to Cumae in Italy, as built by a 
coiony from Chalcis.— V. din. 6. 
CHALCICEUS, a surname of Minerva, 



other, and cover themselves with their because she had a temple at Chaleis, in 



CHA— CKA 



157 



CHA-CHA 



i Eubcea. She was also called Chalciotis and 
Chalcidica. 

! CHALCIOPE, a daughter of Mtas, king 
of Colchis, who married Phryxus, son of 
I Athamas, who had fled to her father's court 
for protection. She had some children by 
Phryxus, and she preserved her life from 
• the avarice and crueltyof her father, who had 
| murdered her husband to obtain the golden 
fleece. [Vide Phryxus.]— Ov. Her. 17.— Hyg. 
f. 14. The mother of Thessalus, by Her- 
cules.— Apol. 2. The daughter of Rhexe- 

nor w ho married iEgeus.— Id. 3. 
! CHALCIS, now Egripo, the chief city of 
I Eubcea, in that part which is nearest to 
Boeofia. It was founded by an Athenian 
colony. The island was said to have been 
anciently joined to the continent, in the 
neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three 
f other towns of the same name, in Thrace, 
; Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the 
Corinthians. — PL 4. — Str. 10.— Pa. 5.— 
| CL N. D. 3. 

CHALC1TIS, a country of Ionia.— Pa. 7. 
CHALCODON, a son of JEgyptus, by 

Arabia. — Apol. 2. A man of Cos, who 

wounded Hercules.— Id. 2. The father 

of Elphenor, one of th^ Grecian chiefs in 

the Trojan war.— Pa. 8. A man who as- 

sicted Hercules in his war against Augias. 
— Pa. 8. 

CHALCON, a Messenian, who reminded 
Antilochus, son of Nestor, to beware of the 
./Ethiopians, by whom he was to perish. 

CHALCUS, a man made governor of Cy- 
zicus by Alexander.— Poly. 

CHALDiEA, a country of Asia, between 
the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is 
Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous 
for their knowledge of astrology.— Ci.DiA. 
~IH. 2.- Str. 2.— PI. 6. 
CHALDiEI, the inhabitants of Chaldaea. 
CHALES TRA,town of Macedonia. -//e/. 7. 
CHALONITIS, a country of Media. 
CHALYBES and CALYBES, a people of 
Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very power- 
ful, and possessed of a great extent of coun- 
try, abounding in iron mines, where the 
inhabitants worked naked. The Caiybes 
attacked the ten thousand in their retreat, 
and behaved with much spirit and courage. 
They were partly conquered by Croesus, 
king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that 
the Calvbes are a nation of Spain. — V. JEn. 
S.—Sh\ \2.—Apol. 2.—Xen. An. A.—Her.l. 
—Ju. 44. 

CHALYBON, now supposed to be Alep- 
po, a town of Syria, which gave the name 
of Chalybonitis to the neighbouring country. 

CHALYBON! ITS, a country of Syria, so 
famous for its wines that the kings of Per- 
sia drank no other. 

CHALYBS, a river of Spain, where Justin 
44, places the people called Calybes, 

CHAM AN I & CHAMAV1RI, a people of 
Germany.— Ta. Ge. 

CHANE, a river between Armenia and 
Albania, falling into the Caspian sea. 

CHAON, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
— — A son of Priam.— Vide Chaonia. 

CHAONES, a people of Epirus. 

CHAONTA, aniountainous partof Epirus 



which receives its name from Chaon, a sou 
of Priam, inadvertently killed by his bro- 
ther Helenus. There was a wood near, 
where doves (Chaonia avts) were said to 
deliver oracles. The words Chaonius ric- 
tus are by ancient authors applied to acorns, 
the food of the first inhabitants. — Luc. 6. — 
Claud. P. r. S.— V.Mn. 3.— Pro. 1, el. 9.— 
Ov. A. A. 1. 
CHAONITIS, a country of Assyria. 
CHAOS, a rude and shapeless mass of 
matter, and confused assemblage of inac- 
tive elements, which, as the poets suppose, 
pre-existed the formation of the world, and 
from which the universe was formed by the 
hand and power of a superior being. This 
doctrine was first established by Hesiod, 
from whom the succeeding poets have co- 
pied it; and it is probable that it was ob- 
scurely drawn from the account of Moses, 
by being copied from the annals of Sancho- 
niathon, whose age is fixed antecedent tc 
the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed, bj 
some, as one of the oldest of the gods, and 
invoked as one of the infernal deities. — V. 
JEn. A.—Ov. Me. I, f. 1. 
CHARADRA, a town of Phocis.— Her. 8. 
CHARADROS, a river of Phocis, tailing 
into the Cephisus.— St. Th. 4. 

CHARADROS, a place of Argos, where 
military causes were tried.— TA. 5. 

CHARiEADAS, an Athenian general, 
sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. He died 426 B. C.—Th. 3. 
CHARANDiEI, a people near Pontus. 
CHARAX. a town of Armenia. A phi- 
losopher of Pergamus, who wrote an his- 
tory of Greece in 40 books. 

CHARAXES and CHARAXUS, a Mity- 
lenean, brother to .Sappho, who became 
passionately fond of the courtezan Rhodope, 
upon whom he squandered all his posses- 
sions, and reduced himself to poverty, and 
the necessity of piratical excursions.— Ov. 
Her. n.—Her. 2. [Me. 12. 
CHARAXUS, one of the centaurs. — Ov. 
CHARES, an Athenian general. A sta- 
tuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed 
in making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. 

— Pa. 34. A man who wounded Cyrus 

when fighting against his brother Artax- 

erxes. An historian of Mitvlene, who 

wrote a life of Alexander. An Athenian 

who (ought with Darius against Alexander. 
— CurtA. — A river ot Peloponnesus. -Pitt. A. 

CHARICLES, one of the 30 tyrants set 
over Athens by the Lacedasmonians.— Xen. 
Mem. l.—Aris. 5. Po. A famous physi- 
cian under Tiberius.— 7a. An. 6. 

CHARICLIDES, an officer of Dionysius 
the younger, whom Dion gained to de- 
throne ihe tyrant.— Di. 16. 
CHAR1CLO, the mother of Tiresias, 

greatly favoured by Minerva.— Apol. 3. 

A daughter of Apollo, who mariied the 
centaur Chi i on. —Ov. Me. 2. 

CHARIUEMUS, a Roman exposed to 
wild beasts.— Mart, l, e. 44 An Athe- 
nian, banished by Alexander, and killed bj 
Darius. 

CHAR1LA, a festival observed once in 
nine years by the Delphians. It owes its 



CHA— CHA 153 CHA — CHA 



oriein to this circumstance :^In a great fa- 
mine the people of Delphi assembled and 
applied to their kins: to relieve their wants. 
He accordingly distributed the little corn 
he had among* the noblest ; but as a poor 
littie girl, called Charila, beeped the king 
with more than common earnestness, he 
beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable 
to bear his treatment, hanged herself in 
her girdle. The famine increased ; and the 
oracle, told the king, that to relieve his peo- 
ple, he must atone for the murder of Cha- 
rila. Upon this a festival was instituted, 
with expiatory rites. The king presided 
over this institution, and distributed pulse 
and corn to such as attended. Charila's 
image was brought before the king, who 
struck it with his shoe ; after which it was 
carried to a desolate place, where they put 
a halter round its neck, and buried it where 
Charila was buried.— Phi. Q. Grot. 

CHAR I LA US and CHARILLUS, a son 
of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and 
protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made 
war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. 
He was taken prisoner, and released on 
promising that he would cease from war, 
an engagement he soon broke. He died in 
the 64th year of his age.— Pa. 2. A Spar- 
tan, who changed the monarchical power 
into an aristocracy.— Avis. P. 5. 

CHARILLUS, one of the ancestors of Leu- 
•ychides.— Her. 8. [man v. — PI. 4. 

CHARINT and CAIIINT, a people of Ger- 
CHARIS, a goddess among the Greeks, 
surrounded with pleasures, graces, and de- 
light. She w as the wife of Vulcan. -H.IIA9. 
CHARISIA, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

A festival in honour of the graces, with 

dances which continued all night. He who 
continued awake the longest, was rewarded 
with a cake. [B. 83. 

CHARIS1US, an orator at Athens.— Ci. 
CH ARISTIA, festivals at Rome, cele- 
brated on the 20th of February, by the distri- 
bution of mutual pre^en ts.- Fa. Jia. 2. -Ou.F.l , 
CHARITES & GRATIS, the Graces, 
daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, 
are three in number, Agiaia, Thalia, and 
Euphrosyne. They were the constant at- 
tendants of Venus, and they were represent- 
ed as three young, beautiful, and modest 
virgins, all holding one another by the hand. 
They presided over kindness and all good 
offices, and their worship was the same as 
that of the nine Muses, with whom they 
had a temple in common. They were gene- 
rally represented naked, because kindnesses 
ought to be done with sincerity and candour. 
The moderns explain the allegory of their 
holding their hands joined, by observing that 
there ought to be a perpetual'and never ceas- 
ing intercourse of kindness and benevolence 
among friends. Their youth denotes the 
constant remembrance that we ought ever to 
hare of kindnesses received ; and their vir- 
gin purity and innocence teach us, that acts 
of benevolence ought to be done without any 
expectations of restoration, and that we 
ought never to suffer others or ourselves to 
be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer 
speaks only of two Graces. 



CHARITON, a writer of Aphrodisium at 
the latter end of the 4th century. He com- 
posed a Greek romance, called The Loves of 
Chcereas and Callirhoe, which has been much 
admired for its elegance, and the originality 
of the characters it describes. There is a 
very Iparned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, 
with D'Orville's notes, 2 vols. 4to". Am 3 t. 
1750. 

CHARM ADAS, a philosopherof uncommon 
raemorv.— PI. 1. 

CHARME & CARME, the mother of Bri- 
tomartis bv Jupiter. 

CHARM IDES, a Lacedsemon : an, sent by 
the king to quell seditions in Crete.— Pa. 3. 

A boxer.— Id. 6. A philosopher of the i 

third academv, B.C. 95. 

CHAR MINUS, an Athenian general, who 
defeated the Peloponnesians.— Th. S. 

CHARMIONE, a servant maid of Cleopa- 
tra, w ho stabbed herself after the example of 
her mistress.— Pin. Ant. 

CHARM IS, a physician of Marseilles, in 
Nero's age, w ho used cold baths for hk pa- 
tients, and prescribed medicines contrary to 
those of his contemporaries.—/ 3 /. 21. \Js. 

CHARMOSYNA, a festival in Eg\pt.-P/«. 

CHARMOTAS, a part of Arabia. 

CHARMUS, a poet of Syracuse. 

CHARON a Theban. who received into 
his house Pelopidas and his friends, when f 
they delivered Thebes from tyranny.— Phi. 

P. An historian of Lampsacus, son of 

Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, 

besides other treatises, B.C. 479. An his- 

torian of Naucratis, who wrote an history 

of his country, and of Egypt. A Cartha- > 

ginian writer, &c. A god of hell, son of 

Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls 
of the dead in a boat over the river Styx 1 
and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an ! 
obolus. Such as had not been honoured with 
a funeral were not permitted to enter his 
boat, without previously wandering on the 
shore for one hundred years. If any living' 1 
person presented himsel f to cross the Stygian 
lake, he could not be admitted before" he 
shewed Charon a golden bough, which he 
had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was 
imprisoned for one year, because he had 
ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, 
without this passport. Charon is represent- 
ed as an old robust man, with a hideous 
countenance, long white beard, and pierc- 
ing eyes. His garment is ragsed and filthy, i 
and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. 
As all the dead were obliged to pay a small | 
piece of money for their admission, it w as 
always usual, among the ancients, to place 
under the tongue of the deceased, a piece of 
money for Charon. This fable of Charon 
and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, 
whose dead were carried across a lake, 
where sentence was passed over them, and I 
according to their good or bad actions, they 
were honoured with a splendid burial, or 
left unnoticed in the open air. [Fide Ache- 
rusia.]— Di. I.— Sen. H. F.—V. £n.6. 

CHA RON DAS, a man oCCatana, who grave 
laws to the people of Thurium, and made 
a law that no man should be permitted to 
come armed into the assembly. He iuadveru 



CHA — CHE 



159 



CHE— CHI 



enrly broke this law, and when (old of it, he 
fell upon his sword, B.C. 446.— Va. Ma. 6. 

CHARONEA, a place of Asia. 

CHARONIA SCROBS, a place of Italy 
emitting deadly vapours. — PI. 2. 

CHARON IUM, a cave near Nysa, where 
the sick were supposed to be delivered from 
their disorders by certain superstitious so- 
lemnities. 

CHAROPS &CHAROPES, a Trojan, kill- 
ed by Ulysses.— H. It. A powerful Epirot 

who assisted Flaminius when making- "war 
ag-ainst Philip the king- of Macedonia.— 

Plu. Fla. The lirst decennial archon at 

Athens.— Pat. I. 

CHARYBDIS, a dang-erous whirlpool on 
the coast of Sicilv, opposite another whirl- 
pool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It 
was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved 
fatal to part of the fleet of Ulvsses. The 
exact situation of the Charybdis is not disco- 
vered by' tiie moderns, as no whirlpool suf- 
ficiently tremendous is now found to cor- 
respond to the description of the ancients. 
The words Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare 
Charybdim, became a proverb, to show that 
in our eagerness to avoid an evil, we fall into 
a greater. The name of Charybdis was pro- 
perly bestowed on mistresses who repay af- 
fection and tenderness with ingratitude. It 
is supposed that Charybdis was an avarici- 
ous woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, 
for which theft she was struck with thunder 
by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool.— 
Lyc. Ca.~H. Od. 12.— Pro. 3, el. II.— It. 14. 
—Ov. Pon. 4, el. 10. 2, el. 16.— V. Mn. 3. 

CHAUBI & CHAUCI, a people of Ger- 
many, supposed to inhabit the country now 
called Friesland and Bremen. 
CHA (J LA, a village of Egypt. 
CHAUROS. ViSe Caurus. 
CHEL./E, a Greek word, (chele) signifying 
claios, which is applied to the Scorpion, one 
of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, accord- 
ing to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo.— 
Virg. G. 1. 
CHELES, a satrap of Seleucus. [Ver. 1. 
CHELIDON, a mistress of Verres.— Ci. 
CHELIDONIA, a festival at Rhodes, in 
which it was customary for boys to go beg- 
ging from door to door, and-singingcertain 

songs, tkc.—Ath. The wind Favonius was 

called also Chelidonia, from the 6th of the 
ides of February to the 7th of the calends 
of March, the time when swallows first made 
their appearance.— PI. 2. 

CHELL1DON IM, now Kelidoni, small is- 
lands opposite the promontory of Taurus, 
of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. 
— Dio. Per.— PI. 5.— Li. 33. 

CHELIDOMS, a daughter of king Leoty- 
chides, who married Cleonymus, and com- 
mitted Adultery with Acrotatus.— Ptu. Pyr. 

CHELIDON f UM, a promontory of mount 
Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea. 

CHE LONE, a nymph changed into a tor- 
toise by Mercury, for not being present at 
the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and con- 
demned to perpetual silence for having ridi- 
culed these deities. 

CHELONIS, a daughter of Leonidas king 
of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She 



accompanied her father, whom her husband 
had expelled, and soon after went into 
banishment with her husband, who had in 
his turn been expelled by Leonidas. — 
Plu. Ag. 

CHELONOPHAGI, a people of Carmania, 
who fed upon turtle, and covered their ha- 
bitations with the shells.— PI. 6. 

CHELYDORI A. a mountain of Arcadia. 

CHEMMIS, an island in a deep lake of 
Egvpt.— Her. 2. 

CHENA, a town of Laconia. 

CHENiE, a village on mount (Eta.-- Pa. 10. 

CHENION, a mountain in Asia Minor, 
from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the 
sea.— W. 14. 

CHENIUS,a mountain near Colchis. 

CHEOPS & CHEOSPES,akingofEgypt, 
after Reampsinitus, who built famous pyra- 
midsj'upon which 1060 talents were expend- 
ed only in supplying the workmen with leeks, 
parsley, garlick, and other vegetables.— 
Her. 2. 

CHEPHREN, a brother of Cheops, who 
also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so in- 
veterately hated these two royal brothers, 
that they pubicly reported, that the pyra- 
mids which they had built, had been erected 
by a shepherd.— Her. 2. 

CHEREMOCRATSS, an artist who built 
Diana's temple at Ephesus, kc.—Str. 14. 

CHERISOPHUS, a commander of 800 
Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus un- 
dertook against his brother Artaxerxes. Z>i. 14. 
CHERON&A.— Vide Clnjeronea. 
CHEROPHON, a tragic writer of Athens, 
in the age of Philip.— Phil. 
CHERRONESUS.— Vide Chersonesus. 
CHERSIAS, an Orchomenian, reconciled 
to Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises 
some of his poetry, 9. 

CH ERSIDAM AS, a Trojan, killed by 
Ulvsses in tiie Trojan war. — Ov. Me. 13. 
CHERSIPHRO, an architect, &c— Pl.36. 
CHERSONESUS, a Greek word, rendered 
by the Latins Peninsula. There were many 
of these among the ancients, of which these 
five are the most celebrated : one called 
Peloponnesus ; one called Thracian, in the 
south of Thrace, and west of the Hellespont, 
where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, 
and built a wall across the Isthmus. From 
its Isthmus, to its further shores, it measured 
420 stadia, extending between the bay of 
Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called 
Taurica, now Crim Tartary, was situate 
near the Palus Mseotis. The fourth, called 
Cimbrica, now Jutland, is'in the northern 
parts of Germany ; and the fifth, surnamed 
Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. — 
Her. 6.— Li. 31.— Ci. Br. 2. Also a penin- 
sula near Alexandria in Egvpt. -Hir. Ale. 10. 

CHERUSCI, a people of Germany, who 
long maintained a war against Rome. They 
inhabited the country between the Weser 
and the Elbe.— To.— Cats. B. G. 6. 
CHIDNiEI, a people near Pontus. 
CHIDORUS, a river of Macedonia near 
Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply 
the family of Xerxes with water.— Her. 7. 

CHILIARCHUS, a great officer of state at 
the court of Persia.— C. Nep. Con. 



CHI-CHI J60 



CHI-CHO 



CHILIUS & CHILEUS, an Arcadian who 
advised the Lacedaemonians, when Xerxes 
was in Greece, not to desert the common 
cause of their country. — Her. 9. 

CHILO, a Spartan philosopher, who has 
been called one of the seven wise men of 
Greece. He died through excess of joy, in 
the arms of his son, who had obtained a vic- 
tory at Olympia, B.C. 597.— PL l.—Lae. 
One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556. 

CHILONIS, the wife of Theopompus king 
of Sparta.— Poly. 8. 

CHIMiERA, a celebrated monster, sprung 
from Echidna and Typhon, which had three 
heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dra- 
gon, and continually vomited flames. The 
foreparts of its bodv were those of a lion, the 
middle was that of a goat, and the hinder 
parts were those of a dragon. It generally 
lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, 
by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on 
the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabu- 
lous tradition is explained by the recollec- 
tion that there was a burning mountain in 
Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose 
orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse 
Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tra- 
dition is explained by the recollection that 
there was a burning mountain in Lycia, 
called Chimaera, whose, top was the resort 
of lions, on account or its desolate wilder- 
ness ; the middle, which was fruitful, was 
covered with goats; and at the bottom the 
marshy ground abounded with serpents. 
Bellerophon is said to have conquered the 
Chimaera, because he first made his habita- 
tion on that mountain. Plutarch says, that 
it is the captain of some pirates, who adorned 
their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, 
and a dragon. From the union of the Chi- 
maera with Orthos, sprung the Sphinx, and 
the lion of Nemaea.— H. II. 6.—Hes. Th.~ 
Apol. I.— Luc. 5.—Ov. 9. Me,—V. Mn. 6. 

One of the ships in the fleet of iEneas. 

— V. Mn. 5. 

CHIMARUS, a river of Argolis.— Pa. 2. 

CHIMER1UM, a mountain of Phthiotis, in 
Thessaly.— PL 4. 

CHIOMARA, a woman who cut off the 
head of a Roman tribune when she had been 
taken prisoner, &c. — Plu. Virt. Mu. 

CHION, a Greek writer, whose epistles 
were indited cum notis, Cobergi, 8vo. Lips. 
1765. 

CHIONE,a daughter of Dsedalion,of whom 
Apol o and Mercury became enamoured. 
To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her 
to sleep with his caduceus, and Apollo, in 
the flight, under the form of an old woman, 
obtained the same favours as Mercury. 
From this embrace Chione became mother 
of Philammon and Autolycus, the former 
of whom, as being son of Apollo, became 
an excellent musician ; and the latter was 
equally notorious for his robberies, of which 
his father Mercury was the patron. Chione 
grew so proud of her commerce with ibe 
gods, that she even preferred her beauty to 
that of Diana, for which impiety she was 
killed by the goddess, and changed into a a 
liawl .— Ov. Me. !1, 8. A daughter of Bo- 
reas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by 



Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, 
but he was preserved by his father.— Apcl. 

3.— Pa. 1. A famous prostitute.— Mart. 

3, 34. 

CHIONIDES, an Athenian poet, supposed 1 
by some to be the inventor of comedy. 

CHION IS, a victor at Olympia.— Pa. 2. 

CHIOS, now Scio, an island in the iEgean 
sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast 
of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as 
some suppose, from Chione, or from chion, 
snow, which was very frequent there. It 
was well inhabited, and could once equip a ' 
hundred ships ; and its chief town, called 
Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could | 
contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, 
so much celebrated by the ancients, is still 
in general esteem. Chios was anciently 
called iEthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There 
was no adultery committed there for the 
space of 700 years.— Piv. Virt. Mu.—Hor. 
3, o. 19.— Pu. 7.— Me. 2.—Str. 2. 

CHIRON, a centaur, half a man and half 
ahorse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had 
changed himself Into a horse, to escape the j 
inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was 
famous for his knowledge of music, medi- j 
cine, and shooting. He taught mankind the 
use of plants and medicinal herbs ; and he 
instructed, in all the polite arts, the greatest 
heroes of his age ; such as Achilles, iEscu- i 
lapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, iEneas, &c. j 
He was wounded in the knee by a poisoned 
arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the j 
centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance ; 
but as the wound was incurable, and the 
cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron 
begged Jupiter to deprive him of immor- 
tality. His prayers were heard, and he was 
placed by the god among the constellations, 
under the name of Sagittarius.— Hes. Se- 
ll. II. 11.— Pa. 3.— Ov. Me. 2.— Apol. 2.— 
Hor. ep. 13. 

CHLOE, a surname of Ceres at Athens, i 
Her yearly festivals called Chloeia, were 
celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, \ 
and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The 
name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same i 
signification as Flava, so often applied to the 
goddess of corn. The name, from its signi- I 
fication, (chloe herba virens) has generally 
been applied to women possessed of beauty J 
and of simplicity. 

CHLOREUS, apriestof Cybele, who came | 
with iEneas into Italy, and was killed by 
Turnus.— V. Mn. 11. Another. 

CHLORIS, the goddess of flowers, who 
married Zephyrus. She is the same as 

Flora. -Or. F. 5. A daughter of A mphiou, 

son of Jasus and Persephone, who married 
Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one 
daughter and twelve sons, who all, except 1 
Nestor, were killed by Hercules.— H. Od. 
II.— Pa. A prostitute.— Hor. 2. o. 15. 

CHLORUS, a river of Cilicia.— PL 5. 

CONSTANTINE, one of the Caesars in 
Diocletian's age, who regined two years 
after the emperor's abdication, and died July i 
25, A. D. 306. [duced by Craterus. 

CHOARINA, a country near India, re- 

CHOASPES, a son of Phasis.— Flac. 5. 
An Indian river.— Curt. 5. A river of 



CHO— CHR 



CHR— CHR 



Media, flowing- into the Tigris, and now 
called Karun. its waters are so sweet that 
the Kings of Persia drank no other, and in 
their expeditions they always had some with 
them, which had been previously boiled. 

- Her. \,—JEL V. H. 1 2.-7%. 4, el. 1.-PL6. 
CHO BUS, a river of Colchis.— Ar. 
CHCERADES & PHAROS, two islands 

opposite Alexandria in Egypt.— Th. 7. 

Others in the Euxine sea. An island in 

the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. — 
Theo. Id. 13. 

CHGERILUS, a tragic poet of A rhens, who 
wrote 150 tragedies, of which 1 3 obtained the 

prize. An historian of Samos. Two 

other poets, one of whom was very intimate 
with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the 
victory which the Athenians had obtained 
over Xerses, and on account of the excel- 
lence of the composition, he received a piece 
of gold for each verse from the Athenians, 
und was publicly ranked with Homer as a 
poet. The other was one of Alexander's., 
tiatterers and friends. It is said the prince 
promised him as many pieces of gold as 
there should be good verses in his poetry, 
and as many slaps on his forehead as there 
were bad ; and in consequence of this, 
scarce six of his verses in each poem were 
entitled to gold, while the rest were re- 
warded with the castigation.-Pt'u. Al.-Hor. 

CHGEREiE, a place of Bceotia. [2, e. 1. 

CHONMDAS, a man made preceptor to 
Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king 
ofTrcezene. The Athenians instituted sa- 
crifices to him for the good precepts he had 
inculcated in his pupils.— Plu. Th. 

CHONUPHIS, an Egyptian prophet.— 
Plu. Soc.g. [Oxus.— Her. 3. 

C HORASMI, a people of Asia near the 

CHOR1NEUS, a man killed in the Rutu- 

lian war.— V. Mn. 9. Another.— Id. 12. 

— — A priest with jEneas.— Id. 

CHORGEBUS, a man of Elis, who obtained 
a prize the first olympiad. Vide Cora:bus. 
■ A youth of Mygdonia, who was ena- 
moured of Cassandra.— V. JEn. 2. 

CHOROMNiEI, a people subdued by Ni- 
liiis.— Di. l. [nian's reign. 

CHOSROES, a king of Persia, in Ju»ti- 

CHREMES, a sordid old man, mentioned 
in Terence's Andria. —Hot. A. P. 

CHREM ETES, a river of Libya. 

CHRESIPHON, an architect of Diana's 
temple in Ephesus.— PI. 36. 

CHRESPHONTES, a sou of Aristoma- 
chus. Vide Aristodemu6. 

CHR EST US, an approved writer of 
Athens.— Col. l,R.R.i. 

CHROMIA, a daughter of I tonus.— Po.5. 

CHROMIOS, a son of Neleus and Chlo- 
ris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a 

battle by Hercules. A son of Priam, 

killed by'Diomedes.— Apol. 3. 

CHROMIS, a captain in the Trojan war. 

— H. II. 2. A young shepherd.— V. Eel. 

6. A Phrygian, killed by Camilla.— Id. 

JEn. 11. A son of Hercules.— St. 6. 

CHROMIUS, a son of Pteriiaus Apol. 

2. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, 

survived a battle between 340 of his coun- 
trymen and 300 Spartans.— Her. i. 



CHRONIUS, a man who built a temple 
of Diana at Orchomenos.— Pa. 8. 

CHRONOS, the Greek name of Saturn, 
or time, in whose honour festivals called 
Chronia were yearly celebrated by theRho- 
dians and some of the Greeks. 

CHRYASUS, a king of Argus, descended 
from Inachus. 

CHRYSA and CHRYSE, a town of Cili- 
cia, famous for a temple of Apollo Sruin- 
theus.— H. II. l.—Str. l-i.— Ov. Me. 13.— 
A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias 
by Wars.— Pa. 9. 

CHRYSAME, a Thessalian, priestess of 
Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, 
which she sent to the enemies of her coun- 
try, who eat the flesh and became delirious, 
and were an easy conquest.— Poly. 

CHRYSAN TAS, a man who refrained 
from killing another, by hearing a dog 
bark.— Plu. Q. R. 

CHRYSANTHIUS, a philosopher in the 
age of Julian, known for the great number 
of volumes he wrote. 

CHRYSANTIS, a nymph who told Ceres, 
when she was at Argos with Pelasgus, that 
her daughter had been carried rway.— Pa. 

CHRYSAOR, a son of Medusa by Nep- 
tune. Some report, that he sprang from 
the blood of Medusa, armed with a golden 
sword, whence his name Chrusos aor. He 
married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, 
by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the 
Chimaera. — Hes. Th. A rich king of Ibe- 
ria.— Di. 4. A son of Glaucus.— Pa. 5. 

CHRYSAOREUS, a surname of Jupiter, 
from his temple at Stratonice, where all 
the Carians assembled upon any public 
emergency.— Sir. 4. 

CHRYSAOR1S, a town of Cilicia.— Pa. i 

CHRYSAS, a river of Sicily, falling intr 
the Simaethus and worshipped as a deity. — 
Ci. Ver. 4. [Vide Chryses. 

CHRYSEIS, the daughter of Chryses.-* 

CHRYSERMUS, a Corinthian, who wrote 
an history of Peloponnesus, and of India, 
besides a treatise on rivers. — Plu. Par. 

CHRYSES, the priest of Apollo, father 
of Astynome, called from him Chryseis. 
When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils 
divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, 
who was the wife of Eetion, the sovereign 
of the place, fell to the share of Agamem- 
non. Chryses, upon this, went to the Gre- 
cian camp to solicit his daughter's restora- 
tion and when tiis prayers were fruitless, 
he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited 
the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them 
to restore Chryseis. — H. II. 1. A daugh- 
ter or Minos.— Apol. 3. [Apol. 2. 

CHRYS1PPE, a daughter of Danaus.— 

CHRYSIPPUS, a natural son of Pelops, 
highly favoured by his father, for which 
Hippodamia, his step-mother, ordered her 
own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, 
and to throw his body into a well, on ac- 
count of which they were banished. Some 
say that Hippodamia's sons refused to mur- 
der Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. 
They farther say, that Chrysippus had been 
carried away by Laius, king of Thebes, to 
cratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was 
P 3 



CHR—CHT 



CHT-CIC 



In his arms when Hippodaniia killed him.— 
Hyg. f. 85.— Pta. Le. Q.—Apol. 3.— Pa. 6. 

A stoic philosopher or Tarsus, who 

wrote about 311 treatises. Among his cu- 
rious opinions was his approbation of a 
parent's marriage with his child, and his 
wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather 
than buried. He died through excess of 
wine, or as others say, from laughing too 
much on seeing an ass eating figs on a sil- 
ver plate, 207 B. C, in the 80th year of his 

age.— Far. Ma. 8.— Di.—Hor. 2. s. 3. 

There were also others of the same name. 
—Lae. A freedman of Cicero. 

CHRYSIS, a mistress of Demetrius.— 

Plu. Bern. A priestess of J uno at Mvce- 

nee. The temple of the goddess was burnt 
by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to 
Tegea, to the altar of iMinerva.— Pa. 2. 

CHRYSOASPIDES, soldiers in the ar- 
mies of Persia, whose arms were all co- 
vered with silver, to display the opulence 
of the prince whom thev served.— Ju. 12. 

CHRYSOGONUS, a freedman of Sylla. 

— Ci. Ros. A celebrated singer in Domi- 

tian's reign. — Juv. 6. {Curt. 4. 

CHRYSOLAUS, a tyrant of Methvmna, 

CHRYSONDIUM, a town of Macedonia. 
—Pol. 5. 

CHRYSOPOLIS, a promontory and port 
of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari. 

CHRYSORRHOiE, a people in whose 
country are s:olden streams, [sus. — Pa. 2. 

CHRYSORHOAS, a river of Peloponne- 

CHRYSOSTOM, a bishop of Constanti- 
nople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53d year. 
He was a great disciplinarian, and by se- 
verely lashing the vices of his age, he pro- 
cured' himself many enemies. He was ba- 
nished for opposing the raising a statue to 
the empress, after having displayed his 
abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound 
theologician, and a faithful interpreter of 
scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobly 
and correctly edited, without a Latin ver- 
sion, by Saville, 8 vols. fol. 1613. They 
have appeared, with a translation, at Paris, 
edit. Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols. fol. 1718. 

CHRYSOTHEM1S, a name given by Ho- 
mer to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon 

and Clytemnestra. A Cretan, who first 

obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian 
games. — Pa. 10. 

CHRYXUS, a leader of the Boii, grand- 
son to Brennus, who took Rome- Si. 4. 

CHTHOMA, a daughter of Erectheus, 

who married Butes. — Apol.i. A surname 

of Ceres, from a temple built to her by 
Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival 
there called by the same name, and cele- 
brated every summer. During the celebra- 
tion, the priests of the goddess marched in 
procession, accompanied by the magistrates, 
and a crowd of women and boys in white 
apparel, with garlands of flowers on their 
heads. Behind' was dragged an untamed 
heifer, just taken from the herd. When 
they came to the temple, the victim was let 
loose, and four old women armed with 
scythes, sacrificed the heiler, and killed her 
by cuttinsr her throat. A second, a third, 
and a fourth victim, was in a like manner 



dispatched by the old women ; and it was 
observable, that they all fell on the same 
side. — Pa. 2. 

CHTHONIUS, a centaur, killed by Nes- 
tor in a battle at the nup'ials of Pirithous. 

— Ov. Me. 12. One of the soldiers who 

sprang from the dragon's teeth, sown by 

Cadmus. — Hyg f. 178. A son of iEgyptus 

and Calliadne. — Apol. 2. 

CH1TRIUM, a name given to part of the 
town of Clazomenae. 

ClBALiE, now Swilei, a town of Panno- 
nia, where Licinitis was defeated by Con- 
stantine. It was the birth-place of Gratian. 
— Ent. \0.—Mar. 30. [Mseander. 

C1BARITIS, a country of Asia, near the 

CIBYRA, now Barun, a town of Phrygia, 
of which the inhabitants weredexterous hun- 
ters.— Hor. 1, e. 6.—CL Ver. 4. of Caria. 

CICERO, M. T.. born at Arpinum, was 
son of a Roman knight, and lineally de- 
scended from the ancient kings of the Sa- 
bines. His mother's name was Helvia. 
After displaying many promising abilities 
at school, he was taught philosophy by 
Philo, and law by Mutius Scaevola. He ac- 
quired and perfected a taste for military 
knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, 
and retired from Rome, which was divided 
into factions, to indulge his philosophic pro- 
pensities. He was naturally of a weak and 
delicate constitution, and he visited Greece 
on account of his health ; though, perhaps, 
the true cause of his absence from Rome 
might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. 
His friends, who were well acquainted with 
his superior abilities, were anxious for his 
return ; and when at last he obeyed their 
solicitations, he applied himself with un- 
common diligence to oratory, and was soon 
distinguished above all the speakers of his 
age in the Roman forum. When he went 
to Sicily as quaestor, he behaved with great 
justice "and moderation; and the Sicilians 
remembered with gratitude the eloquence 
of Cicero, their common patron, who had 
delivered them from the tyranny and ava- 
rice of Verres. After he had passed through 
the offices of edile and praetor, he stood a 
candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 689; 
and the patricians and the plebeians were 
equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, 
against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. 
His new situation was eriii'cal, and re- 
quired circumspection. Catiline, with many 
dissolute and desperate Romans, had con- 
spired against their country, and combined 
to murder Cicero himself, "in this dilemma, 
Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of 
treason against the state; but as his evi- 
dence was not clear, his efforts were una- 
vailing. He, however, stood upon his 
guard, and by the information of his friends, 
and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was 
saved from the dagger of Marcius and Ce- 
thegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassi- 
nate him. After this, Cicero commanded 
Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city ; 
and this desperate conspirator marched out 
in triumph to meet the 2n,000 men who 
were assembled to support his cause. The 
lieutenant of C. Antony, the other consul, 



CIC— CIC 



CIC— CIC 



defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at 
Rome, punished the rest of the conspira- 
tors with death. This capital punishment, 
though inveighed against by J. Caesar 
as too severe, was supported by the 
opinion of Lutatius Catulus, and Cato, 
and confirmed by the whole senate. After 
this memorable deliverance, Cicero re- 
ceived the thanks of all the people, and 
was styled The father of his country , and a 
second founder of Rome. The vehemence 
with which he had attacked Clodius, proved 
injurious to him ; and when his enemy was 
made tribune, Cicero was banished 'from 
Rome, though 20,000 young men were sup- 
porters of his innocence. He was not, how- 
ever, deserted in his banishment. Where- 
ever he went, he was received with the 
highest marks of approbation and reve- 
rence : and when the faction had subsided 
at Rome, the whole senate and people were 
unanimous for his return. After sixteen 
months' absence, he entered Rome with 
universal satisfaction ; and when he was 
sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, 
t;is integrity and prudence made him sue- 
tessful against the enemy, and at his return 
-e was honoured with a triumph which the 
lactious prevented him from enjoying. After 
much hesitation during the civil commo- 
tions between r-cesarand Pompey, he joined 
himself to the latter, and fohowed him 
to Greece. When victory had declared in 
favour of Caesar, at the battle of Pharsalia, 
Cicero went to Brundusium, and was re- 
conciled to the conqueror, who treated him 
with great humanity. From this time Cicero 
retired into the country, and seldom visited 
Rome. When Caesar had been stabbed in 
the senate, Cicero recommended a general 
amnesty, and was the most earnest to de- 
cree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. 
But when he saw the interest uf Caesar's 
murderers decrease, and Antony come into 
power, he retired to Athens. He soon after 
returned, but lived in perpetual fear of 
assassination. Augustus courted the appro- 
bation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to 
be a colleague in the consulship. But his 
wish was not sincere ; he soon forgot 
his former professions of friendship ; and 
when the two consuls had been killed 
at -Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to 
that of Antony, and the triumvirate was 
soon after formed. The great enmity which 
Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him ; and 
Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the trium- 
virs, to de>troy'all cause of quarrel, and 
each to dispatch his enemies, produced 
their list of proscription. About two hun- 
dred were doomed to death, and Cicero was 
among the number upon the list of Antony, 
Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly 
owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued 
by the emissaries of Antony, among whom 
was Popilius whom he had defended upon an 
accusation of parricide. He had fled in a 
litter towards the sea of Caieta ; and w hen 
the assassins came up to him, he put his head 
out of the litter, and it was severed from the 
body by Herenuius. This memorable event 
happened in December, 43 B.C., after the 



enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, 
and five days. The head and right hand of 
the orator were carried to Rome, and hung 
up in the Roman forum ; and so inveterate 
was Antony's hatred against the unfortu 
nate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir's 
wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, 
and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and 
bored it through repeatedly with a gold 
bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity, 
what Cicero had once observed, that no 
animal is more revengeful than a woman. 
Cicero has acquired more real fame by his 
literary compositions, than by his spirited 
exertions as a Roman senator. The learn- 
ing and the abilities which he possessed, 
have been the admiration of every age and 
country, and his style has always been ac- 
counted as the true standard of pure lati- 
nity. The words nascitur poeta have been 
verified in his attempts to write poetry ; 
and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod scri- 
bit musis et Apolline nullo, though severe, is 
true. He once formed a design to write 
the history of his country, but was disap. 
pointed. He translated many of the Gretb 
writers, poets as well as historians, for hi< 
own improvement. When he travelled int« 
Asia, he was attended by most of the learn- 
ed men of his age ; and his stay at Rhodes 
in the school of'the famous Molo, conduced 
not a little to perfect his judgment. Like 
his countrymen, he was not destitute of am- 
bition, and the arrogant expectations with 
which he returned from his quaestorship in 
Sicily are well known. He was of a timid 
disposition ; and he, who shone as the fa. 
ther of R.oman eloquence, never ascended 
the pulpit to harangue, without feeling a 
secret emotion of dread. His conduct, dur 
ing the civil wars, is far from that of a 
patriot; and when we view him, dubious 
and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey, 
and yet afraid to oppose Caesar, the judg- 
ment would almost brand him with the 
name of coward. In his private character, 
however, Cicero was of an amiable disposi- 
tion ; and though he was too elated with 
prosperity, and debased by adversity, the 
affability of the friend conciliated the good 
graces of all. He married Terentia, whom 
he afterwards divorced, and by whom lie 
had a son and daughter. He afterwards 
married a young woman, to whom he was 
guardian ; and because she seemed elated 
at the death of his daughter, Tullia, he re- 
pudiated her. The works of this celebrated 
man, of which, according to some, the 
tenth part is scarce extant, have been 
edited by the best scholars in every country. 
The most valuable editions of the works 
complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols, 
fol. Amst. 1724.— That, of Olivet, 9 vols. 4to. 
Geneva, 1758.— The Oxford edition in 10 
vols. 4to. 1782.— And that of Laliemand, 
12mo. 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768.— 
Plu. vi. — Quin.~Di. Ca.—App.—Tl.—C. 

Nep. Al.-Eut.-Ci. MARCUS, the son 

of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his 
colleague in the consulship. He revenged 
his father's death, by throwing public dis- 
honour upon the memory of Antony. H* 



CIC— CIM 



164 



cm— cim 



disgraced his father's virtues, and was so 
fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he 
wished to deprive Antony 01 the honour of 
being the greatest drunkard in the Roman 
empire.— P/u. Ci. QUINTTS, the bro- 
ther of the orator, was Caesar's lieutenant 
in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three 
years. He was proscribed with his sou at 
the same time as his brotherTully. —Plu.CL 
—App. 

CICEROMS VILLA, a place near Putcoli, 
in Campania.— PL 31. 

CICHYRIS, a town of Epirus. 

CICONES, a people of Thrace, near the 
Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, 
conquered them, and plundered their chief 
city lsmarus,because they had assisted Priam 
ag-ainst the Greeks. They tore to pieces, 
Orpheus, for his obscene indigencies. — 
Or. Me. \0.—Virg. G. 4. [2, s. 2. 

CICCTA, an old avaricious usurer.— Hor. 

CILICIA, a country of Asia Minor, on 
the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the 
south of mount Taurus, and the west of the 
Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched them- 
selves by piratical excursions, till they were 
conquered by Pompey. The country was 
opulent, and was governed by kings, under 
soire of the Roman emperors' ; but reduced 
into a province by Vespasian. Cicero pre- 
sided over it as proconsul. It receives its 
name from Cilix, the son of Agenor. — Apol. 
3. — Far. B. R. 2-Suc. V. S.—Her. 2.—Ju. 

Curt. 3.— PL 5. Part of the coun- 
try between jEolia and Troas is also called 
Cilicia.— Str. 13, calls it Trojan, to dis- 
tinguish it from the other Cilicia.— PL 5. 

CILISSA, a town of Phrygia. 

CILIX, a son of Phoenix, or, according- 
to Herodotus, of Agenor, who £ra\e his 
name to Cilicia.— Apol. 3.— Her. 7. 

CILLA, a town of Africa Propria.— Di. 

20. A town of .Eolia.— Her. I. Of 

Troas, which received its name, according 
to Theoporupus, from a certain Cillus, who 
was one of Hi^podamia's suitors, and killed 
by (Enoraa.us.-H. II. \ .—Ov. Me. 13, 

"C1LLES, a general of Ptolemy, conquered 
by Demetrius.— Di. 13. 

CI LLCS, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose 
honour a city was built.— Str. 13. 

CILNIUS, the surname of Maecenas. 

C1LO, Jun., an oppressive governor of 
BUhynia and Pontus. The provinces car- 
ried "their complaints against him to Rome ; 
but such was the noise of the flatterers that 
attended the emperor Claudius, that he was 
unable to hear them, and when he asked 
what they had said, he was told by oue of 
Cilo's friends, that they returned thanks for 
his good administration ; upon which the 
emperor slid, Let Clio be continued two 
years longer in his province. — Dio. 60.— 
Ta. An. 12. 

CIMBER, TULL., one of Caesar's mur- 
derers. He laid hold of the dictator's robe, 
which was a signal for the rest to strike.— 
Phi. Ces. 

CIMBERIUS, a chief of the Suevi. 

CIMBRI, a people of Germany, who in- 
vaded the Roman empire with a large army, 
aud were conquered by Mariui.— Ft.F. 



C1MBR1CUM BELLUM, was begun bv 
the Cimbri and Teufones, bv an invasion of 
the Roman territories, B.'C. 109. These 
barbarians were so courageous, and even 
desperate, that they fastened their first ranks 
each to the other," w ith cords. In the first 
battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under 
the consul's Manlius and Servilius Caepio. 
But when Marius, in his second consulship, 
was chosen to carry on the war, he met the 
Teutones at Aquas Sextiae, where, after .t 
bloody engagement, he left dead on the held 
of battle 20,00i), and took 90,000 prisoners, 
B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed an- 
other army, had already penetrated into 
Italy, where they were met at the river 
Athesis, by Marina and his colleague Catu- 
lus, a year after. An engagement ensued, 
and 140, 0C0 of them were slain. This last 
battle put an end to this dreadful war, and 
the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. 
—FL 3.-PI. l.~Me. 3.-Pat. 'l.—Plu. Ma. 

CI MINUS, now Viterbe, a lake and moun- 
tain of Etruria. — V. JEn. 7.— Li. 9. 

CIMMERII, a people near the Palus 
Moeotis, w ho invaded Asia Minor, and seized 
upon the kingdom of Cyaxares. After they 
had been masters of the country for 2s years, 
they were driven back by Alyattes king of 

Lydia. — Her. 1. Another nation on the 

western coast of Italy, generally imagined 
to have lived in caves ne'ar the sea-shore of 
Campania, and there, in concealing them- 
selves from the light of the sun, to have 
made their retreat the receptacle of their 
plunder. In consequence of this manner of 
living, the country which they inhabited, 
was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to men- 
tion a great obscuritv, the expression of 
Cimmerian darkneis lias proverbially been 
used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew 
his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy 
and dismal country, where also Virgil and 
Ovid have place-i "the Styx, the Phlegethou, 
and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal 
regions.—//. Od. 13.— V. J£n. 6. -Of. Me. 
l\.—Str. 5. [called Edonis.— PL s. 

CIMMERIS, a town of Troas, formerly 

C1MMERIUM, now Crim, atownofTau- 
rica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are 
called Cimmerii. — Me. 1. fgonia. 

CIMOLIS a: CINOLIS, a town of Paphla- 

CIMOLUS, now Argentiera, an island in 
the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller's 
earth.— Or. Me. l.—PL 35. 

C1MON, an Athenian, son of Miltiades 
and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries 
in his youth, and the reformation of hu 
morals "w hen arrived to years of discretion 
When his father died, he was imprisoned 
because unable to pay tiie fine laid upon bin 
by the Athenians; but he was released froii 
confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. 
[Fide Elpinice.] He behaved with greal 
courage at the battle of Salamis, and ren- 
dered himself popular by his munificence 
and valour. He defeated the Persian flee , 
and took 200 ships, and totally routed their 
land army, the very same day". The money 
that he obtained by his victories, was not 
applied to his own private use ; bat with it 
he fortified aud embellished the city. He 



CIN— CIN 



165 



CIN-CIN 



some time after lost al! his popularity, and 
was banished by the Athenians, who de- 
clared war against the Lacedaemonians. He 
was recalled from his exile, and at his re- 
turn, he made a reconciliation between La- 
ceda;nion and his countrymen. He was 
afterwards appointed 10 carry on the war 
aarainst Persia, in Eirypt and Cyprus, with a 
fleet of 200 ships ; and on the coast of Asia, 
he gave battle to the enemy, and totally 
ruined their fleet. He died as he was be- 
sieging- the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 
442, in the 5lst year of his age. He may 
be called the last of the Greeks, whose 
spirit and boldness defeated the armies of 
the barbarians. He was such an inveterate 
enemy to the Persian power, that he form 
ed a plan of totally destroying- it ; and in his 
wars, he had so reduced the Persians, that 
they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the 
Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to ap- 
proach within a day's journey o> the Gre- 
cian seas. The munificence of Cimon has 
been highly extolled by his biographers, and 
he has been deservedly praised for leaving 
his gardens open to the public. Th. I. — Ju. 
'2,—Di. W.—Plu.^C. Nep.vi. An Athe- 
nian, father of Miltiades.— Hor. 6. A Ro- 
man, supported in prison by the milk of his 

daughter. An Athenian, who wrote an 

account of the war of the Amazons against 
his country. [daemon, &c. Vide Cinethon. 
CINATHON, an ancient poet of Lace- 



Rome, he could salute everv senator and 
knight by his name.— PL 7.—CL Fa. 9, e. 

25. A king of Thessaly, Her. 5. An 

Athenian, Pol. 2. 

CINESIAS, a Greek poet of Thebes in 
Bceotia, who composed some dithyrambic 
verses. — Ath. 

CINETHON, a Spartan, who wrote ge- 
nealogical poems, in one of which he assort- 
ed that Medea had a son by Jason, called 
Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis.— Pa. 

CINGA, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flow- 
ing from the Pyrenean mountains into the 
Iberus.— Luc. 4.— Ctes. B C. 1. 

CINGETORIX, a prince of Gaul, in alli- 
ance with Rome.— Cces. b. G. 5. A prince 

of Britain who attacked Caesar's camp, by 
order of Cassivelaunus.— Id. ib. 

CINGULUM, now Cingoli, a town of Pi- 
cenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingu- 
lani.—Pl. 3,—Cces. b. C. l.—Si. It. JO.— Ci. 
At. 7. c. 11. 
CIN I ATA, a place of Galatia. 
CINITHII, a people of Africa. 
CliNNA, L. CORN, a Roman who op- 
pressed the republic with his cruelties, and 
was banished by Octavius, for attempting 
to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined 
himself to Marins ; and with him at the 
head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, 
defeated his enemies, and made himself con- 
sul even to a fourth time. He massacred so 
many citizens at Rome, that his name became 



CINARADAS, one of the defendants of odious; andoneof his olhcers assassinated him 



Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies 
of Venus at Paphos.— Ta. 2. Hist. 

CINCIA LEX, was enacted by M. Cin- 
cius, tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549. 
By it no man was permitted to take any 
money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. 
—Li. 34. 

CINCINNATUS, L. Q., a celebrated Ro- 
man, who was informed, as he ploughed 
ids field, that the senate had chosen him 
dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed 
land with regret, and repaired to the field of 
battle, where his countrymen were closely 
besieged by the Volsci arid JEqui. He con- 
quered the enemy and returned to Rome in 
triumph ; and 16 days after his appointment, 
he laid down his office, and retired back to 
plough his fields. In his soth year, he was 
again summoned against Praeneste as dicta- 
tor ; and after a successful campaign, he re- 
signed the absolute power he had enjoyed 
only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewa'rds 
that were offered him by the senate. He 
flourished about 460 years before Christ.— 
Li. 3.— Ft. l.—Ci. Fin. A.— PI. 16. 

CINCIUS A LI ME NT US L., a praetor of 
Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote 

annals in Greek.- Dio. H. 1. MARCUS, 

a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. 

CINEAS, a Thessalian, minister and friend 
to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to 
Rome by his master to sue for a peace 
which he, however, could not obtain. Hl 
.old Pyrrhus, that the Roman senate were a 
venerable assembly of kings ; and observed, 
that to fight with them, was to fight against 
another Hydra. He was of such a retentive 
memory, that the day after his arrival at 



atAncona, as he was preparing war ag-ainst 
Sylla.— Plu. Ma.— Luc. A.—App. b. C. I.— 

Ft. 3.— Pat. 2.—PIu.Cces. One of Caesar'? 

murderers. C. HELVTUS, a poet intimate 

with Caesar. He went to attend the obse- 
quies of Caesar, and being mistaken by the 
populace for the other Cinna, be was toin 
to pieces. He had been eight years in com. 
posing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in 
which he made mention of the incest of 

Cinyras.— Plu. Cces. A grandson of Pom- 

pey. He conspired against Augustus, who 
pardoned him, and made him one of his most 
intimate friends. He was consul, and made 

Augustus his heir.— Dio.— Sen. Cem. 2. 

A town of Italy taken by the Romans from 
the Samnites. 

CI NNADON, a Lacedaemonian youth, who 
resolved to put to death the Ephori, and 
seize upon the sovereign power. His con- 
spiracy was discovered, and he was put to 
death. — Arist. 

CINNAMUS, a hair-dresser at Rome, ri- 
diculed by Mart. 7, ep. 63. 

CINN1ANA, a town of'Lucitania, famous 
for the valour of its citizens.— Va. Ma. 6. 

CINXIA, a surname of Juno, who pre- 
sided over marriages, and was supposed to 
unfasten the girdle of new brides. 

CIN V PS & CIN YPHUS, a river and coun- 
try of Africa near the Garamantes, whence 
Cinyphius.— Virg. G. 3.— Her. A.— PI. 5.— 
Mart. 7. ep. 94.— Ov. Me. 7.— Luc. 9. 

CINYRAS, a kiner of Cyprus, son of Pa- 
phus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he 
had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell 
in love with her father; and in the absence 
of her mother at the celebration of the ft»- 



CIO— CIK 

tivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into 
his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had 
by her a son ealied Adonis ; and when he 
knew the incest he had committed, he at- 
tempt d to stab his daughter, who escaped 
his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after 
she had brought forth, she was changed into 
a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, 
according to some, stabbed himself. He 
was so rich, that his opulence, like that of 
Croesus, became proveroial.— Of. Me. 10. f. 

9.— Phi. Par.—Hyg. f. 242. A son of 

Laodice.— Apol. 3. A man who brought 

a colony from Syria to Cyprus.— Id. 3. — —A 
Ligurian, who assisted Jlneas against Tur- 
li us. — V. JEn. 10. 

CfOS, a river of Thrace.— PI. 5. A 

commercial place of Phrygia. The name 

of three cities in Bithvnia. 

ClPPUs, a noble Roman, who as he re- 
turned home victorious, was told that if he 
entered the city he must reign there. Un- 
willing to enslave his country, lie assembled 
the senate without the walls, and banished 
himself for ever from the city, and retired 
to live upon a single acre of ground.— Of. 
Me. 15. 

CIRCjEOI, now Circello, a promontory 
of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, 
at the south of the Pontine marshes. The 
people were called Circeienses.— Ov. Me. 14. 
— V. JEn. l.—Li. Q.—Cic. TV. D. 3. 

CIRCE, a daughter of Sol and Ferseis, ce- 
lebrated for her knowledge of magic and ve- 
nomous herbs. She was sister to iEetes king 
of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. 
She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, 
whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. 
She w as expelled by her subjects, and carried 
bv her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an 
island called j£eea. Ulysses, at his return 
from the Trojan war, visited the place of 
her residence ; and all his companions who 
ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuous- 
ness, were changed by Circe's potions into 
filthy swine. Ulysse's, who was fortified 
against all enchantments by an herb called 
moly, which he had received from Mercury, 
went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, 
the restoration of his companions to their 
former state. She complied, and loaded the 
hero with pleasures and honours. In this 
voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one 
son called Telegonus, or two according to 
Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one 
who;e year, Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe's 
arms, and at his departure, the nymph ad- 
vised him to descend to hell, and consult the 
manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that 
attended him. Circe shewed herself cruel 
to Scvlla her rival, and to Picus. [Fide 
Scvlla" and Picus.]— Ov. Me. 14, f. l.—Hor. 
1, e. 2.— V. Eel. 8. £n. 3.—Hyg. f.—Apol. 
4. Arg.—H. Od. 10.— Apol. \.—Hes. Th.— 
Str. 5. 

CIRCENSES LUDI. games performed in 
the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to 
the god Consus, and were first established 
by Romulus at the rape of the Sabiues. They 
were in imitation ot the Olympian games 
among the Greeks, ar.d, by way of eminence, 
were often called the great games. Their 



CIK — CIS 

original name was Consualia, and they 
were first called Circensian by Tarquin the 
elder after he had built tne "Circus. They 
were not appropriate to one particular ex- 
hibition; but were equally celebrated foi 
leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and 
javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, 
and boxi. Like the Greeks, the Romans 
gave the name of Fentathium or Quinquer- 
tium to these five exercises. The celebra- 
tion continued live days, beginning on the 
15th of September. All games in general 
that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon 
after called Circensian games. Some sea- 
fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans 
Naumachiae, were afterwards* exhibited in 
the Circus.— V. £n. 8. 

CIRC1US, a part of mount Taurus.— PI. 
5. A rapid and tempestuous wind fre- 
quent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown 
in any other country.— hue. 1. 

CIRCUM PA DAN I AGRI, the country 
around the river Po.— Li. 21. 

CIRCUS, a large and elegant building at 
Rome, where plays and shows were exhi- 
bited. There w ere about eight at Rome : the 
first, called Maximus Circus, was the grand- 
est, raised and embellished by Tarquin 
Priscus. Its figure was oblong,'and it was 
filled all round with benches, and could con- 
tain, as some report, about 300,000 specta- 
tors. It was about 2167 feet long, and 960 
broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying 
it, and J. Caesar introduced in it large 
canals of water, which, on a sudden, could 
be covered with an infinite number of ves- 
sels, and represent a sea-fight. 

CIRIS, the name of Scvlla daughter of 
Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the 
same name. — Or. Me. 8. 

CIRR.EATUM, a place near Arpinum, 
where C. Marius lived when voting. — Pla. 
Ma. 

CIRRHA & CYRRHA, a town of Phocis, 
at the foot of Parnassus, where Apoilo was 
worshipped.— Luc. 3 [Sir. 7. 

CIRTHA & CIRTA, a town of Numidia. — 

C1SALFIN A GALLIA, a part of Gaul, 
called also Citerior and Togata. I ts f rthest 
boundary was near the Rubicon, and it 
touched "the Alps on the Italian side. 

CISPADAN A GALLIA, a part of ancient 
Gaul, south of the Po. 

CISRHENAM, part of the Germans who 
lived nearest Rome, on the west of the 
Rhine.— Ca>s. B. G. 6, 2. [near Istria. 

CISSA, a river of Pontus. An island 

CISSEIS, a patronymic given to Hecuba 
as daughter of Cist-eiis. 

CISSEUS, a king of Thrace,father to He- 
cuba, according to some authors. — V. JEn. 

7. A son of Melampus, killed by iEneas. 

—7c?. jEn. 10. A son of JE%y\)tus'.-Apol. I. 

CISSIA, a country of Susiaua, of which 
Susa was the capital.— Her. 5. 

CISSLE, some gates in Babylon. — Id. 3. 

CISS1DES, a general of Di'onysius sent 
with nine gallevs to assist the Spartans.— 
Di. 15. 

C1SSOESSA, a fountain of Bceotia.—P/u. 

CISSUS, a mountain of Macedonia. A 

city of Thrace. A man who acquainted 



166 



CIS-CLA 



167 



CLA — CLA 



Alexander with the flight of Harpalus.- 
Plu. Al. 

CISSUSA, a fountain where Bacchus was 
w ashed when voting,— Phi. Ly. 

CISTEN/E, a town of jEolia. A town 

of Lycia.— Me. 1. 

ClTHiERON, a king, who gave his name 
to a mountain of Bceotia, situate at the south 
of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter 
and the Muses. Acraeon was torn to pieces 
by his own dogs on this mountain, and Her- 
cules there killed an immense lion.— V. Mn. 
4.—Apol. 2.— Me. 2.— Str. 9.— Pa. 2.— PI. 
A.— Ptol. 3. 

CITH ARISTA, a promontory of Gaul. 

CITIUM, now Chitii, a town of Cyprus, 
where Cimon died in his expedition against 
Egypt.— Plu.Cim.~-Th. 1. 

CI US, a town of Mysia.— Apol. 1. 

CIVILIS, J., a powerful Batavian, who 
raised a sedition against Galba, &cc.—Ta, 
Hist. 1. 

CIZYCUM, a city of Asia in the Propon- 
tis, the same as Cyzicus. Fide Cyzicus. 

CLADFUS, a river of Elis, passing- near 
Olvmpia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. 
—Pa. 5. 

CLANES, a river falling into the Ister. 

CLANIS, a centaur kil'ed bv Theseus.— 
Ov. Me. li. 

CLAN1US or CLANIS, a river of Cam- 
pania.— Fir?. G. 3. Of Etruria, now 

Chiana.-Si. 8.— 7a. 1. An. 

CLARUS, or Claros, a town of Ionia, fa- 
mous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built 
by iNIanto daughter ofTiresias, who fled from 
Thebes, after it had been destros ed by the 
Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her mis- 
fortunes, that a lake was formed with her 
tears, where she first founded the oracle. 
Apollo was from theiu:e surnamed Clarius, 

--Str. \\.—Pa.l.—Me. \.—Ov. Me. i. 

An island of the ^Egean, between Tenedos 
and Scios. — Th. 3. One of the com- 
panions of iEneas.— r. JEn. 10, 

CLAS H DIUM, now Sehiatezzo, a town 

of Liguria.— Str. 5.— Li. 32. A villag-e of 

Gaul.— Pin. Mar. 

CLAUDIA, a patrician family at Rome, 
descended fromClausus akiugoftheSabines. 
It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in 
the republic; and it'is particularly recorded 
that there were not less than 28 of that 
tamily who were invested with the consul- 
ship, five with the office of dictator, and seven 
with that of censor, besides the honour of 
six triumphs.- Sue. Tib. 1. 

CLAUDIA, a vestal virgin accused of in 
continence. To shew her innocence, she 
offered to remove a ship which had brought 
the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck 
in one of the shallow places of the river. 
This had already baffled the efforts of a num- 
ber of men ; and Claudia, after addressing 
her prayers to the goddess, untied her gir- 
dle, and with it eagerly dragged after her 
the ship to shore, and by this action was 
honourably acquitted.— Va. Ma. 5. 4.- -Pro. 
4, el. \2.—lt. 17.— Or. F. 4. A step- 
daughter of M. Antony, whom Augustus 
married. He dismissed her undefiled, imme- 
diately after the contract of marriage, on 



account of a sudden quarrel with her mo* 

ther Fulvia.— Sue. Au. r>2. The wife o f " 

the poet Statius. — St. 3. Sy. A daughter 

of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tib. Grac- 
chus. The wife of ftletellus Ceier, sister 

to P. Clodius and to Appius Claudius. 

An inconsiderable town of Noricum.— PI. 3. 

A Roman road, which led from the Mil- 

vian bridge to the Flaminian way. — Ov. 1. 

Pon. el. 8. A tribe which received its name 

from Appius Claudius, who came to settle 
at Rome with a large bodv of attendants.— 

Li. ->.—Hal. 5. QUINTA, a daughter of 

Appius Caucus, whose statue in the vestibu- 
lum of Cybele's temple was unhurt when 
that edifice was reduced to ashes.— To. Ma, 

\.—Ta.\.An. PULCRA, a cousin of Agrip 

pina, accused of adultery and criminal de- 
signs against Tiberius. She was condemned. 

— Ta. An. 4. ANTONIA, a daug-hter oi 

the emperor Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, 
whom iMessalina caused to be put to death. 
Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom 
she had a son, was killed by Nero, and she 
shared his fate, when she refused to marry 
his murderer. 

CLAUDIA LEX, decommitiis, was enact- 
ed by M. CI. Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It or- 
dained, that at a public election of magis- 
trates, no notice should be taken of the votes 

of such as were absent. Another, de 

usura, which forbade people to lend money 
to minors on condition of payment after the 
decease of their parents.— Another, de ne- 
gotiatione by Q. Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 
535. It forbade any senator, or father of a 
senator, to have any vessel containing above 
500 amphoras, for fear of their engaging 
themselves in commercial schemes. The same 
law also forbade the same thing to the 
scribes and the attendants of the quaestors, 
as it was naturally supposed that people who 
had any commercial connections, could not 
be faithful to their trust, nor promote the 

interest of the state. Another, A.U.C.576, 

to permit the allies to return to their re- 
spective cities, after their names were in- 
rolled.— Zir. 41, c. 9. Another, to take 

away the freedom of the city of Rome from 
the colonists, which Caesar had carried to 
Novicomum.— Sue. Ju. 28. 

CLAUDIiE AQUiE,the first water brought 
to Rome by means of an aqueduct of eleven 
miles, erected by the censor Appius Clau- 
dius, A.U.C. 441.— Eut. 2.— Li. 8. 

CLAUDIANUS, a celebrated poet, born at 
Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honoriu* 
and Arcadius, w r ho seems to possess all the 
majesty of Virgil, without-being a slave to 
the corrupted style which prevailed in his 
e. Scaliger observes, that he has supplied 
the poverty of his matter, by the purity of 
his language, the happiness of his expres- 
sions, and the melody of his numbers. As 
he was the favourite of Stiiicho, he removed 
from the court, when his patron was dis- 
graced, and passed the rest of his life in re- 
tirement, and learned case. His poems on 
Kufinus and Eutropius, seem to be the best 
of his compositions. The best editions ot his 
works are that of Burman, 4to. 2 vols. A nun. 
1760,and that of Gesner,2 vo)s.8vo. Lips. 1 7 : t>. 



CLA — CLA 
CLAUDIOPOLIS, a town of Cappadocia. 
—PL 5. 

CLAUDIUS I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son 
of Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded as 
emperor of Rome, after the murder of Ca- 
ligula, whose memory he endeavoured to 
annihilate. He made himself popular for a 
w hile, by taking- particular care of the city, 
and by adorning and beautifying it with 
buildings. He passed over into' Britain, and 
obtained a triumph for victories which his 
generals had won, and suffered himself to 
be governed by favourites, whose licenti- 
ousness and avarice plundered the state, and 
distracted the provinces. He married four 
wives, one of whom, called Messaiina, he 
put to death on account of her lust and de- 
bauchery. He was at last poisoned by an- 
other called Agrippina, who wished to raise 
her sou Nero to the throne. The poison 
was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did 
not operate fast enough, his physician, by 
order of the empress, made him swallow a 
poisoned feather. He died in the 63d year 
of his age, la October, A. D. 54, after a 
reigu of 13 years ; distinguished neither by 
humanity nor courage, but debased by weak- 
ness and irresolution. He was succeeded by 
Nero.— 7a. An. \ \.—Dio. 60.— Ju. 6.— Sue. 

vi. The second emperor of that name, 

was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. 
He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and 
Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a 
battle, and after a reign of about two years, 
died of the plague in Pannonia. The ex- 
cellence of his character, marked with bra- 
very, and tempered with justice and bene- 
volence, is well known by these words of 
the senate, addressed to him : Claudi 
Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, 

tu bonus senator, tu vere pnnceps. 

NERO, a consul, with Liv. Salinator, who 
defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river 
Metauruni, as he was passing from Spain 
into Italy, to go to the assistance of his 
brother Annibal.— Li. 21.—Hor. 4, o. 4. — 
Sue. Tib. The father of the emperor Ti- 
berius, quaestor to Caesar in the wars of 

Alexandria. POLLU5, an historian.— PL 

7, e. 51. PONTIUS, a general of the 

Samniles, who conquered the Romans at 
Furcae Caudinae, and made them pass under 

the voke.— Li. 9. P ETI LIU S, a dictator, 

A.U'.C. 442. APPI US, an orator. — Ci. Br. 

[Fide Appius.] A PP. CiECUS, a Roman 

orator, who built an aqueduct A.U.C. 441, 
which broughtwater toRome fromTusculum, 
at the distance of seven or eight miles. The 
water was called Appia, and it was the 
first that was brought to the city from the 
country. Before his age the Romans were 
satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or 
of the fountains, and wells in the city.— [Vide 

Appius.]— Li. 9.— Oi>. F. 6.— Ci. se. 6. A 

praetor of Sicily. PUBLIUS, a great eu- 

emv to Cicero.— [Vide Clodius.] MAR- 

CELLUS.-LPide.Marcellns.] — PULCHER, 
a consul, who, when consulting: the sacred 
chickens, ordered them to be dipped in 
water, because they would not eat.— Li. 
ep. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expe- 
dition against the Carthaginians in Sicil*. 



CLA— CLE 

and disgraced on his return to Rcme. 

TIBERIUS NERO, was elder brother oi 
Drusus, and son of Livia Drusilla, who 
married Augustus, after his dnorce ofScri- 
bonia. He married Livia, the emperor's 
daughter by Scribonia, and succeeded in 
the empire by the name of Tiberius.— [Vidi 

Tiberius.!— Hot. 1, ep. 3. The name o 

Claudius is common to many Roma:, con- 
suls, and other officers of state ; but no- 
thing is recorded of them, and their name 
is but barely mentioned.— Li. [nal's age. 
CLAVIENUS, an obscure poet in Juve- 
CLAV1GER, a surname of Janus, from 
his beintr represented with a key.—Ov. FA. 

HERCULES received also that surname, 

as he was armed with a club. — Ov. Me. 15. 

CLAUSIUS, or CLUS1US, a surname of 
Janus. 

CLAUSUS, or CLAUDIUS, a king of the 
Sabines, w ho assisted Turnus against /Eneas. 
He w as the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, 
who migrated to Rome, and became the 
founder of the Claudian familv. — V. jEn.7. 

CLAZOMENiE 6c CLAZO.WENA, now 
V'ourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the 
iEgean sea, between Smyrna ami Chios. It 
was founded A. U. C. 98, by the Iouians, 
and gave birth to Anaxagoras and othei 
illustrious men.— Me. I.— PI. 5.— Sir. 14. 
—Li. 38. 

CLE A DAS, a man of Plataea, who raised 
tombs over those who had been killed in 
the battle against Mardonius. — Her. 9. 

CLEANDER, one of Alexander's officers, 
who killed Parmenio by the king's com- 
mand. He was punished with death, for 
offering violence to a noble virgin, and giv- 
ing her a> a prostitute to his servants.— 

Carl. 7, 10. The first tyrant of Gela.— 

Arts. 5. Po. — -A soothsayer of Arcadia. — 

Her. 6. A favourite of the emperor Com- 

raodus, who was put to death, A.D. i9o, 
after abusing public justice, and his mas- 
ter's confidence. 

CLEANDRI DAS, a Spartan general, &c, 

A man punished with death for bribing 

two of the Ephori. 

CLEANTHES, a stoic philosopher of As- 
sos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was 
so poor, that to maintain himself he used 
to draw out water for a gardener in the 
night, and study in the day-time. Cicero 
calls him the father of the stoics ; and out 
of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate 
raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said 
that he starved himself in his 90th vear, 
B C. 240.— Sfr. 13.— Ci. Jin. 2. 

CLEARCHUS, a tyrant of Heraclea in 
Pontus, who , was tilled by Chion and 
Leonidas, Plato's pupils, during the cele- 
bration of the festivals of Bacchus, after 
the enjoyment of the sovereign power dur- 
ing twelve years, 353 B.C.— Ju. 16.— Di. 15 

The second tyrant of Heraclea of that 

name, died B.C. 288. A Lacedaemonian 

sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was re- 
called, but refused to obey, and fled to 
Cyrus the younger, who made him captain 
of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a 
victory over Artaxerxes, who was so en- 
raged at the defeat- that when C'earchun 



CLE— CLE 



109 



OLE— CLE 



fHl into his hands, by the treachery or 
Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate 

(jp atn> — 14. A disciple of Aristotle, 

who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c— Xen. 

CLEARIDES, a son of Cleonymus, go- 
vernor of Amphipolis.— Th. 4. 

CLEMENS ROMAN US, one of the fa- 
thers of the church, said to be contemporary 
with St. Paul, ^everal spurious composi- 
tions are ascribed to him, but the only thing 
extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, 
written to quiet the disturbances that had 
arisen there. It has been much admired. 
The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo. 

Cantab. 1718. Another of Alexandria, 

called from thence Alexandrinus, who flou- 
rished 206 A.D. His works are various, 
elegant, and full of erudition : the best 
edition of which is Potter's, 2 vols, folio, 

Oxon. 1715. A senator who favoured the 

party of Niger against Severus. 

CLEMENTIA, one of the virtues to whom 
the Romans paid adoration. 

CLEO, a Sicilian among Alexander's 
flatterers.— Curt. 8. 

CLEOBIS & BITON, two youths, sons of 
Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. 
When oxen could not be procured to draw 
their mother's chariot to the temple of Juno, 
thev put themselves under the yoke, and 
f*rew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the 
acclamations of the multitude, who congra- 
tulated the mother on account of the filial 
affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated 
the goddess to reward the piety of her sons 
with the best gift that could be granted to 
a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke 
no more ; and by this the goddess shewed, 
that deatn is the only true happy event that i 
can happen to man. The Arrives raised I 
them statues at Delphi.— Ci. Tu. 1.— Fa. 
Ma. 5.— Her. l.—Plu. co. Ap. 

CLEOBULA, the wife of Amyntor, by 
whom she had Phcenix. A daughter of Bo- 
reas and Orythya, called also Cleopatra. 
She married Ph'ineus, son of Agenor, by 
whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. 
Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter 
of Dardanus. — Apol. 3.- — A woman, mo- 
ther of a son called Euripides, by Apollo. 

■ Another who bore Cepheus and Am- 

phidamus to iEgeus. The mother of Pi- 

thus.—Hyg. f. 14. 

CLEOBULINA, a daughter of Cleobulus, 
remarkable for her genius, learning, judg- 
ment, and courage. She composed enig- 
mas, some of which have been preserved. 
One of them runs thus: "A father had 12 
children, and these 12 children had each 30 
white sons and 30 black daughters, who are 
immortal, though they die everyday." In 
this there is no need of an (Edipus, to dis- 
cover that there are 12 months in the year, 
and that every month consists of 30 days, 
and of the same number of nights.— Laer. 

CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men 
of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, fa- 
mous for the beautiful shape of his body. 
He wrote some few verses, and died in the 
70th year of his age, B.C. 564.— Diog.vi.— 

Plu. Sym. An historian.— PI. 5. Cne 

of the Ephori.— Th. 



CLEOCHA^ES, a man sent by Alexander 
to demand Poms to surrender.— Curt. 8. 

CLEOCHARIA, the mother of Eurotas, 
by Lelex. —Apol, 3. 

CLEOD^US, a son of Hyllus.-i7er. 6. 
He endeavoured to recover Peloponne- 
sus after his father's death, hut to no pur- 
pose. [Gallienus. 

CLEODAMUS, a Roman general under 

CLEODEMUS, a phvsician.-PZu. Sym. 

CLEO DORA, a nymph, mother of Par- 
nassus.— Pa. 2. One of the Danaides who 

married Lvxus.— Apol. 2. 

CLEODOXA, a daughter of Niobe and 
Amphion, changed into a stone as a punish- 
ment for her mother's pride. — Apol. 3. 

CLEO GENES, a son or Silenus.— Pa. 6. 

CLEOLAUS, a son of Hercules, by the 
servant maid of Jardanus. 

CLEOMACHUS, a boxer of Magnesia. 

CLEOMANTES, a Lacedaemonian sooth- 
sayer.— Plu. Al. 

CLEOMBROTUS, son of p ausanias, a 
king of Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis 
1st. He made war asrainst the Boeotians, 
and lest he should be suspected of trea- 
cherous communication with Epaminondas, 
he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a 
very disadvantageous place. He w as killed 
in the engagement, and his army destroyed, 
B.C. 371.— Di. 15.— Pa. 9.— Xen. A son- 
in-law of Leonidas, king of Sparta, who, 
for a while, usurped the kingdom, after the 
expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leo- 
nidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was ba- 
nished ; and his wife, Chelonis, who had 
accompanied her father, now accompanied 
her husband in his exile.— Pa. 3. — Plu.Ag. 

Sr CI. A youth of Ambracia, who threw 

himself into the sea, after reading Plato's 
treatise upon the immortality of the soul. 
— Ci. Tu. l.—Ov. Ib. 

CLEOMEDES, a famous athlete of Asty- 
palaea, above Crete. In a combat at Olym- 
pia, he killed one of his antagonists by a 
blow with his fist. On account of this ac- 
cidental murder, he was deprived of the 
victory, and he became delirious. In his 
return to Astypalaea, he entered a school, 
and pulled dow'n the pillars which supported 
the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He 
\vas pursued with stones, and he fled for 
shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so 
strongly secured, that his pursuers were 
obliged to break them for access. When 
the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not 
be found either dead or a.live. The oracle 
of Delphi was consulted, and gave this an- 
swer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypa- 
Icpus. Upon this they offered sacrifices to 
him as a god.— Pa. 6.— Plu. R. 

CLEOMENES I., king of Sparta, conquer 
ed the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by 
setting fire to a grove where they had fled, 
and freed Athens from the tyranny of the 
Pisistratidse. By bribing the oracle, he pro- 
nounced Demaratus, his colleague on the 
throne, illegitimate, because he refused to 
punish the "people of ./Egina, w ho had de- 
serted the Greeks. He killed himself it) a 
lit of madness, 491 B.C. — Her. 5.— Pa. 8. 
The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipo- 



CLE-CLE 



170 



CLE— CLE 



'is II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest 
tranquillity, and was father to A ro tat us and 
Cleonyruus, and was succeeded by Arcus I., 
son of Acrotatus.— Pa. 3. The 3d, suc- 
ceeded his father Leonidas. He was of an 
enterprizing spirit, and resolved to restore 
the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full 
force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. 
Ht. killed the Ephon, and removed by poi- 
son his royal colleague Eurydamirles, and 
made his own brother, Euciidas, kin?, against 
the laws of the state, which forbade more 
than one of the same family to sit upon the 
throne. He made war against the Achseans, 
and attempted to destroy their league. 
Ararus, the general of the Achaeans, who 
supposed himself inferior to his enemy, 
called Antigones to his assistance ; and Cleo- 
menes, when he had fought the unfortunate 
battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into 
Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Ever?etes, 
where his wife and children had tied before 
him. Ptolemy received him with great cor- 
diality ; but his successor, weak and suspi- 
cious, soon expressed his jealousy of this 
noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleo- 
menes killed himself, and his body was flead, 
and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. — Poly. 6. 
—Plu. vi.—Ju. 28.— — A man appointed by 
Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt 

and Africa.— Curt. 4. A man placed" as 

arbitrator between the Athenians and the 

people of Megara. An historian. 

A dithyramhic poet of Rhesium. A 

Sicilian, contemporary with Verres, whose 
licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gra- 
tifying.— Ci. Ver. 4. A Lacedaemonian 

general. 

CLEON, an Athenian, who, though ori- 
ffinally a tanner, became general of the ar- 
mies of the state, by his intrigues and elo- 
quence. He took Thoran in Thrace, and 
after distinguishing himself in several en- 
gagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in 
a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 

42-2 B.C. — Th. 3.—Di. 12. A general of 

Messenia, who disputed with Arlstodemns 

for the sovereignty. A statuary.— Pa. 2. 

A poet who wrote a poem on the Argo- 
nauts. An orator of Halicarnassus, who 

composed an oration for Lysander, in which 
he intimated the propriety of making the 
kingdom of Sparta elective.— C Sep. <s- 

Plu. Lys. A Masrnesian, who wrote some 

commentaries, in which he speaks of por- 
tentous events, dec. — Pa. 10. A Sicilian, 

one of Alexander's flatterers. — Curt. b. 

A tvrant of Sicyon. A friend of Phocian. 

CLEON^E & CLEON A, a village of Pelo- 
ponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Her- 
cules killed the lion of Nemaea in its neigh- 
bourhood, and thence it is called Cleonaus. 
It was made a constellation.— .VY. 4. Si. 4.— 

Ov. Me. 6.—SU. 3.— Pa. 2.— PL 36. A 

town of Phocis. 

CLEON E, a daughter of Asopaeus.— Di 4. 

CLEONICA, a young virgin of Byzantium, 
whom Pausanias, king of Sparta, invited 
to his bed. She was introduced into his 
room when he was asleep, and unluckily 
overturned a buminsr lamp which was by 
the side of thv bed. Pausainas was awaken- 



ed at the sudden noise, and thinkin? it U* 
be some assassin, he seized his sword, and 
killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. 
Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was 
anxious to make a proper expiation to her 
manes.— Pa. l.—Plu. Cim. [15, An. 

CLEOMCUS, a freedman of Seneca.— Ta. 

CLEONNIS, a Messenian, who disputed 
with Arisiodemus for the sovereign power 
of his conntrv.— Pa. 4. 

CLEONYMUS, a son of Cleomenes II., 
who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because 
Arcus, his brother's son, had been preferred 
to him in the succession; but the measure 
was unpopular, and even the women united 
to repel the foreign prince. His wife was 
unfaithful to his bed ; and committed adul- 
tery with Acrotatus.— Plu. Pyr.—Pa. 1. 
— -A general who assisted the I arentines, 
and was conquered by iEmvlius the Roman 
consul.— Str. 6. 

CLF.O PATER, an officer of Aratns. 

CLEOPATRA, the grand - daughter of 
Attains, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, 
after he had divorced Olympias. Whea 
Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleo- 
patra was seized bv order of Olympias, and 

put to death.— Di. 16.— Jh. 9.— Plu. Pyr. 

A sister of Alexander the Great, who mar- 
ried Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigrouus, 
as she attempted to flv to Ptolemv in Eg-vpt. 

— Di. 16.— Jv. 9. A harlot of Claudius 

Caesar. A daughter of Boreas. [Fide 

Cleobula.] A daughter of Idas and Mar- 

pe^sa, daughter of Evenus, king of jEtolja. 
She married Meleager, son of kin? CEneus. 

H. II. 9.— Pa. 5. One of the Oauaides. 

Apol. 2. A daughter of Amyntasof liphe- 

«iis.— Pa. 1. A wife of Tigfanes, king of 

Armenia, sister of Mithridates.— Ju. 38. 

A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe.— Apol. 

3. A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, 

who married Alexander Bala, and after- 
wards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nica- 
nor's son, because he ascended the throne 
without her consent. She was suspected 
of preparing poison for Antiochus hpr son, 
and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120. 

A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, 

who raised her son Alexander, 'a minor, to 
the throne of Earypt, in preference to his 
elder brother, Ptolemy Lathurus, whose in- 
terest the people favoured. As Alexander 
was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathimis to 
ascend the throne, on condition, however, 
that he should repudiate his sister and wife, 
called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, his 
younger sister. She afterwards raised her 
favourite, Alexander, to the throne; but 
her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to 
avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares 
for him : and when Alexander heard it, he 

put her to death.— Ju. 39, 3. A queen 

of E?ypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and 
sister'and wife to Ptolemy Dionysins, cele- 
brated for her beauty and her cunning. She 
admitted Caesar to her arms, to influence 
him to give her the kingdom, in preference 
to her brother, who had expelled her, and 
had a son by him, called Caesarion. As she 
had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expe- 
dition to Partliia, summoned her to appear 



CLE — CLE 



17 



before him. She arrayed herself in the 
most magnificent apparel, and appeared 
hf fore her judge in the most captivating 
attire.. Her artifice succeeded ; Antony be- 
came enamoured of her, and publicly mar- 
ried her, forgetful of his connections with 
Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He gave 
her the greatest part of the eastern "pro- 
vinces of the Roman empire. This be- 
haviour was the cause of a rupture between 
Aflgustus and Antony; and these two cele- 
brated Romans met at Actium, where Cleo- 
patra, by flying with sixty sail, ruined the 
interest "of "Antony, and he was defeated. 
Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon 
after Antony followed her." Antony killed 
himself upon the false information that 
Cleopatra was dead ; and as his wound was 
not mortal, he was carried to the queen, 
who drew him up by a cord from one of 
the windows of the monument, where she 
had retired and concealed herself. Antony 
soon after died of his wounds ; and Cleo- 
patra, after she had received pressing invi- 
tations from Augustus, and even pretended 
declarations of love, destroyed herself by 
the bite of an asp, not to fall into the con- 
queror's hands. She had previously at- 
tempted to stab herself, and had once made 
a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra 
was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, 
and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony, 
at Alexandria, she melted pearls into her 
drink to render her entertainment more 
sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of 
appearing dressed as the goddess Isis ; and 
she advised Antony to make war against 
the richest nations, to support her debau- 
cheries. Her beauty has been greatly com- 
mended, and her mental perfections so 
highly celebrated, that she has been de- 
scribed as capable of giving audience to the 
ambassadors of seven different nations, and 
of speaking their various languages as 
fluently as her own. In Antony's absence, she 
improved the pubiic library of Alexandria, 
with the addition of thai of" Pergamus. Two 
treatises, de medico mine faciei epislulae ero- 
tie<e, and de morbis muiierum, ha\e been 
falsely attributed to her. She died B.C., 30 
years, after a reign of 2-i years. Egypt be- 
came a Roman piovince'at her death.— 
FL A.-App. 5, b. ci.—Plu. Pom. &■ Ant.— 

Hor. 1, o. 31.— Str. 17. A daughter of 

Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philonie- 
tor, and afterwards Physcon of Cvrene. 

CLEOPATRIS, or ARSINOE, a fortified 
town ofEtrvpt on Ihe Arabian gulf. 

CLEOPH ANES, an orator. 

CLEOPHANTHUS, a son of Themisto- 
cles, famous for his skill in riding. 

CLEOPHES, a queen of India, who sub- 
mitted to Alexander, by whom, as some 
suppose, she had a son.— Cure. b. 

CLLOPHOLUS, a Samian, who wrote an 
account of Hercules. 

CLEOPHON,'a tragic poet of Athens. 

CLEOPH Y LUS, a man whose posterity 
sa\ed the poems of Homer. — Plu. 

CLEOPOMPUS, an Athenian, who took 
Throi.ium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. 
Ik. 2.— A man who married the nviupn 



1 CLE— CLI 

Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As 
Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some 
have supposed that she had two husbands. 
—Pa. 36. 

CLEOPTOLEMUS, a man of Chalcis, 
whose daughter was given in marriage to 
Antioehus.— Li. 36. 

CLEOPUS, a son of Codrus.— Pa. 7. 

CLEORA, the wife of Agestiaus.-Plu.Ag. 

CLEOSTRATUS, a youth devoted to lie 
sacrificed to a serpent, among the Thes- 
pians, &cc.—Pa. 9. An ancient philoso- 
pher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 
years before Christ. He first found the con- 
stellations of the zodiac, and reformed the 
Greek calendar. 

CLEOXENUS,wrote an historv of Persia. 

CLEPSYDRA, a fountain of Messenia.— 

CLERI, a peopleof Attica. [Pa. 4. 

CLES1DES, a Greek painter, about 276 
years before Christ, who revenged the in- 
juries he had received from queen Strato- 
nice, by representing her in the arms of a 
fisherman. However indecent the painter 
might represent the queen, she was drawn 
with such personal beauty that she pre- 
served the piece, and liberally rewarded 
the artist. 

CLETA & PHAENNA, two of the Graces, 
according to some. — Pa. 3. 

CLIDEMUS, a Greek, who wrote the 
history of Attica.— Vos. H. Gr. 3. 

CLIMAX, a pass of mount Taurus form- 
ed by the projection of a brow into the Me- 
diterranean sea.— Str. 14. [Hercules. 

CLI MENX'S,a son ofArcas, descended from 

CLIN IAS, a Pythagorean philosopher and 
musician, 520 vears before the Christian era, 

Plu. Sym.—Ml. V. H. 14. A son of Alci- 

biades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet, 

that fought against Xerxes.— Her. fc. 

The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle 

Coronea.— Plu. Al. The father of Ara- 

tus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. 263 — Plu. A. 
— — A friend of Solon.— Id. So. 

CLINIPPiDES, an Athenian general in 
Lesbos.— Di. 12. 

CLIN US of Cos, was general of 7000 
Greeks, in the pay of king Nectanebus. He 
was killed with some of his troops, by Nicos- 
tratus and the Argives, as he pas'sed the 
Nile.-Pa. 16. 

CLIO, the first of the Muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
history. She is represented crowned with 
laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and 
a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a 
plectrum, or quill with a lute. Her name 
signifies honour and reputation, (hleon, 
gloria;) and it "was her office faithfully 
to record the actions of brave and illustrious 
heroes. She had Hyacintha, by Pierus, son 
of Magnes. She was also mother of Hyme- 
nals, and Ialemus, according to others. — 

lies. T/i.—Apol. I.— Str. !4. One of Cy- 

rene's nvmphs.— Virg. G. 4. 

CLISITHERA, a oaughter of Idomeneus, 
promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom 
she was murdered. 

CLISThENES, the last tyrant of Sicyon. 

—Aria. An Athenian of the famiij of 

Alcma;ou. It is said, that he first established 



CTjT — c7lo ir 

ostracism, and that he was the first who was 
banished by that institution. He banished 
Isadoras, a'nd was himself soon after re- 
stored.— Plu. Aris.—Her. 5. A person 

censured as effeminate and incontinent. — 
Aris. An orator.— Ci. Br. 

CLITiE, a people of Cilicia. — Ta. An. 12. 
A place near mount Athos.— Li. 41. 

CLITARCHUS, a man who made himself 
absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of 
Macedonia. He was "ejected by Phocion. 
An historian, who accompanied Alex- 
ander the Great, of whose life he wrote the 
history.— Curt. 9. 

CLITE, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung 
herself when sue saw her husband dead. — 
Apol. \. — Orp. 

CLITERNIA, a town of Italy.— Me. 2. 

CL.ITODEMUS,an ancientwriter.-Pa. 10. 

CLITOMACHl S, a Carthaginian philo- 
sopher, of the third academy, who was 
pupil and successor to Carneadesat Athens, 

H. C. 128.— Diog. vi. An athlete of a 

modest countenance and behaviour. -Ml. V. 
H. 3. ("ris and Italy. 

CLlTONYMUS^rote a treatise on Svba- 

CLITOPHON, a man of Rhodes, "who 
wrote an history of India. 

CLITOR, a son of Lycaon. A son of 

Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called 
after his name.— Pa. s.—Apol. 3. Ceres, 
/Esculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other 
deities, had temples in that city. There 
was also in the town a fountain called Cli- 
torium, whose waters gave a dislike to wine. 

—Ov. Me. 15.— PI. 32. A river of Arcadia. 

— Pa. [nian. 

CLITORIA, the wife of Cimon the Athe- 

CLITUMNUS. a river of Campania, whose 
waters, when drunk, made oxen white.— 
Pro. 2, e. 10.— Virg. G. 2—Pt. 2. 

CLITUS, a familiar friend and foster-bro- 
ther of Alexander. He had saved the king's 
lire in a bloody battle. Alexander killed 
him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, 
at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip 
In those of his son. Alexander was inconso- 
lable for the loss of a friend, whom he had 
sacrificed in the hour of drunkenness and 
dissipation.— Ju. V2.—Plu. Al.—Curt. 4. 

A commander of Polyperchon's ships, 

defeated by Antigonus,'— Di. 18. An 

officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships 
against the Athenians, whom he conquered 

near the Echinades.— Di. 18, A Trojan 

prince, killed by Teucer. A disciple of 

Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus. 

CLOACINA, a goddess at Rome who pre 
sided over the Cloacae. Some suppose her 
to he Venus, whose statue was found in the 
Cloaca, whence the name. The Cloacae 
were large receptacles for the filth and dung 
of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the 
elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. 
They were built all under the city ; so that, 
according to an expression of Pliny, R'^me 
seemed to be suspended between heaven and 
earth. The building was so strong and the 
stones so large, that though they were con- 
tinually washed by tempestuous torrents, 
they remained unhurt dur.nga period o!"700 
years. There were public "officers chosen 



2 CLO— CLO 

to take care of the Cloacae, called Curalores 
Cloacarum urbis. 

CLOANTHUS, one of the companions of 
iEneas, from whom the family of the Clu 
entii at Rome were descended."— V. JEn. 5. 

CLODIA, the wife of Lucullus, repudi- 
ated for her lasciviousness.— Plu. Lu. 

An opulent matron at Rome, mother of D. 

Brutus.— Ci. At. A vestal virgin. [Vide 

Claudia.] Another of the same familvwho 

successfully repressed the rudeness of a tri- 
bune that attempted to stop the procession 
of her father in his triumph through the 

streets of Rome.— Ci. M. Cat. A woman 

who married Q. Metellus, and afterwards 
disgraced herself by her amours with Ccelius, 
and her incest with her brother Publiu>, for 
which he is severely and eloquently ar- 
raigned bv Cicero.— lb. 

CLODIA LEX de Cypro, was enacted bv 
the tribune Clodius, A. U. C. 695, to reduce 
Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose 
Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his re^al 
ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with 
the praetorian power, and see the auction of 
the king's goods, and commissioned him to 

return the money to Rome. Another, de 

Magistratibus, A. U. C. 695, by Clodius the 
tribune. It forbade the censors to put a 
stigma or mark of infamy upon any person 
who had not been actually accused and con- 
demned by both the censors. Another, di 

Redgione'.hy the same, A. U. C. 696, to de- 
prive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pes- 
cinum, of his office, and confer the priest- 
hood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian. 

Another, de Provinciis, A. D. C. 696, which 
nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, 
and Persia, to the consul Gabinius and 
Achaia, T."iessaly, Macedon, and Greece, 
to his colleague" Piso, with proconsular 
power. It empowered them to defray the 
expenses of their march from the p'ublic 

treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, whici 

requiredthe same distribution of corn amon^ 
the people gratis, as had been given them 
before, at six asses and a triens, the bushel- 

Another, A. U. C. 695, by the same, di 

J udiciis. It called to an account such as had 
executed a Roman citizen without a judg- 
ment or" the people, and all the formalititf 

of a trial. Another, by the same, to pay 

no attention to the appearances of the hea- 
vens, while any affair was before the people. 
Another, to make the power of the tri- 
bunes free, in making and proposing laws. 

Another, to re-establish the companies 

of artists, which had been instituted by 
Numa; but since his time abolished. 

CLOD II FORUM, a town of Italy.— PL 4. 

CLODIUS PB., a Roman descended from 
an illustrious family, and remarkable for his 
licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He 
committed incest with his three sisters, and 
introduced himself in woman's clothes into 
the house of J. Caesar, whilst Pompeia, Cae- 
sar's wife, of whom he was enamoured, was 
celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where 
no man was permitted to appear. He was 
accused for his violation of human and divine 
laws ; but he corrupted his judges, and by 
that meaus screened himselt from justice. 



CLCE-CLU 



CLU - CLY 



He descended from a patrician into a ple- 
beian family to become a tribune. He was 
such an enemy to Cato, that he made him 
go with praetorian power, in an expedition 
against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the 
difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his 
reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome 
during his absence. Cato, however, by his 
uncommon success, frustrated the views of 
Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy 
to Cicero ; and by his influence, he banished 
him from Rome, partly on pretence that he 
had punislied with death, and without trial, 
the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his 
vengeance upon Cicero's house, which he 
burnt, and set all his goods to sale ; which, 
however, to his great mortification, no one 
offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero 
ivas recalled, and all his goods restored to 
him. Clodius was some time after murdered 
by Milo, whose defence Cicero took, upon 
himself.— Plu. C.—App. Ci. 2.—CL Mi.— 

Bio. A certain author, quoted by Plu. 

LICINIUS wrote 4 an history of Rome.— 

Bi. 29. QIIRINA'LIS, a rhetorican in 

Nero's age.— Ta. 1. Hist. SEXTUS, a 

rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with M. 
Antony, whose preceptor he was.— Sue. CI. 
Or.—Ci. Phil. 

CLCELIA, a Roman virgin, given with 
other maidens, as hostages to Porsennaking 
of Etruria. She escaped from her confine- 
ment, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. 
Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by 
her countrymen, with an equestrian statue 
in the Via "sacra.— Li. 2.— V. JEn. 8.— Bio. 
H. 5.— J«v. 8. A patrician family des- 
cended from Cloelius, one of the companions 
of iEneas. — Bion. [Plu. Cor. 

CLCELIiE FOSSAE, a place near Rome.— 

CLCELIUS GRACCUS, a general of the 
Volsci andSabines against Rome, conquered 
by Q. Cincinnatus the dictator. 

CLONAS, a musician.— Plu. M. 
LONIA, the mother of Nycteus.— Apol.Z. 

CLONIUS, a Boeotian, who went with 50 

ships to the Trojan v\ar. — H. II. 2. A 

Trojan killed by Messapusin Italy.— V. 2En. 
10. Another, killed by Turnus.— Id. 2. 

CLOTHO, the youngest of the three Parcee, 
daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or accord- 
ing to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to 
preside over the moment that we are. born. 
She held a distaff in her hand, and span the 
thread of life, whence her name (Jdothein, 
to spin.) She was represented wearing a 
crown with seven stars, and covered with a 
variegated robe. [Vide Parcae.]— Hes. Th. 
Apol. I. 

CLUACINA, a name of Venus, whose sta 
tue was erected in that place where peace 
was made between the Romans and Sabines, 
after the rape of the virgins.— Fide Cloacina. 

CLUEN THIS, a Roman citizen, accused by 
his mother of having murdered his father, 
54 years B.C. He was ably defended by 
Cicero, in an oration still extant. The fa- 
mily of the Cleuentii was descended from 
Cloathus, one of the companions of ^Eneas 
—V. JEn. 5.— Ci. CI. 

CLU I LI A FOSSA, a place 5 miles distant 
from Rome.— Li. I. 



CLIIPEA icCLYPEA, now AUlibia, a town 
of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, 
which receives its name from its exact re 
semblance to a shield, clypeus.—Luc. 4.— 
Str. n.—Li. n.—C<£s. Ci. 2. 

CLUSIA, a daughter of an Etrurian king 
of whom V. Torquatus, the Roman general, 
became enamoured. He asked her of her 
father, who slighted his addresses ; upon 
which he beseiged and destroyed his town. 
Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, 
and came to the ground unhurt.— Plu. Par. 

CLUSINI FONTES, baths in Etruria.— 
Hot: l, e. 15. 

CLUSIUM, now Chiusi, a town of Etru- 
ria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Pot - 
senna was buried there. At the north of 
Clusium there was a lake called Clusina la- 
cus, which extended northward as far as 
Arretium, and had a communication with 
the Arnus which falls into the sea at Pisa. 
— Bi. 14.— V. Mn. 10. 

CLUSIUS, a river of Cisalpine Gaul.— 

Pol. 2. The surname of Janus, when his 

temple was shut. — Dv. F. 1. 

CLTJVIA, a noted debauchee, kc.—Juv. 3. 

CLUVIUS RUFUS, a quaestor, A. U. C. 

693.— Ci. fam. 13, ep. A man of Puteoli, 

appointed bv Caesar to divide the land of 
Gaul.— Ci. Bi. 13. 

CLYMENE, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she 
had Atlas, Prometheus, Meno;rius, and Epi- 

metheus.— Hes. Th. One of the Nereides, 

mother of the Mnemosyne by J upiter.— Hyg. 

The mother of Thesimenus by Partheno- 

paetis.— Id. f. 71. A daughter'of My mas, 

mother of Atalanta by Jasus.— Apol. 3. 

A daughter of Crateus, who married Naup- 

lius.— Id. 2. The mother of Phaeton by 

Apollo.— Of. Me. l. A Trojan woman.— 

Pa. 10. The mother of Homer.— Id. 10. 

A female servant of Helen, who accom- 
panied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped 
with Paris.— Ov. Her. 17.— H. II. 3. 

CLYMENEIDES, a patronymic given to 
Phaeton's sisters, who were daughters of 
Clymene. 

CLYMENUS, a king of Orchomenos, son 
of Presbon, and father of Erginus, Stratiu*, 
Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound 
from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which 
he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded 
him, made war against the Thebans, to re- 
venge his death.— Pa. 2. One of the de- 
scendants of Hercules, who built a temple 

to Minerva of Cydonia. — Id. 7. A son of 

Phoroneus.— Id." 2. A king of Elis.— Id. 

A son of OEneus king of Calydon, 

CLYSONYMUS, a son of Amphidamus, 
killed bv Patroclus.— ApM. 3. 

CLYTEMNESTRA, a daughter of Tynda- 
rus king of Sparta, bv Leda. She was born, 
together with her brother Castor, from one 
of the eggs which her mother brought forth 
after her amour with J upiter, under the form 
of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamem- 
non king of Argos. She had before married 
Tantalus, son ot Thyestes, according to some 
authors. Wnen Agamemnon went to the 
Trojan war, he left his cousin ^gysthus to 
take care of his wife, ot his family, and a.l 



CLY-r CLY 



174 



CNA-COC 



his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain 
favourite musician was appointed by Aga- 
memnon, to watch over the conduct of the 

fuardian, as we 1 .! as that of Clytemnestra. 
n the absence of Agamemnon, iEgysthus 
made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly- 
lived with her. Her infidelity reached the 
ears of Agamemnon before the walls of 
Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge 
upon the adulterers at his return. He was 
prevented from putting his schemes into 
execution ; Clytemnestra,with her adulterer, 
murdered him at his arrival, as he came out 
of the bath, or, according to other accounts, 
as he sat down at a feast, prepared to cele- 
brate his happy return. Cassandra, whom 
Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared 
his fate ; and Orestes would also have 
been deprived of his life, like his father, 
had not his sister Electra removed him 
"rom the reach of Clytemnestra. After 
this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married 
jEgysthus, and he ascended the throne of 
Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven 
years, returned to Mycenae, resolved to re- 
venge his father's murder. He concealed 
himself in the house of his sister Electra, 
nho had been married by the adulterers to 
a person of mean extraction and indigent 
circumstances. His death was publicly an- 
nounced ; and when iEgysthus and Clytem- 
nestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to 
return thanks to the god, for the death of 
the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, 
who, with his faithful "friend Pylades, had 
concealed nimself in the temple, rushed upon 
the adulterers, and killed them with his own 
hand. They were buried without the walls 
of the city, as their remains were deemed 
unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of 
Agamemnon. [Vide iEgvsthus, Agamem- 
non, Orestes, Electra.]— Di. 4=— H. Od.U. 
Apol. 3.— Pa. 2.— Eur. Iph.—Hyg. f. 117.— 
Pro. 3, el. 19.— V. En. 4.— Phil. Ic. 2. 

CLYTIA or CLYTIE, a daughter of Oce- 
anus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She 
was deserted by her lover, w"ho paid his ad- 
dresses to Leucothoe ; and this so irritated 
her, that she discovered the whole intrigue 
to her rival's father. Apollo despised her "the 
more for this, and she pined away, and was 
changed into a flower, commonly called a 
sun-flower, which still turns its head towards 
the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. 

—Ov. Me. 4. f. 3. A daughter of Amphi- 

damus, mother of Pelops, by Tantalus. 

A concubine of Amyr.tor, son of Phrastor, 
whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out 
the eyes of his falsely accused son Phoenix. 

A daughter of Pandarus. 

CLYTIUS, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. 

—H. II. 10. A vouth in the army of Tur- 

nus, beloved by Cydon.— V. Mn. 10 A 

giant, killed by" Vulcan, in the war waged 

aga nst the gods.— Apol. 1. The father of 

Pireus, who faithfully attended Telamachus. 
~ H. Od. 15. A son of jEolus, who fol- 
lowed iEneas in Italy, where he was killed 

by Turnus. — V. Mn.S. A son of Alcmse- 

on, the son of Amphiaraus.— Pa. 6. 

CLYTUS, a Greek in the Trojan war, 
killed by Hector.—//. /Ml. 



CNACADIUM, a mountain of Laco ia.- 
Pa. 3. 

CN ACALIS, a mountain of Arcadia, where 
festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. 
— Id. 8. 

CNAGIA, a surname of Diana. 

CNE1Y1US, a Macedonian general, unsuc- 
cessful in an expedition against the Acar- 
nanians.— Di. 12.— Th. 2. 

CNECS orCN/EUS, a praenomen common 
to many Romans. [ment near Ephesus. 

CNIDIMUM, a name given to a monu- 

CN1DUS & GNIDUS, a town and pro- 
montory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the 
chief deity of the place, and had there a 
famous statue made by Praxiteles.— Hor. 1. 
o. 30. — PI. 36. 

CNOPUS, one of the descendants of Co- 
drus, who went to settle a colony.— Poly. 8. 

CNOSSIA, a mistress of Menei&us.- Apol.3. 

CNOSSUS or GNOSSUS, a town of Crete, 
about 2-3 stadia from the sea. It was built by 
Minos, and had a famous labvrinth— Pa. I. 

CO, COOS & COS, now ZIA, one of the 
Cyclades, siluate near the coasts of Asin, 
about is miles from Halicarnassus. Its chief 
town iscalledCos,and ancientlyborethe name 
of Astypalaea. It gave birth to Hippocrates, 
Apelle's,and Simonides,and was famous for its 
fertility, for the wine and silk-worms whicli 
it prod'ueed, and for the manufacture of silk 
and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. 
The women of the island always dressed ii 
white; and their garments were so clear an? 
thin, thattheir bodies could be seen thrcugf 
according to Ov. Me. 7, f. 9. The women t 
Cos were changed into cows by Venus o, 
Juno; whom they reproached for suffering 
Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks through 
their territories.— Tib. 2, el. A.— Hor. I. s.2. 
— Str. 14.— PI. II.— Pro. I, el. 2.— Ov. A.A.2. 

CO AM AN I, a people of Asia.— Me. I. 

COASTRjE & COACTRiE, a people of 
Asia near the Palus Maeotis.— Luc. 3. 

COBARES, a celebrated magician of Me- 
dia, in the age of Alexander.— Curt. 7. 

COCALUS, a king of Sicily, who hospita- 
bly received Daedalus, when he fled before 
Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the 
daughters of Cocalus destroyed him."— Ov. 
Me. 8.—DL 4. 

COCCEIUS NERVA, a friend of Horacf 
aud Mecaenas, and grandfather to the em 
peror Nerva. He was one of those w ho set 
tied the disputes between Augustus and An 
tony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberiui 
in his retreat in Campania, and starved him- 
self to death.— Ta. An. 4.— Hor. 1. 5. .An 

architect of Rome, one of whose buildings 
is still in being, the present cathedral of 

Naples. A nephew of Otho.— Plu. A 

man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after 
the discovery of the'Pisonian conspiracv.— 
Ta. 15. An. [shs.— Pa. 2. 

COCCYGIUS, a mountain of Pelopoune- 

COCINTUM, a promontory of the Brutii, 
now cape Stilo. 

COCLES,PUB. HORAT.,a celebrated Ro- 
man, who, alone, opposed the whole army 
of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while 
his companions behind him were cutting off 
the communication with the other shore. 



COC CCEL 



175 



CCEL-COL 



When the bridge was destroyed, Codes, 
though severely wounded in the leg- by the 
darts of the en my, leapt into the Tiber, 
and swam across with his arms. A brazen 
statue was raised to him in the temple of 
Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his 
eminent services. He only had the use of 
one eye, as Codes signifies.— Li. 2.— Fa. Ma, 
3.—V. JEn. 8. 

COCTLS, & COTTI/E, certain parts of 
the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror 
of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Au 
gnstns.— Ta. Hist. 

COCYTUS, a river of Epirus. The word 
is derived from kokuein, to weep and to la- 
ment. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness 
of its water, "and above all, its vicinity to the 
Acheron, have made the poets call it one of 
the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, ap- 
plied to Alecto one of the furies. — Virg. G 

3.— Pa. 1. A river of Campania, flowing 

into the Lucrine lake. 

CODANtlS SINUS, one of the ancient 
names of the Baltic. — PL 4. 

CODOMANUS, a surname of Darius thi 
third, king- of Persia. 

CODRIDiE, the descendants of Codrus, 
who went from Athens at the head of several 
colonies.— Per. 7. 

CODROPOL1S, a town of Myri<-um. 

CODRUS, the 17th and lastkingof Athe , 
son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidae 
made war against Athens, the oracle d> 
clared that the victory would be granted to 
that nation whose king was killed in battle 
The Heraclidae upon this gave strict order: 
to spare the life of Codrus ; but the patri- 
otic king- disguised himself, and attacked 
cue of the enemy, by whom he was killed. 
The Athenians obtained the victory, and 
Codrus was deservedly called the father of 
his country. He reigned 22 years, and was 
killed 1070 years before the christian era. 
To pay greater honour to his memory, the 
Athenians made a resolution, that no man 
after Codrus should reign in Athens under 
the name of king, and therefore the go- 
vernment was put into the hands of per- 
petual archons.— Pat. l.—Ju. 2.— Pa. I.— 

Va. Ma. 5. A man who, with his brothers, 

killed Hegesias, tyrant of Ephesus. —Poly. 
6. A Latin pott, contemporary with Vir- 
gil.— F. Eel. 1. Another, in the reign of 

Domitian, whose poverty became a pro- 
verb.— Juv. 3. 

C0EC1LIUS, a centurion.— Ca>s. C. b. 

CCELA, a place in the bav of Eubcea.— 
Li. 31. A part of Attica.—* Str. 10. 

CGSLALETjE, a people of Thrace. 

CCELES YRIA & CtELOSYRIA, a country 
of Syria, between mount Libanus and Anti- 
libanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. 

Its capital was Damascus. ANTIOCHUS 

CYZICENUS gave this name to that part of 
Syria which he obtained as his share, when 
lie divided his father's dominions with Gry- 
pus, B. C. \ \2.—I)io. Per. 

COZUA, the wife of Sylla. — Pin. Sy. 
The Cceiian family, which was plebeian, but 
honoured with the consulship, was descended 
from Vibenna Cceles, an Etrurian who came 
to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 



CCELIUS, a Roman defended by Cicero. 

Two brothers of Tarracina, accused ol 

having murdered their father in his bed. 
They Were acquitted, when it was proved 
that* they were both asleep at the time of 

the murder.— Fa. Ma. 8.—Plu. Ci. A 

general of Carbo. An orator. — Id. Pom, 

A lieutenant of Antony's. CURSOR, 

a Roman knight, in the age ot Tiberius. 

A man, who after spending his all in dissi- 
pation and luxury, became a public robber 

with his friend Birrhus. —Hor. I. 4. A 

Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121. 
A hill of Rome. Vide Caelius. 

COZLUS or URANUS, an ancient deity, 
supposed to be the father of Saturn, Ocea- 
nus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, 
whom he afterwards married. The number 
of his children, according to some, amount- 
ed to forty-five. They were called Titans, 
and were so closely confined by their father, 
that they conspired against him, and were 
supported by their mother, who provided 
them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself 
with this scythe, and deprived his father of 
the organs of generation, as he was going 
to unite himself to Terra. From the blood 
which issued from the wound, sprang the 
giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated 
parts were thrown into the sea, and from 
them, and the foam which they occasioned, 
arose Venus the goddess of beauty.— Hes. 

CCENUS, an officer of Alexander, son-in- 
law to Parmenio- He died of a distemper, in 
his return from India.- Curt. 9.—Di. 17. 

CCERANUS, a stoic philosopher.— Ta.An. 

14. A person slain by Ulysses.— Gv. Me. 

13. A Greek charioteer to Merion. He 

was killed by Hector.— H. Fl. 17. 

COES, a man of Mitylene, made sove- 
reign master of his country by Darius. His 
countrymen stoned him to death.— Her.bA I. 

CCEUS, a son of Ccelus and Terra. He 
was father of Latona, Asteria, &c. by Phoe- 
be.— Hes. Th. 13.5.— Virg. G. I. A river 

of Messenia, flowing bv Electra.— Pa. 4. 

COGAMUS, a river of Lvdia.— PI. 5. 

COGIDUNUS, a king of" Britain, faithful 
to Rome. — Ta. Ag. 

COHIBUS, a river of Asia, near Pontus. 

COHORS, a division in the Roman ar- 
mies, consisting of about 600 men. It was 
the sixth part of a legion, and consequently 
its number was under the same fluctuation 
as that of the legions, being sometimes 
more, and sometimes less. 

COLjENUS, a king of Attica, before the 
age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. 
-Pa. 1. ' \F(ac. 6. 

COLAXES, a son of Jupiter and Ora.— 

COLAXA1S, one of the remote ancestors 
of the Scvthians.— Her. 4. 

COLCHI, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

COLCHIS & COLCHOS, a country of 
Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east 
of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and 
west of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is 
famods for the expedition of the Argonauts, 
and the birth-place of Medea. It was fruit- 
ful in poisonous herbs, and produced excel- 
lent flax. The inhabitants were originally 
Egyptians, who settled there when Sesos- 



COL-COL 



176 



COL— COL 



tris, kin? of Egypt, extended his conquests 
in tnt north. From the country arise the 
epithets Colchus, Colchicus, Colchiacus, 
and Medea receives the name of Colchis. — 
Juv. 6.—Flac. 5.—Hor. 2, o. 13.— Str. 11.— 
Plot. b.-Ov. Me. \i.—Me. 1. 

COL EN DA, a town of Spain. 

COLIAS, now Agio nicolo, a promontory 
of Attica, in the form of a man's foot, where 
Venus had a temple.— Her. 6. 

COLLATIA, a town on the Anio, built 
by the people of Alba. It was there that 
Sext. Tarquin ottered violence to Lucretia. 
—Li. l.—Str. 3.— V. JEn. 6. 

COLLATINGS, L. TARQUIN I US, a ne- 
phew of Tarquin the Proud, who married 
Lucretia, to whom Sext. Tarquin offered 
violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tar- 
quins from Rome, and were made first con- 
suls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so 
much abominated by all the Roman people, 
he laid down his ornce of consul, and retired 
to Alba in voluntary banishment.— Li. 1.— 
Fl. 1. One of the seven hills of Rome. 

COLLINA, one of the gates of Rome, on 

mount Quirinalis.— Ov. 4. F. A goddess 

at Rome, who presided over hills. One 

of the original tribes established bv Romu- 
lus. [Juv. 6. 

COLLUCIA, a lascivious woman, &c. — 

COLO, J UN. a governor of Pontus, who 
brought Mithridates to the emperor Clau- 
dius.— To. 12. An, 

COLONJE, a place of Troas.— C.Nepos,4. 

CO LONE, a city of Phocis of Ery- 

thrsea of Thessaly of Messenia. A 

rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus. 

COLONTA AGRIPPINA, a city of Germa- 
ny on the Rhine, now Cologne. EQUES- 

TRIS, a town on the Lake of Geneva, now 

Novon. MORINORUM, a town of Gaul, 

now Terrouen, in Artois. NORBENSIS, 

a town of Spain., now Alcantara. TRA- 

JANA, or Ulpia a town of Germany, now 
Kellen, near Cleves.— V A LENT! A, 'a town 
of Spain, which now bears the same name. 

COLONOS, an eminence near Athens, 
where OEdipus retired during his banish- 
ment, from which circumstance Sophocles 
has given the title of (Edipus Coloneus to 
one of his tragedies. 

COLOPHON, a town of Ionia, at a small 
distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus 



sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 
105 feet high, and every thing in equal pro- 
portion, and few could clasp round its 
thumb. It was the work of Chares, the dis- 
ciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 
years in making it. It was begun 300 years 
before Christ ; and after it had remained 
unhurt during- 59 or 88 years, it was partly 
demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A 
w inding staircase ran to the top, from which 
could easily be discerned the shores of Sy- 
ria, and the ships that sailed on the coast 
of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were 
hung "on tlie neck of the statue. It re- 
mained in ruins for the space of 824 year?; 
and the Rhodians, who had received seve- 
ral large contributions to repair it, divided 
the money among themselves, and frus- 
trated the expectations of the donors, by 
saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade 
them "to raise it up again from its ruins. In 
the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold 
by the Saracens, who were masters of the 
island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, 
who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose 
value has been estimated at 36,000 pounds, 
English money. 

COLOTES, a Teian painter, disciple oi 

Phidias.— PL 35. A disciple of Epictetus. 

A follower of Epicurus, accused of ig- 
norance by Phi. A sculptor, who made 

a statue of /Escnlapius.— Str. 8. 

COLPE, a city of Ionia.- -PI. 5. 

COLUMBA, adove, the symbol of Venus 
among the poets. This bird was sacred to 
Venus, and received divine honours once 
every year at Eryx, where Venus had a 
temple," and they were said to accompany 
the goddess to Libya, whither she went to 
pass nine days, aftei which they returned. 
Doves were supposed to give oracles in the 
oaks of the forest of Dodona.— Tib. 1. el.7. 
— Ml. V. H. 1. 

COLUBRARIA, now Monte Colubre, a 
small island at the east of Spain, supposed 
to be the same as Ophiusa.— PI. 3. 

COLUMELLA, (L. Jun. Moderatus), a 
native of Gades, who wrote, among other 
works, twelve books on agriculture, of 
which, the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. 
The style is elegant, and the work displays 
the genius of a naturalist, and the labours 
of an accurate observer. The best edi 



the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons j of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. 
of Codrus. It was the native country of , Lips. 1735, and reprinted there 1772. 
Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, [ COLUMNjE HERCUL1S, a name given 
and one of the cities which d sputt-d for the ' to two mountains on the extremest parts of 



honour of having given birth to Ho 



■ Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the 



Apollo had a temple there.— Str. \A.—Pl. 14. j Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and 
— Pa.l.— To. An. 2.— Ci.Ar.Po.S.— Ov.Me, 6. 1 Abyla, the former on' the coast of Spain, and 
COLOSSE & COLOSS1S, a large town of the latter on the side of Africa, at the dis- 
Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the go- tance of only 16 miles. They are reckoned 
vernment was oemocratical, and the first the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, 
ruler called archon. One of the first chris- and they were supposed to have been joined, 
tian churches was established there, and till the 'hero separated them, and opened 



one of St. Paul's epistles was addressed to 
it.-PZ. 21. 

COLOSSUS, a celebrated brazen image 
at Rhodes, which passed for one of the se- 
ven wonders of the world. Its feet were 
upon the two moles which formed the en- 



trance of the harbour, and ships passed fall Od. 4.— V. En. II, 



communication between the Mediterra- 
nean and Atlantic seas. PROTEI, the 

boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the 
kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was sup- 
posed to be built near them, though Ho- 
mer places them in the island Pharos.— 



COL-COM 



COM — COM 



COLUTHUS, a native of Lycopolis in 
Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape 
ot Helen, in imitation of Homer. The com- 
position remained long unknown, till it was 
discovered at Lycopolis in the loth century, 
by the learned Cardinal Bessarion. Colu- 
thus was, as some suppose, a contemporary 
of Tryphiodorus. 

COLYTTUS, a tribe of Athens. 

COMAGENA, a part of Syria, above Cili- 
cia, extending-, on the east, as far as the 
Euphrates. Its chief town was called Sa' 
mosata, the birth place of Lucian.— Str. 11. 

COMANA O orum), a town of Pontus. 

Hir. Al. 34. Another in Cappadocia, 

famous for a temple of Bellona, where there 
were above 6000 minis. ers of both sexes. 
1 lie chief priest among' them was very pow- 
erful, and knew no superior but the king 
of the country. This high office was gene- 
rally conferred upon one of the royal family. 
— Hir. AL Q6.—Flac.7.—Str. 12. 

CO MANIA, a country of Asia. 

COMAREA, the ancient name of Cape 
Comorin, in India. 

COMARI, a people of Asia.— Me. 1. 

COMARUS, a port in the bay of Ambra- 
cia, near Nicopohs. 

COMASTUS, a place of Persia. 

COMBABUS, a favourite of Stratonice, 
wife of Antiochus. 

COMBE, a daughter of the Ophius, who 
first invented a brazen suit of armour. She 
was changed into a bird, and escaped from 
her children, who had conspired to murder 
ner.—Ov. Me. 7. 

COMBI, or OMBI.a city of Egypt on the 
Nile.— Juv. 15. 

COMBREA,a town near Pallene.— Her. 7. 

COMBU ITS, a general under Brennus. 
-Pa. 10. 

COMETES, the father of Astrion, and one 
of the Argonauts.- Flac. 1.— One of the Cen- 
taurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous.— 

Ov. Me. 12. A son of Thestius, killed at 

the chace of the Calidonian boar.— Pa. 8. 

■ One of the Magi, intimate with Cam- 

byses, king of Persia.- Ju. 1. An adul- 
terer of jEgile. A son of Orestes. 

COMETHO, a daughter of Pterilaus, who 
deprived her father of a golden hair in his 
head, upon which depended his fate. She 
was put to death by Amphitryon, for her 
perfidy. — Apol. 2. 

COM1NIUS, Q., a Roman knight, who 
wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. 
— Ta. 4. An. 

COMITIA, (oram,) an assembly of the 
Roman people. The word is derived from 
Comitium, the place where they were con- 
vened, quasi a cum eundo. The Comitium 
was a large hall, which was left uncovered 
at the top, in the first ages of the republic ; 
6o that the assembly was often dissolved in 
rainy weather. The Comitia were called, 
some consular ia, for the election of consuls; 
others prcetoria, for the election of praetors, 
&c. These assemblies were more generally 
known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, 
Centuriata, and Tributa. The Curiata was 
w hen the people gave their votes by curiae. 
T lie Centuriata were not convened in later 



t'mes. [Vide Centuria.] Another assembly 
was called Comitia tributa, where their votes 
were received from the whole tribes to- 
gether. At first the Roman people were 
divided oniy into three tribes; but as their 
numbers increased, the tribes were at last 
swelled to 35. The object of these assem- 
blies was the electing of magistrates, and 
all the public officers of state. They could 
be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he 
differed in opinion from the rest of his col 
leagues. If one among the people was taken 
with the falling sickness, the whole as- 
sembly was immediately dissolved, whence 
that disease is called morbus comitatis. Af- 
ter the custom of giving 1 their votes, viva 
voce had been abolished, every one of the 
assembly, in the enacting of a law, was 
presented with two ballots, on one of which 
were the letters U. R. that is uti rogas, be 
it as it is required, ; on the other was an 
A., that is antiquo, which bears the same 
meaning as antiquam volo, I forbid it, the 
old law is more preferable. If the Jiumbe:- 
of ballots with U. R., was superior to the 
A's, the law was approved constitutionally ; 
if not, it was rejected. Only the chief ma- 
gistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had 
the privilege of convening these assemblies. 
There were only these eight of the magis- 
trates who had the power of proposing a 
law, the consuls, the dictator, the praetor, ths 
interrex, the decemvirs, the military tri- 
bunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These 
were called majores magistratus ; to whom 
one of the minores magistratus was added, 
the tribune of the people. 

COMIUS, a man appointed king over the 
Attrebates, bv J. Caesar, for his services.— 
Cces. b. G. 4. * 

COMMAGENE. Vide Comagena. 

COMMODUS, L. AURELIUS ANTO- 
NINUS, son of M. Antoninus, succeeded his 
father in the Roman empire. He was na- 
turally cruel, and fond of indulging his 
licentious propensities; and regardless of 
the instructions of philosophers, and of 
the decencies of nature, he coriupted his 
own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as 
many boys, for his illicit pleasures. De- 
sirous to be called Hercules, like that hero, 
he adorned his shoulders with a lion's skin, 
and armed his hands with a knotted club. 
He showed himself naked in public, and 
fought with the gladiators, and boasted 
of his dexterity of killing the wild beasts in 
the amphitheatre. He required divine ho- 
nours from the senate, and they were 
granted. He was wont to put such an im- 
mense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that 
when he appeared bare-headed in the sun- 
shine, his head glittered as if surrounded 
with sun-beams. Martia, one of his concu- 
bines, whose death he had prepared, poi- 
soned him ; but as the poison did not quickly 
operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He 
died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th 
year of his reign, A. D. 192. It has been ob- 
served, that he never trusted himself to a 
barber, but always burnt his beard, in imi- 
tation of the tyrant Dionysius. -//<??-. [15. e.^. 

COMMORIS, a village of Cilicia. Ci. Fa, 



COM— CON 173 

COMON, a geueral of Messenia.— Pa. 4. 

CoMPITALIA, festivals, celebrated by 
the Romans the 1 2th of January and the 6tli 
of March, in the cross w ays, in honour of the 
household gods called Lares. Tarquin the 
proud, or, according to some, Servius Tul- 
lius, instituted them, on account of an ora- 
cle wbich ordered him to offer heads to the 
Lanes. He sacrificed to them numan vic- 
tims; but J. Brutus, after the expulsion of 
the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer 
them only poppy heads, and men of straw. 
The slaves were generally the ministers, 
and, during the celebration, they enjoyed 
their freedom.— Far. L. L. o.—Ov. F. 5 — 
Bio. H. 4. 

COM PSA, now Consa, a town of the Hir- 
pini in Italv, at the east of Vesuuius. 

COMPSA*TUS, a river of Thrace, falling 
into the iake Bistonis. — Bet. 7. 

COMPUSA, a town of Bithynia. 

COMUM, now Como, a town at the north 



CON— CON 
much honoured among his countrymen as a 
monarch. He died about 479 vears B. C. 

CONGEDUS, a river of Spain. -Mart. l. 
ep. 50. [of the Iberus.— Str. 3. 

CONTACI, a people of Spain, at the head 
CONIM BRICA, a town of Spain, now 
Cohnbra of Portugal. 

CONISALTUS, a god worshipped at 
Athens, with the same ceremonies asPriapus 
at Lampsacus.— Str. 3. 
CON ISC I, a people of Spain. 
CONNIDAS, the preceptor of Theseus, in 
whose honour the Athenians instituted a fes- 
tival called Connideia. It was then usual to 
sacrifice to him a rani. — Plu. Th. 

CONON, a famous general of Athens, son 
of Timotheus. He was made governor of 
all the islands of the Athenians, and w as de- 
feated in a naval battle by Lysander, near 
the iEgospotamos. He retired in voluntary 
banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and 
afterwards to Artaxerxes king of "Persia, bv 
of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, j whose assistance he freed his country from 
in the modern duchy of Milan. It was after- j slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cni- 
wards called Novo Contum by J. Cassar, who { dos, in an engagement where Pisander, the 
transplanted a eolony there, though it re- 1 enemy's admiral, was killed. By his means 
sumed its ancient name. It was the birth- ! the Athenians fortified their city with a 
place of the younger Pliny.— PI. 3.— Li. 33. | stron? wall, and attempted to recover Ionia 
—Sue. Ju. 2b. — PI. 1 , e, 3.— Ci. Fa. 13. e, 35. '[ and vEolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by 
COM US, the god of revelry, feastfng, and a Persian, and died in prison, B. C. 393.— 

nocturnal entertainments. During his fes- j G. Nep.vi.—Plu.Lys.Art.—Iso. A Greek 

rivals, men and women exchanged each astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the fa- 
other's dress. He was represented as a young vour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly de- 
and drunken man, with a garland of flowers j flared that the queen's locks, which had been 
on his head, and a torch in his hand, which dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had 
seemed falling. He is more generally seen j since disappeared, were become a constel- 
sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself 
when the heat of the falling torch scorched 
his side.— Phil. Ic.—Ptu. Q. R. 

CONCANI, a people of Spain, who lived 
chiefly on milk mixed with hordes' biood. 
Their chief town, Concava, is now called 
Santinata, or Cangas de otiis.—Virg. G. 3. 
— Si. Z.~Hor 3, o. 4. [in Italy. 

CONCERDIA, a town belonging to Venice 
CONCORDIA, the goddess of peace and 
concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first 
raised a temple in the capitol, where the ma- 
gistrates often assembled for the transaction 
of public business. She had, besides this, 
other temples and statues, and was addressed 
to promote the peace and union of families 
and citi/.ens.— Plu. Camil.—Pl. 33.— Ci. Bo. 
—Ov. F. 1. 

CONDATE, a town of Gaul, now Rennes 
(Rliedonum tiros'), in Britany. [Po. 
CONDALUS, an avaricious officer.-^ vis. 
CONDIVICNUM, a town of Gaul, now 
Nantes in Britanv. [into the Ganges. 

CON DOCHATES, a river of India,flowing 
CONDRUSI,a people of Belgium, now 
Condrotz in Liege. — Cas. b. G. 44. 
CONDYLIA, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 
CONE, a small island at the mouth of the 
Istea, supposed the same as the insula Cono- 
pon of Piinu 4, c. 12. — Luc. 3. 

CONETODUNUS & COTUATUS, two 
desperate Gauls, who raised their country- 
men against Rome, &c— Cces. b. G. 

CON FLU ENTES, a town at the confluence 
of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz. 
CONFUCIUS, a Chinese philosopher, as 



latiou. He was intimate with Archimedes, 
and flourished 247 B.C.— Cat. 67.— V.— Eel. 

3. A Grecian mythologist, in the age of 

Julius Caesar, who wrote a book which con- 
tained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by 

Photius. There was a treatise written on 

Italy by a man of the same name. 

CONSENTES, the name which the Ro- 
mans gave to tiie twelve superior gods, the 
Dii majorum gentium. The w ord signifies, 
as much as consent ientes, that is, who con- 
sented to the deliberations of Jupiter's coun- 
cil. They were twelve in number, whose 
names Emiius has briefly expressed in these 
lines : 

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, 
Mars, [Apollo, 
Msrcurius, Jovi, Neptunvs, Vulcanns, 
[ Varro, de R. R. 

CONSENTIA, now Cosenza, a town in the 
country of the Brufii. —Li. a.— Ci. Fin. i. 

CONS! D I US JEQU US, a Roman knight. - 

Ta. CAIUS, one of Pompey's adherents. 

— Ctes. b. Ci. 2. 

CONSILINUM, a town of Italy.— Me. 2. 

CONSTANS, a son of Constautine. Vide 
Constantinus. 

CONSTANTIA, a grand-daughter of the 
great Constautine, who married the emperor 
Gratian. remperor Gallus. Another. 

CONSTANTINA, a princes wife of the 

CONSTANTINOPOLIS, (Slambotd) for- 
merly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a 
noble and magnificent city, built by Con- 
stautine the Great, and solemnly dedicattd 
A. D. 330. It was the capital ot the eastern 



CON-CON 



Roman empire, and was called, after its foun- 
dation, Roma nova, on accountof its great- 
ness, which seemed to rival Rome. The 
beauty of its situation, with all its conveni- 
ence, have been the admiration of every 
age. Constantinople became long the 
asylum of science and learned men, but upon 
its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th of May, 
N53, the professors retired from the bar- 
barity of their victors, and found in Italy 
the proteciion which their learniutrdeserved. 
This migration was highly favourable to the 
cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the 
head of the house of Medicis, and the em- 
peror, munificently supported the fugitives, 
other princes imitated their example, and 
equally contributed to the revival of litera- 
ture in Europe. 

CONSTANT! N US, surnamed the Great, 
from the greatness of his exploits, was son 
of Constantius. As soon as he became in- 
dependent, he assumed the title of Augustus, 
and made war against Licinius, his brother- 
in-law, and colleague on the throne, because 
he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered 
Mm, and obliged him to lay aside the im- 
perial power. It is said that^as he was going 1 
to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, 
he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscrip- 
tion, en touto nica, in hoc vince. From this 
circumstance he became a convert to Chris- 
tianity, and obtained an easy victory, ever 
after adopting a cross or laharum as his 
standard. After the death of Diocletian, 
Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Lu- 
cinius, who had reigned together, though in 
a subordinate manner, Constantine became 
sole emperor, and began to reform the state. 
He founded a city in a most eligible situa- 
tion, where old Byzantium formerly stood, 
and called it by his own name, Constantino- 
volts. Thither he transported part of the 
Roman senate; and by keeping his court 
there, he made it the rival of Rome, in po- 
pulation and magnificence. From that time 
the two imperial cities began to look \ipon 
each other with an eye of envy ; and soon 
after the age of Constantine, a separation 
was made of the two empires, and Rome 
was called the capital of the western, and 
Constantinopolis was called the capitol of 
the eastern dominions of Rome. The em- 
peror has been distinguished for personal 
courage, and praised for the protection he 
extended to the C hristians. He at first per- 
secuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined 
to their opinions. His murder of his son 
Crispus has been deservedly censured. By 
removing the Roman legions from the gar- 
risons on the rivers, he opened an easy pas- 
sage to the barbarians, and rendered his sol- 
dit rs unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, 
and received into his territories 300,000 Sar- 
matians, who had been banished by their 
slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. 
Constantine was learned, and preached, as 
well as composed, many sermons, one of 
w hich remains. He died A. D. 337, after a 
reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and 
success. He left three sons, Constantinus, 
Constans, and Constantius, among whom he 
divided his empire. The first, who had 



m CON— CON 

Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, 
was conquered by the armies of his brother 
Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his 
age, A. D. 340. Magnentius, the governor 
of the provinces of Rlieetia, murdered Con- 
stans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years 
over Italy, Africa, and lllyricum ; and Con- 
stantius, the only surviving brother, now 
became the sole emperor, A. D. 353, punish- 
ed his brother's murderer, and gave way to 
cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, 
where he displayed a triumph, and died in 
his march against Julian, who had been pro- 
claimed independent emperor by his soldiers. 
The name of Constantine was very com- 
mon to the emperors of the east, in a later 

period. A private soldier in Britain, raised 

on account of his name to the imperial dig- 
nity. A general of Belisarius. 

CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS,son of Eutro- 
pius, and father of the great Constantine, 
merited the title of Caesar, which he obtain- 
ed, by his victories in Britain and Germany. 
He became the colleague of Galerius, on 
the abdication of Diocletian ; and after bear- 
ing 1 the character of a humane and benevo- 
lent prince, he died at York, and made his 

son his successor, A.D. 306. The second 

son of Constantine the Great. [Vide Con- 
stantinus.] — The father of . I ulianand Gallns, 
was son of Constantius by Theodora, and 

died A.D. 337. A Roman general of Nyssa, 

who married Placidia, the sister of Honorius, 
and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he 
enjoyed only seven months. He died uni- 
versally regretted, A. D. 421 and was suc- 
ceeded by his son Valentinian in the west. 

One of the servants of Attila. 

CONSUALES LUDI or CONSUALIA, fes- 
tivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god 
of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered 
under the ground. This altar was always 
covered except at the festival, when a mole 
was sacrificed, and games and horse-races 
exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was 
during these festivals that Romulus carried 
away the Sabine women who had assembled 
to be spectators of the games. They were 
first instituted by Romulus. Some say, how- 
ever, that Romulus only regulated and re- 
instituted them, after they had been before 
esiablished by Evander. During the cele- 
bration, which happened about the middle 
of August, horses, mules, and asses, were 
exempted from all labours, and were led 
through the streets adorned with garlands 
and flowers.— Aus. 69.— Ov. F. 3.—LL l.— 
Dio. H. 

CONSUL, a magistrate at Rome, with re- 
gal authority for the space of one year. 
There were two consuls, a consulendo, an- 
nually chosen in the Campus Martius. The 
two first consuls were L. Jun. Brutus, and 
L. Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 
2-14, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. 
In the first ages of the republic, the two 
consuls were alwavs chosen from patrician 
families, or noblemen ; but the people ob- 
tained the privilege A. U. C. 388, of elect- 
ing one of the consuls from their own body,; 
and sometimes both were plebeians. The first 
consul among the plebeians was L.Sextius. 



CON-CON 180 



CON-CON 



Jt was required that every candidate for tire 
consulship should be 43 years of age, called 
legitimum tempus. He was always to appear 
at the election as a private man, without a 
retinue ; and it was requisite, before he can- 
vassed for the office, to have discharged the 
inferior functions of quaestor, edile,and prae- 
tor. Sometimes these qualifications were dis- 
regarded. Val. Corvinus was made a con- 
sul in his 23d year, and Scipio in his 24 th. 
Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, 
were also under the proper age when they 
were invested with the office, and Pompey 
h-ad never been quaestor or praetor. The 
power of the consuls was unbounded, and 
they knew no superior but the gods and the 
laws; but after the expiration of their of- 
fice, their conduct was minutely scrutinized 
by the people, and misbehaviour was often 
punished by the laws. The badge of their 
office was the prcctexta, a robe fringed with 
purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga 
pi-cla or palmata. They were preceded by 
12 lictors, carrying the fasces or bundle of 
sticks, in the middle of which appeared an 
axe. The axe, as being the characteristic ra- 
ther of tyranny than of freedom, was taken 
away from the fasces by Valerius Poplicola, 
but it was restored by" his successor. The 
consuls took it by turns, monthly, to be 
preceded by the li'ctors while at Rome, le*t 
the appearance of two persons with the 
bidges of royal authority, should raise ap- 
prehensions in the multitude. While one ap- 
peared publicly in siate, only a crier walked 
before the other, and the lictors followed be- 
hind without the fasces. Their authority- 
was equal ; vet the Valerian law gave the 
right of priority to the older, and the Ju- 
lian law to him who had the most children, 
and he was generally called consul major or 
prior. As their power was absolute, they 
presided over the senate, and could convene 
and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators 
were their counsellors ; and among the Ro- 
mans, the manner of reckoning their years 
was by the name of the consul-, and by M. 
full. Cicerone L. Antonio Consulibus, for 
instance, the vear of Rome 689 was always 
understood. This custom lasted from the 
year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or54ist 
• V ^ r °^ the cnristian era , when the consular 
office was totally suppressed by Justinian. 
I a public assemblies the consuls" sat in ivory 
chairs, and held in their hands an ivorv 
wand, called scipio eburneus, w hich had ah 
eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity aud 
power. When they had drawn by lo't the 
provinces over which thev were to preside 
during their consulship, 'they went to the 
capital to offer their prayers to the gods, 
and entreat them to protect the republic : 
after this they departed from the city, ar- 
rayed in their military dress, and preceded 
by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces 
were assigned them, without drawing by lot, 
by the will and appointment of the senators. 
At their departure, they were provided by 
ti e state with whatever was requsite during 
their expedition. In their provinces they 
were both attended bv the 12 lictors, and 
equally invested with legal authority. They 



were not permitted to return to Rome with- 
out the special command of the senate, and 
they always remained in the province till 
the'arrival of their successor. At their re- 
turn they harangued the peot le, and so- 
lemnly protested that they had done nothing 
against the laws or interest of the country", 
but had faithfully and diligently endeavour- 
ed to promote the greatness and w elfare of 
the state. No man could be consul two fol- 
lowing years, yet this institution was some- 
times broken, and we find IWarius re-electtd 
consul, after the expiration of his office, 
during the Cimbrian war. The office of 
consul, so dignified during the times of the 
commonwealth, became a mere title under 
the emperors, and retained nothing of its 
authority but the useless ensigns of original 
dignity. Even the office of consul, which 
was originally annual, was reduced to two 
or three months by J. Caesar: but they who 
were admitted on* the first of January de- 
nominated the year, and were called ordi- 
narii. Their successors, during the year, 
were distinguished by the name of sujfecti. 
Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of 
the consulship, and the emperor Commodus 
made no less than 25 consuls in one year. 
Constantine the Great renewed the original 
institution, and permitted them to bea vvhole 

year in office. Here is annexed a list of 

the consuls from the establishment of the 
consular power to the battle of Actium, in 
which it mav be said that the authority of 
the consuls was totally extinguished. 

The two first consuls chosen about the 
middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were L. Jun. 
Brutus, and L. Tarq. Collatinus. Collatinus 
retired from Rome as being of the family 
of the Tarquins, and Pub. Valerius was 
chosen in his room. When Brutus was 
killed in battle, Sp. Lucretius was elected 
to succeed him ; and after the death of Lu- 
cretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the 
rest of the vear with Valerius Publicola. 
The first cons'ulship lasted about 16 months, 
during which the Romans fought against 
the Tarquins, and the capitol was dedicated. 

A. U. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2. 
Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims 
of Tarquin. The noble actions of Codes, 

Scaevola, and Clcelia. 247. P. Lucretius. 

or M. Horatius; P. Valer. Publicola 3. 

The vain efforts of Porsenna continued. 

248. Sp. Lartius ; T. Herminius. Victories 
obtained over the Sabines. 249. IU. Vale- 
rius ; P. Postumius. Wars with the Sabines 
continued. 250. P. Valerius 4; T.Lu- 
cretius 2. 251. Agrippa Menenius; P. 

Postumius 2. The death of Publicola. 

252. Opiter Virginius ; Sp. Cassius. Sabine 
war. 253. Postumius Cominius ; T. Lar- 
tius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome. 

254. Serv. Suipicius ; Marcus Tullius. 

255. P. Veturius Geminus ; T. jEbutius 

Eiva. 256. T. Lartius 2; L. Clcelius. 

War with the Latins. 257. A Sempronius 

Atratmus; M. Minucius. 258. Aulus Pos- 
tumius; Tit. Virginius. The battleof Regillae. 

259. Ap. Ciaudius; P. Servilius. War 

with the Volsci. 260. A. Virginius; T. 

Veturius. I he dissatisfied people retired U- 



CON - CON 



181 



CON — CON 



Mods Sacer. 261. Postumius Comini- 

■>s2- Sv. Cassius 2. A reconciliation be- 
tween the senate and people, and the elec- 
tion of the tribunes. 262. T. Geganius ; 

P. Minucius. A famine at Rome. 263. M. 

ISfinutius 2d; Aul. Sempronius 2d. The 
haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the po- 
pulace. 264. Q. SulpitiiiS Camerinus ; Sp. 

Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the 

Volsci. 265. C. Julius ; P. Pinarius. The 

Volsci make declarations of war. 266. 

Sp. Nautius ; Sex. Furius. Coriolanus forms 
the siege of Rome. He retires at the en- 
treaties of his mother and wife, and dies. 

267. T. Sicinius ; C. Aquilius. The \ olsci 

Jefeated. 268. Sp. Cassius 3 ; Proculus 

v'irginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny. 

26°rServ. Cornelius; Q. Fabius. Cassius is 
condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian 
i-ock.— 270. L. iEmilius; Csesio Fabius. 

The jEqui and Volsci defeated. 271. M. 

Fabius ; L. Valerius. 272. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. 

Julius. War with the iEqui. 273. Csesio 

Fabius 2 ; Sp. Furius. War continued with 

the iEqui and Veientes. 274. M. Fabius 2 ; 

Cn. Manlius. Victorv over the Hernici. 

275. Csesio Fabius 3 ; A. Virginius. The 
march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. 

—276. L. /Emilius 2 ; C. Servilius. The 
wars continued against the neighbouring 

states. 277. C. Horatius ; T. Menenius. 

The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii. 

'78. Sp. Servilius ; Aul. Virginius. Mene- 
vius brought to his trial for the defeat of the 

irmies under him. 279. C. Nautius ; P. 

Valerius. 280. L. Furius; C. Manlius. 

A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes. j 

261. L. iEnrilius 3 ; Virginius or Vopis- 

'us J ulius. The tribune Genutius murdered j 

>n his bed for his seditions. 282. L, Pi- 

Tiarius ; P. Furius. 283. Ap. Claudius ; | 

T. Quintius. The Roman army suffer them- \ 
:elves to be defeated by the Volsci, on ac- j 
count of their hatred to Appius, while his 
-ollea°rue is boldly and cheerfully obeyed, 

iffainst the iEqui. 284. L. Valerius 2 ; | 

Tib. iEmilius. Appius is cited to take his 
trial before the people, and dies before the 

iay of trial. 2S5. T. Numicius Priscus ; 

4. Virginius. 286. T. Quintius 2; Q. 

Servilius. 287. Tib. ^milius 2 ; Q. Fa- 
bius. 288. Q. Servilius 2 ; Sp. Postumius. 

289. Q. Fabius 2 ; T. Quintius 3. Iu 

the census made this year, which was the 
ninth, there were found. 124,214 citizens in 
Rome. 290. Aul. Postumius ; Sp. Furi- 
us. 291. L. iEbutius ; P. Servilius. A 

plague at Rome. 292. T. Lucretius Tri- 

cipitirius; T. Veturius Qeminus. 233. P. 

Volumnius ; Serv. Sulpicius. Dreadful pro- 
digies at Rome, and seditions. -294. C. 

Claudius : P. Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes 
the capitol, and is defeated and killed. Va- 
lerius is killed in an engagement, and Cin- 
cinnatus is taken from the plough, and made 
dictator ; he quelled the dissension at Rome, 

and returned to his farm. 295. Q. Fari- 

us 3 ; L. Cornelius. The census made the 
Romans amount to 132,049. 296. L. Mi- 
nucius ; C. Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged 
in his camp by the jEqui ; and Cincinnatus 
being elected dictator, delivers him. obtains 



a victory, and lays down his power 16 davg 

after his election. 297. Q. Minucius; 

C. Horatius. W T ar with the JEqui and 
Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of 

five. 298. M.Valerius; Sp. Virginius. 

299. T. Romilius ; C. Veturius.- — 300. 

Sp. Tarpeius ; A. Aterius, 301. P. Curia- 

tius ; Sex. Quintilius. 302. C. Menenius ; 

P. Cestius Capitoiinus. The Decemvirs re- 
duced the laws into twelve tables. 303. 

Ap. Claudius; T. Genutius; P. Cestius, &c. 
The Decemvirs assume the reigns of govern- 
ment, and preside with consular power. 

304 6c 305. Ap. Claudius; Q. Fabius Vibu- 
lanus ; M. Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs 
continued. They act with violence. Appius 
endeavours to take possession of Virginia, 
who is killed by her father. The Decem- 
virs abolished.- — 306. Valerius Potitus ; 
M. Horatius Barbatus. Appius is summoned 
to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the 

rest of the Decemvirs are banished. 307. 

Lart. Herminius ; T. Virginius. 308. M. 

Gesranius Macerinus ; C.Julius. Domestic 

trouble^. 309. T. Quintius Capitoiinus 

4 ; Agrippa Furius. The JEqui and Volsci 
come near to the gates of Rome, and are 

defeated. 310. M. Genucius; C. Curtius. 

A law passed to permit the patrician and 

plebeian families to intermarry. 311. 

Military tribunes are chosen instead of con- 
suls. The plebeians admitted among them. 
The first were A. Sempronius; L. Atilius; 
T. Clcelius. They abdicated three months 
after their election, and consuls were again 
chosen, L. Papirius Mugilanus ; S. Sempro- 
nius Atratinus. 312. M. Geganius Maceri- 

nus 2 ; T. Quintius Capitoiinus 5. The censor- 
ship instituted. 313. M. Fabius Vibulanus : 

Postumius ./Ebutius Cornicen. 314. C. 

Furius Pacilus ; M. Papirius Crassus. 

315. P. Geganius Macerinus; L. Meneniu3 
Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Maelius at- 
tempts to make himself king. 316. T. 

Quintius Capitoiinus 6 ; Agrippa Menenius 

Lanatus. 317. Mamercus ir.miiius ; T. 

Quintins ; L. Julius. Military tribunes, > 

318. M. Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fi- 
denas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes, 
killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal 

spoils called Opima. 319. M. Cornelius 

Maluginensis ; L. Papirius Crassus. 320. 

C.Julius; L. Virginius. 321. C. Julius 

2 ; L. Virginius 2. The duration of the 

censorship limited to 18 months. 322. 

M. Fabius Vibulanus ; M. Fossius ; L. Ser- 
gius Fidenas. Military tribunes. 323. 

L. Pinerius Mamercus ; L. Furius Medulli- 
nus; Sp. Postumius Albus.— Military tri- 
bunes. 324. T. Quintius Cincinnatus ; 

C. Julius Manto ; consuls. A victory ov^r 
the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictato 

Posthumius. 325. C. Papirius Crassus ; 

L. Julius. 326. L. Sergius Fidenas 2 

Host. Lucret. Tricipitinus. 327. A Cor- 
nelius Cossus ; T. Quintius Pennus 2. 

328. Servilius Ahala ; L. Papirius Mugila- 
nus 2. 329. T. Quintius Pennus; C. Fu- 
rius; M. Posthumus; A. Corn. Cossus. 
Military tribunes, all of patrician families. 
Victory over the Veientes. 330. A. Sem- 
pronius Atratinus, L. Quintius Cincinnatus r 



CON — CON 192 

331. A. Claudius Crassus, &c. Military 

tribunes. 332. C. Sempronius Atratinus'; 

Q. Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave 

much dissatisfaction to the people. 333. 

L. Manlius Capitolinus. <kc. Military tri- 
bunes. 334. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus : 

T. Q. Capitolinus. 335. L. Q. Cincinna- 

tus3; L. Furius Medullinus 2 ; M. Manlius: 
A. Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes. 

336. A Meneuius Lanatus, &c." Military 

tribunes. 337. L. Sergius Fidenas ; M*. 

Papirius Mugillanus ; C. Servilius. 336. 

A. MeneniusLanatus 2, &c. 339. A Sem- 
pronius Atratinus 3, &c. 340. P. Corne- 
lius C'ossus, &c. 341. Cu. Corn. Cossus, 

&c. One of the military tiibunes stoned to 
death by the army. 3*42. M. Corn. Cos- 
sus ; L. Furius Medullinus. Consuls. Do- 
mestic seditions. 343. Q. Fabius Ambus- 

tus ; C. Furius Pacilus. 344. M. Papirius 

Atratinus; C. Nautius Rutilus. 345. Ma- 

mercus jEmilius; C. Valerius Potitus. 

346. Cn. Corn. Cossus ; L. Furius Medulli- 
nus 2. Plebeians for the first time quaest irs. 

347. C. Julius, &c. Military tribunes. 

■ 348. L. Furius, Medullinus, "&c. Mili- 
tary tribunes. 349. P. & Cn. Cornelii 

Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year 

the Roman soldiers first received pay.' 

350. T. Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military 

Iribunes. The siege of Veii begun. 351. 

C. Valerius Potitus, &c. Military tribunes. 

■ 352. Manlius iEmilius Mame'rcinus, &c. 

The Roman cavalrv begin to receive pay. 

253. C. Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat 

at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel of two of 

the military tribunes. 354. L. Valerius 

Potitus 4; *M. Furius Camillus 2, &c. A 
military tribune chosen from among the 

plebeians. 355. P. Licinius Calvus, &c. 

356. M. Veturius, &c. 357. L. Va- 
lerius Potitus 5 ; M. Furius Camillus 3 ; &c. 
——359. P. Licinius, 6cc. Camillus declared 
dictator. The city of Veii taken by means 

of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 

360. P. Corn. Cossus, &c. The people 
wished tn remove to Veii. 361. M. Fu- 
rius Camillus ; &c. Falisci surrendered to 

the Romans. 362. L. Lucret. Flaccus ; 

Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls after 
Rome had been governed by military tri- 
bunes for 15 successive years. Camillus 
strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and 

it is rejected. 363. L. Valerius Potitus ; 

M. Manlius. One of the censors dies. 

364. L. Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. 
A strange voice heard, which foretold the 
approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to 
banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege 
Clusium, and soon after march towards 

Rouie. 365. Three Fabii military tribunes. 

The Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. 
The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on firp. 
Camillus declared dictator by the senate, 
who had retired into the capitol. The geese 
save the capitol, and Camillus declared dic- 
tator, defeats the Gauls. 3G6. L. Vale- 
rius Poplicoli ; L. Virginius, &c. Camillus 
declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, /Equi, 

and Tuscans. 367. T. Q. Cincinnati^ ; 

Q. Servilius Fidenas; L. Julius Julus. 

L. Furius Medullinus ; L. Horat. Barbatus. 



CON-CON 



368. L. Papirius ; Cn. Sergius ; L. ^milius, 

&c. 369. M. Furius Camillus, &c- 

370. A. Manlius ; P. Cornelius, tec. 

The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 
371. Se. Corn. Maluginensis ; P". Va- 
lerius Potitus ; M. Furius Camillus. Man- 
lius is condemned and thrown doun iheTa<r- 
peian rock. 372. L. Valerius ; A. Man- 
lius: Ser. Sulpicius, &c. 373. Sp. and 

L. Papirii, &c. 374. M. Furius Camillus ; 

L. Furius, &c. 375. L. & P. Valerii. 

376. C. Manlius, &c. 377. Sp. Furius, 

&c. 378. L. ^milius, &c. 379.— L. 

Papirius; L. Merenius ; Ser. Sulpicius, &c. 

380, 381, 382, 383. For four years anar 

chy at Rome. No consuls or military tr - 
bunes elected, but only for that time, L. 
Sex tin us ; C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes 

of the people. 384. L. Furius, &c. 

3t5. Q. Servilius ; C. Veturius, &c. Ten 
magistrates are chosen to take care of the 

Sibyline books. 386. M. Fabius, &c. 

387. T. Quintius ; Ser. Cornelius, &c. 

368. A. & M. Cornelii, &c. The Gauls de- 
feated by Camillus. One of the consuls for 
the future to be elected from among the 

plebeians 388. M. itmilius ; L. Sextius; 

consuls. The offices of praetor and Curule 
/Edile, granted to the senate bv the peo| le. 
390. L. Genucius ; Q. Servilius. Ca- 
millus died. 391. Sulpitius Paticus; C. 

C. Licinius Stolo. 392. Cn. Genutius ; 

L. ./Emilius. 393. Q. Serv. Ahala 2 ; L. 

Genutius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the 
Dii manes. 394. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Li- 
cinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single 
battle. 395. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fa- 
bius Ambustus. 396. M. Popilius Laenas ; 

C. Manlius 2. 397. C. Fabius ; C. Piau- 

tius. Gauls defeated. 398. C. Marcius; 

Cn. Manlius 2. 399. M. Fabius Ambus- 
tus 2 ; M. Popilius Laenas 2. A dictator 
elected from tl.e plebeians for the first time. 
400. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3; M. Va- 
lerius Poplicola 2, both of Patrician fami- 
lies. 401. M. Fabius Ambustus 3 ; T. 

Quintius. 402. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 4 ; 

M. Valerius Poplicola 3. 403. M. Vale- 
rius Poplicola 4 ; C. Marcius Rutilus. . 

404. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5; T. Q. Pen- 
nus. A censor elected for the first time 

from the pk:l>p\ans. 405. M. Popilius 

Laenas 3; Corn. Scipio. 406. L. 

Furius Camillus; Ap. Claudius Crassus. 
Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquer- 
ing a Gaul. 407- M. Valer. Corvus; M. 

Popilius Laenas 4. Corvus was elected at 
23 years of age, against the standing law. 
A treaty of amitv concluded with Carthage. 

406. T. Manlius Torquatus; C. Plau- 

tius. 409. M. Valerius Corvus 4; C. 

Ptetilius. 410. M. Fabius Dorso ; Ser. 

Sulpicius Camerinus. 411. C. Marcius 

Rutilus; T. Manlius Torquatus. 412. 

M. Valerius Corvus 3 ; A. Corn. Cossus. 
The Romans begin to make war against 
the Samnites, at the request of the Cam- 

panians. They obtain a victory. 413 

C Marcius Rutilus 4; Q. Seniiius. 

414. C. Plautius ; L. jEmilius Mamer- 

cinus. 415. T. Manlius Torquatus 3 ; P. 

Decius Mus. The Yfcfcries of Alexander 



CON- CON i$Z 
the Great in Asia. Manlius put his son to 
death for fighting- against his order. Decius 
devotes himself for the array ; which ob- 
tains a great victory over the Latins. 

416. T. iEmilius Mamercinus ; Q. Publilius 

Ph-lo. 4i7. L. Furius Camillus ; C.Mae- 

nius. The Latins conquered. 418. C. 

Sulpitius Longus; P. .Elius Partus. The 

prsetorship granted to a plebeian. 419. 

L. Papirius Crassus ; Caeso Duilius. 420. 

M. Valerius Corvus ; M. Atilius Regulus. 
421. T. Veturius ; Sp. Posthumius. 

422. A. Cornelius 2; Cn. Domitius. 

423. M.Claudius Marcellus; C. Valerius 

Potitus. 424. L. Papirius Cursor; C. 

Paetilius Libo. 425. L. Papirius Crassus ; 

C. Plautius Venno. 426. L. Emilias 

Mamersinus 2; C. Plautius. 427. P. 

Plautius. Proculus; P. Corn. Scapula. 

428. L. Corn. Lentulus ; Q. Publilius Phi- 

io 2. 429. C. Paetilius ; L. Papirius 

Mugillanus. 430. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; 

D. Jun. Brutus scaeta. The dictator Papi- 
rius Cursor is for putting to death Fabius 
his master of horse, because he fought in 
his absence, and obtained a famous victory 
He pardons him. 431. C. Sulpicius Lon- 
gus 1 ; Q. Aulius Cerretanus. 432. Q 

Fabius ; L. Fulvius. 433. T. Veturius 

Calvinus 2; Sp. Posthumius Albinus 2. C. 
Pontius, the Samnite, takes the Roman con- 
suls in an ambuscade at Caudium.— -434, 
L. Papirius Cursor 2; Q. Publilius Philo 

435. L. Papirius Cursor 3 ; Q. Aulius 

Cerretanus 2. 436. M. Fossius Flaccina- 

tor; L. Plautius Venno. 437. C. Jun. 

Bubulcus; L. iEmilius Barbnla. 438. Sp, 

Nautius ; M. Potilius. 4?9. L. Papirius 

4; Q. Publilius 4. 440. M. Paetilius ; C. 

Sulpicius. 441. L. Papirius Cursor 5; 

C. Jun. Bubulcus. 442. M. Valerius; 

P. Decius. The censor Appius makes the 
Appian way and aqueducts. The family of 
the Potitii extinct.— — 443. C. Jun. Bubul 

cus 3; Q. iEmilius Barbacula 2. 444. Q. 

Fabius 2; C. Martius Rutilus. 445. Q 

Fabius 3; P. Decius 2. 446. Appius 

Claudius ; L. Volumnius. 447. P. Corn, 

Arvina; Q. Marcius Tremulus. — —448. L. 
Postumius; T. Minuciiis. 449. P. Sul- 
picius Saverrio ; Sempronius Sophus. The 

jEqui conquered. 450. L. Genucius r 

Ser. Cornelius. 451. M. Livius; M'. 

iEmilius. 452. M. Valerius Maximus ; 

Q. Apuieius. The priesthood made common 
to the plebeians.— 453. M. Fulvius Pteti- 
nus; T. Manlius Torquatus. 454. L. Cor- 
nelius Scipio ; Cf 6 . Fulvius 455. Q. Fa- 
bius Maximus 4 ; P. Decius Mus 3. Wars 

against the Samnites. 456. L. Vol urn 

nius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and 

Samnites 457. Q. Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 

4. Decius devotes himself in a battle 
against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the 

Romans obtain a victory. 458. L. Pos 

lirmius Megellus; M. Atilius Regulus.— 
459. L. P<ipirius Cursor ; Sp. Carvilius, 

Victories over the Samnites. 460. Q 

Fabius Gurges ; D. Jun. Brutus Scaeva, 
V ictory over the Samnites. 461. L. Pos- 
tumius 3; C. Jun. Brutus. £-s; ukipius 
1 rought to Rome in the form of a serpent 



CON—CON 

from Epidaurus. 462. P. Corn. Rufinus ; 

M. Curius Dentatus. 463. M. Valerius 

Corvinus; ft. Caedidus Nocrua. 464. 

Q. Marcius Tremulus; P. Corn. Arvina. 
465. M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Nau- 

466. M. Valerius Potitus ; C. iElius 

Pastus. 467. C. Claudius Caen na; M. 

iEmilius Lepidus. 468. C. Servilius Tuc- 

ca; Caecilius Metellus. War with the 

Senones. 469. P. Corn. Dolabella ; C. 

Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated. 

470. Q. iEmilius ; C. Fabricius. War 
with Tarentum. 471. L. iEmilius Bar- 
bnla; Q. Marcius. Pyrrhus comes to as- 
sist Tarentum. 472. P. Valerius Levinus ; 

Tib. Coruncianus. Pvrrhus conquers the 
consul Laevinus, and", though victorious, 
ues for peace, which is refused by the 
Roman senate. The census was made, 

and 272,222 citizens were found. 47:s. P. 

Sulpicius Saverrio ; P. Decius Mus. A bat- 

tie with Pvrrhus. 474. C. Fabricius Lu- 

scinus 2 ; Q. /Emilius Pappus 2. Pyrrhus 
goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome 

and Carthage renewed. 475. P. Corn. 

Rufinus; C. Jun. Brutus. Crotona aud 

Locri taken. 476. Q. Fabius Maximus 

Gurges 2; C. Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus 

returns from Sicily to Italy. 477. M. 

Curius Dentatus 2; L. Com. Lentulus. 

Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. 478. 

M. Curius Dentatus 3; Ser. Corn. Merenda. 

479. C. Fabius Dorso ; C. Claudius 

Caenina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus 
to conclude an alliance with the Romans. 
480. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Sp. Carvi- 
lius 2. Tarentum surrenders. 481. L. 

Genucius ; C. Quintius. 482. i_. Genu- 
cius; Cn Cornelius. 483. Q. Cgulinus 

Gallus; C. Fabius Pictor. Sj ver money 

coined at Rome for the first time. 485. P. 

Sempronius Sophus ; A p. Claudius Crassus. 
—485. M. Atilius Regulus; L. Julius 

Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally. 

486. Numerius Fabius ; D.Junius. 487. 

Q. Fabius Gurges 3; L. Mamilius Vitulus. 
The number of quaestors doubled to eight. 

488. Ap. Claudius Caudex ; M. Fulvius 

Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, 
which occasions the first Punic war. Appius 
defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The 

combats of gladiators first instituted. 489. 

M. Valerius Maximus ; M.Otacilius Cras- 
sus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king 
ol Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, 
brought from Catana. 490. L. Posthu- 
mius Gemellus ; Q. Mamilius Vitulus. The 
siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total 
defeat of the Carthaginians. 491. L. Va- 
lerius Flaccus ; T. Otaciiius Crassus. 492. 

Cn. Corn. Scipio A?ina ; C. Duilius. In 
two months the Romans build and equip a 
fleet of 120 gallies. The naval victory and 

triumph of Duilius. 493. L. Corn. Scipio ; 

C. Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sar- 
dinia and Cor.xica. 494. A. Atilius Cala- 

tinus; C. Sulpicius Patcrculus. The Car- 
thaginians defeated in a naval baffle. 495. 

C. AttiLus Regulus ; Cn. Corn. Blasio. 

496. L. Manlius Vulso , Q. Caedicius. At 
the death ol'Caedicius, M. Atilius Regulus 3, 
was elected for the rest of the .year. The 



CON — CON 

famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious 
consuls land in Africa. 497. Serv. Ful- 
vius Paetinus Nobilior ; M. jErnilius Paulus. 
Regular, after many victories in Africa, is 
defeated, and taken prisoner by Xanthip- 
pus. Agrigentum reiaken by the Cartha- 
ginians. 498. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2 ; 

A. Attilius Calatiuus 2. Panormus taken by 

the Romans. 499. Cn. Servilius Caepio ; 

C. Sempronius Blaesus. The Romans, dis- 
couraged by shipwrecks, renounce the so- 
vereignty of the seas. 500. C. Aurelius 

Cotta ; P. Servilius Geminus. Citizeus ca- 
pable of bearing arms, amounted to 297,797. 

501. L. Caecilius Metellus 2 ; C. Furius 

Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their 

power by sea. 532. C. Attilius Regulus 

2 ; L. Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians 
defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One 
hundred and forty two elephants taken and 
sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans 
not to exchange prisoners. He is put to 
death in the most excruciating torments. 

503. P. Clodius Pulcher; L. Jun. Pul- 

lus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. 

The Roman fleet lost in a storm. 504. C. 

Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. Servilius Geminus 2. 
505. L. Caecilius Metellus 3 ; Num. Fa- 
bins Buteo. The number of the citizens 

252,222. 506. M. Octacilius Crassus ; M. 

Fabius Lieinius. 507. M. Fabius Buteo ; 

C. Atilius Balbus. 508. A. Manlius Tor- 

q uaius 2 ; C. Sempronius Blaesus. 509. C. 

Fundanius Fundulus ; C. Sulpicius Gallus. 

A fleet built by individuals at Rome. 510. 

C. Lutatius Catulus; A. Postumius Albums. 
The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the 
islands iEgeates. Peace made between 
Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians 

evacuate Sicily. 511. Q. Lutatius Cerco, 

A. Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman 
province. The 39th census taken. The 
citizens amount to 260,000. 5 1 2. C. Clau- 
dius Centho ; M. Sempronius Tuditanus. 
513. C. Mamilius Turinus ; Q. Vale- 
rius Falto. 514. T. Sempronius Grac- 
chus; P. Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians 

give up Sardinia to Rome. 515. L. Corn. 

Lentulus Caudinus; Q. Fulvius Flaccus. 
The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assist- 
ance against Antiochus Theos. 516. P. 

Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Lieinius Varus. 

Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. 517. C. 

Atilius Bulbus2; T. Manlius Torquatus. 
The temple of Janus shut for the first time 
since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. 

An universal peace at Rome. 518. L. 

Postumius Albums ; Sp. Carvilius Maximus. 

519. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; 

M. Pomponius Matho. Differences and 

jealousv between Rome and Carthage. 

520. M. iEmilius Lepidus; M. Publicius 

Malleolus 521. M. Pomponius Matho 

2 ; C. Papirius Maso. The first divorce 

known at Rome. 522. M. iEmilius Bar- 

bula ; M. Junius Pera. War with the llly- 

rians. 523. L. Postumius Aibinus 2 ; Cn. 

Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new 

Carthage. 524. Sp. Carvilius Maximus 

2; Q. Fabius Maximus. — -525. P. Valerius 
Flar cus ; M. Atilius Regulus. Two new 
praetors added to the other c^Ktors. — —5^6. 



CON— CON 

M. Valerius Messala; L. Apullius Fullo, 
Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans 
could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 

men. 527. L. iEmilius Papus ; C. Atilius 

R.egulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near 
Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near 

Telamon. 52S. T. Manlius Torquatus 2 ; 

Q. Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, partof the 

Gauls, surrender. 529. C. Flaminius ; P. 

Furius Philus. 530. M. Claudius Mar- 

celJus; Cn. Corn. Scipio Calvus. A new 
war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the 

spoils called opima. 531. P. Cornelius ; 

M. Minucius R.ufus. Annibal takes the 
command of the Carthaginian armies in 

Spain, 532. L. Vetunus ; C. Lutatius. 

The Via Flaminia built. 533. M. Livius 

Salinator ; L. iEmilius Paulus. War with 

Ulyricum. 534. P. Corn. Scipio; T. 

Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, 
by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic 
war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and 
crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet 
defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated 
near Trebia, by Annibal. 535. Cn. Ser- 
vilius; C Flaminius 2. A famous battle 
near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is ap- 
pointed dictator. Success of Cn. Scipio in 

Spain. 536. C. Terentius Varro; L. 

.Emilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of 
Cannae. Annibal marches to Capua. Mar- 
cellus beals Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal 
begins his march towards Italy, and his 

army is totally defeated by the Scipios. 

537. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus ; Q. Fabius 
Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters 
into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, 
and is reconquered by Manlius. The Car- 
thaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 
538. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Clau- 
dius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Sy- 
racuse by sea and land. 539. Q. Fabius 

Maximus 4; T. Sempronius Gracchus 2. 

The siege of Syracuse continued. 540. 

Q. Fulvius Flaccus ; Ap. Claudius Pulcher. 
Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made 
a Roman province. Tarentum treacher- 
ously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios 

conquered in Spain. 541. Cn. Fulvius 

Centumalus, P. Sulpicius Galba. Capua 
besieged and taken by the Romans. P. 
Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power. 
542. M. Claudius Marcellus 4 ; M. Va- 
lerius Laevinus 2. The Carthaginians dri- 
ven from Sicily. Carthasrena taken by young 

Scipio. 543. Q. Fabius Maximus 5 ; Q. 

Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Mar- 
cellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal 

defeated by Scipio. 544. M. Claudius 

Marcellus 5; T. Quintius Chrispinus. Mar. 
cellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. 

The Carthaginian fleet defeated. 545. M. 

Claudius Nero; M. Livius 2. Asdrubal 
passes the Alps. Nero obtainssomeadvantage 
over Annibal. The two consuls defeat As- 
drubal, who is killed, and his head thrown 
into Annibal's camp. The Romans make 

war against Philip. 546. L. Veturius; 

Q. Caecilius. Scipio obtains a victory over 
Asdrubal, the son of Gisgo, in Spain. Ma- 

sinissa sides with the Romans. 547. P. 

Cornelius Scipio ; P. Lieinius Crassus. Sci- 



134 



CON-CON 



185 



CON- CON 



pio is empowered tc ir.vade Africa. 548. 

M. Cornelius Cethegus ; P. Sempronius Tu- 
dinatus. Scipio lands in Africa. The cen- 
sus taken, and 215,000 heads of families 

found in Rome. 549. Cn. Servilius Cse- 

pio ; C Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads 
g-eneral consternation in Africa. Amiibal is 
recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian 

senate. 550. M. Servilius; Ti. Claudius. 

Annibal and Scipio come to a parley ; they 
prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at 
Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage. 

551. Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. JElius 

Paetus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. 

Scipio triumph's. 552. P. Sulpicius Galba 

2. C. Aurelius Cotta. War with the Mace- 
donians. 553. L. Corn. Lentulus; P. 

Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war con- 
tinued. 554. Sex. iElius Paetus ; T. Quin- 

tius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius. 

555. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. Minucius 

Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants 

him peace. 556. L. Furius Purpureo; 

M. Claudius Marcellus. " The independence 
of Greece proclaimed by Flamininus, at the 

Isthmian games. 557. L. Valerius Flac- 

cus ; M. Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates 
the affairs of Greece. Cato's victories in 
Spain, and triumph. The Romans de- 
mand Annibal from the Carthaginians. 

558. P. Corn- Scipio Africanusa; T. Sem- 
pronius Longus. Anibal flies to Antiochus. 

■ 559. L. Cornelius Merula ; Q. Minucius 

Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war 
against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in 
vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up 

arms. 560. Q. Quintius Flamininus ; Cn. 

Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to 
deliver them. 561. P. Corn Scipio Na- 
sica; Manus Acilius Glabrio. The success 

of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus. 

562. L. Corn. Scipio ; C. Lselius. The fleet 
of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the 
Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.— 
663. M. Fulvius Nobilior ; Cn. .Manlius 

Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians. 

564. M. Valerius Messala ; C. Livius Sali- 

nator. Antiochus dies. 565. M . JEn ilius 

Lepidus; C. Flaminius. The Ligurians re- 
duced. . r ,66. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; Q. 

Marcius Phillippus. The Bacchanalia abol- 
ished at Rome. 567. Ap. Claudius Pul- 
cher ; M. Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories 

in Spain and Liguria. 568. P. Claudius 

Pulcher : L. Porcius Licinius. Philip of 
Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome. 

569. M. Claudius Marcellus; Q. Fabius 

Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Phi- 

lopcemen. Gauls invade Italy. 570. M. 

Btebius lamphiius; L. ^Emilius Paulus. 
Death of Philip. 57*. P. Cornelius Ce- 
thegus ; M. Baebius Tamphilus. Expeditions 
against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised 

at Rome. 572. A. Postumius Albinus Lus- 

cus; C. Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians de- 
feated. 573. Q. Fulvius Flaccns; L. 

Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with 
Perseus the son of Philip. 574. M. Ju- 
nius Brutus; A. Manlius Vulso. 575. C. 

Claudius Pulcher; T. Sempronius Gracchus. 

The Istrians defeated. 576. Cn. Corn. 

Scipio Uispalus ; Q. Petillius Spurinus. 



577. P. Mucius ; M. .^milius Lepidus 2. 
578. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mu- 
cius Scaevola. 579. L. Postumius Albi- 
nus ; M. Popilius Laenas. P. iElius Ligur. 

War declared against Perseus. 581. P. 

Licinius Crassus; C. Cissius Longinus. 
Perseus gains some advantage over the 

Romans. 582. A. Hostilius Mancinus; 

A. Atilius Serranus. 583. Q. Marcius 

Philippus2; Cn. Servilius Caepio. The 

campaign in Macedonia. 584. L. /Enii- 

Iius Panlus 2; C. Licinius Crassus. Perseus 
is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus. 

585. Q. Elius Paetus ; M. Junius Pennus. 

586. M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Suloicius 

Galba. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Manlius- 

Torquatus. 588. Aulus Manlius Torqua- 

tus ; Q. Cassius Longus. 589. Ti. sem- 
pronius Gracchus; M. Juvencius Thalna. 
— — 590. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; C. Mar- 
cius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, 
and is made ting of Syria. 591. M. Va- 
lerius Messala; C. Fannius Strabo. 592. 

L. Auicius Gallus; M. Corn. Cethegus. 

523. C. Cornelius Dolabella ; M. Fulvius 

Nobilior. 594. M. iEmiiius Lepidus; C. 

Popilius Laenas. 595. Sex. Jul. Caesar ; 

L. Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dal- 
matians. 596. L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus ; 

C. Marcius Figulus 2. 597. P. Corn. 

Scipio Nassica 2; M. Claudius Marcellus 
2. 598. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. Postu- 
mius Albinus. 599. Q. Fulvius Nobilior; 

T. Annius Luscus. The false Philip. War* 

in Spain. 600. M. Claudius Marcellus 

3; L. Valerius Flaccus.— 601. L. Licinius 

Lucullus ; A. Posthumius Albinus. 602. 

T. Quintius Flamininus ; M. Acilius Balbus. 
War between the Carthaginians and Masi- 

nissa. 603. L. Marcius Censorinus ; M. 

Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war 
against Carthage. The. Carthaginians wish 
to accept the hard conditions which are im- 
posed upon them ; but the Romans say that 

Carthage must be destroyed. 604. Sp. 

Postumius Albinus; L. Calpurnius Piso. 
Carchage besieged. 605. P. Corn. Sci- 
pio ; C. Livius Drusus. The sivge of Car- 
thage continued with vigour by Scipio. 

Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ; L. Mummius. Car- 
thage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mum- 
mius takes and burns Corinth. 607. Q. 

Fabius iEmilianus ; L. Hostilius Mancinius. 

608. Ser. Sulpicius Galba ; L. Aurelius 

Cotta. 609. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. 

Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. War 

against the Celtiberians, 610. L. Mete- 

lus Calvus; Q. Fabius 'Maximus Servi- 

lianus. 611. Q. Pompeius ; C. Servilius 

Caepio.— — 612. C. Laelius Sapiens ; Q. Ser- 
vilius Caepio. The wars with Viriatus. 

613. M. Popilius Laenas ; Cn. Calpurnius 

Piso. 614. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica ; D. 

Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned 

by the tribunes. 615. M. /Jimilius Le; i- 

dus ; C. Hostilius Mancinus. YYar> against 

Numantia. 616. P. Furius Philus ; Sex. 

Atilius Serranus. 617. Ser. Fulvius Flac- 
cus; Q. Calpurnius Piso. 618. P. Corn. 

Scipio 2; C. Fulvius Flaccus. 61 9. P. 

Mucius Scaevola ; L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi. 
Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is ea« 



CON-CON 

tirelv demolished. The seditions ot Ti. 

Gracchus at Rome. 620. P. Popilius 

Laenas; P. Rupillus. 621. P. Licinius 

Crassus; L. Valerius Flaccus. 622. C. 

Claudius Pulclier, M. Perpenna. In the 

census are found 313,823 citizens. 623. 

C. Sempronius Tuditanus ; M. Aquidus Ne- 

pos. 624. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. An- 

nius Luscus. 62-5. L. Cassius Longus ; 

L. Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in 

Sicily. 626. L. iEniilius Lepidus ; L. 

Aurelius Orestes. 627. M. Plautius Hyp- 

saeus; M. Fulvius Flaccus. 623. C. Cas- 
sius Lonainus : L. Sextius Calvinus. 62.9. 

Q. Csecilius Metellus; T. Quintius Flamini- 

nus. 630. C. Fannius Strabo; Cn. Do- 

mitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius 

Gracchus. 631. Lucius Opiraius; Q. 

Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of 
Cains Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated. 

632. P. Manlius Nepos; C. Papirius 

Carbo. 633. L. Caecilius Metellus Cal- 

vus ; L. Aurelius Cotta. — r6?4. M. Portius 
Cato ; Q. Mareius Rex.—: — 635. L. Caeci- 

lius Metellus ; Q. Mutius Scaevola. 636. 

C. Licinius Geta ; Q. Fabius Maximus 

Eburnus. 637. M. Cascilius Metellus; 

M. iEmilius Scaurus. 638. M. Ag-il: is 

Balbus; C. Portius Cato. 639. C.Caeci- 

lius Metellus ; Cn. Papirius Carbo. 640. 

M. Livius Drusus ; L. Calpurnius Piso. The 

Romans declare war against Jugurtha. 

641. P. Scipio Nasica; L. Calpurnius 
Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated bv 
Jugurtha. 642. M. Minucius Rufus; Sp'. 

Postumius Albinus. 643. Q. Csecilius 

Metellus; M.Junius Silanus. Success of 

Metellus against J ugurtha. 644. Servius 

Sulpicius Galba ; M. Aurelius Scaurus. 
Metellus continues the war.— — 645. C 



186 CON — CON 

lies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome. 
661. L. Marcius Philippus ; Sex. Julius Cse- 

sar. The allies prepare to revolt. 662. 

L. Julius Caesar; P. Rutilius Rufus. War; 
with the Marsi. 663. Cn. Pompeitis Stra- 
bo; L. Porcius Cato. The great valour of 

Sylla, surnamed the Fortunate. 654. L. 

Cornelius Sylla ; Q. Pompeius Rufus. Sylla 
appointed to copduct the Mithridatic war. 
iMarius is empowered to supersede him ; 
upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his 
army, and takes it, and has Marius and his 

adherents judged as enemies. 665. Cn. 

Octavius ; L/Cornelius Cinna. Cinna en- 
deavours to recall Marius, and is expeiled. 
Marius returns, and, with Cinna, marches 
against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. 

666. C. Marius 7 ; L. Cornelius Cinna 

2. Marius died, and L. Valerius Flaccus 
was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic 
war. 667. L. Cornelius Cinna 3 ; Cn. Pa- 
pirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued 

by Sylla. 666. L. Cornelius Cinna 4 ; Cn. 

Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates, 

669. L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus ; C. Nor- 

banus. The capitol burnt. Pompey join* 

Sylla. 670. C. Marius; Cn. Papirius 

Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome beLween 
Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens 
by order of Sy lla, who makes himself dicta- 
tor. 671. M. Tullius Decula ; Cn. Cor- 
nelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and cir- 
cumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pom- 

pev triumphs over Africa. 672. L. Corn. 

SvllaFelix2; Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius. 

War a?ainst Mithridates. 673. P. Ser- 

vilius V'atia ; Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Sylla 

abdicates the dictatorship. 674. M, 

iEmiiius Lepidus ; Q. Lutatius Catulus 

Sylla dies. 675. D. Junius Brutus ; Ma 

Marius; L. Cassius. The war against J u- i mercus /Emilius Lepidus Levianus. A civil 

m nr ^ ^; 1 T.X. ..: .„ u„ m r - „ „ J <".-. i,, . D~~- ... 



gurtha continued with vigour by Mariu: 



war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey 



646. C. Atiiius Serranus; Q. Servilius I sroes against Sertorius in Spain. 676. Cn*. 

Csepio. Jusrurtha betrayed bv Bocc-ius into I Octavius ; M. Scribonius Curio.— Sertoriu* 

the hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. defeated. 677. L. Octavius ; C. Aurelius 

647. P. Rutilius Rufus ; Corn. Maiiius j Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a 

Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. treaty of alliance together. Sertorius mnr- 

Two Roman armies defeated bv the Cimbri j dered bv Perpenna. 678. L. Licinius Lu 

andTeutones. 648. C. Marius 2 ; C. Fla- 

vius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards 

Spain. 649. C. Marius 3; L. Aurelius 

Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain. 



6 50. C. Marius 4 ; Q. Lutatius Catulus. 
The Teutones totally defeated bv Marius. 

651. C. Marius 5; M. Aquillius. The 

Cimbri enter Italv, and are defeated bv 

Marius and Catulus. 652. C. Marius 6 ; 

L. Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Me- 
tellus. 653. M. Antonius; A. Postumius 

Albinus. Metellus is gloriouslv recalled. 

-654. L. Catcilius Metellus "Nepos ; T. 

Didius. 655. Cn. Com. Lentuius ; P. 

Licinius Crassus. 656. Cn. DomitiusAhen- 

obarbus ; C. Cassius Lonsrinus. The king- 
dom of Cvrene left bv will to the Roman 
people. — ^657. L. Lucinius Crassus; Q. 
Mucius Scaevola. Seditions of Norbanus. 

658. C. Ccelius Caldus ; L. Domitius 

Ahenobarbus. 659. C. Valerius Flaccus ; 

M. Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 

»oo lions with men in the circus. 660. C. 

Claudius Puicher ; M. Perpenna. The al 



cullus ; M. Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus con- 
ducts the Mithridatic war. 679. M. Te- 

rentius Varro Lucullus ; C. Cassius Varus 
Spartacus. The gladiators make head against 

the Romans with much success. 680. L. 

Gallius Poplicola ; Cn. Corn. Lentuius Sura. 
Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near 

Apulia. 662. M. Licinius Crassus ; Cn. 

Pompeius Ma?nus. Successes of Lucullus 
against Mithridates. The census amounts to 

above 900,000. 663. Q. Hortensius 2 ; Q. 

Csecilius Metellus. Lucuilus defeats Tigranes 
king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion 

of Parthia. 634. Q. Csecilius Rex ; L. 

Csecilius Metullus. Lucullus defeats the 
united forces of Mithridates and Ti- 
granes. 685. M. Acilius Glabrio ; C. 

Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the 
displeasure of his troops, who partly desert 

him. Pompey goes against the pirates. 

686. M. Emilius Lepidus; L. Volcatus Tul- 
lus. Pompev succeeds Lucullus to finish the 
Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. 
667. L. Aurelius Cotta; L. Manlius 



CON- CON 



187 



CON—COP 



Torquatns. Success of Pompey in Asia. 

6S8. L. Julius Caesar ; L. Martins Figulns. 
Pompey goes to Svria. His conquests there. 

689. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. Antonius. 

Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline con- 
spires against the state. Cicero discovers 
the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents. 

690. U. "Junius Silanus; L. Licinius 

Mursena. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, 

Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus. 

691. M. Puppius Piso ; M. Valerius Mes- 

sa la Niger. 992. L. Afranius; Q. Me- 

tellus Celer. A reconciliation between 

Crassus, Pompey, and Cgesar. 693. C. 

Jul. Caesar; M. Calpurnius Bibulus. Caesar 
breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is 
sole consul. He obtains the government of 

Gaul for five years. 694. C. Calpurnius 

Piso ; A. Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished 
by means of Clodius. Cato goes against 
Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Caesar 

in Gaul. 695. P. Corn. Lentulus Spin- 

ther ; Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero 
recalled. Caesar's success and victories. 

696. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marceliinus ; 

L. Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of 

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. 697. Cn. 

Pompeius Magnus 2 ; M. Licinius Crassus 
2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Caesar 
continued for five years more in the ad- 
ministration of Gaul. His conquest of 

Britain. 698. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; 

Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of 

Caesar. 699. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. 

Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and 

Blain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. 700. 

Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3 ; the only consul. 
He afterwards took for colleague, Q. Cae- 
cilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the 

Gauls crushed by Caesar. 701. Ser. Sulpi- 

ciusRufus; M. Claudius Marcellus. Rise 
of the jealousy between Caesar and Pompey. 

702. L. ^milius Paulus ; P. Claudius 

Marcellus. Cicero pro-consul of Cilicia. 
Encrease of the differences between Caesar 
and Pompey. 703. C. Claudius Marcel- 
lus ; L. Cornelius Lentulus. Csesar begins 
the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. 

Caesar made dictator. 704. C. Julius 

Caesar 2 ; P. Servilius Isauricus. Caesar de- 
feats Pompey at Phar»alia. Pompey mur- 
dered in Egypt. The wars of Caesar in Egypt. 

705. Q. Fusius Calenus ; P. Valiums. 

Pow er and influence of Caesar at Rome. He 

reduces Pontus. 706. C. J ulius Ceesar 3 ; 

M. iEmilius Lepidus. Caesar defeats Pom- 
pey's partisans in Africa, and takes Utica 
— — 7o7. C. Julius Caesar 4; Consul alone. 
He conquered the partizans of Pompey in 
Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator 

and lniperator, &c. 7 8. C. Julius Cvs- 

sar 5 ; M. Antonius. Caesar meditates a 
war against Parthia. Above 60 Romans 
conspire against Caesar, and murder him in 
the senate-house. Antony raises himself 

to power. The rise of Octavius. 709. 

C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. Antony 
judged a public enemy. He is opposed by 
the consuls, and Aug'ustus. He joins Au- 
gustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, 

and Lepidus. 710. L. Minucius Plancus; 

M. /EniilhiB Lepidus 2« Great honours paid 



to the memory of J. Caesar. Brutus and- 
Cassius join their forces against Augustus 
and Antony. 711. L. Antonius; P. Ser- 
vilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and 

the defeat of Brutus and Cassius. 712. 

Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; C. Asinius Pollio. 
Antony joins the son of Pompey against 
Augusius. The alliance of short duration. 

713. L. Marcius Censorinus ; C. Calvi- 

sius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the 
sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mu- 
tual alliance. 714. Ap. Claudius Pul- 
cher ; C. Norbanus Flaccus ; for whom w ere 
substituted C. Octavianus. and Q. Pedius. 
Sext. Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great, 
makes himse"lf powerful by sea, to oppose 

Augustus. 715. M. Agrippa; L. Cani- 

nius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Au- 
gustus to oppose Sext. Pompey with a fleet. 
He builds the famous harbour of Misenum. 

716. L. Geilius Poplicola ; M. Cocceius 

Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory 
over Pompey, who delivers himself to An- 
tony, by whom he is put to death. 717. 

L. Cornificus Nepos; Sex. Pompeius Nepos. 
Lentulus removed from power by Augustus. 

718. L. Scribonius Libo ; M. Antonius 

2. Augustus and Antony being sole masters 
of the Roman empire, make another divi- 
sion of the provinces. Caesar obtains the 
west, and Antony the east. 719. C. Cae- 
sar Octavianus 2 ; L. Volcatius Tullus. 
Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries 
Cleopatra. 720. Cn. Domitius Aheno- 
barbus ; C. Saesius. Dissensions between 

Augustus and Antony. 721. C. Caesar 

Octavianus 3; M.Valer. Messala Corvinus. 
The battle of Actium, which, according to 
some authors, happened the year of Rome 
721. The end of the common wealth. 

CONSUS, a deity of Rome, who presided 
over councils. His temple was covered in 
the Maximus Circus, to show that councils 
ought to be secret and inviolable. Some 
suppose that it is the same as Neptunus 
Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to 
his honour, called Consuaiia, during the 
celebration of which the Romans carried 
away the Sabine women. — (Vide Covsuales 
ludi.) Plu. Ro.—Au. 69. 4- el.fer. R. 19— 
Dio. H. \.—Li. 1, 9. 

CONSYGNA, the wife of Nicomedes king 
of Bithynia, torn in pieces by do;js for her 
lascivious deportment.— Pli. 8, 40. 

CONTA DESDUS, a river of Thrace.- 
Her. 4, 90. 

CONTUBIA, a town in Spain.— Fl. 2. 17. 

CO<JN, the eldest son of Antenor, killed 
by Agamemnon.— H. II. 

COOS, COS, CEA, and CO, an island of 
the /Egean sea.— Vi. Co. 

COPjE, a place of Greece, near the Ce- 
phisus.— PL 4.7. 

COPIAS L'ACUS, now Lhnne, a lake of 
Bceotia, into which the Cepliisus and other 
rivers empty themselves. Ic is famous for 
its excellent eels.— Pa. 9, 24. 

COP HAS, a son of Arhibazus.— Curl. 7, 
II. A river of India.— Dio. Per. 

COPHONTfS, a burniug mountain cf 
Bactriana.— PL 2, 106. 

COPIA, the goddtss of plenty, among U 1 ? 



COP- COR 1} 
Romans represented as bearing a horn filled 
with grapes, fruits, &e. 

COPILLUS, a general of the Tectosagae, 
taken bv the Romans. — Ptu. Sy. 

COPON1US, C. a commander of the fleet 
of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest 
of Pompev.— Ci. 1. Di. 38.— Pat. 2/83. 

CO PRATES, a river of Asia, failing into 
the Tisrris.— Z)i. 1*. 

COPREUS, a son of Pelops, who fled to 
Mvcenae at the death of Ipliitus.— Apol.2,5. 

COPTUS & COPTOS, now Kypt, a town 
of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexan- 
dria, on a canal which communicates with 
the Nile.— PL 5, Q.—Str. 16.— Juv. 15. 

CORA, a town of Latium, on the confines 
of theVolsci, built by a colony of Dardanians 
before the foundation of Rome.— Luc. 7.— 
V. JEn. 6. 

CORACESIUM and CORACENSIUM, a 
maritime town of Pamphviia. — Li. 33, 20. 

CORACONASUS, a town of Arcadia, 
where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus.— 
Pa. 8, 25. 

CORA LETiE, a people of Scythia.-F/ac.6. 

CORALLI, a savage people of Pontus.— 
Ov. Port. 4, e. 2. 

CORANUS, a miser.- Vide Nasica. 

CORAS, a brother of Catillus and Tybur- 
tus, who fought against iEneas. V. JEn. 7. 

CORAX, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, 
who first demanded salary of his pupils.— 
Ci.Br. 12, or. 1, 20.—Aul. GeZ.5, 10.— Quin. 

3, l. A king of Sicyon. A mountain of 

./Etolia.— Li. 36, 30. 

CORAXI, a people of Colchis.— Pli. 6, 5. 

CORBEUS, a Gaul, &c— Cess. B. G. 6,6. 

CORBIS & ORSUA, two brothers, who 
bught for the dominion of a city, in the pre- 
sence of Scipio, in Spain. — Li. 28, '21.— Va. 
Ma. 9. 1 1 . 

CORBULO, Domitius, a prefect of Bel- 
gium, who, when governor of Syria, routed 
the Parti) ians, destroyed Artaxata, and 
made Tisranes king of Armenia. Nero, 
jealousof his virtues, ordered him to be mur- 
dered ; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon 
his sword, exclaiming, I have well deserved 
this! A. D. 66. His name was given to a 
place (Monumenium) in Germany, which 
some suppose to be modern Groningen.—Ta. 
An. 11, 18. , . . 

CORCYRA, an island in the Ionian sea, 
about 12 miles from Bnthrotum,on the coast 
of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of 
Ulysses, and the gardens ofAlciuous. It 
has been successively called Drepane, 
Srheria, and Phceacia, and now bears the 
name of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with 
Chersicrates at their head, came to settle 
there, when banished from their country, 703 
vears before the Christian era. A colony of 
Colchis had settled there 1349 years before 
Christ. The war which was carried on by 
the Athenians, against the Corcyreans, and 
w as called Corcyrean, became but a prepa- 
ration for the Peloponnesian war. The peo- 
ple of Corcyre were once so hated by the 
Cretans, that such as were found on the is- 
land of Crete were always put to death.— Or. I 
lb. 512.-//. Od. b.-Luc. 9.— Me. 2,7.-P;. I 

4, 12.-Str.6. I 



88 COR— COR 

CORDUBA, now Cordova, a famous city 
of Hispania Baetica, the native place of both 
the Senecas,and of Lucan.— Mart. 1,62.— 
Me. 2, 6.— Cats. B. A. 57.— PL 3, 1. 

CORDYLA, a port of Pontus, supposed 
to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes 
caught there (Cordylce).-PL 9,15. -Mart.15. 

CORE, a daughter of Ceres, the same as 
Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia, wera 
instituted to her honour in Greece. 
CORESUS, a hill near Ephesus.— Her.5, 

100. 

CORESSUS, a priest of Bacchus at Caly- 
don in Bceotia, who was deeply enamoured 
of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him 
with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, 
who visited the country with a pestilence. 
TheCalydonians were directed by the oracle, 
to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe 
on his altar. The nymph was led to the ai- 
tar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, 
forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. 
Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to 
the love of Coresus, killed herself on the 
brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore 
her name.— Pa. 7, 21. 

CORETAS, a man who first gave oracles 
at Delphi.— Part. or. de. 

CORF1NIUM, now SanFerino. the capital 
of the Peligni, 3 miles from the Aternus 
which falls into the Adriatic— Cees. Ci. 1, 16. 
—Luc. 2.— Si. 5. 

CORIA, a surname of Minerva, among 
the Arcadians.— Ci. Nat.D.3, 23. 

CORINNA, a celebrated woman of Tana- 
gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myitis, Hf r 
father's name was Archelodorus. It is said 
that she obtained five times a poetical prize, 
in which Pindar was her competitor ; but it 
must be acknowledged, that her beautv 
greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. 
She had composed 50 books of epigrams and 
odes of which only some few verses remain. 

Prop. 2, e. 3.— Pa. 9, 22. A woman of 

Thespis, celebrated for her beauty. — Ovid's 
mistress was also called Corinna.— Am. 2, 
e. 6. 

CORINNUS, an ancient poet in the time 
of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a 
poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his 
subiert from the poem of Corinnus. 

CORINTHIACUS SINUS, is now calJed 
the gulph of Lepanto. 

CORINTHUS, an ancient city of Greece, 
now called Corito, situated on the middle of 
the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of 
about 60 stadia on either side fiom the sea. 
It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Mo- 
llis, A. M. 2616, and received its name trom 
Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its origina. 
name was Ephyre ; and it is called Bimaris, 
because situate between the Saronictis Sinus, 
and theCrisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were 
once very powerful, and had srreat influence 
among the Grecian states. They colonized 
Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered* it frcm the 
tyranny of its oppressors, by the means o 
Timoleon. Corinth was to'tally destroyed 
by L. Mummius, the Roman consul, and 
! burnt to the ground, 146 B. C. The richss 
I which the Romans found there, were im- 
I mense. During the conflagration, all the 



COH-COR JS 

metals which were in the city melted and 
mixed together, and formed that valuable 
composition of metals, which has since been 
known by the name of Corinlhmm Jbs. 
This, however, appears improbable, especi- 
ally when it is remembered that the arasts 
of Corinth made a mixture of copper with 
small quantities of gold and silver, and so 
brilliant was the composition, that the ap- 
pellation of Corinthian brass afterwards 
stamped an extraordinary value on pieces 
of inferior worth. There was there a famous 
temple of Venus, where lascivious women 
resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, 
that many of their lovers were reduced to 
poverty ; whence the proverb of Non cmvis 
humini contingit adire Corinthum, to show 
that all voluptuous indulgences are attended 
with much expense. J. Caesar planted a 
colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise 
it from its ruins, and restore it to its former 
grandeur. The government of Corinth was 
monarchical, till 779 years B.C. when officers 
called Prytanes were instituted. The war 
which has received the name of Corinthian 
war, because the battles were fought in the 
neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 
335, by the combination of the Athenians, 
Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against 
Lacedsemon. Pisauder and Agefilaus dis- 
tinguished themselves in that war ; the for- 
mer, on the first year of hostilities, was de- 
feated with the Lacedaemonian fleet, by 
Conon near Cnidus ; while a few days after 
Agefilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. 
The most famous battles were fought at 
Coroneaand Leuctra ; but Agefilaus refused 
to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the 
Greeks, instead of destroying one another, 
did not turn their arms against the Persian 
power.— Mart. 9, e. 58— Sue. Au. 70.— Li. 
45,28.-/7.2, l6.—Ov.Me.2.—Hor. I. e. 17.— 
PI. 34, 2.-St. Th. 7.— Pa. 2, l.—Str. 8.— H. 

It. \5.—Ci. Tu.i, 14. An actor at Rome. 

—Juv. 8. , „ „ 

CORIOLANUS, the surname of C. Mar- 
tius from his victory over Corioli, where, 
from a private soldier, he gained the 
amplest honours. When master of the place, 
he accepted as the only reward, the sur- 
name of Coriolanus, a horse, and prison- 
ers, and his ancient host, to whom he im- 
mediately gave his liberty. After a number 
of military exploits, and many services to 
nis country, he was refused the consulship 
by the people, when his scars had for a 
whiie influenced them in his favour. This 
raised his resentment , and when the Ro- 
mans had received a present of corn from 
Gelo, king of Sicilv, Coriolanus insisted 
that it should be sold for money, and not 
he given gratis. Upon this the tribunes 
raised the people against him for his impru- 
dent advice, and even wished him to be put 
to de<»th. This rigorous sentence was stop- 
ped by the influence of the senators, and 
Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was ba- 
nished by a majority of three tribes, and he 
immediately retir. d among the VoJsci, to 
TullusAufidius,his greatest enemy, from whom 
he met a most friendly reception. He ad- 
*ised him lo make war against Home, and 



COE-COR 
he marched at the head of the VoJsci as 
general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly 
alarmed the Romans, who sent him several 
embassies to reconcile him to his country, 
and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all 
proposals, and bade them prepare for war. 
He pitched his camp only at the distance of 
five miles from the city; and his enmity 
against his country would have been fatal, 
had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother 
Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman 
matrons to go and appease his resentment. 
The meeting of Coriolanus with his family 
was tender and affecting. He remained 
long inexorable ; but at last the tears and 
entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed 
ever the stern and obstinate resolutions of 
an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the 
Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. 
To show their sense of Volumnia's merit and 
patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple 
to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Co- 
riolanus, however, displeased the Volsci, 
He was summoned to appear before the peo- 
ple of Antium; but the clamours which his 
enemies raised, were so prevalent, that he 
was murdered at the place appointed for hi& 
trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured 
with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, 
and the Roman matrons put on mourning 
for his loss. Some historians say that he 
died in exile, in an advanced old age.— Phi. 
vi.—Fl. 2, 22. 

CORIOLI & CORIOLLA, a town of La- 
tium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by 
the Romans under C. Martius, called from 
thence Coriolanus.— PZ. 3. 5.—Plu.—Li.2, 33. 
CORISSUS, a town of Ionia. 
CORITUS.— [Fide Corytus.] 
CORMASA.atownof Pamphylia.-Z^'.38,15. 
CORMUS, a river near Assyria.— Ta. 12. 
An. 14. 

CORNELIA LEX, de Civitate, was en- 
acted A.U.C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. li 
confirmed the Sulpician law, and required 
that the citizens of the eight newly elected 
tribes, should be divided among the 35 an- 
cient tribes. Another, de jtidiciis, A.U.C. 

673, by the same. It ordained that the 
praetor should always observe the same in- 
variable method in judicial proceedings, 
and that the process should not depend 

upon his will. Another, de Sumptibus, 

by the same. It limited the expenses w hich 

generally attended funerals. Another, 

de Relig'ione, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It 
restored to the college of priests, the pri- 
vilege of choosing the priests, which by the 
Domitian law, had been lodged in die hands 

of the people. Another, de Municipiis, 

by the same ; which revoked all the privi- 
leges which had been some time before 
granted to the several towns that had as- 
sisted IVFarius and China in the civil wars. 

Another, de Magistral ibus, by the same ; 

which gave the power of bearing honours 
and being promoted before the legal age, 
to those who had followed the interest of 
Sylla, while the sons and parti/.ans of his 
enemies, who had been proscribed, were 
deprived of the privilege of standing for 
any office of the state. Another, de Ma* 



COR—COR 100 

gtstratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It 
ordained that no person should exercise the 
same office within ten years' distance, or be 
invested with two different magistracies in 

one year. Another, de Magistratibtis, bv 

the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tri- 
Diines of the privilege of making laws, in- 
terfering, holding assemblies, and receiving 
appeals. All sir h as had been tribunes were 
incapable of holding any other office in the 

state bv that law. Another, de Maj estate, 

by the' same, A.U.C. 670. It made it trea- 
son to send an army out of a province, or 
engage in a war without orders, to influ- 
ence the soldiers to spare or ransom a cap- 
tive general of the enemy, to pardon the 
leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the ab- 
sence of a Roman citizen, to a foreign court, 
without previous leave. The punishment 

was, aqua et ignis interdictio. Another, 

by the same, which gave the power to a 
man accused of murder, either by poison, 
weapons, or false accusations, and the set- 
ting fire to buildings, to choose whether the 
jury that tried him should give their verdict 

clam or palam, viva voce, or by ballot. 

Another by the same, which made it aquee 
et ignis interdictio to such as were guilty of 
forgery, concealing and altering of wills, 
corruption, false accusations, and the de- 
basing or counterfeiting of the public coin ; 
all such as were accessary to this offence 

were deemed as guilty as the offender. 

Another, de pecuniis repehindis, by w hich 
a man convicted of peculation or extortion 
in the provinces was condemned to suffer 

the aquee el ignis interdictio. Another, by 

the same, which gave the power to such as 
were sent into the provinces with any go- 
vernment, of retaining their command and 
appointment, without a renewal of it by the 
senate, as was before observed.— Another, by 
the same, which ordained that the lands of pro- 
scribed persons should be common, especially 
those about Volaterrae and Fes i! tee in Etruria", 

which sylla divided anion? his soldiers. 

Another, by C. Cornelius, tribune of the 
people, A.U.C. 686 ; which ordained that 
no person should be exempted from any law 
according to the general custom, unless 2u0 
senators were present in the senate ; and 
no person thus exempted could hinder the 
bill of his exemption from being carried to 
the people, for their concurrence. Ano- 
ther, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war 
against Perseus, son of Philip, king of Ma- 
cedonia, if he did not give proper satisfac- 
tion to the Roman people. 

CORNELIA, i daughter of Cinna, who 
was the first wife of J. Caesar. She became 
mother of Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so 
affectionately loved by her husband, that at 
her death he' pronounced a funeral oration 

over her body.— Plu. Cats. A daughter 

of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompev, 
after the death of her husband P. Crassus. 
She has been praised for her great virtue 
When her husband left bar in the bay of 
Alexandria, fo go on she. re in a small boat, 
she saw him stabbed by Achilles, and heard 
his dying groans without the possibility of 
aiding him. She attributed all his misfor- 



COR-COR 



tunes to his connection with hvr.—Plu.Pom, 

A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who 

marrieu Sesnpronius Gracchus, and was the 
mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. 
She was courted by a king ; but she pre- 
ferred being the wife of a Roman citizen, to 
that of a monarch. Her virtues have been 
deservedly commended, as well as the whole- 
some principles she inculcated in her two 
sons. When a Campanian lady made once 
a shew of her jewels at Cornelia's housr. 
and entreated her to favour her with a sight 
of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, 
saying, These are the only jewels of which 
1 can boast. In her lifetime, a statue was 
raised to her, with this inscription, Cornelia 
mater Gracchorum. Some of her epistles 
are preserved. — Plu. Gra.—Juv. Q.—Vu.Ma. 

4, A.—Ci. Br. 58. A vestal virgin, buried 

alive in Domitian's age, as guilfy of incon- 
tinence.— Sue. Bo. 

CORNELI I, an illustrious family at Rome, 
of whom the most distinguished were Caius 
Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who fore- 
told the beginning and issue of the battle of 

Pharsalia. DOLABELLA, a friend and 

admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Au- 
gustus intended to remove her from the 

monument, where she had retired. An 

officer of Sylla, whom J. Caesar bribed to 
escape the proscription which threatened 

his life. CETHEGUS, a priest, degraded 

from his office for want of attention. CN. 

a man chosen by Marcellus to be his col 

league in the consulship. BALBUS, a 

man who hindered J. C&sar from rising up 

at the arrival of the senators. COSSUS, 

a military tribune during the time that 
there, were no consuls in the republic. He 
offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. — 
Li. 4, 19. BALBUS, a man of Gades, in- 
timate with Cicero, by whom he was ably 

defended when accused. A freed-man o'f 

Sylla the dictator. SCIPIO, a man ap- 
pointed master of the horse, by Camillas, 

when dictator. GALLUS, an elegiac poet. 

[Vide Gallus.] MERULA, was made con- 
sul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna. 

MARCELLUS, a man killed in Spain bv 

Galba. C. NEPOS, an historian. [Vide 

Nepos.] MERULA, a consul sent against 

the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. 
His grandson followed the interest of Sylla ; 
and when M arias entered the city he killed 

himself, by opening his veins. GALLUS, 

a man who died in the ac: of copulation. — 

Va. Ma. 9, 12. SEVERUS, an epic poet 

in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He 
wrote a poem on mount BLvaz., and on the 

death of Cicero.— Quin. 10. THUSCUS, 

a mischievous person LENTULUS CE- 

THEGUS, a consul. AUR. CELSUS, 

wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, 
and highly valued. CN. and PUBL. SCI- 
PIO. [Vide Scipio.] LENTU LUS, a high 

priest, 6cc.—Li.~ Plu.—Va. Ma.—Ta.—Sue. 
Pol.—C. Nep., 4-c. 

CORMCULUM, town of Latium.-Dio. H. 
CORNTF1C1US, a poet and general in 
the age of Augustus, employed to accuse 
Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia, was also 
blessed with a poetical genius.— Pin. Br, 



COR COR 19V COR— COR 



— - ~»A lieutenant of J. Caesar.— Id. C<es. 

A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the 
office of augur. 

CORNIGER, a surname of Bacchus. 

CORNUTUS, a stoic philosopher of Afri- 
ca, preceptor to Persius the satrist. He 
wrote some treatises on philosophyaud rhe- 
toric—Per*. 5. A praetor of Rome, in 

the age of Cicero.— Ci. 10, ep. 12. A Ro- 
man, saved from the proscription of Marius, 
by his servants, who hung up a dead man 
in his room, and said it was their master. — 
Pin. Mar. 

COR(EBUS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon 
and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the 
Trojan war, with the hopes of being re- 
warded with the hand of Cassandra for his 
services. Cassandra advised him in vain to 
retire from the war. He was killed by Pe- 
neleus.— Pa. 10, 27.— V. JEn. 2. A cour- 
ier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He ob- 
tained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 
28th olympiad, from the institution of 
Iphitus ; but this year has generally been 

called the first olympiad. — Pa. 5, 8. A 

hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called 
Poene, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and 
placed by some authors in the number of 
the furies. His country was afflicted with 
the plague, and he consulted the oracle of 
Delphi, which commanded him to buiid a 
temple, where a tripod which was given him, 
^otild fall from his hand.— Pa. 1. 

CORONA, a town of Messenia.— PL 4,5. 

CORONEA, a town of Boeotia, where, in 
the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesi- 
laus defeated the allied forces of Athens, 
Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394.— C. 

Nep. Ag.—Pa. 9, 34.— Di. 12. A town of 

Peloponnesus.— of Corinth.— of Cyprus.— of 
Ambracia.— of Phthiotis. 

CORONIS, a daughter of Phlegias, loved 
by Apollo. She became pregnant by her 
lover, who killed her on account of her cri- 
minal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. 
According to some, Diana killed her, for 
her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury 
saved the child from her womb, as she was 
on the burning pile. Others say, that she 
brought forth her son and exposed him 
near Epidaurus, to avoid her father's resent- 
ment ; and they further mention, that Apollo 
had set a crow to watch her behaviour. 
The child was preserved, and called JEscu- 
lapius ; and the mother after death, received 
divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, 
in her son's temple, which was never ex- 
posed to public view.— Pa. 2, 26. The 

daughter of Coronaeus, king of Phocis, 
changed into a crow by Minerva, when 

flying before Neptune.— Ov. Me. 2. One 

of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. f 102. 

CORONIA, a town of Acarnania.— Th. 2, 

CORONUS, a son of Apollo.— Pa. 2. 5. 

A son of Phoroneus king of the Lauithee. 

— Di. 4. [Li. 31. 27. 

CORRHAGIUM, a town of Macedonia.— 

CO RSI, a people of Sardinia, descended 
from the Corsicans. 

CORSIA, a town of Boeotia.— Pa. 9. 24. 

CORSICA, a mountainous island in tiie 
Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its 



inhabitants were savage, and bore the cha- 
racter of robbers, liars, and atheists, ac- 
cording to Seneca, who was exiled among 
them. They lived to a great age, and fed 
on honey, which was produced in great 
abundance, though bitter in taste, from the 
number of yew trees and hemlock which 
grew there. Corsica was in the possession 
of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by 
the Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks called 
it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was con- 
sidered as in a flourishing state, as it con- 
tained no less than 33 towns, a number far 
exceeding its present population.— Sir. — 
Mart.9,e.27.-Pl.3,Q.--Ov.l.A.el.\2.-F.Ecl.9. 

CORSOTE, a town of Armenia, [thage. 

CORSURA, an island in the bay of Car- 

CORTONA, an ancient town of Etruria, 
called Corytum by Virgil. It was al the 
north of theThrasymene lake. — Dio. H. 1, 
20.- Li. 9, 37. 

CORVINUS, a name given to M. Valerius 
from a crow, which assisted him when he 

was fighting against a Gaul. An orator. 

Pat. 2. 36. MESS A LA, an eloquent orator, 

in the Augustan age, distinguished for in- 
tegrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his 
frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. 
In his old age, he became so forgetful as not 

even to remember his own name. One 

of this family became so poor, that he was 
obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mer- 
cenary shepherd.— Juv. 1. 

CORUNCANU3,T. the first plebeian who 
was made high-priest at Rome. The fa- 
mily of the Coruncaui was famous for the 
number of great men which it supplied, for 
the service and honour of the Roman re- 
public.— Ci. Do. [Red Sea.- -Her. 3, 9. 

CORUS, a river of Arabia, falling into the 

CORYBANTES, the priests of Cybele, 
cal led also Galli. In the celebration of their 
festivals, they beat their cymbals, and be- 
haved as if delirious. They first inhabited 
on mount Ida, and from thence passed into 
Crete, and secretly brought up Jupiter. 
Some suppose that they receive their name 
from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who 
first introduced the rites of his mother into 
Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus 
in Crete called Corybantica, in commemo- 
ration of the Corybantes, who there edu- 
cated Jupiter.— Pa. 9. 37.— Di. 5.~Hor. 1. 
o. 16.— V. JEn. 9. 

CORYBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele. 
Di. 5. A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. 

CORY BASSA, a city of Mysia. [PL 36. 11. 

CORY BUS, a promontofv of Crete. 

CORYCIA, a nvmph, mother of Lycorus, 
by Apollo.— Pa. io, 6. 

CORYCI DES, the nymphs who inhabited 
the foot of Parnassus. This name is often 
applied to the muses. — Ov. Me. 1. 

CORYCI OS, an old man of larentum, 
whose time was happily employed in taking 
care of his bees. He is represented by V ir. 
G. 4. 12, as a contented old man, whose 
assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some 
suppose that the' word Corycius, implies not 
a person of that name, but a native of Cory 
cus, who had settled in Italy. 
CORYCL'S, now Curco, a lofty mountain 



COR-COT 

Cilicia, with a town of the same name, 
aid also a rave, with a grove which pro- 
duced excellent saffron.— Hor. 2, S. 4.— 
Luc. 9.— PL 5, 27.— Ci. Fam. 12, e. 13.— 
Sir. 14. Another of Ionia, Ion? the fa- 
mous retreat of robbers. Another at the 

toot of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. — St. 
Th. l.-Str. 9. 

CORVDON, a fictitious name of a shep- 
herd, often occurring in the pastorals of 
Theocritus and Virgil. [Paphlagonia. 

CORYLA & CORYLEUM, a village of 

CORYNA, a town of Ionia,— Me. 1. 17. 

CORYMBIFER, a surname of Bacchus, 
from his wearing a crown of corymbi, cer- 
tain berries that grow on the iw.— Ov. 1. F. 

30RYNETA & CORYNETES, a famous 
robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus.— 
Plu. Th. [ponnesus.— Pa. 4, 36. 

CORYPHASIUM, a promontorv of Pelo- 

CORYPHE, a daughter of Oceanns.— Ci. 
Nat. D. 2, 23. [8, 45. 

CORYTHENSES, a place of Teeea.-Pa. 

CORYTHUS, a king of Corinth.— Di. 4. 

CORYTUS, a king of Etrtiria, father to 
Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put 
to death, to obtain the kingdom. It is also 
a town and mountain of Etruria, now Con- 
lojia, near which Dardanus was born.— V. 
Mn. 3.— Si. 5. 

COS, an island. Fide Co. 

COSA & COSSA, or COSjE, a town of 
Etruria.— V. AZn. 10.— Li. 22, 11.— Ci.9, At. 
S.—Cces. B. C. 1, 34. 

COSCONIUS, a Latin writer.-For. L. 

L.b. A wretched epigram writer.— Mart. 

2, e. 77. [Poly. 7,22. 

COSING AS, aThracian priest of Juno,<Scc. 

COSIS, a brother to the king of Albania, 
killed by Pompey.— Plu. Pom. 

COSMUS, an e'ffeminate Roman.— Juv. 8. 

COSSEA, a part of Persia.— Di. 17. 

COSSUS, a surname given to the familv of 

the Cornel ii. A Roman who killed Vo- 

lumnius, king of Yeii, and .obtained the 
Spolia Opima, A. U. C. 318.— V. Mn. 6. 

COSSUTII, a family at Rome, of which 
Cossutia, Caesar's wife, was descended.— 
Sue. Cces. 1— One of the familv was distin- 
guished as an architect about 200 B. C. He 
first introduced into Italy the more perfect 
models of Greece. 

COS rOBOZI, robbers in Galatia.-Po. 10,34. 

COSY R A, a barren island in the African 
sea, near Melita.— Ov. F. 3. [Mauritania. 

COTES & COTTES, a promontory of 

COTHON, a small island near the citadel 
ot Carthage, with a convenient bav which 
served for a dock-yard.— Servius in V. Mn. 
1.-01. 3. [—Hyg. fa. 147. 

COTHONEA, the mother of Triptolcmus. 

CO riSO, a king of the Daci, whose armv 
Invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by- 
Corn. Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augustus. 
It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter 
in marriage.— Sue.Au. 63.— Hor. 3, o. 8. 

COTONlS,an island near the Echiuades. 
— PI. 4. 12. 

COTTA M. AURELIUS, a Roman, who 
opposed Marius. He was consul with Lu- 
cullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated 
by sea aad land, by Mkhridates. He was 



COT-CRA 
*\mmm edP on ticus, because he tcokHeraclea 

of Pontus by treachery.— Plu. Lu. An 

orator, greatly commended by Ci. Or. A 

governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to 

Sardanapalus.— Di. 2. A spendthrift, in 

the age of Nero, &c— Ta. An officer of 

Caesar, in Gaul. A poet mentioned by 

Ovid in Ep. Pon. 

COTT1JE ALPES, a certain part of the 
Alps, bv which Itah is separated from Gaul. 
—Sue. Ti. il 2Ver."l8. 

COTTUS, a giant son of Crelus and Terra, 
who had 100 hands and 50 heads.— Hes. Th. 

A man among the ^Edui.— Cces. B. 

COTY^EUM, a town of Gallatia.— PL 5, 

32, of Phrygia. 

COTYL/EUS, a surname of iEsculapius, 
worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. 
His temple was raised by Hercules.— Pa. 
3,19. [41. 
COTYLIUS, a mountain of Arcadia.-Pa.s, 
COTYORA, a city of Asia Minor, founded 
bv a colony from Si'nope.— Di. 14. 

"COTYS,"the father of Asia.— Her. 4. 

A son of Manes by Callirhoe,who succeeded 

his father on the" throne of Maeonia. A 

king of Thrace.— C. Nep. Ip. Another, 

who favoured the interest of Pompey. He 

was of an irascible temper.— Luc. 5. 

Another, king of Thrace, who divided the 
kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was 
killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes 
from his banishment.— Ta. 2, An. 64.— Or. 2, 

Pon. e. 9. A king of the Odrysae.— Li. 42, 

29. A king of" Armenia Minor, who 

fought against Mithridates, in the age of 

Claudius.— Ta. An. 11. Another, who 

imagined he should marry Minerva, and 
who murdered some of his servants, who 
wished to dissuade him from expectations so 
frivolous and inconsistent.—^^. 12. 

COTYTTO.the goddess of all debauchery, 
whose festivals, called Cotytlia, were cele- 
brated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thra- 
cians, &c. during the night. Her priests 
were called Baptae, and nothing but de- 
bauchery and wantonness prevailed at the 
celebration. A festival of the same name 
was observed in Sicily, where the votaries 
of the goddess carried about boughs hung 
with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful 
for any person to pluck off. It was a capi- 
tal punishment to reveal w hatever was seen 
or done at those sacred festivals, and it 
cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable re- 
flection upon them. The goddess Cotytto 
is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or 
Ceres.— Hor. ep. 11.— Juv. 2. 

CRAGUS, a woody mountain of Cilicia, 
part of Mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. — 
Or. Me. 9.— Hor. 1, o. 21. 
CRAMBUSA, a town of Lycia. 
CRANAI,a surname of the A thenians, from, 
their king Cranaus.— Her. 8, 44. 
CR AN APES, a Persian, 6cc.—Her. 
CRANAUS, the second king of Athens, 
who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine 

years, B.C. H97-— Pau. 1, 2. A city of 

Caria.— PL 5, 29. [town of Arcadia. 

CRANE, a nvmph. Vide Carna. A 

CRANE CM, a gymnastic school at Co- 
rinth.— Diog, 



CRA- CRA 



CRA— CRA 



C RAN 1 1, a tow n of Cepliallenia. Th. 2, 30. 
CRANON & CRANNON. a town of Thes- 
saly, on the borders of Macedonia, where 
Atitipater and Craterus defeated the Athe- 
nians after Alexander's death. —Li. 26, 10. 
CRANTOR, a philosopher of Soli, among 

the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310.— Diog. An 

Mrmour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Derao- 
leon.— Ov. Me. 12. 

CRASSIPES, a surname of the family of 
the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Ci- 
cero's daughter, whom he soon after di- 
vorced.— Ci. At. 4, e. 5.— Li. 38, 42. 

CRASS ITIUS, L., a man who opened a 
school at Rome.— Sue. Gr. IS. 
CRASSUS, a grandfather of Crassus the 

Rich, who never laughed. — PI. 7, 19. 

PUBL. LIC IN IUS, a Roman high priest, 
about 131 years B. C, who went into Asia 
with an army against Aristonicus, where he 

was killed and buried at Smyrna. P. 

LiCINIUS, a celebrated Roman, surnamed 
Rich on account of his opulence. At first 
lse was very circumscribed in his circum- 
stances; but, by educating slaves, and sell- 
ing them at a high price, he soon enriched 
himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him 
to leave Rome ; and lie retired to Spain, 
where he remained concealed for eight 
months. After China's death he passed 
into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he 
served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his 
favour. When the gladiators, withSparta- 
cus at their head, had spread an universal 
alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the 
Roman generals, Crassus was sent against 
them. A battle was fought, in which Cras- 
sus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by 
this decisive blow, he soon put an end to 
the war, and was honoured with an ovalio 
at his return. He was soon after made con- 
pul with Pompey ; and in this high office he 
displayed his opulence, by entertaining the 
populace at 10,000 tables. He was after- 
wards censor, and formed the first trium- 
virate with Pompey and Caesar. As his love 
of riches was more predominant than that 
of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambi- 
tious conduct of his colleagues, but was sa- 
tisfied with the province of Syria, which 
seemed to promise an inexhaustible source 
of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his 
possessions, he set off from Rome, though 
the omens proved unfavourable, and every 
tiling seemed to threaten his ruin. He cross- 
ed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich 
cities of Babylon and Selucia, he hastened 
to make himself master of Parthia. He was 
betrayed in his, march by the delay of Arta- 
vasdes, king ot' Armenia, and the perfidy of 
Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by 
Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes", 
the king of Parthia ; and a battle was fought, 
in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 
10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the 
jiight favoured the escape of the rest, and 
Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence 
of his soldiers, and the treachery of his 
guides, trusted himself to the general of the 
enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of 
accommodation, and he was put to death. 
B. C. 63. His head was cut off, and sent to 



Orodes, who poured melted lead down Ms 
throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The 
firmness with which Crassus received the 
news of his son's death, who perished in 
that expedition, has been deservedly com- 
mended ; and the words that i e uttered when 
he surrendered himself into the hands of Su- 
rena, equally claim our admiration. He 
was wont to say, that no man ought to be 
accounted rich if he could not maintain an 
army. Though he has been called avarici- 
ous, yet he showed himself always ready to 
lend money to his friends without interest. 
He was fond of philosophy, and his know- 
ledge of history was great and extensive. — 

Plu. has written his life. — JPZ. 3, 11. 

PUBLIUS, the son of the rich Crassus, went 
to Parthia with his father. Whenhesaw 
himself surrounded by the enemy, and with- 
out any hope of escape, he ordered one of 
his men to run him through. His head was 
cut off, and shown with insolence to his fa- 
ther by the Parthians.— Plu. Cr. L. U- 

C IN IUS, a celebrated Roman orator, com 
mended by Cicero, and introduced in his 

book de Or. as the principal speaker. A 

son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil 
wars, after Ceesar's death. 

CRASTINUS, a man in Caesar's arm v kill- 
ed at the battle of Pharsalia.— C<bs. B. G. 
3, 99. 

CRATAiS, the mother of Scylla, supposed 
to be the same as Hecate.— H. Od. 12. 

CRATiEUS, conspired against Archelaus, 
&c. — Aris. 

CRATER,abayof Campania nearMisenus. 
CRATERUS, one of Alexander's generais. 
He rendered himself conspicuous by his li- 
terary fame, as well as by his valour in the 
field, and wrote the history of Alexander's 
life. He was greatly respected and loved by 
the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander al- 
ways trusted him with unusual confidence. 
After Alexander's death he subdued Greece 
with An-ripater, and passed with his col- 
league into Asia, where he was killed in a 
battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had 
received for his share of Alexander's king- 
doms, Greece and Epirus.— Nep. Eu. 2. — 
Ju. \2.—Curt. Z.—Arr.—Plu. Al. A phy- 
sician of Atticus, mentioned by Ci. 12. At. e. 

13.— Hor. 2. S. 3. A painter whose pieces 

adorned the public buildings of Athens.— 
PI. 35, 11. — An Athenian, who collected into 
one body all the decrees which had passed 
in the public assemblies at Athens. A fa- 
mous sculptor. 

CRA TES, a philosopher^ Bceotia, son of 
Ascondus, and disciple ot Diogenes the Cy- 
nic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave 
the money to his fellow citizens. He was 
naturally deformed, and he rendered him- 
self more hideous by sewing sheep's skins to 
his mantle, and by the singularity of his 
manners. He clothed himself as warm as 
possible in the summer : but in the winter, 
his garments were uncommonly thin, and 
incapable of resisting the inclemency of the 
season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philo- 
sopher, became enamoured of him ; and as 
he could not check her passion by represent- 
ing himself as poor and deformed, he mar- 



CRA-CRE 



i94 



CRE-CRE 



ried her. He had by her two daughters, 
whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, 
after he had permitted them their company 
for 30 days, by wav of trial. Some of his 

•etters are extant. Diog. vi. A stoic, son 

of Timocrates,who opened a school at Rome, 
where he taught grammar.— Sue. A na- 
tive of Pergamus, who wrote an account of 
the most striking events of every age, B.C. 

165.— £1. An. 17, 9. A philosopher of 

Athens, who succeeded in the school of his 
master Polemon.— An Athenian comic poet. 

CRATESICLEA, the mother of Cleo- 
menes, who went to Egvptin hopes of serv- 
ing her country, kc.— Plu. CI. 

CRATESIPOLIS, a queen of Sicyon, who 
>eveiely punished some of her subjects, who 
had revolted at the death of Alexander, her 
husband, kc.—Poly. 8, 58. 

CRATES1PPIDAS, a commander of the 
Lacedaemonian fleet, against the Athenians, 
kc.—Di. 13. 

CRATEVAS,ageneralofCassander.-Di.l9. 

CRATEUS, a son of Minos. 

CRATHIS, a river of Achaia, falling into 

ihe bay of Corinth. — Str. 8. Another in 

Magna'Graecia, whose waters were supposed 
to give a yellow colour to the head and 
beard of those that drank them.— Or. 1 4. Me. 
—Pa. 7, 25.— PI. 31, 2. 

CRATfNUS, a native of Athens, cele- 
brated for his comic writings, and his fond- 
ness for drinking. He died at the age of 97, 
B.C. 431 years. QuintiSiau greatly com- 
mends his comedies, which the little remains 
of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. — 
Hot. 1, S. -i.—Quin. A wrestler of an un- 
common beauty.— Pa. 7, 25. A river of 

Asia.— PI. 37, 2. 

CRATIPPUS, a philosopher of Mitylene, 
who, among oihers, taught Cicero's son at 
Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pom- 
pey visited the house of Cratippus, where 
their discourse was chiefly turned upon Pro- 
videuce, which the warrior blamed, and the 
pmlosopher defended. — Plu. Pom. — Ci 



over which, as some suppose,Annibai pa.<seti 
to enter Italy.— Di. 21,38. 

CREMUTIUS CORDUS, an historian, 
who wrote an account of Augustus, and of 
the civil wars, and starved himself for fear 
of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he 
had offended, by calling Cassius the last of 
the Romans.— Ta. An. 55, 34.— Sue. Au. 35. 
CRENTS.a nymph mentioned bvOi-.37e.12. 
CREON, kiiig of Corinth, was' son of Si- 
syphus. He promised his daughter Glauce 
to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To re- 
venge the success of her rival, Medea sent 
her, for a present, a gown covered with poi- 
son. Glauce put it on, and was seized with 
sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she 
expired in the greatest torments. The house 
was also consumed by the fire, and Creon 
and his family shared* Glance's fate.— Apol. 

1,9.— Eur. Me.— Hyg. fa. 25.— Di. 4. A 

son of Mencetius, father of Jocasta, the wife 
and mother of (Edii us. At the death of 
Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended 
the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ra- 
vages of the Sphinx (Vide Sphinx) were 
intolerable, Creon offered his crown ani" 
daughter in marriage to him who would 
explain the enigmas which the monstei 
proposed. (Edipus was happy in his ex- 
planations, and he ascended the throne of 
Thebes, and married Jocasta without know- 
ins: that she was his mother, and by her he 
had two sons, Polynices and Eteoclesu 
These two sons mutually agreed, after their 
father's death, to reign in the kingdom each 
alternately, Eteocles first ascending th~ 
throne by right of seniority; but when hp 
was once in power, he refused to resign si 
the appointed time, and his brother le 1 
against him an army of Argives to support 
his rig-ht. The war was decided by singl 
combat between the two brothers. The; 
bo.h killed one another, and Creon ascended 
the throne, till Leodamas, the son of Eteo- 
cles, should be of a sufficient age to assume 
the reins of government. In his regal ca- 



Ojf. 1. An historian, contemporary with pacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, 



Thucvdides.— Dio. H. 

CRATYLUS, a philosopher, preceptor to 
Plato after Socrates. 

CRAUSI.cE, two islands on the coast of 
Peloponnesus. 

CRAUSIS, the father of Philopcemen. 

CRAUXIDAS, a man who obtained an 
Olympic crown at a horse race.— Pa. 5, 8. 

CREMERA, a small river of Tuscany, 
falling into the Tiber, famous for the death 
of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a 
battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. — 
Ov. F. Z.—Juv. 2. 

CREM I DES, a place of Bithvnia.— Di.I4. 

CREMMA, a town of Lvcia. 

CREMMVON St CROMMYON, a town 
near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow 
of uncommon bieness.— Ov. Me. 7. 

CREMNT & CREMNOS, a commercial 
place on the Palus Maeotis.— Her. 4, 2. 

CREMONA, a town of'Cisalpine Gaul, on 
the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman co- 
lony, and suffered much when Annibal first 
passed into Italy.— Liv.2 1,56.— Ta.His .3A. 
CREMOMS JO GUM, a part of the Alps, 



and more particularly Polynices, who was 
the cause of all the bloodshed, should re- 
main unburied. If this was in any manner 
disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried 
alive. Antigone, tiie sister of Polynices, 
transgressed, and was accordingly puuished. 
Haemon, the son of Creon, who was passion- 
ately fond of Antigone, killed himself on 
her grave, when his father refused to grant 
her pardon. Creou was afterwards killed 
by Theseus, w ho had made w ar against him 
at the request of Adrastus, because he re- 
fused burial to the Argives. Fide Eteocles, 
Polynices, Adrastus, OZaipus.— Apot.3, 56.— 
Pa.' 1,39.— St. Th.—Soph. Ant.—£sch.—S 

Th.—Hyg. fa. 67.— Di. i. The first an 

nuai arciion at Athens, 661 B.C. 

CREONTI ADES, a son of Hercu]<>s,~ by 
Megara daughter of Creon, killed bj his 
father, because he had slain Lvcus. 

CKEOPHILUS, a Samian, who hospitable 
entertained Homer, from whom he recei»- J d 
a poem in return. Some say that he was 
that poet's master, kc.—Ser. 14 An his- 
torian.— ALU. 8. 



CRE-CRE 195 CRE — CR2 



CREPERIU3 POLLIO, a Roman, who 
spent his all in the most extravagant de- 
bauchery.— Juv. 9. 

CRES, an inhabitant of Crete. The 

first king- of Crete.— Pa. 8, 53. 

CRESA & CRESSA, a town of Caria. 

CRESIUS, a hill of Arcadia.-Pa. 8, 44. 

CRESPHONTES, a son of Aristomachus, 
who, wich his brothers Temenus and Aristo- 
demus, attempted to recover the Pelopon- 
nesus.— Pa. 4, 3. 

CR ESSI US, belonging- to Crete.— V.JEnA. 

CRESTON, a town of Thrace, capital of 
a part of the country called Crestonia. The 
inhabitants had each many wives ; and when 
the husband died, she who had received the 
g reatest share of his affection was cheerfully 
elain on his grave. — Her. 5, 5. 

CRESUS& EPHESUS, two men who built 
the temple of Diana at Ephesus.— Pa. 7, 2. 

CRETA, one of the largest islands of the 
flJediterranean sea, at the south of all the 
Cyclades. It was once famous for its hun- 
dred cities, and for the laws which the wis- 
dom of Minos established there. The in- 
habitants have been detested for their unna- 
tural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, 
and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors 
report, was educated in that island by the 
Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that 
they could show his tomb. There were dif- 
ferent colonies from Phrygia,Doris,Achaia, 
&c. that established themselves there. The 
island, after groaning - under the tyranny of 
democratical usurpation, and feeling- the 
scourge of frequent sedition, was made a 
Roman province, B. C. 66, after a war of 3 
years, in which the inhabitants were so dis- 
tressed that they were even compelled to 
drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was 
produced there, and thence called Creta, and 
with it the Romans marked their lucky days 
in their calendar.— Hor. 1, 36.— Ov. 3.— Fa. 
Ma. 7, 6.—Str. \0.—Luc. 3.—V. Mn. 3.— Me. 
2,7,— Plin. 4, 12. 

CRETiEUS, a poet mentioned by Proper' 
tins 2, el. 34. 

CRETE, the wife of Minos.- Apol. 3, 1. 
— -A daughter of Deucalion.— J^. 3,3. 

CRETEA, a country of Arcadia, where 
Jupiter was educated, according- to some 
traditions.— Pa. 8, 38. 

CRETES, inhabitants of Crete. — V.ELnA. 

CRETE US, a Trojan, distinguished as a 
poet and musician. He followed iEneas, and 

was killed byTurnus.— V.fcn.9 Another, 

killed by Turnus.— Id. 12. 

CRETHEJS, the wife of Acastus king- of 
lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son 
of /Eacus, and accused him of attempts upon 
her virtue, because he refused to comply with 
her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hip- 
polvte or Astyadamia.— Pind. N.4. 

CRETHEUS, a son of Mollis, father of 
iEson, by Tyro his brother's daughter.— 
Apol. 1,7. 

CRETHON, a son of Diodes, engaged in 
the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He 
was slain with his brother Orfilochus, by 
Ameas.— H. 11. 5. 

CRETICUS, a certain orator.— Juv.2. 

surname of M. Antony's father. 



CRESS AS, a famous boxer.— Pa. 1. 

CREUSA, a daughter of Creon, king of 
Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, 
who had divorced Medea, she put on a poi- 
soned garment, which immediately set her 
body on fire, and she expired in the most 
excruciating torments. She had received 
this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished 
to take that revenge upon the infidelity of 
Jason. Some call her Glauce. — Ov.A.A. i, 

335. A daughter of Priam, king of Troy, 

by Hecuba. She married iEneas, by whom 
she had some children, among which was 
Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled 
in the night, with her husband ; but they 
were separated in the midst of the confusion, 
and iEneas could not recover her, nor hear 
where she was. Cybele saved her and car- 
ried her to her temple, of which she became 
priestess ; according to the relation of Vir- 
gil, who makesCreusa appear to her husband 
in a vision, while he was seeking her in the 
tumult of war. She predicted to iEneas the 
calamities that attended him, the fame he 
should acquire when he came to Italy, and 
his consequent marriage with a princess of 
the country.— Pa. 10, 16.— V. En. 2,562, &c. 
— A daughter of Erechtheus,king of Athens. 

She was mother of Janus by Apollo. A 

town of Boeotia.— Str. 9.— Pa. 9, 32. 

CREUSIS, a naval station of the Thes- 
pians.— Pa. 9, 32. [ponnesus.— Apol. 2, 1. 

CRIASUS, a son of Argus, king of Pelo- 

CRINIPPUS, a general of Dionysius the 
elder. [A priest of Apollo. 

CRINIS, a stoic philosopher.— Laer. 

CRINISUS & CRIMISUS, now Caltabel- 
lota, a river on the western parts of Sicily 
near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the 
Carthaginian forces.— C. Nep.T.— V.Mn. 5, 

v. 38. The word in the various editions 

of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Cri- 

misus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. • 

The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who ex- 
posed his daughter on the sea, rather than 
su ffer her to be devoured by the sea monster 
which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity 
of Laomedon. [Vide Eaomedon.] The 
daug-hter came safe to the shores of Sicily. 
Crinisus some time after went in quest of 
his daughter, and was so disconsolate for 
her loss, that the gods changed him into a 
river in Sicily, and granted him the power 
of metamorphosing himself into whatever 
shape he pleased. He made use of this pri- 
vilege to seduce the neighbouring nvmphs. 

CRINO, a daughter of Antenor.— Pa. 10, 
27. One of the Dauaides. — Apol. 

CRISON. a man of Himera, w ho obtained 
a prize at Olympia, Sec— Pa. 5, 23. 

CRISPLNA, a Roman matron, &c— Ta. 
1, Hist. 47. 

CRISPINUS, a praetorian, who, though 
originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the 
acquisition of riches, raised to the honours 
of Roman knighthood by Domitian.— Juv. 

1. A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for 

his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious 
poem he wrote, to explain the tenets of his 
own sect, to which Hor. alludes In the last 
verses of \, S. 1 

CRISPU3 SALLUSTIUS. Vide Sallustius. 



CRI-CRI 



i GO 



C III - CEO 



«— -VIRIO, a famous orator.— Quin. 10, 1. 

• Tne second liusband of Agrippina. 

FLA V. JUL.a son of the Great Constantine, 
made Caesar by his father, and distinguished 
for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, 
his step-mother, wished to seduce him ; and 
when he refused, she accused him before 
Constantine, who believed the crime, and 
cause'! his son to be poisoned, A. D. 326. 

CRISSiELS SINLS,abavon the coast of 
Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of 
Salona. It received its name from Crissa, 
a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and 
near Delphi. [7, 26. 

CRITALA, a town of Cappadocia.— Her. 

CRITHEIS, a daughter of Melanippos, 
who became pregnant b\an unknown person, 
and afterwards married' Phemisis of Smyrna, 
and brought forth the poet Homer, accord- 
ing to Her. vi. [sonesus.— C. Nep. 

CR ITHOTE, a (own of theThracian Clier- 

CRITIAS, one of tlie 30 tyrants set over 
Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent 
and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, 
and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and 
put them to death. He was killed in a bat- 
tle against those citizens whom his oppres- 
sion had banished. He had been among the 
disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies 
and other compositions, of which some frag- 
ments remain.— Ci. 2. Or. A philosopher. 

A man who wrote on republics. Ano- 
ther who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades. 

CRITO, one of the disciples of Socrates, 
who attended his learned preceptor in his 
last moments, and composed some dialogues 

now lost.— Diog. A physician in the age 

of Artaxerxes Longimanus. An historian 

of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that 
had happened during eight particular years 

of his life. A .Macedonian historian," who 

w rote an account of Fallene, of Persia, of 
the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getae,&c. 

CRITOBULUS, a general of Phocis, at 
the battle of Thermopylae, between Antio- 

chus and the Romans.— Pa. 10, 20. A 

physician in the age of Philip king of Mace- 
donia.— Pi. 7, 37. A son of Crito, disci- 
ple to Socrates.— Dio. Cr. [PI. 5, 76. 

CRITODEMUS, an ancient historian.— 

CRITOGNATUS, a celebrated warrior of 
Alesia. when Caesar was in Gaul.— Cats. E.G. 

CRITOLAUS,a citizen of Tegeain Arca- 
dia, who, with two brothers, fousrht against 
the two sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to 
put an end to the long war between their 
respective nations. The brothers of Crito- 
laus were both killed, and he alone re- 
mained to withstand his three bold antago- 
nists. He conquered them; and when, at 
his return, his sister deplored the death of 
one of his antagonists, to whom she was be- 
trothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. 
The offence deserved capital punishment; 
but he was pardoned, on account of the 
services he had rendered his country. He 
was afterwards general of the Achseans, 
and it is said that he poisoned himself, be- 
cause he had been conquered at Thermo- 
pylae by the Romans.— Ci. de Nat. D. A 

peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent am- 
li.issa.dor to Rome, &c. NO B. C— Ci. 2, de 



Or. — An historian who wrote about Epirna. 

CRIUS, a soothsaver, son of Theocles.— 

Pa. 3, 13. A man of iEgina, Sec— He/. 

6, 50. A river of Achaia, called after a 

giant of the same name.— Pa. 7, 27. 

CROB1ALUS, a town of Paphlagonia. 

CROBY'ZI,a people of Thrace. 

CROCALE, one of Diana's attendants.— 
Ov. Me. 3. 

CROCErE, a town of Laconia.— Pa. 3. 21 

CROCODILOPOLIS, a town of Egypl, 
near the Nile, above Memphis. The cro- 
codiles were held there in the greatest ve- 
neration ; and they were so tame, that they 
came to feed from the hand cf their feeders. 
It was afterwards called Arsinoe. — Her. 2, 
69.— Sir. 17. 

CROCUS, a beautiful youth enamoured 
of the nymph Smilax. He was changed 
into a flower of the same name, on account 
of the impatience of his love, and Smilax 
was metamorphosed into a yew tree.— Of. 
4, Me. 

CRCESUS, the fifth and last of the Merm- 
nadae, who reigned in Lydia, was son of 
Alyattes,and passed for the richest of man- 
kind. He was the first who made the 
Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. 
His court was the asylum of learning ; and 
JEsop the famous fable-w riter,among others, 
lived under his patronage. In a conversa- 
tion with Solon, C»-n.-sus wished to be thought 
the hapi iest of i jikind ; but the philoso- 
pher apprised hiir of his mistake, and gave 
the preference to poverty and domestic vir- 
tue. Croesus undertook "a w ar against Cy- 
rus the kit g of Persia, and marched to 
meet him with an army of 420,000 n.en, and 
60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he 
was defeated, B.C. 548 ; his capitol" was be- 
seiged, and he fell into the conquerors 
hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive- 
The pile was already on fire, when Cyru« 
heard the conquered monarch three time 
exclaim, Solon ! with lamentable energy. 
He asked him the reason of his exclamation, 
and Croesus repeated the conversation he 
had once with Solon on human happiness. 
Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the 
recollection of the inconstancy of human 
a _ < fairs, he ordered Croesus to be* taken from 
the burning pile, and he became one of his 
mosc intimate friends. The kingdom of 
Lydia became extinct in his person, and 
the power was transferred to Persia. Croe- 
sus survived Cyrus. The manner of his 
death is unknown. He is celebrated for 
the immensely rich presents which he made 
to the temple'of Delphi, from which he re- 
ceived an obscure and ambiguous oracle, 
which he interpreted in his favour, and 
which was fulfilled in the destruction of his 
empire.— Her. 1, 2o.—Plu. Sol. 8, 24.— 
Jus. 1, c. 

CRoMT, a people of Arcadia. 

CROMITIS, a country of Arcadia. 

CROM M YON £c CROM YON, a place of 
Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow 
that laid waste the neighbouring country. 
— Or. Me. 7. — Xen. A town near Co- 
rinth.— Pa. 2, I. 

CROM N A, a town of Bithvnia. 



CHO-CTE 



197 



CTE — CUM 



CROMUS, a son of Neptune. -Pa. 2. I. 
—A son of Lycaon. — Id. 8, 3. 

CRONIA, a festival at Athens in honour 
of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the 
same festival, and generally sacrificed to 
the trod a condemned malefactor. 

CRONIUM, a town of Elis. of Sicily. 

CROPHI, a mountain of Egypt, near 
which were the sources of the Nile, ac- 
cording to some traditions, in the city of 
Sai*.— Her. 2, 23. 

CROSSiEA, a country situate partly in 
Thrace, and partly in Macedonia.— Her. 
7, 123. [PL a, 10. 

CROTALUS, a navigable river of Italy.— 

CROTON, a man filled by Hercules, by 
whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. 
—Di. 4. 

CROTONA, a town of Italy, still known 
by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, 
founded 759 years before the Augustan age, 
by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants 
were excellent warriors, and great wrest- 
lers. Democedes, Alcmaeon, Milo, &c. 
were natives of this place. It was sur- 
rounded with a wall twelve miles in cir- 
cumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus 
In Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against 
the attacks of Diunysiusof Sicily, who took 
it. It suffered likewise in the wars of 
Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample 
glory, in being the place where Pythagoras 
established his school.— Her. 8, 47.— Sir. 6. 
— PL 'J. m.— Li. 1, 16.— Ju. 20, 2. 

CROTON IATA, the inhabitants of Cro- 
tona.— Ci. in. 2, 1. 

CROTONIATIS, a part of Italy, of which 
Crotona is the capital.— Th. 7, 35. 

CROTOPIAD ES, a patronymic of Linus, 
grandson of Crotopus.— Ov. lb. 

CROTOPUS, a king of Argos, son of 
Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother 
of" Linus by Apollo.— Ov. lb. 

CROTUS, a son ot Eumene the nurse of 
the Muses. He devoted his life to the la- 
bours of the chace, and after death Jupiter 
placed him among the constellations under 
the name of Sagittarius.— Pa. 9, 29. 

CRUNOS,a town of Peloponnesus. -Me.2.2. 

CRUSIS, a place near Olynthos. 

CRUSTUMERIUM & CRUSTUMERIA, 
a town of the Sabines. — Li. 4, 9,— V. JEn. 7. 

CRUSTUMINUM, a town of Etruria, 
near Veii, famous for pears : whence the 
adjective Crustumia.—Virg. G. 2. 

CRUSTUM1UM,CRUSTUNUS& CRUS- 
TURNENIUS, now Conca, a river flowing 
from the Apennines by Ariminum.— Luc. 2. 

CRYNIS, a river of Bithynia. 

CRYPTA, a passage through mount Pau- 
llypus. Vide Pausilypus. 

CTEATUS,one of the Grecian chiefs be- 
ore Troy.— Pa. 5, 4. 

CTEMENE, a town of Thessaly. [rica. 

CTENOS, a harbour of Chersonesus Tau- 

CTESIAS, a Greek historian and physi- 
cian of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artax- 
f-rxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. 
He cured the king's wounds, and was his 
physician for 17 years. He wrote an his- 
tory of the Assyrians and Persians, which 
Justin and Diodorus have partially pre- 



tf/red to that of Herodotus. Some frag- 
ments of his compositions have been pre- 
served by Phocius, and are to be found ir 
Wesseling's edition of Herodotus.— Str. ». 

—Ath. \2.—Plu. Art. A sycophant ci 

Athens. An historian of Ephesus. 

CTESIB I US, a mathematician of Alexan- 
dria, who flourished 135 years B.C. He 
was the inventor of the pump, and other 
hydraulic instruments. He also invented a 
clepsydra, or water clock. This invention 
of measuring time by water was wonderful 
and ingenious. Water was made to drop 
upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels 
communicated their regular motion to a 
small wooden image, which by a gradua 
rise, pointed with a stick to the proper 
hours and months, which were engraved on 
a column near the machine. This artful 
invention gave rise to many improvements ; 
and the modern manner of measuring time 
with an hour-glass is an imitation of the 
clepsydra of tesibius. —Vitr. Arc. 9, 9. 

A cynic philosopher. An historian, 

who flourished 254 years B.C. and died in 
his 104th year.— Plu. Dem. 

CTESICLES, a general of Zacynthos. 

CTESIDEMUS,'a painter who had Anti- 
philus for his pupil.— PL 35, 10. 

CTESJLOCHUS, a noble painter who re- 
presented Jupiter as bringing forth Bac- 
chus.— PL 35, 11. 

CTESIPHON, an Athenian, son of Leos- 
thenes, who advised his fellow citizens pub- 
licly to present Demosthenes with a golden 
crown for his probity and virtue. This 
was opposed by the orator Aschines, the 
rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesi- 
phon of seditious views. Demosthenes un- 
dertook the defence of his friend, in a cele- 
brated oration still extant, and Aschines 

was banished.— Dem. Mac. Cor. A 

Greek architect, who made the plan of 

Diana's temple at Ephesus. An elegiac 

poet, whom king Attalus set over his pos- 
sessions in Aolia.— Ath. 10. A Greek 

historian, who wrote an history of Bceotia, 
besides a treatise on trees and plants. Plu. 

Th. A large village of Assyria, now El- 

modain, on the banks of the Tigris, where 
the kings of Parthia generally resided in 
winter, on account of the mildness of the cli- 
mate.— Sir. 15.—PL 6, 26. 

CTESIPPUS, a son of Chabrias. After 
his father's death he was received into the 
house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. 
Phocion attempted in vain to correct his 
natural foibles and extravagancies.— Plu. 

Pho. A man who wrote an history of 

Scythia. One of the descendants of Her- 
cules. 

CTIMENE, the youngest daughter of La 
ertes bv Anticlea.— H. Od. 15. 

CULARO, a town of the Allobroges in 
Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopolis, and 
now Grenoble. — Ci. e. 

CUMA & CUM A:, a town of Aolia, in 
Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been ac- 
cused ot stupiditv for not laying a tax upon 
all the goods which entered their harbour 
during 300 years. They were called Cu- 
mani.-Str. 14.— Pat. I, 4. A city of 



CUM— CUP 



198 



CUP— CUR 



Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a co- 
lony t'rom Chalcis and Cnmse, of .<Eolia, 
before the Trojan war. The inhabitants 
were called C <ei and Cumani. There 
was one of the Sibyls, that fixed her resi- 
dence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and 
was called the Cumaean Sihvi. [Vide Sihxl- 
lae.]— Ov. Me. 15. F. A. Pon. 2, e. S.—Ci. 
Rul. 2.— Pat. 1, A.—V. JEn. 3.— Li. A.—Pto. 
3.—Str. 5. 

CUMANUM, a country house of Porapey, 

near Cumae.— Ci. At. 4,"e. 10. Another 

of Varro.— Id. Ac. I, I. 

CONAXA, a place of Assyria, 503 stadia 
from Babylon, famous for a battle fought 
there between Artaxerxes and his brother 
Cyrus the younger B. C. 401. The latter 
entered the'field of battle with 113,000 men, 
and the former's forces amounted to90o,000 
men. The valour and the retreat of the 
10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops 
of Cyrus, are well known, and have been 
celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who 
was present at the battle, and who had the 
principal care of the retreat. --Plu. A rt.-Cte. 

CUNEUS, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, 
extending: into the sea in the form of a 
wedge.— Mel. 3. \.—Plin. 4, 22. 

CUPAVO, a son of Cycnus who assisted 
iEneas against Turnus.— V. JEn. 10. 

CDPENTUS, a friend of Turnus, killed 
by iEneas.— V. JEn. 12. 

CUPIDO, a celebrated deity anion? the 
ancients, god of love, and love itself. There 
are different traditions concerning his pa- 
rents. Cicero mentions three Cupids ; one 
s:-n of Mercury and Diana ; another son of 
Mercury and Venus ; and the third, of Mars 
and Veil us. Plato mentions two ; Hesiod, 
the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of 
one, who as he says, was produced at the 
same time as Chaos and the Earth. There 
are, according to the more received opinions, 
two Cupids, one of whom is a lively in- 
genious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus 
whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, L 
distinguished by his debauchery and riotous 
disposition. Cupid is represented as a 
winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and 
a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all 
other pieces of antiquity, he is represented 
as amusing himself with "some childish diver- 
sion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, 
throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, 
catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with 
a torch ; at other* times "he plays upon a 
horn before his ni otter, or closely embraces 
a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, 
he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate 
some trick. Sometime*, like a conqueror, 
he marches triumphantly with a helmet on 
his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a 
buckler on his arm, intimating that even 
Mars himself owns the superiority of love. 
His power was generallyknown by his riding 
on tne back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or 
breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Ju- 
piter. Among the ancients he was worship- 
ped with the same solemnity as his mother 
Venus, and as his influence was extended 
over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and 
*"*;ii the em pise of the dead, hie divinity was 



universally acknowledged, and vows,prayeiN 
and sacrifices were daily offered to "him. 
According to some accounts, the union of 
Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and 
all the animals which inhabit the earth, and 
even the gods themselves were the offspring 
of love before the foundation of the world"! 
Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed 
different shapes ; and we find him in the 
iEneid putting on, at the request of his mo- 
ther, the form of Ascanius, and going to 
Dido's court, where he inspired the queen 
with love.— V. Mn. l.— Ci. Nat. D. 3.— Of. 
Me. l,f. 10.— Hes. Th.—Op. H. 4. Cyn. 2.— 
Bi. Id. Z.—Mos.—Eur. Hip.—Th. Id. 3, 11. 

CUPIENN1US, a friend of Augustus, who 
made himself ridiculous for the nicety and 
effeminacy of his dress.— Hor. \, S, 2." 

CURES, a town of the Sabines, of which 
Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called 
Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which 
thev became citizens.— V. JEn. I.— Li. 1, 13 
—Mac. 1, 9.— Of. F. 2. 

CURETES, a people of Crete, called also 
Corybantes, who, according to Oud, were 
produced from rain. The r knowledge of all 
the arts was extensive, and they communi- 
cated it tomany partsof ancientGreece. Thev 
were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, 
and to prevent his being discovered by his 
father, they invented a kind of dance, and 
drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of 
their shields and cymbals. As a reward for 
their attention, they w ere made priests and 
favourite ministers of Rhea, called also 
Cybeie, who had entrusted them with the 
care of Jupiter.— Dio. H. 2.— V.G. A.— Sir. 
10.— Pa. 4, 33.— Oo. Me. A. 

CURETIS, a name given to Crete, as 
being the residence of the Curetes.-Ov.Me.rh 
CURIA, a division of the Roman tribes- 
Romulus originally divided the people into 
three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curias. 
Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who 
offi iated at the sacrifices of his respective 
assembly. The sacrifices were called Cu- 
rionia and the priest Curio. He was to be 
above the age of fifty. His morals were to 
be pure and unexceptionable, and his bodv 
free from all defects. The Curiones were 
elected by their respective Curiae, and above 
them was a superior priest called Curio 
maximus, chosen by all the Curiae in a 
public assembly. The word Curia, was also 
applied to public edifices among the Ro 
mans. These were generally of two sorts, 
divine and civil. In the former were held 
the assemblies of the priests, and of every 
religious order for the regulation of religious 
sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was 
appointed for the senate, where they assem- 
bled for the dispatch of public business. The 
Curia was solemnly consecrated by the 
Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be 
convened there. There were three at Rome 
which more particularly claim our atten- 
tion ; Curia Hosliiia, built by king Tnilus 
Hostilius ; Curia Pompeii, where Julius 
Caesar was murdered ; and Curia Augusti y 
the palace and court of the emperor Augus- 
tus. A town of the Rhoeti, now Coire, the 

capital of the Gi isons. 



CUR- CUR 

CURIA LEX, de comitiis, was enacted by 
hi. Curius Dentatus, the tribune. It for- 
bade the convening of the Comitia, for the 
election of magistrates, without a previous 
permission from the senate. 

CURIAS. Vide Curium. 

CURIATII, a family of Alba, which was 
carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and 
entered among the' patricians. The three 
Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost 
the victory, were of this family. — Fl. 1, 3.— 
Bio. H. 3. -Li. l, 24. 

CURIO, Q., an excellent orator,who called 
Caesar in full senate, Omnium mulierum 
virum, et omnium virorum mulierem. — Ta. 

21. aw. 7.— Sue. Cccs. 49.— Ci. Br. His son 

C. Scribonius was tribune of the people, and 
an intimate friend of Caesar. He saved 
Cgesar's life as he returned from the senate- 
house, after the debates concerning thepu- 
nishments which ought to be inflicted on the 
adherents of Cataline. He killed himself in 
Africa. — Fl. 4, 2.— Plu. Pom. Cess. 49.— 
Va. Ma. 9. \.—Luc. 

CURIOSOLIT^E, a people among the 
Celtae, who inhabited the country which now 
iorms Lower Britanv.— C<es. B. G. 2, 34. 

CURIUM, a town of Cyprus, at a small 
distance from which, in the south of the 
inland, there is a cape which bears the 
name of Curias.— Her. 5, 113. , 

CURIUS DENTATUS, MARCUS AN 
NIUS, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude 
and frugality. He was three times consul, 
and was twice honoured with a triumph. He 
obtained decisive victories over the Sam 
nites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and 
defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The am- 
bassadors of theSamnites visited his cottage, 
while he was boiling some vegetables inan 
earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe 
him by the offer of large presents. He re- 
fused their offers with contempt, and said, 
I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels 
of gold and silver, and it is my wish to com- 
mand those who are in possession of money, 
while 1 am deprived of it, and live in povertv 
—Plu. C. C.— Hor. 1, o. 12, 41.— Fl. 1, 15 

A lieutenant of Caesar's cavalry, to whom 

six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. — Cces, 
B. C. 24. [ted with Tatius to Rome, 

CURTIA, a patrician family which niigra- 

CURTLLLUS, a celebrated epicure, &c. 
— Hor. 1. 5.2. 

CURT1US, M., a Roman youth who devo- 
ted himself to the gods' manes for the safety 
of his country, about 360 years B. C. 
wide gap called afterwards Curtius lacus, 
bad snddenly opened in the forum, and the 
oracle had said that it never would close 
brfore Rome threw into it whatever it had 
most precious. Curtius immediately per- 
ceived that no less than a human sacrifice 
was required. He armed himself ; mountid 
his boi&e, and solemnly threw himself into 
the gulpli, which instantly closed over his 

head. -Li. 6, 7— Va. Ma. 5,9. Q. RUFUS. 

Vide Quintus. NICIAS, a grammarian, 

intimate with Pompey, &c. — Sue. Gr. 

MONTANUS, an orator and poet under Ves- 
pasian.— Ta. 4, An. ATTICUS, a Roman 

fc;ijght, who accompanied Tiberius in his re- 



1S9 CUR-CY.V 

treat into Campania.-Ta. Art. 4. LACUS, 

tiie gulf into which Curtius leaped. [Vide 
M. Curtius.] FONS, a stream which con- 
veyed water to Rome from the distance of 
49 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be 
distributed through all the hills of the citv. 
—PI. 36, 25. 

CURULIS MAGISTR ATUS,a state officer, 
at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting 
in an ivory chair at public assemblies. The 
dictator, the consuls, the censors, the prae- 
tors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and 
threfore were called curulcs magiatratus. 
The senators who had passed through the 
above-mentioned offices, were generally 
carried to the senate-house in ivory chair*, 
as all generals in their triumphant proces- 
sion to the Capitol. When names of dis- 
tinction began to be known among the Ro- 
mans, the descendants of curule magistrates 
were called nobiles, the first of a family who 
discharged that office were known by the 
name of noti, and those that had never been 
in office were called ignobiles. 

CUSSiEI, a nation of Asia, destroyed by 
Alexander to appease the manes of Hephes- 
tion.— Plu. Alex. [Danube, now the Va^ 
CUSUS,a riv er of Hungary falling into the 
CUTILIUM, a town of the Sabines, near 
a lake which contained a floating island ; 
and of which the water was of an unusually 
cold quality.— PI. 3, 12.— Sen. Q. N. 3, 25. 
—Li. 26, II. 
CYAMOSORUS, a river of Sicily. 
CYANE, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom 
her father offered violence in a fit of drunk- 
enness. She dragged her ravisher to the 
aitar, where she sacrificed him, and killed 
herself to stop a pestilence, which, from 
that circumstance, had already begun to 

afflict the country.— Plu. Par. A nymph 

of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proser- 
pine when she was carried away by Pluto. 
The god changed her into a fountain non- 
called Pisme, a few miles from Svracuse. 

— Ov. Me. 5. A town of Lycia.— PL 5,27. 

An innkeeper, Scc.—Juv. 8. 

CYANE^, now the Pavorane, tworugtred 
islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, 
about twenty stadia from the mouth of the 
Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the 
side of Asia, and the other on the European 
coast, and, according to Strabo, there is 
only a space of 20 furlongs between them. 
The waves of the sea, which continually 
break against them with a violent noise, fill 
the air with a darkening foam, and render 
the passage extremely dangerous. The an- 
cients supposed that these islands floated, 
and even sometimes united to crush vesse's 
into pieces when they passed through the 
straits. This tradition arose from their ap- 
pearing, like all other objects, to draw 
nearer~when navigators approached them. 
Thev were sometimes called Srjmplrgadrs 
and Planeta. Their true situation and form 
was first explored and ascertained by the 
Argonauts.— PI. 6, 12.— Her. 4, tb.—Apol. si . 
— Lyc. 1285a — Sir. \.-Me.2,l.-Ov.Tr.\,c.'A. 

CYAN EE and CYAN F.A, a daughter of the 
Maeander, mother of Byblis and Caunus, by 
Miletus, Apollo's son. Or. Me, 9. 



CYA-CYB 

CYANEUS, a large river of Colchis. 

CYANIPPE, a daughter of Adrastus. 

CYANIPPUS, a Syracusan, who derided 
the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the 
a"od so inebriated him, that he offered vio- 
lence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed 

him on the altar.— Plu.' Par. A Thessa- 

lian whose wife met with the same fate as 
Procris. —%lu. Par. . 

CYARAXES, or CYAXARES, son of 
Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. 
He bravely defended his kingdom, which the 
Scythians had invaded. He made war 
against Alyattes, king of Lydia, and sub- 
jected to his power all Asia beyond the river 
Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, 

B.C. 585.— Di. 2.— Her. l, 73. Another 

prince, supposed by some to be the same as 
Darius the Mede. He was the son of Asty- 
ages, king of Media. He added seven pro- 
vinces to his father's dominions, and made 
war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus 
favoured.— Xen. Cyr. I. 

CYBEBE, a name of Cybele, from hube- 
bein, because in the celebration of her fes- 
tivals men were driven to madness. 

CYBELE, a goddess, daughter of Ccelus 
and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is sup- 
posed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, 
Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecyn- 
thia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodo- 
rus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince 
called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and 
he adds, that as soon as she was born, she 
was exposed on a mountain. She was pre- 
served and suckled by some of the wild 
beasts of the forest, and received the name 
of Cybele from the mountain where her life 
had been preserved. When she returned to 
her father's court, she had an intrigue with 
Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father 
mutilated, &c. Ail the mycologists are 
unanimous in mentioning the amours of 
Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the 
goddess for Atys seems to arise from his 
having first introduced her worship in Phry- 
gia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, 
and the violation of his promise was ex- 
piated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia 
the festivals of Cybele were observed with 
the greatest solemnity. Her priests called 
Cory ban tes, Galli, &c, were not admitted 
in the service of the goddess without a pre- 
vious mutilation. In the celebration of the 
festivals, they imitated the manners of mad- 
men, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks 
and bowlings, mixed with the confused 
noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers and spears. 
This wa6 in commemoration of the sorrow 
of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. 
Cybele was generally represented as a ro- 
bust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, 
to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She 
held keys in her hand/and her head was 
crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes 
with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes 
appears riding in a chariot drawn by two 
tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carry- 
in? a ball in his hand, and supporting him- 
self upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the 
goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented 
with a sceptre in her hand, with her head 



CYB— CYC 
covered with a tower. She is also seen with 
many breasts, to show that the earth gives 
aliments to all living creatures: and she 
generally carries two lions under her arms. 
From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed 
into Greece, and was solemnly established 
at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian 
mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order 
of" the Cibylline books, brought thestatueof 
the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and 
when the ship which carried it had run on 
a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and 
innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re- 
moving it with her girdle. It is supposed 
that the mysteries of Cybele were first known 
about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were 
particularly superstitious in washing every 
year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the 
shrine of this goddess, in the waters of the 
river Almon. There prevailed many ob- 
scenities in the observation of the festivals, 
and the priests themselves were the most 
eager to use indecent expressions, and to 
show their unbounded licentiousness by the 
impurity of their actions. Vide Atys, Eleusis, 
Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, kc.—Ang. Ci. £>. 
—Lac.—Lu. Dea. S.—Di. 3.—V. Mn. 9.- 
Lvc. l.—Ov.Tr. A.— Plu. Loq.—CL At.—C*. 
Rh. 8, 17. [Apol. 3, 5. 

CYBELE & CYBELA, a town of Phrygia. 
CYBELUS, a mountain of Phrygia, where 
Cybele was worshipped. 

CYBIRA, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy- 
biraticus.— Hor. 1, e. 6. [Di. 15. 

CVBISTRIA, a town of Cappadocia.— Ci» 
CYCESIUM, a town of Peloponnesus, 
near Pisa. 

CYCHREUS, a son of Neptune and Sala- 
mis. After death he was honoured as a g<>d 
in Salamis and Attica. As he left no chil- 
dren, he made Telamon his successor, be- 
cause he had freed the country from a mon- 
strous serpent. — Pa. 1, 35. — Plu. Th.'— 
ApoU3, 12. 

CYCLADES, a name given to certain 
islands of the/Egean sea, those particularly 
that surround Deios as with a circle ; 
whence the name, (huklos, circulus'). They 
were about 53 in number, the principal of 
which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, 
Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The 
Cyclades were reduced under the power of 
Athens by Miltiades ; but during the inva- 
sion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted 
from their ancient and natural allies.— C. 
Nep. M. 2.— PL 4, 12.— Me. 2, l.—Ptol. 3,15. 
—Str. \0.—Dio. Per.—Ov. Me. 2.—V. JEn.Z. 
—Si. 4. 

CYCLOPES, a certain race of men of gi- 
gantic stature, supposed to be the sons of 
Ccelus and Terra. They had but one eye, in 
the middle of the forehead ; whence their 
name (kuldosy circulus—ops , oculus). They 
were three in number, according to Hesiocv 
called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Thei. 
number was greater according to other my 
tholo^ists, and in the age of Ulysses, Poly 
phemus was their king. [Vide Polyphemus. 
They inhabited the western parts of the 
island of Sicily; and because they were un- 
civilized in their manners, the poete speak 
I of them as men-eaters. The tradition of 



200 



CYC— C YD 701 CYD-CYN 



their having only one eye originates from 
their custom of wearing- small bucklers of 
steel which covered their faces, and had a 
small aperture in the middle, which cor- 
responded exactlv to the eye. From their 
vicinity to mount Etna, they have been sup- 
posed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to 
have fabricated the thunderbolts of J upiter. 
The most solid walls and impregnable for- 
tresses were said, among- the ancients, to be 
the work of the Cyclops, to render them 
more respectable, and we find that Jupiter 
was armed with what they had fabricated, 
and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident 
of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. 
The Cyclops were reckoned among- the gods, 
and we find a temple dedicated to their 
service at Corinth, where sacrifices were 
solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them 
all, because they had made the thunderbolts 
of Jupiter, with which his son Esculapius 
had been killed. From the different ac- 
counts' given of the Cyclops by the ancients, 
it may be concluded that they were all the 
same people, to whom various functions 
have been attributed, which cannot be re- 
conciled one to the other, without drawing 
the pencil of fiction or mythology. — Apol. l, 
l.—H. Od. l.—Hes. Th. 140.— Theo. Id. 1.— 

Str. s.—Virg. G. 4.— Ov. Me. 13. A people 

of Asia. 

CYCNUS, a son of Mars by Pelopea, 
killed by Hercules. The manner of his death 
provoked Mars to such a degree, that he 
resolved severely to punish his murderer, 
but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of 

Jupiter.— Hyg. {a..3l.—Hes.Sc. H. A son 

of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of 
his body. Achilles fought him ; but when 
he saw that his darts were of no effect, he 
threw him on the ground and smothered 
him. He stripped him of his armour, and 
saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the 

same name.— Ov. Me. 12. fa. 3. A son of 

Hyrie, changed into a swan. A son of 

Sthenelaus, king of Liguria. He was deeply 
afflicted at the death of his friend and re 
lation Phaeton, and in the midst of his la- 
mentations he was metamorphosed into a 

swan.— Ov.Me. l.— V.Mn. \o.—Pa. 1,30. 

A horse's name.— St. 6. Th. 

CYDAS, a profligate Cretan, made judge 
at Rome by Antony.— Ci. Phil. 5. 

CY DIAS, an Athenian of great valour,&c. 

— Pa. 10, 21. A painter who made a 

painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated 
piece was bought by the orator Hortei.sius, 
for 164 talents.— PL. 34. 

CYD1PPE, the wife of Anaxllaus, &c— 

Her. 7, 165. The mother of Cleobis and 

Biton. {Vide Cleobis.] A girl beloved by 

Acontius. [Vide Acontius.] One of Cy- 

rene's attendants.— Virg. G. 4. 

CYDNUS, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, 
where Alexander bathed when covered with 
weat. The consequences proved almost 
fatal to the monarch. — Curt. 3, 4.— J«.li,fe. 

CYDON, a friend of Turnus against 
Eneas.— V.IEn. 10. 

CYDON & CYDONIA, now Canea, a 
town of Crete, built by a colony from 
Samos. It was supposed that Minos gene- 



rally resided there. Hence Cydoneus.— Ov. 
Me. 8.—V. Mn. 12.— Si. 2.— Li. 37.— Luc. 7. 

CYDONiA, an island opposite Lesbos.— 
PI. 2 & 4. 

CYDRARA, a city of Phrvgia.— Her.7,W 

CY DROLAU3, a man who led a colonv 
to Samos.— Di. 5. 

CYGNUS. Vide Cycnus. 

CYLABUS, a place near Argos in Pelo- 
ponnesus.— Plu. Pyr. 

CYLBIANf, mountains of Phryg-ia where 
the Cayster takes its rise.— PI. 5, 29. 

CYLICES, a people among the Illyrians. 
There was in Jieir country a monument in 
honour of Cadmus. — Ath. 

C YLIN DUS,a son of Phryxus & Calliope. 

CYLLABARIS, a public place for exer- 
cises at Argos, where was a siatue of Mi- 
nerva.— Pa. Cor. [Diomedes, 6cc. 

CYLLABARUS, a gallant of the wife of 

CYLLARUS, the most beautiful of all the 
Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. 
They perished both at the same time.— Or. 

12. Me. A celebrated horse of Pollux or 

of Castor, according to Seneca. — Virg.G.3. 

CYLLEN, a son of Elatus.— Pa. 8, 4. 

CYLLENE, the mother of Lycaon, by 

Pelasgus.— Apol. 3, 8. A naval station of 

Elis in Peloponnesus. — Pa. 4, 23. A moun- 
tain of Arcadia, with a small town on its 
declivity, which received its name from 
Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence 
his surname of Cylleneius, which is indis- 
criminately applied to anything he invented, 
or over which he presided.— Luc. l.—Hor.e. 

13. — Per. 8, 17.— V.IEn. 8.—Ov.Me.]3,A.A. 3. 
CYLLENEIUS, a surname of Mercury, 

from his being born on the mountainCyllene. 

CYLLYRll, certain slaves at Syracuse. — 
Her. 7, 155. 

CYLON, an Athenian, who aspired to 
tyrannv. — Her. 5, 71. 

CYMA or CYME, the largest and most 
beautiful town of Eolia, called also Phrico- 
nis, and Phricontis. and Cuma. Vide Cumce. 
— Li. 37, U.— Ci. Flac. 20 — Her. 1, 149. 

C YMODOCE, CYME, and CYMO, one of 
the Nereides.— Hes. Th.—Virg.G. 4. 

CYMOLUS, and CIMOLUS, an island o. 
the Cretan sea.— Ov. 7, Me. 

CYMOTHOE, one of the Nereides, re- 
presented by V. Mn. l,as assisting the Tro- 
jans with Triton after thes'orm with which 
Eolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted 
the fleet. [Od. 1. 

C YNARA, one of Horace's favourites.— 4 

CYNEGIRUS, an Athenian, celebrated 
for his extraordinary courage. He was 
bi other to the poet Esehylus. After the 
battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying 
Persians to their ships, and seized one of 
their vessels with his right hand, which was 
immediately severed by the enemy. Upon 
this he seized the vessel with his left hand, 
and when he had lost that also, he still kept 
his hold with his teeth.-Her. 6,1 14. -Ju. 2, 9. 

CYNETH I U M,a town of Arcadia, founded 
by one of the campanions of BLnez<,.-Dio. H. 

CYNANE, a daughter of Philip, king of 
Macedonia, who married Amyntas, son of 
Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice.— 
Poly. 8. 



CYN- CYP 

CYNAPF.S, a river falling into theEuxine. 

CYN AX A. Vide Cunaxa. 

CYNEAS. Vide Cineas. 

CYNESIl and CYNET^E, a nation on the 
remotest shorts of Europe, towards the 
ocean.— Her. 2, 33. [sea.— PL 4, 13. 

CYNETHUSSA, an island in the £!gean 

CYNIA, a lake of Acarnania.— Str. 16. 

CYNICI, a sect of philosophers founded 
by Antisthenei the Athenian. They re- 
ceived this name a canina mordacitate, from 
their canine propeusity to criticise the lives 
and actions of men, or because, like dogs, 
they were not ashamed to gratify their cri- 
minal desires publicly. They were famous 
for their contempt of riches, for their negli- 
gence of their dre-ss, and the length of their 
beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. 
Thev generally slept on the ground.— Ci.l, 
Off.' 35. 

CYNISCA, a daughter of Archidamu: , 
king- of Sparta, who obtained the first prize 
in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. 
—Pa. 3, 8. [Cyrus.— Her. l, ! 10. 

CYNO,a woman who preserved the life of 

CYNOCEPHALE, a town of Thessaly. 
where the proconsul Quintius conquered 
Philip of Macedon, and nut an end to the 
first Macedonian war, B>C. 197.— Li. 33, 7. 

CYNOCEPHALI, a nation in India, who 
have the head of a dog-, according to some 
traditions. — PL 7, 2. 

CYNOPHONT1S, a festival at Argos, ob- 
served during- the dog-days. It received its 
name apo ton kunas phonein, hilling dogs, 
because they used to kill all the dogs they 
met. 

CYNORTAS, one of the ancient kings of 
Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede.— Pa. 
?, I. [sus.— Pa. 2, 27. 

CYNORTION, a mountain of Peloponne- 

CYNOS, a town of Locris. Another in 

Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, 
was buried. 

CYNOSARGES, a surname of Hercuies. 

■ A small village of Attica of the same 

name, where the Cynic philosophers had 
established their school.— Her. 5. 

CYNOSSEMA, (a dog's tomb^, a promon- 
tory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where 
Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried 
— Ov.\ j, Me. 

CYNOSURA, a nymph of Ida, in Crete 
She nursed Jupiter,' who changed her into 
a star which bears the same name. It is the 
same as the Ursa Minor.— Of. F. 3. 

CYNTHIA, a beautiful woman, who 

mistress to Propertius. A surname of 

Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was 
born. [mount Cynthus. 

CY NTH I US, a surname of Apollo, from 

CYNTHUS, a mountain of Delos, so high 
that it is said to overshadow the whole is- 
land. Apollo was surnamed Cynthius, and 
Diana Cynthia, as they were born on the 
mountain, which was sacred to them. — Virg. 
G. 3.-Ov. 6, Me. F. 3. [Pa. 8, 27. 

CYNURENSES, a people of Arcadia.— 

C YN US, a naval station of Oruus.-ta.l0,l . 

CYPARISSI & CYPARISSIA, a town of 
Pt loponnesus, Dear Messenia.— Li. 32, 51. 
—PL 4, 5. 



202 CYP—CYR 

CYPAR1SSUS, a \outh, son of Telephtis. 
of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a fa- 
vourite stag of Apollo's, for which he was so 
sorry that he pined away, and was changed 
by the god into a cypress-tree.— V. JEn. 3. 

Ov.Me. 10. A town near Delphi.-- Me.2,3. 

CYPHARA, a fortified place of Thessaly. 
—Li. 32, 13. 

CYPRIANUS, a native of Carthage, who, 
though born of heathen parents, became a 
convert to Christianity, and the bishop of 
his country. To be more devoted to purity 
and study, he abandoned his wife ; and as a 
proof of his charity he distributed his goods 
to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides 
several treatises, de Dei gratia, de vir- 
gimim habitu, &c. and rendered his com- 
positions valuable by the information he 
conveys of the discipline of the ancient 
church, and by the soundness and purity of 
his theology. He died a martyr, A.D. 258. 
The best^ediiion of Cyprian" are, that of 
Fell. fol. Oxon. 1682, and that reprinted 
Am st. 1700. 
CYPRUS, a daughter of Antony and 

Cleopatra, who married Agrippa. A 

large island in the Mediterranean sea, at 
the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Sy 
ria, formerly joined to the continent near 
Syria, according to Pliny. It has been an- 
ciently called Acamant'is, Amathusia, As- 
pelia," Cerastis, Colonia, or Colinia, Maca- 
ria t and Spechia. It has been celebrated for 
giving birth to Venus, surnamed Cypris, 
who was the chief deity of the place, and 
to whose service many places and temples 
were consecrated. It was anciently divided 
into nine kingdoms, and was for some 
time under the power of Egypt, and after- 
wards of the Persians. The Greeks made 
themselves masters of it, and it was taken 
from them by the Romans. Its length, ac- 
cording to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There 
vrere three celebrated temples there, two 
sacred to Venus, aud the other to Jupiter. 
The inhabitants were given much to plea- 
sure and dissipation.— Str. \6.—Pto. 6, 14.— 
Fl. 3, 9.— Ju. IS, 5.— PL 12.— Me. 2, 7. 

CYPSELIDES, the name of three princes 
as descendants of Cvpselus, who reigned at 
Corinth during 73 'years. Cvpselus was 
succeeded by his son Periander, who left 
his kingdom after a reign of 40 years, to 
Cvpselus II. 

CYPSELUS, a king of Arcadia, who roar- 
ned the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strength 
en himself against the Heraclidae.— Pa. 4, 

3. A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and 

father of Periander. He destroyed the Bac- 
chiadae, and seized upon the sovereign 
power, about 659 years before Christ. He 
reigned 30 years, and was succeeded bv bis 
son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron 
and Cvpselus, who was insane. Cvpselus re- 
ceived his name from the Greek word 
kupselos, a coffer, because when the Bae- 
chiadee attenipted to kill him, his mother 
saved his life bv concealing him in a coffer. 
—Pa. 5, 17.— Ci. Tu. 5, tf.-Her. 1, 114.— 

Arts. P Tne father of Miltiades.— Her. 

6, 3-5. 

CYRAUNIS, an island of Libya.~/d\4,i9 



CYR-CYR £03 

CYRBIAN A, a province of the Elymaeans. 

CYRE, a fountain near Cyrene. 

CYRENAICA, a country of Africa of 
ivliich Cvrene is the capital.— Fide Cvrene. 

CYRE'SAICI, a sect of philosophers who 
followed tiie doctrine of Aristippus. They 
placed their summum bonum in pleasure, 
and said that virtue ought to he commended 
hecause it gave pleasure.— Laer. Ar.—Ci. 
Nat. 1). 3. 

CYRENE, the daughter of the river Pe- 
neus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. 
He carried her to that part of Africa which 
is called Cyrenaica, where she brought 
forth Aristaeus. She is called by some, 
daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithae, 
and son of the Peneus.— Yirg. G. A.—Ju. 

13. l.—P'md. Py, 9. A celebrated City 

of Libya, to which Aristaeus, who was the 
chief of the colonists there, gave his mo- 
ther's name. Cyrene was situate in a beau- 
tiful and fertile* plain, about eleven miles 
from the Mediterranean sea, and it became 
the capital of the country, which was called 
Pentapolis, on account" of the five cities 
it contained. It gave birth to many great 
men, among whom were Callimaehus, Era- 
tosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The 
town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 
630, and the kingdom was "bequeathed to 
the Romans, B.C. 97, by king Ptolemv Ap- 
pion,— Her. 3.— Pa. lo", 13.— Str. 17.— Me. 
1, 9.— PI. o, 5.— 7a. An. 3, 70. 

CYR1ADF.S, one of the thirty tyrants 
who harassed the Roman empire, in the 
reiarn of Gallienus.— He died A.D. 259. 

CYRILLUS, a bishop of Jerusalem, who 
died A.D. 3S6. Of his writings, composed 
in Greek, there remain 23 catecheses, and a 
letter to the emperor Constantine, the best 
edition of which is by Milles, fol. Oxon. 
1703. — ■ — A bishop of Alexandria, who died 
A.D. 444. The best edition ofhis writings, 
which are mostlv controversial in Greek, is 
that of Paris, fol. 7 vols. 1638. 

CYRNE, a place ofEuboea. 

CYRNUS, a dr.ver in the games which 

Scipio exhibited in Africa, 6cc.—Jt. 16. A 

man of Argos who founded a city in Cher- 

sonesus.— Di. 5. A river that falls into { 

the Caspian sea.— Plu. Pom. An island ; 

on the coast of Li?uria, the same as Cor- ! 
sica ; and called after Cvrnus, the son of; 
Hercules.— V. Eel. 9, 30.— Pa. lo, 17. 

CYRRjEI, a people of Ethiopia. 

CYRRHA DM, an Indian nation. 

CYRRHES, a people of Macedonia, near 
Pella. ' 

CYRRHESTICA, a country of Syria near 
Cilicia, of which the capital was called i 
Cyrrhnm.—Pl. 5, 23.— Ci. At. 5, e. 18. 

CYRRHUS & CYRUS, a river of Jberia, 
in Asia. 

CYRSILUS, an Athenian, stoned to death 
by his countrymen, because he advised them 
to receive the army of Xerxes, and to sub- j 
mit to the power of Persia.— Dem. Co.—Ci. 
3, Off. 11. 

CYRUS, a kin? f Persia, son of Cam- 
In ses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, 
King of Media. His father was of an ignoble 
*amiiy whose marriage with Mandaue had 1 



CYR— CYR 



been consummated on account of the ap- 
prehensions of Astyages. (Vide Astyages.J 
Cyrus was exposed" as soon as born ; but he 
was preserved by a shepherdess, who edu- 
cated him as her own son. As he was play- 
ing- w ith his equals in years, he was elected 
king in a certain diversion, and he exercised 
his power with such an independent spirit, 
that he ordered one of his play companions 
to be severely whipped for disobedience. 
The father of "the youth, who was a noble- 
man, complained to the king of the ill-treat- 
ment which his son had received from a 
shepherd's son. Astyages ordered Cyrus 
before him, and discovered that he was 
Mandane's son, from whom he had so much 
to apprehend. He treated him with great 
coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his ty- 
ranny, escaped from his confinement, and 
began to levy troops to dethrone his grand- 
father. He "was assisted and encouraged by 
the ministers of Astyages, who were dis- 
pleased with the king's oppression. He 
marched against him, and Astyages was de- 
feated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 
559. From this victory the empire of Media 
became tributary to "the Persians. Cyrus 
subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made 
war against Croesus, king of Lydia, whom 
he conquered, B.C. 548. He invaded the 
kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of 
Babylon, by drying the channels of the 
Euphrates, and marching his troops through 
the bed of the river, while the people were 
celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards 
marched against Tomyris, the queen of the 
Massagetae, a Scvthian nation, and was de- 
feated In a bioody battle, B.C. 530, The 
victorious queen, who had lost her son in a 
previous encounter, was so incensed against 
Cyrus, that she cut off his head and threw 
it" into a vessel filled with human blood, 
exclaiming, Satia te sanguine quern sitisti. 
Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus : 
but his history is not perfectly authentic. 
In the character of Cyrus, he delineates a 
brave and wrtuous prince, and often puts in 
his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. 
The chronology is false ; and Xenophon, in 
his narration, has given existence to per- 
sons whom no other historian ever men- 
tioned. The Cyropcedia, therefore, is not 
to be looked upon as an authentic history 
of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it 
as showing what every good and virtuous 
prince ought to be.— Di. \.—Her. J, 75— Ju. 

1 ,5. The younger Cyrus., was the younger 

son of Darius Nothus,'and the brother of 
Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at 
the age of sixteen, to assist the Lacedaemo- 
nians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded 
to the throne at the death of Nothus: and 
Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, at- 
tempted to assassinate him. He was dis- 
covered, and would have been punished with 
death, had not his mother, Parysatis, saved 
him from the hands of the executioner by 
her tears and entreaties. This circumstance 
did not in the least check the ambition of 
Cyrus ; he was appointed over Lydia and the 
sea coasts, where he secretly fomented re- 
bellion, and levied troops under various 



CYR—CYT 

pretences. At last he took the field with an 
army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 
Greeks, under the command of Clearclms. 
Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near 
Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, 
and Cyrus mi^ht have perhaps obtained the 
wctory, had not his uncommon rashness 
proved his ruin. It is said that the two 
royal brothers met in person, and engaged 
wiih the most inveterate fury, and their 
engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 
401 years B.C. Artaxerxes was so anxious 
of its being universally reported that his 
brother had fallen by his hand, that he put 
to death two of his' subjects, for boasting 
that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, 
v.ho were engaged in the expedition, ob- 
tained much glory in the battle ; and after 
the deaih of Cyrus, they remained victori- 
ous in the field without a'commander. They 
were not, however, discouraged, though at 
a great distance from their country, and 
surrounded on every side by a powerful 
enemy. They unanimously united in the 
election of commanders, and traversed all 
Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the 
Persians ; and nothing is more truly cele- 
brated in ancient history than the bold re- 
treat of the ten thousand. The journey 
that they made from the place of their first 
embarkation, till their return, has been 
calculated at 1155 league?, performed in the 
space of 15 months, including all the time 
which was devoted to take rest and re- 
freshment. This retreat has been celebrated 
by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, 
and among the friends and supporters of 
Cyrus. It is 6aid, that in the letter he 
wrote to Lacedaemon, to solicit auxiliaries, 
Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal 
blood, and his ability to drink more wine 
than his brother without being intoxicated. 

— Plu. Art.—Bi. 14.— -Ju. 5, 11. A rival 

of Horace, in the affections of one of his 

mistresses, 1, o. 17. A poet of Panopolis, 

in the age of Theodosius. 

CYRUS & CYROPOLIS, a city of Syria, 
built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose 
humanity in relieving them from their cap- 
tivity they wished thus to commemorate. 

CYPRUS, a river of Persia, now Kur. 

CYTA, a town of Colchis, famous for the 
poisonous herbs which it produces, and for 
the birth of Medea.— Ftac. 6.— Prop. 2. e. I. 

CYTj£IS, a sirname of Medea, from her 
being an inhabitant of Cyta. — Prop. 2, e. 4. 

CYTHERA, now Ceri'go, an island on the 
coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was 
particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, 
who was from thence surnamed Cythenea, 
and who rose, as some suppose, from the 
sea, near its coasts. It was for some time 
under the power of the Argives, and always 
considered as of the highest importance to 
maritime powers. The Phoenicians had 
built there a famous temple to Venus.— V. 
JEn. I.— Pa. 3. 33.— Of. Me. 4. F. 4. 15— 
Her. 1, 29.' 

CYTHER^EA, a surname of Venus. 

CYTHER1S, a certain courtezan, much 
respected by the poet Gallus, as well as by 
Antony. 



14 CYT- DAC 

CYTHERON. Vide Cithaeron. 

C VTHERUN, a place of Attica. 

CYTILERUS, a river of Elis.— Pa. 6, 22. 

CYTHNOS, now Thermia, an island near 
Attica, famous for its cheese. It has bepii 
called Ophiousa and Drvopis.—Ov. Me. 5. 

CYTINEUM, one of the four cities cailed 
Tetrapolis, in Doris.— Str. 9.~Th. 1, 107. 

CYTISSORUS, a son of Phryxus. &c— 
Her. 7, 197. 

CYTORUS, now Kudros, a mountain ann 
town of Galatia, built by Cytorus, son of 
Phrvxus, and abounding in box wood.— 
Cat.' 4, 13.— Ov. Me. A.— Sir. \\.—Virg. G. 2. 

CYZICU.M, or Cyzicus, an island of the 
Propontis, about 530 stadia in circnmfe- 
rence, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexan- 
der joined it to the continent by two bridges, 
and from that time it was called a penin- 
sula. It had two harbours called Panor- 
mus and Chytus, the first natural, and the 
other artificial. It was besieged by Mith- 
ridate?, and relieveed by Lucuilus.— Fl. 3, 
5.— P„ 5, 32.— Di. 18. 

CYZICUS, a son of CEneus and Stilba, 
who reigned in Cyzicns. He hospitably re- 
ceived the Argonauts, in their expedition 
against Colchis. After their departure from 
;he court of Cyzicus, they were driven back 
in the night, by a storm, upon the coast ; 
and the inhabitants seeing such an unex- 
pected number of men, furiously attacked 
them, supposing them to be the Pelasgu 
their ancient enemies. In this nocturnal 
engagement, many were killed on both 
sides, and Cyzicus "perished by the hand o e 
Jason himself, who honoured him with ? 
plendid funeral, and raised a stately mon- 
ument over his grave. — Apol. I, 9. — Flac. — 

Apell.—Orp. The chief town of the island 

of Cvzicum, built where the island is joined 
by the bridges to the continent. It has two 
excellent harbours, called Panormus and 
Chvtus. Tiie former is naturally large and 
bea'utiful, and the other owes all its con- 
veniences to the hand of art. The town is 
situate partly on a mountain, aud partly in 
a plain. The Argonauts built a temple to 
Cybele, in the neighbourhood. It derives 
its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there 
by Jason. The Athenians defeated, near 
this place, their enemies of Lacedaemon, 
assisted bv Pharnabazus, B.C. U0.—FI. 3, 
5.— St. 7.— Apol. 1. Prop. 3, e. '22.— Flac. 2. 

D. 

DAS., DAHJF,, or DAT, now the Dahis- 
tan, a people of Scyth;a, who dwelt on the 
borders of the Caspian sea.— -Si. 13. — Luc. 
l.— V. j£n. l. 

DAC I <fc DACjE, a w arlike nation of Ger- 
many, beyond the Danube, whose country, 
called Da'cia, was conquered by the Romans 
under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 
103. The emperor joined the country to 
Mcesia, by erecting a magnificent bridge 
across the' Danube, considered as the besl 
of his works, which however the envy ol 
his successor Adrian demolished. Uacia 



DAC — DiED 2; 

now forms the modern countries of Wala- 
ckia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. — Luc. 2. 

DACICUS, a surname assumed by Domi- 
lian, on hi? pretended victory over the Da- 
cians. — Juv. 6. 

DACTYLI, a name given to the priests 
of Cybele, which some derive from dakty- 
los, finger, because, they were ten, the same 
number as the Angers of the hand.— Pa. 1, S. 

DADICiE, a people of Asiatic Scvthia.— 
Her. 3, 91." 

D.£L)ALA,a mountain and city of Lycia, 
where Daedalus was buried according to 

Pliny 5, 27. A name given to Circe, 

from her being cunning, daidalos, and like 
Daedalus, addicted to deceit and artifice. — 

V. JEu. 7. Two festivals in Bceotia. 

One of these was observed at Alalcomenos 
by the Platseans, in a large grove, where 
they exposed, in the open air, pieces of 
boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither 
the crows that came to prey upon them di- 
rected their flight. All the trees upon 
which any of these birds alighted, were im- 
mediately cut down, and witli them statues 
were made called Daedala, in honour of 

Daedalus. The other festival was of a 

more solemn kind. It was celebrated every 
•sixty years by all the cities of Bceotia, as a 
compensation for the intermission of the 
smaller festivals, for that number of years, 
during the exile of the Plataeans. Four- 
teen of the statues, called Daedala, were 
distributed by lot among the Plateeans, Le- 
badseans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thes- 
pians, Thebans, Tanagraeans, and Chaero- 
neans, because they had effected a recon- 
ciliation among the Plataeans, and caused 
them to be recalled from exile, about the 
time that Thebes was restored by Cassander, 
the son of Antipater. During this festival, 
a woman in the habit of a bride-maid ac- 
companied a statue, which was dressed in 
female garments, on the banks of the Euro- 
tas. This procession was attended to the 
top of mount Cithaeron, by many of the 
Boeotians, who had places assigned' them by- 
Jot. Here an altar of square pieces of 
wood, cemented together like stones, was 
erected, and upon it were throun large 
quantities of combustible materials. After- 
wards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and 
an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of 
the cities of Bceotia, and by the opulent 
that attended. The poorest citizens offered 
small cattle; and all these oblations, toge- 
ther with the Daedala, were thrown in the 
common heap and set on fire, and totally 
reduced to ashes. They originated in this : 
when Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, 
had retired to Eubcea, and refused to return 
to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, 
went to consult Cithaeron king of Plataea, 
to find sonic effectual measure to break her 
obstinacy. Cithaeron advised him to dress 
a statue in woman's apparel, and carry it 
in a chariot, and publicly to r< port tha't it 
was Platnea, the daughter'of Asopus, whom 
he was going to marry. The advice was 
followed, and Juno, informed of her hus- 
band's future marriage, repaired in haste 
to meet the chariot, aud was easily united 



>? DiED — DiEM 

to him, when she discovered the artful mea 
sures he made use of to effect a reconcilia- 
tion.— Pa. Plu. 

D/EDALION, a son of Lucifer, brother to 
Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was so 
afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom 
Diana had put to death, that he threw him- 
self down from the top of mount Parnassus, 
and was changed into a falcon bv Apollo.— 
Ov. Me. 11. ' 

DiEDALUS, an Athenian, son of Eupala- 
mus, ascended from Erecbtheus, king of 
Athens. He was the most ingenious artist 
of his age, and to him we are indebted for 
the invention of the wedge, the ax<j, the 
wimble, the level, and many other mecha- 
nical instruments, and the sails of ships. He 
made statues, which moved of themselves, 
and seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, 
his sister's son, promised to be as great as 
himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; 
and therefore, from envy, he threw him 
down from a window and killed him. After 
the murder of this youth, Daedalus, with his 
son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where 
Minos, king of the country, gave him a cor- 
dial reception. Daedalus made a famous 
labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, 
the queen, to gratify her unnatural passion 
for a bull. For this action, Daedalus incur- 
red the displeasure of Minos, who ordered 
him to be confined in the labyrinth which 
he had constructed. Here he made himself 
wings with feathers and wax, and carefully 
fitted them to his body, and to that of his 
son, who was the companion of his confine- 
ment. They took their flight in the air 
from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melted 
the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight 
was too high, and he fell into that part of 
the ocean, which from him has been called 
the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper 
management of Lis wings, alighted at 
Cumae, where he built a temple to Apollo, 
t and thence directed his course to Sicily, 
| where he was kindly received by Cocalus, 
who reigned over part of the country. He 
left many monuments of his ingenuity in 
Sicily, which still existed in the age of Dio- 
dorus Siculus. He was dispatched by Co- 
calus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, 
who had declared war against him, because 
he had given an asylum to Daedalus. The 
flight of Daedalus from Crete, with wings, 
is explained, by observing that ne was the 
inventor of sails, which in his age might 
I pass at a distance for w ings.— Pa. 1,7.— Ui. 
4.— 0t\ Me. 8, f. 3.- Hyg. fa. 40.— V. Mn. 6. 

— Apol. 3, \.—Her.l, 170. There were 

' two statuaries of the same name, one of 
j Sicyon, son of Patroclus, the other a native 
| of Bithvnia — Pa. 7, 14.— Arr. 

DAEMON, a kind of spirit which, as the 
j ancients supposed, presided ov?r the actions 
1 of mankind, gave them their private coun- 
cils, and carefully watched over their most 
secret intentions. Some of the ancient phi- 
losophers maintained that every man had 
I two of these Daemons ; the one bad and the 
othergood. These Daemons had the power 
of changing themselves into whatever they 
pleased, and of assuming w hatever shape* 
T 



DAK— DAM 



206 



DAM— DAM 



wwte most subservient to their intentions. 
At the moment of death, the Daemon deli- 
vered up to judgment the person with whose 
rare he had been entrusted ; and according 
to the evidence he delivered, sentence was 
pa=sed over the body. The Daemon of So- 
crates is famous in history. That great 
philosopher asserted that the genius in- 
formed him when any of his friends was 
going to engage in some unfortunate enter- 
prise, and stopped him from the commis- 
sion of all crimes and impiety. These Genii 
or Daemons, though at iirst reckoned only 
as the subordinate ministers of the superior 
deities, received divine honour in length 
of time, and \*e find altars and slatues 
erected to a Genio loci, Genio Augusti, Ju- 
nonibus, tyc-d. Tu. \ .—Plu. G.S. 
DAHJE. Vide Daae. [Her. 1, 125. 

DAI, a nation of Persia, all shepherds 
DAICLES, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753. 
DAIDIS, a solemnity observed by the 
Greeks. It lasted three'days. The first was 
in commemoration of Latona's labour. The 
second in memory of Apollo's birth ; and 
the third in honour of the marriage of Po- 
rialirius, and the mother of Alexander. 
Torches were always carried at the cele- 
bration ; whence the name. 

DAIMACHUS, a master of horse at Syra- 
cuse, &c- Poly. 1. 
DAIMENES, a general of the Achaeans.— 

Pa. 7, 6. An officer exposed on a cross, 

bv Dionvsius of Svracnse.— ')i. 14. 

DAIPHRON, a son ofjEgyptus, killed by 
iis wife, 6iC.—Afjol. 2, 1. 

DAIRA, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Eleusis by Mercury.— Pa. 1, 38. 
DALDIA, a town of Lvdia. 
DALMATIUS, one of the Caesars, in the 
age of Constantine, who died A.D. 337. 

DALMATIA, a part of Illyricum, at the 
east of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the 
west, whose inhabitants, called Dalmatce, 
were conquered by Metellus, B. C. 118. 
They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from 
their rebellious spirit were troublesome to 
the Roman empire. They wore a peculiar 
garment called Dalmatica, afterwards in- 
troduced at Rome.— Hor.2, o.l.—Lam.Com. 
8.—Str. l.—Pto. 2. [— Sir. 7. 

DALMIUM, the chief town of Dalmatia. 
DAMAGETUS, a man of Rhodes, who 
inquired of the oracle what wife he ought 
to marry ? and received for answer, the 
daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He 
applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his 
daughter in marriage, B.C. 670.— Pa. 4, 24. 

DAMALIS, a courtezan at Rome, in the 
age of Horace, l,o. 36. 

DAMAS, a Syracusan, in the interest of 
Agathocles.— Di. 19. [Libanus. 
DAMASCENA,a part of Svria near mount 
DAMASCIUS, a stoic of Damascus, who 
wrote a philosophical history, the life of 
Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary 
events, in the age of Justinian. His works, 
which are now lost, were greatly esteemed, 
according to Photius. 

DAMASCUS, a rich and ancient cUy or' 
Damascene, in Syria, where Demetrius Ni- 
canor was defea'ted by Alexander Zei? 4 aa. 



Tt is the modern Damas or Sham, inhabittl 
bv about 80,000 souls.— Luc. 3.—Ju. 36, 2.— 
Me. 1,11. 

DAMASIA, a town, called also Avgusla. 
now Ausburg, in Swabia on the Leek. 

DA MASiCHTHON, a king of Thebes.— 
Pa. 9, 5. 

DAMASIPPUS,a captain in Philip'sarmy. 

A senator, who accompanied Juba when 

he entered Utica in triumph.— Cces. B. G. 

2. A great enemy of Sylla.— Pat. 2, 22. 

An orator.— Juv. 3. A merchant of 

old seals and vessels, who after losing his 
all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, 
assumed the name and habit of a stoic phi- 
losopher.— Hor. 2. S. 3. One of Niobe's 

sons. [buried Laius.— Apol. 3, 5. 

DAMASISTRATUS, a king of Plataea,who 

DAMASITHYNUS, a son of Candaules, 
general in the army of Xerses.— Her. 7,98. 

- A king of Calyndae, sunk in his ship by 

Artemisia". — Id. 8, 87. 

DAMASTES, aman of Sigaeum, disciple 
of Hellanicus, about the age of Herodotus, 

&c— Dio. A famous robber. Vide Pro- 

crastes. 

DAMASTOR, a Trojan chief, killed bv 
Patroclus at the siege of Troy. — H. 11. 16". 

DAMJA,a sirnameof Cybele. A woman 

to whom the Epidaurians had raised a 
statue.— Her. 5, 82. 

DAM I AS, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, 
in the asre of Lysander.— Pa. 10, 9. 

DAM1PPUS, a Spartan taken by Marcel- 
lus as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. 
He discovered to the enemy that a certain 
part of the city was negligently guarded, 
and in consequence of this discovery Syra- 
cuse was taken.— Poly. 

DAM IS, a man who disputed with Aris- 
todemus the right of reigning over the Mes- 
senians.— Pa. 4, 10. 

DAMNI, a people at the north of Britain. 

DAMNOMI, a people of Britain, now 
supposed Devonshire. 

DAMNORIX, a celebrated Gaul, in the 
interest of Julius Caesar, &c. 

DAMO, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, 
by order of her father, devoted her life to 
perpetual celibacy, and induced others to 
follow her example. Pythagoras, at his 
death, entrusted her with all the secrets of 
his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited 
care of his compositions, under the promise 
that she never would part with them. She 
faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and 
though in the extremest poverty, she re- 
fused to obtain money by the violation of 
her father's commands.— Laer. Py. 

DAMOCLES, one of the flatterers of Dio- 
nysius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the 
tyrant's wealth, and pronounced him the 
happiest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed 
upon him to undertake for a while the charge 
of royalty, and be convinced of the happi- 
ness which a sovereign enjoyed. Damocles 
ascended the throne, and while he gazed 
upon the wealth and splendour that sur- 
rounded him, he perceived a sword hanging 
over his head by a horse hair. This so ter- 
rified him that all his imaginary felicity 
vanished at once, and he begged Dionysi&s 



DAN— DAN 



207 



DAN-DAN 



to remove him from a situation which ex- 
posed his Jife to such fears and dangers.— 
Ci. Tu. 5, 21. 

DAMOCRATES, a hero, kc.—Plu. Art. 

DAMOCRITIA, a Spartan matron, wife 
of Alcippus, who severely punished her 
enemies who had banished her husband, &c. 
— Plu. Par. 

DAMOCRITUS, a timid general of the 

Aehseans, &c— Pa.7,13. A Greek writer, 

who composed two treatises, one upon the 
art of drawing an army in battle array, and 

the other concerning' the Jews. A man 

who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine. 

DAMON, a victor at Olympia.— Olymp. 

102.— fa. 4, 27. A poet and musician of 

Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distin- 
guished for his knowledge of government, 
and fondness of discipline. He was ba- 
nished for his intrigues, about 430 vears be- 
fore Christ.— C. Nep. 15, 2,— Plu. Per. 

A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate 
with Pythias. When he had been con- 
demned to death by Dionysius, he obtained 
from the tyrant leave to" go and settle his 
domestic affairs, on promise of returning 
at a stated hour to the place of execution. 
Pythias pledged himself to undergo the pu- 
nishment which was to be inflicted on Da- 
mon, should he not return in time, and he 
consequently delivered himself into the 
hands of the tyrant. Damon returned 
at the appointed moment, and Dionysius 
was so struck with the fidelity of those 
two friends, that he remitted the pu- 
nishment, and entreated them to permit 
him to share their friendship, and enjoy 

their confidence.— Fa. Ma. 4, 7. A man 

of Cheronaea, who killed a Roman officer, 
and was murdered by his fellow citizens.— 

Plu. Cim. A Cyrenean, who wrote an 

history of philosophy.— Laer. 

DAMOPHANTUS, a general of Elis, in 
the age of Philopcemen.— Plu. P. 

DAMOPH1LA, a poetess of Lesbos, wife 
of Pamphikifw She was intimate with Sap- 
pho, and not only wrote hymns in honour 
of Diana and of the gods, but opened a 
school where the younger persons of her 
sex were taught the various powers of mu- 
sic and poetry.— Phil. 

DAMOPHILUS, an historian.— Di. A 

Rhodian general against the fleet of Deme- 
trius.— Di. 20. 

DAMOPHON, a sculptor of Messenia.— 
Pa. 7, 23. 

DAMOSTRATUS, a philosopher who 
wro e a treatise concerning fishes.— Ml. V. 

H. 13, 21. 

DAMOXENUS, a comic writer of Athens. 

— Ath. 3. A boxer of Syracuse, banished 

f or killing his adversary.— Pa. 8, 40. 

DAIV1YR1AS, a riverof Sicily.— Plu. Tim. 

DANA, a large town of Cappadocia. 

DANACE, the name of the piece of mo- 
ney which Charon required to convey the 
dead over the Styx.— Sui. 

DANAE, the daughter of Acrisius king of 
Argos by Eurydice. She was confined in a 
brazen tower by her father, who had been 
told hy an oracle that his daughter's son 
would put 'iim to death. His endeavours lo 



prevent Danae from becoming a mother 
proved fruitless ; and Jupiter, who was en- 
amoured of her, introduced himself to her 
bed, by changing himself into a golden 
shower. From his embraces Danae had a 
son, with whom she was exposed on the 
sea by her father. The wind drove the bark 
which carried her to the coasts of the island 
ofSeriphus, where she was saved by some 
fishermen, and carried to Polydectes, king 
of the place, whose brother, called Dictys, 
educated the child, called Perseus, and ten- 
derly treated the mother. Polydectes fell 
in love with her ; but as he was afraid of 
her son, he sent him to conquer the Gor- 
gons, pretending that he wished Medusa's 
head to adorn the nuptials which he was 
going to celebrate with Hippodamia, the 
daughter of (Enomaus. When Perseus had 
victoriously finished his expedition, he re- 
tired to Argos with Danae, to the house 
of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. 
Some suppose that it was Prcetus the bro- 
ther of Acrisius, who indroduced himself 
to Danae in the brazen tower; and instead 
of a golden shower, it was maintained that 
the keepers of Danae were bribed by the 
gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that 
Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of 
Ars^os, and that she founded a citv called 
Ardea.— Ov. Me. A.—Hor. 3, 16.— H. II. 14. 

—Apol. 2, 2.— St. Th. 7.—V. /En. 7. A 

daughter of Leontium, mistress to Sophron, 

governor of Ephesus. A daughter of Da- 

naus, to whom Neptune offered violence. 

DANAI, a name given to the people of 
Argos, and promiscuously to all the Greeks, 
from Danaus their king — Virg. Ov. pas. 

DANALDES, the fifty daughters of Da- 
naus king of Argos. When their u cle 
^Egyptus came from Egypt with his fifty 
sons, they were promised in marriage to 
their cousins ; but before the celebration of 
their nuptials, Danaus, who had been in- 
formed by an oracle that he was to be killed 
by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, 
made his daughters solemnly promise that 
they would destroy their husbands. They 
were provided with daggers by their father, 
and all, except Hypermnes'tra, stained their 
hands with the blood of their cousins, the 
first night of their nuptials ; and as a pledge 
of their obedience to their father's injunc- 
tions, they presented him each with the 
head of the murdered sons of iEgyptus. 
Hypermnestra was summoned to appear 
before her father, and answer for her diso- 
bedience in suffering her husband Lynceus 
to escape, but the unanimous voice of the 
people declared her innocent, and in con- 
sequence of her honourable accpuittal, she 
dedicated a temple to the goddess of per- 
suasion. The sisters were purified of this 
murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order 
of Jupiter; but according to the more re- 
ceived opinion, thev were condemned to 
fill with water a vessel full of holes, so that 
the water ran out as soon as poured Hi to it. 
and therefore their labour was infinite, and 
their punishment eternal. The nanus of 
the Danaide- and their husbands, were as 
follows, according to Apollodorus; Amy- 



DAN -DAN 



203 



DAN— DAP 



mone married Enceladus ; Automate, Busi- 
ris ; Agave, Lye us ; Scea, Dayphron ; Hip- 
podamia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon ; Ca- 
lyce, another Lynceus ; Gorgophone, Pro- 
teus; Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chastus ; 
Glance, Aleis; Hippodamia, Diacorytes ; 
Hippomedusa, Alcmenon ; Gorge, Hippo- 
thous ; Iphimedusa, Enchenor; Rhode, Hip- 
polytus; Pirea, Agaptolemus ; Cercestis, 
Doiion ; Pharte, Eurydaoias ; iMuestra, JE- 
gins; Evippe, Arigiu's; Anaxibia, Arche- 
laus ; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Ste- 
nele, Stenelns; Chrysippe, Chrysippus ; Au- 
tonoe, Eurylochus ; Theano, Phantes; Elec- 
ira, Peristhenes; Eurydiee, Dryas ; Glau- 
cippe, Potamon ; Autholea, Cisseus ; Cleo- 
dora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bro- 
niitis ; Stygne, Polyctor ; Bryce, Chtonius; 
Aetea, Periphas ; Podaree, CEneus ; Diox- 
ippe, jEgyptus : Adyte, IWenaices ; Ocipete, 
Lampus ; Pilarge, Idmon ; Hippodice, Idas ; 
Adiante, Daiphron ; Callidia, Paudion ; GE- 
me, Arbelus ; Celeno, Hixbius ; Hyperia, 
Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of 
/Egyptus were buried at Argos; but their 
bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder 
had been committed.— Apol. 2, \.—Hor. 3, 
o. II.— Sir. 8.— Pa. 2, \Q.—Hyg. fa. 168. 

DAN ALA, a castle of Galatia. 

DANAPR.IS, now the Nieper, a name 
given in the middle ages to the Borysthenes, 
as Danastcr the Neistcr, was applied to the 
Tyras. 

DANAUS, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, 
who, after his father's death, reigned con- 
jointly with his brother, ^gyptus, on the 
throne of Egypt. Some time after, a dif- 
ference arosVbetween the brothers, and Da- 
naus set sail with his fifty daughters in quest 
of a settlement. He visited Rhodes, where 
he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and ar- 
rived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, 
where he was hospitably received byGelanor, 
king of Argos. Gelano'r had lately ascended 
the throne, and the first years of his reign 
were marked with dissensions with his sub- 
jects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor's 
unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate 
the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the 
InachidcE was extinguished, and the Belides 
began to reign at Argos in Danaus. Some 
authors say, that Galanor voluntarily re- 
signed the "crown to Danaus, on account of 
the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up all 
the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety 
oflnachus. The success of Danaus invited 
the fifty sons of .Egyptus to embark for 
Greece*. They were kindly received by their 
uncle, who, either apprehensive of their 
number, or terrified by an oracle which 
threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, 
caused his daughters, to whom they were 
promised in marriage, to murder them the 
iirst night of their nuptials. His fatal orders 
were executed, but Hypermnestra alone 
spared the life of Lynceus. {Vide Danaides.] 
Danaus, at first, persecuted Lynceus with 
unremitted fury, but he was afterwards re- 
conciled to him, and he acknowledged him 
for his son-in-law, aud successor, after a 
reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 years 
before the Christian era, and after death he 



was honoured with a splendid monumentia 
the town of Argos, which still existed in 
the age of Pausanias. According to jEsehy- 
lus, Danaus left Egypt, not to be present "at 
the marriage of his daughters, with the sons 
of his brother, a connection which he 
deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in 
which Danaus came to Greece, was called 
Armais, and was the first that had ever ap- 
peared there. It is said that the use of 
pumps was first introduced into Greece bv 
Danaus.— Apol. 2, 1.— Pa, 2, 12.— Hyg. fa. 
168.— Her. 2, 91. 

DANDARI & DAN DAR1D,E, certain in- 
habitants nearMountCaucasus.-Ta. 1 2-An.\ 1. 

DANDON, a man of Illyricum, who, as 
PI. 7, 48, reports, lived 500 years. 

DANUBIUS, a celebrated river, the great- 
est in Europe, which rises, according to 
Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene,in the 
country of the Celtae, and after flowing 
through the greatest part of Europe, falls 
into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it 
Ister; but the Romans distinguished it by 
the appellation of the Danube, from its 
source till the middle of its course ; and from 
thence to its mouths, they called it Ister, 
like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine 
through seven mouths, or six, according to 
others. Herodotus mentions live, and mod- 
ern travellers discover only two. The 
Danube was generally supposed to be the 
northern boundary of the Roman empire in 
Europe ; and therefore, several castles were 
erected on its banks, to check the incursions 
of the barbarians. It was worshipped as c 
deity by the Scythians. According to modern 
geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and 
after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, 
finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying 
itself into the Black Sea.— Bio. Per.— Her. 
2, 33.— Sir. 4.— PI. 4, 12.— Am. 23. {Bern. 

DAOCHUS, an officer of Philip, 6cc.-Plu. 

DAPHNiE, a town of'Esrypt on one of the 
mouths of the Nile, 16 miles" from Pelusium. 
—Her. 2, 20. [against Carthage.— Poly. 5. 

DAPHN/EUS, a general of Syracuse, 

DAPHNE, a daughter of the river Peiieus 
or of the. Ladon, "by the goddess Terra, 
of whom Apollo became enamoured. This 
passion had been raised by Cupid, with 
whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest 
over the serpent Python, had disputed the 
power of his darts. Daphne heard with 
horror the addresses of the god, and en 
deavoured to remove herself from his im- 
portunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; 
and Daphne, fearful of being caught, in- 
treated the assistance of the gods, who 
changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned 
his head with the leaves of the laurel, and 
for ever ordered, that that tree should be 
sacred to his divinity. Some say that 
Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of 
CEnomaus, king of Pisa, who, to be in her 
company, disguised his sex, and attended 
her in the woods, in the habit of a huntress. 
Leucippus gained Daphne's esteem and love; 
but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, dis- 
covered his sex, and Leucippus was killed 
by the companions of Diana. — Or. Me. 1. — 
Par. Ei\ 15.— Pa. 6, 20. A daughter of 



DAP— DAP 



209 



DAP— D Alt 



Tiresis, priestess in the temple of Delphi, 
supposed by some to be the same as Manto. 
She was consecrated to the service of Apollo 
by the Epigoni, or according to others, by 
the goadess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, 
on account of the wildness of her looks and 
expressions when she delivered oracles. 
Her oracles were generally in verse, and 
Homer, according to some accounts, has 
introduced much of her poetry in his com- 
positions.— Di. 4.— Pa. 10, 5. A famous 

grove near Antioch, consecrated to volup- 
tuousness and luxury. 

DAPHNEPHORIA, a festival in honour 
of Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by 
the Boeotians. It was then usual to adorn 
an olive bough with garlands of laurel and 
other flowers, and place on the top a bra- 
zen globe, on which were suspended smaller 
ones, in the middle were placed a number 
of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and 
the bottom was adorned with a saffron co- 
loured garment. The globe on the top re- 
presented the sun, or Apollo ; that in the 
middle was an emblem of the moon, and 
the others of the stars. The crowns, which 
were 65 in number, represented the sun's 
annual revolutions. This bough was car- 
ried in solemn procession by a beautiful 
youth of an illustrious family, and whose 
parents were both living. The youth was 
dressed in rich garments, which reached to 
the ground, his hair hung loose and dishe- 
veled, his head was covered with a goiden 
crown, and heworeon his feet shoes called 
Iphicratidce, from Iphicrates, an Athenian 
who first invented them. He was called 
dap hncphoros , laurel-bearer, and at that 
time he executed the office of priest of 
Apollo. He was preceded by one of his 
nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned 
with garlands, and behind him followed a 
train of virgins with branches in their hands. 
In this order the procession advanced as 
far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Is- 
menius, where supplicatory hymns were 
sung to the god. This festival owed its ori- 
gin to the following circumstances : when 
an oracle advised the .Sltoliaris, who inha- 
bited Arne and the adjacent country, to 
abandon their ancient possessions, and go 
in quest of a settlement, they invaded the 
Theban territories, which at that time were 
pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As the 
celebration of Apolio's festivals was near, 
both nations, who religiously observed it, 
laid aside all nostilities, and according to 
custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount 
Helicon, and in the neighbourhood of the 
river Melas, and walked in procession in 
honour of the divinity. The day that this 
solemnity was observed, Polemates, the 
general of the Boeotian army, saw a youth 
in a dream that presented him with a com- 
plete suit of armour, and commanded the 
Boeotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, 
and walk in procession with "laurel boughs 
in their hands every ninth year. Three 
days after this dream, the Boeotian general 
made a sally, and cut off the greatest part 
of the besiegers, who were compelled by 
tisis blow to relinquish *heir enterprise. 



Polemates immediately instituted a noven- 
nial festival to the god who seemed to be 
the patron of the Boeotians. -Paus. Boeotic.SfC 

DAPHNIS, a shepherd of Sicily, son of 
Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. Hewasedu 
cated by the nymphs ; Pan taught him to 
sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses 
inspired him with the love of poetry. It is 
supposed he was the first who wrote pastoral 
poetry, in which his successor, Theocritus, 
so happily excelled. He was extremely 
fond of hunting; and at his death, five of 
his dogs, from their attachment to him, re- 
fused all aliments, and pined away. From 
the celebrity of this shepherd, the name of 
Daphnis has been appropriated by the 
poets, ancient and modern, to express a 
person fond of rural enployments, and of 
the peaceful innocence which accompanies 
the tending of flocks.— Ml. V. H. 10, is.— 

Di. 4. There was another shepherd on 

mount Ida, of the same name, changed into 
a rock, according to Ov. Me. 4. A ser- 
vant of Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c— ' 

Poly. 8. A grammarian.— Sue. Gr. A- 

son of Paris and CEnone. 

DAPHNUS, a river of Locris, into which 
the body of Hesiod was thrown after his 

murder. — Plu. Sym. A physician who 

preferred a supper to a dinner, because he 
supposed that the moon assisted digestion. 
— Ath. 7. 

DARABA, a town of Arabia. 

DARANTASIA, a town of Belgic Gaul, 
called also Forum Claudii, and now Motier. 

DARAPS, a king of the Gangaridse, &c. 
— Flac. 6. 

DARDANI, the inhabitants of Dardania. 

Also a people of Moesia very inimical to 

the neighbouring power of Macedonia.— Li. 
26, 25, 57.— PI. 4, 1. 

DARDANIA, a town or country of Troas, 
from which the Trojans were called Dar- 
dani and Dardanidce. There is also a coun- 
try of the same name near Illyricum. This 
appellation is also applied to'Samothrace. 
—Virg. 8f Ov.pas.—Str. 7. 

DARDANIDES, a name given to iEneas, 
as descended from Dardarius. The word, 
in the plural number, is applied to the Tro- 
jan women.— V. JEn. 

DARDAN1UM, a promontory of Troas, 
called from the small town of Dardanus, 
about seven miles from Abydos. The twc 
castles built on each side of the strait by the 
emperor Mahomet IV. A.D. 1659, gave the 
name of Dardanelles to the place.— Str. 13. 

DARDANUS, a son of Jupiter and Elec- 
tra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain 
the kingdom of Etruria after the death of 
his reputed father Corytus, and fled to 
Samothrace, and thence to Asia Minor, 
where he married Batia, the daughter of 
Teucer, king of Teucria. After the deat/- 
of his father-in-law he ascended thethrona 
and reigned 62 years. He built the city o* 
Dardania, and was reckoned the founder o& 
the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded 
by Erich thonius. According to some. Cory 
bus, his nephew, accompanied him to Ten 
cria, where he introduced the worship 
I Cvbele. Dardanus taught his subjects h 



DAB— DAB 



1'iO 



DAB— "DAB 



worship Minerva: and he gave them two 
statues of the goddess, one of which is well 
known bv the name of Palladium. — V. £n. 
3.— Pa. 7,4.— Hvg. fa. 155.— Apol. 3.—H.IL 
20. A Troi.m killed bvAchilles.--i?.i^.20. 

DARDARIl, a nation near the Pal us 
Mseotis — Plu. Lu. 

DAP..ES, a Phrygian, who lived during the 
Trojan war in which he was engaged, and 
of which he wrote the history in Greek. 
This history was extant in the age of iEiian; 
the Latin translation, now extant, is uni- 
versally believed to be spurious, though it 
is attributed by some to Cornelius Nepos, 
The best edition is that of Sniids cum not. 
far. 4to.and 8vo. Amst. 1702.— H. II. 5.- 
Cne of the companions of j£neas, descended 
from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist 
at funeral games in honour of Hector, where 
he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus 
in Italy. — V. £n. 5. 

DARETIS, a country of Macedonia. 

DARIA. a town of Mesopotamia. 

DAKIAVES, the name of Darius in Per- 
sian. — Sir. 16. [Venues in Britannv. 

DARIOBRIGUM, a town of Gaul, now 

DARIT7E, a people of Pen-ia.— Her.3, 92. 

DARIUS, a noble satrap of Persia, son of 
Hystaspes, who conspired with six other no- 
blemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the 
crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, 
On the murder of the usurper, the seven 
conspirators universally agreed, that he 
whose horse jneighed first, should be ap- 
pointed kiner. In consequence of this re- 
solution, the groom of Darius previously 
led his master's horse to a mure, at a place 
near which the seven noblemen were to 
pass. On the morrow before sunrise, when 
they proceeded altogether, the horse recol- 
lecting the mare suddenly neighed ; and at 
the same time a clap of thunder was heard, 
as if in approbat on of the choice. The no- 
blemen oismounted from their horses, and 
saluted Darius king ; and a resolution was 
made among them, that the kind's wh es and 
concubines should be taken from no other 
family but that of the conspirators, and that 
they should for ever enjoy the unlimited 
privilege of being admitted into the king's 
presence without previous introduction. 
Darius was 29 years old when h2 ascended 
the throne,and he soon distinguished himseif 
by his activity and military accomplish- 
ments. He besieged Babylon ; which he 
took after a siege of 20 months, by the ar- 
tifices of Zopyrus. From thence he marched 
a°"ainst the Scythians, and in his way con- 
quered Thrace. This expedition was un- 
successful ; and, after several losses and 
disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king 
retired with shame, and soon after turned 
his arms against the Indians, whom he sub- 
dued. The burning of Sardis, which was a 
Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, 
and a war was kindled between Greece and 
Persia. Darius was so exasperated against 
the Greeks, that a servant every evening, 
by his order, repeated these words : ' Re- 
memher, O king, to punish the Athenian*." 
Mardonius the king's son-in-law, was en- 
ti iisted with the care of the war, but hi? 



: army was destroyed by the Thraeians; and 
Darius, more animated by his loss, sent a 
more considerable force, under the com- 
mand of Datis and Artaphernes. They were 
conquered at the celebrated battle o'f Ma- 
rathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Per- 
sians lost'iu that expedition no less than 
206,000 men. Darius was not disheartened 
by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry 
on the war in person, and ordered a stiD 
larger army to be levied. He died in the 
miust of his preparations, B. C. 465, after 
a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his 
age.— Her. l.—Di. l.—Ju. 1, y.— Pt, t . Aris. 
—C. Nep. Mil. The second king of Per- 
sia, of that name, was also called Uchus, or 
Nothus, because he was the illegitimate son 
of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after 
the murder of Xerxes he ascended the 
throne of Persia, and married Parysatis his 
sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by 
whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Anies- 
tris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on 
many wars with success, under the conduct 
of his generals and of his son Cyrus. He 
died B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, ami 
was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who 
asked him on his death bed, what had been 
the guide of his conduct in the management 
of the empire, that he might imitate him ! 
The dictates of justice, and of religion, re- 
plied the expiring monarch.-^M. 5,11. Di.vi. 
— The third of that name was the last king of 
Persia, surnamed Codomanns. He was son 
of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and descended 
from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoa-; 
r.iised him to the throne, though not nearly- 
allied to the royal family, in hopes that he 
wouid be subservient to his will ; but he 
prepared to poison him, when he saw him 
despise his aduce, and aim at independence. 
Darius discovered nib perfidy, and made him 
drink the poison which he had prepared 
against his life. The peace of Darius was 
early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Per- 
sia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks 
had suffered from the predecessorsof Darius. 
The king of Persia met his adversary in per- 
son, at the head of 600,000 men. Tiiisarmv 
was remarkable, more for its opulence and 
luxury, than for the military courage of its 
soldiers; and Athenaeus mentions, that the 
camp of Darius was crow ded with 277 cooks, 
29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 servants to 
perfume tbe king, and 66 to prepare gar- 
lands and flowers to deck the dishes and 
meat which appeared on the royal table. 
With these forces Darius met Alexander. A 
battle was fought near the Granicus, in 
which the Persians were easily defeated. 
Another was soon after fon?ht near Issus ; 
and Alexander left 110,000" of the enemy 
dead on the field of battle, and took among 
the prisoners of war, the mother, wife, and 
children of Da?ius. The darkness of the 
night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he 
saved himself by dying in disguise, on the 
horse of his armour-bearer. These losses 
weakened, but di-couraged not Darius: he 
assembled another more powerful army, and 
the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. 
The victory was long doubtful; but tbf>i:»- 



DAS-DAT 2S 

trepidity of Alexander, and the superior 
valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over 
the effeminate Persians ; and Darius, sen- 
sible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards 
Media. His misfortunes were now com- 
pleted. Bessus, the governor of Bactriana, 
took away his life, in hopes of succeeding 
him on the throne; and Darius was found 
by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered 
with wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. 
He asked for water, and exclaimed, when 
he received it from the hand of a Macedo- 
nian, ' It is the greatest of my misfortunes 
that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg 
Alexander to accept my warmest thanks, for 
the tenderness with which he has treated my 
wretched family, whilst I am doomed to 
perish by the hand or a man, whom I have 
loaded with kindness.' These words of the 
dying monarch were reported to Alexander, 
who covered the dead body with his own 
mantle, and honoured it with a most mag- 
nificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met 
with a due punishment from the conqueror, 
who contined his kindness to the unfortunate 
family of Darius. Darius has been accused 
cf imprudence, for the imperious and arro- 
gant manner in which he wrote his letters 
to Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes, 
in him the empire of Persia was extinguish- 
ed 228 years after it had been first founded 
by Cyrus the Great. — JJi. 17.— Plu. Alex. — 

Ju. 10. — Curt. A son of Xerxes, who 

married Artaynta, and was killed by Arta- 

banus.— Her. 9, 108. — X>i. 11. A "son of 

Artaxerxes declared successor to the throne, 
as heing the eldest prince. He conspired 
against his father's life, and was capitally 
punished.— Plu. Ar. 

DASCON, a man who founded Camarina. 
— Th. 6, 5. [I, 129. 

DASCYLITIS, a province of Persia.— Id. 
DASCYLUS, the father of Gyges.-HerA.s. 
| DASEA, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 27. 

DASIUS, a chief of Salapia. who favoured 
Annibal.— Li. 26, 38. 

DASbARET/£, DASSARIT^, DASSARE- 
Nl, or DASSARITlf, a people of lilyricum, 
or Macedonia.— Plu. Flam. 

DA TAMES, a son of Camissares, gover- 
nor of Caria, and general of the armies of 
Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies 
at court obliged him to fly for safety, alter 
he had greatly signalized himself by his mi- 
litary exploits. He took up arms in his own 
defence, and the king made war against 
him. He was treacherously killed by Mi- 
thridates, who had invited him under pre- 
tence of entering into the most inviolable 
connectionand friendship,362t3.C.- C.Ncp.D. 

DATAPH ERNES, one of the friends of 
Bessus. After the murder of Darius, he 
betrayed Bessus into Alexander's hands. 
He also revolted from the conqueror, and 
was delivered up by the Dahae.— Curl. 7, 5. 

DA I IS, a general of Darius I. sent with 
an army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, 
against the Greeks, in conjunction with Ar- 
taphernes. He was defeated at the cele- 
brated battle of Marathon, by Miltiades, 
and some time after put to death by the 
Spartans.— C. Nep, M. 



J DAT DEC 

DATOS, or DA TON, a town of Thrace, 
on a small eminence, near the Strymon. 
There is in the neigi'bourhood a fruitful 
plain, from which Proserpine, according to 
some, was carried away by Pluto. That 
city was so rich, that the ancients generally 
made use of the word Dalos, to express 
abundance. When the king of Macedonia 
conquered it, he called it Philippi, after 
his own name.— App. C. 

DAVARA, a hill near mount Taurus, in 
Asia Minor. 

DAULIS, a nymph from whom the city 
of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Ana- 
cris, received its name. It was there that 
Philomela and Procue madeTereus eat the 
flesh of his son, and hence the nightingale, 
into which Philomela was changed, is often 
called Daulias avis.—Ov. e. [5.— Sir. 9.— 
—Pa. 10, 4.— Pto. 3, 15.— Li. 32, 18. — PL 4, it. 

DAUNI, a people on the eastern part of 
Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom 
they received their name. 

DAUNT A, a name given to the northern 
parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adria- 
tic. It receives its name from Daunus, who 
settled there, and is now called Capitanata. 

—V. Mn. 8.— Si. 9.—Hor. 4, o. 6. Jutur- 

na, the sister of Turnus, was called Daunia, 
after she had been made a goddess by Jupi- 
ter.— V. /En. 12. 

DAUNUS, a son of Pilumnusand Danae. 
He came from lilyricum into Apulia, where 
he reigned over part of the country, which 
from him was called Daunia, and he was 
still on the throne when Diomedes came to 

Italy.— Ptol. 3, \.—Me. 2, 4.—Str. 5. A 

river of Apulia, now Carapelle.—Hor.3,e.30. 

DAURIFER & DAURISES, a brave ge- 
neral of Darius, treacherously killed by the 
Carians.— Her. 5, 116. 

DAVUS, a comic character, in theAndria 
of Terence.— Hor. 1, S. 10. 

DEB JE, a nation of Arabia.— Di. 3. 

DECAPOLIS, a district of Judea, from 
its 10 cities.— PI. 5, 18. 

DECEBALUS, a warlike king of the Daci, 
who made a successful war against Domi- 
tian. He was conquered by Trajan, Do- 
mitian's successor, and he obtained peace. 
His active spirit again kindled rebellion, 
and the Roman emperor marched against 
him, and defeated him. He destroyed him 
self, and his head was brought to Rome, 
and Dacia became a Roman province, A.D. 
103.— Dio. 68. 

DECELEUM, or EA, now Jiiala Castro, 
a small village of Attica, north of Athens ; 
which, when in the hands of the Spartans, 
proved a very galling garrison to the Athe- 
nians. The Peloponnesiau war has occa- 
sionally been called Decelean, because for 
some time hostilities were carried on in its 
neighbourhood.— C. Nep. 7, 4. 

DECELUS, a man who informed Castor 
and Pollux, that their bister, whom Theseus 
had carried away,wasconcealed at Aphidua:. 
—Her. 9, 73. 

DECEMVIRI, ten magistrates of absolute 
authority among the Roman*. The privi- 
lege's of the patricians raised dissatisfaction 
aipotif th{ plebeian*; who though fretil 



DEC— DEC 212 
from the power of the Tarquins, still saw 
that the administration of justice depended 
upon the will and caprice of their superiors, 
without any written statute to direct them, 
and convince them that they were governed 
with equity and impartiality. The tribunes 
complained to the senate, and demanded 
that a code of laws might be framed for the 
use and benefit of the Roman people. This 
petition was complied with, and three am- 
bassadors were sent to Athens, and to all 
the other Grecian states, to collect the laws 
of Solon, and of the celebrated legislators 
of Greece. Upon the return of the com- 
missioners, it was universally agreed, that 
ten new magistrates, called decemviri, 
should be elected from the senate, to put 
the projeet into execution. Their power 
was absolute ; all other offices ceased after 
their election, and they presided over the 
city with regal authority. They were in- 
vested with the badges of the consul, in the 
enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, 
and oniy one was preceded by the fasces, 
and had" the power of assembling the senate, 
and confirming decrees. The first decem- 
virs were Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. 
Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C.Julius, A. IWanlius, 
Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. 
Posthumius, A. U. C. 303- Under them, 
the laws which had been exposed to public 
view, that every citizeu might speak his 
sentiments, were publickiy approved of as 
constitutional, and ratified by the priests 
and augurs in the most solemn and re- 
ligious "manner. These laws were ten in 
number, and were engraved on tables of 
brass ; two were afterwards added, and they 
were called the laws of the twelve tables, 
leges ciuodecim tabularum , and leges decem- 
virales. The decemviral power, w liich was 
beheld by all ranks of people with the great- 
est satisfaction, was continued ; but in the 
third year after their creation, the decem- 
virs became odious, on account of their 
tyranny; and the attempt of Ap. Claudius 
to ravish Virginia, was followed by the total 
abolition of the office. The people were so 
exasperated against them, that they de- 
manded them from the senate, to burn them 
alive. Consuls were again appointed, and 

tranquillity re-established in the state. 

'i here were other officers in Rome, called 
decemvirs, who were originally appointed, 
in the absence of the praet r, to administer 
ustice. Their appintment became afterwards 
necessary, and they generally assisted at 
6ales called subhastationes, because a spear, 
hasla, was fixed at the door of the place 
w here the goods were exposed to sale. They 
were called decemviri iilibus judicandis. 
The officers whom Tarquin appointed to 
guard the Sibylline books, were also called 
decemviri. They were originally two in 
number, called duumviri, till the year of 
Rome 338, when their number was increased 
to ten, five of which were chosen from the 
plebeians, and five from the patricians. 
SylJa increased their number to fifteen, 
called quindecemvirs. 

DECETIA, a town of Gaul.— Cas. 

DECIA LEX was enacted by M. Decius 



DEC— DEC 
the tribune, A. U. C. 443, to empower tht 
people to appoint two proper persons to (it 
and repair the fleets. 

DECID1US SAXA L., a celtiberian iis 
Csesar's camp.— Cas. B. C. [Sir. 16. 
DECINEUS, a celebrated soothsayer.— 
DECIUS MUS, a celebrated Roman con- 
sul, who, after many glorious exploits, de- 
voted himself to the gods' manes for the 
safety of his country, in a battle against the 
Latins, 338 years B.C. His son Decius imi- 
tated his example, and devoted himself in 
like manner in his fourth consulship, when 
fighting against the Gauls and Samnites, 
B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same 
in the war against Pyrrhus and the Taren- 
tines, B.C. 260. This action of devoting 
oneself, was of infinite service to the state. 
The soldiers were animated by the example, 
and induced to follow, with intrepidity, a 
commander who, arrayed in an unusual 
dress, and addressing himself to the gods 
with solemn invocation, rushed into the 
thickest part of the enemy to meet his fate. 
— Li. 8, 9.— Fa. Ma. 5, 6.— Pol. 2.—V. Mn. 
6. Brutus conducted Coesar to the senate- 
house the day that he was murdered. 

CN. METIUS, Q. TRAJAN US, a native of 
Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip, to 
appease a sedition in Mcesia. Instead of 
obeying his master's command, he assumed 
the imperial purple, and soon after marched 
against him, and at his death became the 
only emperor. He signalized himself against 
the Persians ; and when he marched against 
the Goths, he pushed his horse into a deep 
marsh, from w hich he could not extricate 
himself, and he perished with all his army 
by the darts of the barbarians. A.D. 25 f, 
after a reign of two years. This monarch 
enjoyed the character of a brave man, and 
of a great disciplinarian ; and by his justice 
and exemplary life, merited the title of 
Optimns, which a servile senate had lavished 
upon him. 

DECURIO, a subaltern officer in the Ro- 
man armies. He commanded a decurta, 
which consisted of ten men, and was the 
third part of a lurma, or the 30th part of a 
legio of horse, which was composed of 300 
men. The badge of the centurions was a 
vine rod or sapling, and each had a deputy 
called optio. There were certain inagis*- 
trates in the provinces, called decunones 
municipales, who formed a body to repre- 
sent the Roman senate in free and corporate 
towns. They consisted of ten, whence the 
name ; and their duty extended to watch 
over the interest of their fellow-citizens, 
and to increase the revenues of the com- 
monwealth. Their court was called curia 
decurionum, and minor senatus ; and their 
decrees, called decreta decurionum, were 
marked with two D.D. at the top. They 
generally styled themselves civitatum patre's 
curiales, and honorati municipiorvm sena- 
tores. They were elected with the same 
ceremonies as the Roman senators; they 
were to be at least 25 years of age, and to 
be possessed of a certain sum of money. 
The election happened on the calends of 
March 



DEC-DEI 



2J3 



DEI— DEI 



DECUMATES AGRI, lands in Germany, 
which paid the loth part of their value to 
the Romans.— Ta. G. 29. 

DED1TAMENES, a friend of Alexander, 
made governor of Babylonia. —Curt. 8, 3. 

DEGIS, a brother of Decebalus king of 
the Daci. He came as ambassador to the 
court of Domiiian. — Mart. 5, e. 3. 

DEJANIRA, a daughter of (Eneus, king 
of jEtolia. Her beauty procured her many 
admirers, and her father promised to give 
her in marriage to him only who proved to 
be the strongest of all his competitors. Her- 
cules obtained the prize, and married De- 
janira, by whom he had three children, the 
most known of whom is Hyllus. As De- 
janira was once travelling with her husband, 
they were stopped by the swollen streams 
of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus 
offered Hercules to convey her safe to the 
opposite shore. The hero consented ; but 
no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than 
lie attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, 
and to carry her away in the sight of her 
husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed, from 
the other shore, a poisoned arrow at the 
seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nes- 
sus, as he expired, wished to avenge his 
death upon his murderer ; and he gave De- 
janira his tunic, which was covered with 
blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, \ 
observing, that it had the power of reclaim- i 
ing a husband from unlawful loves. De- 
janira accepted the present ; and when Her- 1 
cules proved faithless to her bed, she sent 
him the centaur's tunic, which instantly! 
caused his death. [Vide Hercules.] Dejanira! 
was so disconsolate at the death of her hus- 
band, which shebad ignorantly occasioned, | 
that she destroyed herself.— Ov. Me. S.—Bi. j 
4.— Sen. H.—Hyg. fa. 34. 

DEICOON, a Trojan prince, son of Perga- 
sus, intimate with /Eneas. He was killed by 
Agamemnon.— if. II. 5. A son of Her- 
cules and Megara.— Apol. 2, 7. 

DEI DAM I A, a daughter of Lycomedes, 
king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyr- 
rhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was j 
disguised at her father's court in woman's 
clothes, under the name of Pvrrha. —Prop. 

2, e. 9.— Apol. 3, 13. A daughter of Pyr- 

rhus, killed by the Epirots.— Poly. A 

daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, called 
alr.o Hippodamia. 

DEILEON, a companion of Hercules in 
his expedition against the Amazons.-— Flac.5. 

DEILoCHUS, a son of Hercules. 

DE1MACHUS, a son of Neleus and Chlo- 
ris, was killed, with all his brothers, except 

Nestor, by Hercules.— Apol. 1, 9 The 

father of Enarette.— Id. 1,7. 

DEIOCES, a son of Phraortes, by whose 
means the Medes delivered themselves from 
the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as 
judge among his countrymen, and his great 
popularity and love of equity raised him to 
the throne, and he made himself absolute, 
B.C. 700. He was succeeded by his son 
Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He 
built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and 
surrounded it with seven different walls, in 
the middle of which was the roval palace.™- 
Her. 1, 96.— Poly. 



DEIOCHUS, a Greek captain, killed by 
Paris in the Trojan war.— if. II. 15. 

DE[ONE,the mother of Miletus byApoilo. 
Miletus is often called Deionides, on account 
of his mother.— Ov. Me. 9. 

DE!ONEUS,a king of Phocis,who mar- 
ried Diomede, daughter of X.uthus, by whom 
he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in 
marriage to Ixion, who promised to make a 
present to his father-in-law. Deioneus ac- 
cordingly visited the house of Ixion, and 
was thrown into a large hole filled with 
burning coal, by his son-in-law.— Hyg. fa. 
48.— Apol. 1,7. 

DEIOPEIA, a nymph, the fairest of al 
the fourteen nymphs that attended upon 
Juno. The goddess promised her in mar- 
riage to Mollis the god of the winds, if he 
would destroy the tleet of /Eneas, which was 

sailing for Italy. — V. Mn. 1. One of the 

attendant nymphs of Cyrene.— Virg. G. 4. 

DEIOTARUS, a governor of Galatia, 
made king of that province by the Roman 
people, fn the civil wars of Pompey and 
Caesar, Deiotarus followed the interest of 
the former. After the battle of Pharsalia, 
Caesar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for 
his attachment to Pompey, deprived him of 
part of his kingdom, and left hi it only the 
bare title of royalty. When he was accused 
by his grandson, cf attempts upon Caesar's 
life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman 
senate. He joined Brutus with a large 
army, and faithfully supported the republi- 
can cause. His wife was barren ; but fear- 
ing that her husband might die without is- 
sue, she presented him with a beautiful 
slave, and tenderly educated, as her own, 
the children of this union. Deiotarus died 
in an advanced old age.— Str. 12. — Luc. 5. 

DEI PHI LA. Vide Deipvle, 

DEIPHOBE, a sibyl of Cumae, daughter 
of Glaucus. It is supposed that she led 
/Eneas to the infernal regions. [Vide Si- 
byllas.]— V. Mn. 6,36. 

DEIPHOBUS, a son of Priam and He- 
cuba, who, after the death of his brother 
Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily 
betrayed him, and introduced into his cham- 
ber her old husband, Menelaus, to whom 
she wished to reconcile herself. He was 
shamefully mutilated and killed by Mene- 
laus. He had highly distinguished himself 
during the war, especially in his two com- 
bats with Merion, and in that in which he 
slew Ascalaphus, son of Mars.— V. Mn. 6.— 
H. 11. 13. Hippolytus,-who purified Her- 
cules after the murder of Iphitus.— Apol.2,6. 

DEIPHON, a brother of Triptolemus, sod 
of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres tra- 
velled over the world, she stopped at his 
father's court, and undertook to nurse him 
an.l bring him up. To reward the hospi- 
tality of Celeus, the goddess began to make 
his son immortal; and every evening she 
placed him on burninsr coals, to purify him 
from whatever mortal particles he still pos- 
sessed. The uncommon growth of Deiphon 
astonished Metanira, who wished to »ee 
w hatCeres did to make him so vigorous. She 
was frightened to see her son on burning 
coals, and the shrieks that she uttered, dis~ 



DEI— DEL 



214 



DEL-DEL 



turbed the mysterious operations of the 
goddess,and D'eiphon perished in the flames. 

—Apol. 1,5. The husband of Hyrnetho, 

daughter of Temenus, king of Argos.— 
Id. 2, 7. 

DEIPHONTES, a general of Temenus, 

who took Epidauria, &cc.— Pa. 2, 12. A 

general of the Dorians, tkc.—Poly. 

DEIPYLE, a daughter of Adrastus, who 
married Tydeus, by whom she had Dio- 
medes. — Apol. 1, 8. 

DEIPYLUS, a son of Sthenelus, in the 
Trojan war.— H. II. 5. 

DEIPYRUS, a Grecian chief, during the 
Troja n war.—//. 11. 8. \ Crassus. 

DELDON, a king of Mysia, defeated by 

DELIA, a festival celebrated every fifth 
\ear in the island of Delos, in hono'ur of 
Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, 
who, at his return from Crete, placed a sta- 
tue there, which he had received from Ari- 
adne. At the celebration, they crowned the 
statue of the goddess with garlands, ap- 
pointed a choir of music,' and exhibited 
horse-races. They afterwards led a dance, 
in which they imitated, by their motions, 
the various windings oftheCretan labyrinth, 
from which Theseus had extricated himself 

by Ariadne's assistance. There was also 

another festival of the same name, yearly 
eelebrated by rhe Athenians in Delos. It 
was also instituted by Theseus, who, when 
he was going to Crete, made a vow, that if 
he returned victorious, he would yearly 
visit, in a solemn manner, the temple of 
Delos. The persons employed in this an- 
nual procession were called Deliastce and 
Theori. The ship, the same which carried 
Theseus, and had been carefully preserved 
by the Athenians, was called theoria and 
Delias. When the ship was ready for the 
voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly adorn- 
ed the stern with garlands, and an univer- 
sal lustration was made all over the city. 
The Theori were crowned with laurel, and 
before them preceded men armed with 
axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who 
had cleared the way fromTrrezene toAtheus, 
and delivered the" country from robbers. 
When the ship arrived at Delos, they of- 
fered solemn sacrifices to the god of the is- 
land, and celebrated a festival in his honour. 
After this, they retired to their ship, and 
sailed back to Athens, where all the people 
of the city ran in crowds to meet them. 
Every appearance of festivity prevailed at 
theirapproach, and the citizens opened their 
doors, and prostrated themselves before the 
Deliastae, as they walked in procession. 
During this festival, it was unlawful to put 
to death any malefactor, and on that account 
the life of Socrates was prolonged for thirty 
davs.— Xen. Mem. $ C.—Plu. Phced.—Sen. 
e. 70. 

DELLA, a surname of Diana, because 
she was born in Delos. — V. Eel. 2. 

DELIADES, a son of Caucus, killed by 

his brother Bellerophon.— Apol. 2, 3. 

The priestesses in Apollo's temple. — Hotji. 
Hy. Ap. 

DELI UM, a temple of Apollo. A town 

of Bceoda opposite Calchis famous for 



battle fought there, B.C. 424, kc.—Lu 

31, 45. 

DELIUS, a surname of Apollo because 
he was born in Delos. QUINT, an offi- 
cer of Antony, who, when he was sent to 
cite Cleopatra before his master, advised 
her to make her appearance in the most 
captivating attire. The plan succeeded. 
He afterwards abandoned his friend, and 
tied to Augustus, who received him with 
great kindness. Horace has adressed, 2 o. 
3, to him. — Plu. Ant. 

DELMATIUS,FL. JUL., a nephew of Con 
stantine the Great, honoured with the title 
of Caesar, and put in possession of Thrace, 
Macedonia, and Achaia. His great vir- 
tues were unable to save him from a violent 
death, and he was assassinated by his own 
soldiers, &c. 

DELM IN I UM,atown of Dalmatia.— Fl.4 . 

DELOS, one of the Cyclades at the north 
of Naxos, was severally* called Lagia, Orty- 
?ia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, 
Cynthus, and Cynsethus, and now bears'the 
name ofSailies. It was called Delos, from 
delos, because it suddenly made its appear- 
ance on the surface of the sea, by the power 
of Neptune, who, according to the mytho- 
logies, permitted Latona to bring forth 
there, when she was persecuted all over the 
earth, and could find no safe asylum. [Fide 
Apollo.] The island is celebrated for the 
nativity of Apollo and Diana ; and the 
solemnity with which the festivals of these 
deities were celebrated there, by the inha- 
bitants of the neighbouring islands and of 
the continent, is well known. One of the 
altars of Apollo, in the island, was reckoned 
among the seven wonders of the world. It 
had been erected by Apollo when only four 
years old, and made with the horns of 
goats killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. 
it was unlawful to sacrifice any living crea- 
ture on that altar, which was religiously 
kept pure from blood and every pollution. 
The whole island of Delos was held in such 
veneration, that the Persians, who had 
pillaged and profaned all the temples of 
Greece, never offered violence to the tem- 
ple of Apollo, but respected it with the most 
awful reverence. Apollo, whose image 
was in the shape of a dragon, delivered 
oracles there during the summer, in a plain 
manner, without any ambiguity or obscure 
meaning. No dogs', as Thuc'ydides men- 
tions, were permitted to enter the island. 
It was unlawful for a man to die, or for a 
child to be born there; and when the Athe- 
nians were ordered to purify the place, they 
dug up all the dead bodies that had beeit 
interred there, and transported them to the 
neighbouring islands. An edict was also 
issued, which commanded all persons la- 
bouring under any mortal or dangerous 
disease to be instantly removed to the ad- 
jacent island, called "Rhane. Some myco- 
logists suppose that Asteria, who changed 
herself into a quail, to avoid the importu- 
ning addresses of Jupiter, was metamor- 
phosed into this island, originally called 
Ortygia, ab ortuxa a quail. The people ot 
Delos are described by Ci. Ac. 2, 16, as fa- 



DEL — DEL 2l 

mous for rearing hens,— Str. Z.—Ov. Me. 
5.— Me. 2, l.—Pl. 4, 12.— Phi. Sol. An.— 
Th. 3.— V. Mn. 3.—Pto. 3, 15.— Cal. 1).— 
Claud. 4. C. H. 

DELPHI, now Castri, a town of Phocis, 
situate in a valley at the south-west side of 
mount Parnassus. It was also called Pyth, 
because the serpentPy thon was killed there ; 
and it received the name of Delphi, from 
Delphus, the son of Apollo. Some have 
also called it Parnassia Nape, the valley of 
Parnassus. It was famous for a temple of 
Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in 
every age and country. The origin of the 
oracl"e,though fabulous is described as some- 
thing wonderful. A number of goats that 
were feeding on mount Parnassus, came 
near a place which had a deep and long- 
perforation. The steam which issued from 
the hole seemed to inspire the goats, and 
they played and frisked about in such an 
uncommon manner, that the goatherd was 
tempted to lean on the hole, and see what 
mysteries the place contained. He was im- 
mediately seized with a fit of enthusiasm, 
and his expressions were wild and extrava- 
gant, and passed for prophecies. This cir- 
cumstance was soon known about the coun- 
try, and many experienced the same enthu- 
siastic inspiration. The place was revered, 
and a temple was soon after erected in ho- 
nour of Apollo, and a city built. According 
to some accounts, Apollo was not the first 
who gave oracles there ; but Terra, Nep- 
tune, Themis, and Phcebe, were in posses-' 
sion of the place, before the son of Latona. 
The oracles were generally given in verse; 
but when it had been sarcastically observed 
that the god and patron of poetry was the 
most imperfect poet in the world, the 
priestess delivered her answers in prose. 
The oracles were always delivered by a 
priestess called Pythia. {Vide Pythia.] 
The temple was built and destroyed several 
times. It was customary for those who 
consulted tne oracle to make rich presents 
to the god of Delphi ; and no monarch dis- 
tinguished himself more by his donations 
than Crcesus. This sacred repository of 
opulence was often the object of plunder; 
and the people of Phocis, seized 20,000 talents 
from it, and Nero carried away no less than 
500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and 
partly of the most illustrious heroes. In 
another age, Constantine the Great removed 
its most splendid ornaments to his new cap- 
ital. It was universally believed, and sup- 
ported by the ancients, that Delphi was in 
the middle of the earth ; and on that ac- 
count it was called lcrr<e umbilicus. This, 
according to mythology, was first found 
out by two doves, which Jupiter had let 
loose from the two extremities of the earth, 
and which met at the place where the tem- 
ple of Delphi was built.— Apol. I.—Di. 96. 
Plu.Def.Or.—Pa. 10, 6.— Ov. Me.\0—Str. 9. 

DELPH1CUS, a surname of Apollo, from 
t'.ie worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. 

DELPHI MA, festivals at JEginz, in 
honour of Apollo of Delphi. 

DELPHINIUM, a place in Bn?otia, op- 
posite Eubcea. J 



5 DEL— DEM 

DELPHIS, the priestess of Delphi.-Marf. 
9, e. 43. 

DELPHUS, a son of Apollo, who built 
Delphi, and consecrated it to his father. 
The name of his mother is differently men- 
tioned. She is called by some Celaeno, by 
others Melaene daughter of Cephis, and by 
others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first 
who was priestess to Bacchus.— Hyg. 161. 
—Pa. 10, 6. [over Jupiter.— Apol. l, 6. 
DELPHYNE, a serpent which watched 
DELTA, a part of Egypt, which received 
that name from its resemblance to the form 
of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. 
It lies between the Canopian and Pelusian 
mouths of the N ile, and begins to be formed 
where the river divides itself into several 
streams. It has been formed totally by the 
mud and sand, which are washed down from 
the upper ports of Egypt by the Nile, ac- 
cording to antient tradition.— Cms. A. 27.-- 
Str. 15.— Her. 2, 13.— Pi. 3, 16. 

DEMADES,an Atheian, who from a sailor, 
became ;an eloquent orator, and obtained 
much influence in the state. He was taken 
prisoner at the battle of Cheronsea by Philip, 
and ingratiated himself into the favour of 
that prince, by whom he was greatly es- 
teemed. He was put to death, with his son, 
on suspicion of treason, B. C. 322. One of 
his orations is extant.— Dl. \G.—Plu* Dern. 

DEMjENETUS, a rhetorican of Syracuse, 
enemv to Timoleon.— C. Nep. T.S. 
DEM AGO ft AS, one of Alexander's flat- 
' terers. An historian, who wrote concern- 
ing the foundation of Rome.— Dio. H. 1. 
DEMARATA, a daughter of Hiero, &c. 

Li. 24, 21. 

DEMARATUS, the son and successor o 
Ariston on the throne of Sparta. B. C.526. 
He was banished by the intrigues of Cleo- 
menes, his royal colleague, as being illegi 
timate. He retired into Asia, and wa,d 
kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspts 
king of Persia. When the Persian monarch 
made preparations to invade Greece, De- 
maratus, though persecuted by the Lacedae- 
monians, informed them of the hostilities 
which hung over their head.— Her. 5, 75. 

A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family 

of the Bacchiadse. When Cypselus had 
usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, 
Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to 
Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years 
before Christ. His son Lucumon, was king 
of Rome under the name of Tarquinius Pris * 

cm.— Dio. H. A Corinthian exile at the 

court of Philip king of Macedonia.— Ptu 
Alex. [by Dionvsius. 

DEMARCHUS, a Syracusan, pu*<U) death 
DEMARETA, the wife of Qdo^-Di. 15. 
DEMARISTE, the m>&c<r £ Timoleon. 
DEMATRIA, a Spartan mother, who 
killed her son, because he returned from a 
battle withoutSglory.— Plu. L. L. 

DEMETRIA, a festival in honour of 
Ceres, called by the Greeks Demeler. It 
was then customary for the votaries of the 
goddess to lash'theinselves with whips made 
with the bark of trees. The Athenians had 
a solemnity of the same name, in honour 
i of Demetrius Poliorceteu. 



• 



DEM— DEM 216 
DEMETRIAS, a town of Thessaly.— The 
name was common to other places. 

DEMETRIUS, a son of Antigonus and 
Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer 
of towns. At the age of 22, he was sent by 
his father against Ptolemy, who invaded 
Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but he 
soon repaired his loss by a victory over one 
of the generals of the enemy. He after- 
wards sailed with a fleet of" 250 ships to 
Athens,and restored the Athenians to liberty, 
by freeing them from the power of Cassan- 
der and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, 
which was stationed there under Demetrius 
Phalereus. After this successful expedition, 
lie besieged and took Munycnia, and de- 
feated Cassander at Thermo'pylae. His re- 
ception at Athens, after these victories, was 
attended with the greatest servility ; and the 
Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars 
to him as to a god, and to consult his oracles. 
This uncommon success raised the jealousy 
of the successors of Alexander ; and Seleu- 
cus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, united to 
destroy Antigonus and his son. Their 
hostile* armies met at Ipsus, B.C. 331. An- 
tigonus was killed in the battle ; and De- 
metrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephe- 
sus. His ill success raised him many ene- 
mies ; and the Athenians, who lately adored 
him as a god, refused to admit him into 
their city. He soon after ravaged the ter- 
ritories of Lysimachus, and reconciled him- 
self to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daugh- 
ter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now 
laboured under tyranny ; and Demetrius re- 
lieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants 



DEM— DEM 

mous for his fondness of dissipation when 
among the dissolute, and his love of virtue 
and military glory in' the field of battle. He 
has been commended as a great warrior, 
and his ingenious inventions, his warlike 
engines, and stupendous machines in his war 
with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that 
perfect character. He has been blamed for 
bis voluptuous indulgences; and his bio- 
grapher observes, that no Grecian prince 
had more wives and concubines than Polior- 
cetes. His obedience and reverence to his 
father have been justly admired ; and it has 
been observed, that Antigonus ordered the 
ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly 
to remark the cordiality and friendship 
which subsisted between him and his son.— 

Plu. vu—Di. 17.— Ju. 1, 17. A prince 

who succeeded his father Antigonus on the 
throne of Macedonia. He reigned 1 1 years, 
and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson.— 

Ju. 26, 2.— Pol. 2. A son of Philip king- of 

Macedonia, given up as hostage to the Ro- 
mans. His modesty delivered his father from 
a heavy accusation laid before the Roman 
senate. When he returned to Macedonia, 
he was falsely accused by his brother Per- 
seus, who was jealous of his popularity, and 
his father too credulously consented to his 

death, B.C. ISO.— Li. 40, 20.— Ju. 32, 2. 

A Magnesian, A servant of Cassius. 

A son of Demetrius of Cyrene. A freed- 

an of Pompey. A son of Demetrius, 

surnamed Slender. A prince surnamed So- 
ter, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the son 
of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. His 
father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. 



The loss of his possessions in Asia, recalled 'After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epi- 



him from Greece, and he established himself 
on the throne of Macedonia, by the murder 
of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here 
he was continually at war with the neigh- 
bouring states ; and the superior power of 
his adversaries obliged him to leave Mace- 
donia, after he had sat on the throne for 
seven years. He passed into Asia, and at- 
tacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus-. 
with various success ; but famine and pesti- 
lence destroyed the greatest part of his 
army, and he" retired to the court of Seleu- 
cus for support and assistance. He met with 
a kind reception, but hostilities were soon 
begun ; and after he had gained some ad- 
vantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was 
totally forsaken by his troops in the field of 
battle, and became an easy prey to the 
enemy. Though he was kept'in confinement 
by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself 
like a prince, and* passed his time in hunt- 
ing and in every laborious exercise, His 
son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his pos- 
sessions, and even his person, to procure 
his father's liberty ; but all proved unavail- 
ing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of 
his age, after a confinement of three years, 
286 B.C. His remains were given to" Anti- 
gonus, and honoured with a splendid funerai 
pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to 
Demetrias. His posterity remained in pos- 
session of the Macedonian throne till the age 
of Perseus, who was conquered by the Ro- 
mans. Demetrius has rendered himself la- 



phanes, the deceased monarch's brother, 
usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was 
succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. 
This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who 
was detained at Rome ; he procured his liber- 
ty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to 
Syria, w here the troops received him as their 
lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He put to 
death Eupator and Lysias, and established 
himself on his throne by cruelty and op- 
pression. Alexander Bala, the son of An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, laid claim to the crowu 
of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, 
in the i2th year of his reign.— Sir. \&.—App. 

—Ju. 34, 3*. The 2d, surnamed Nicanor, 

or Conqueror, was son of Soter, to whom 
he succeeded by tbe assistance of Ptolemy 
Philometer, after he had driven out the 
usurper Alexander Bala, B. C. 146. He 
married Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy ; 
who was, before, the wife of the expelled 
monarch. Demetrius gave himself up to 
luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his 
kingdom to be governed by his favourites. 
At that time a pretended son of Bala, called 
Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria ; 
and Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, 
made an alliance with the Jews,and marched 
into the east, where he was taken by the 
Parthians. Phraates, king of Parthia, gave 
him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; 
and Cleopatra was so incensed at this hew 
connection, that she gave herself up to An- 
tiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, and 



DEM— DEM 217 



DEM— DEM 



married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle 
against the Parthians, and Demetrius re- 
gained the possession of his kingdom. His 
pride and oppression rendered him odious, 
and his. subjects asked a king- of the house 
of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon, 
king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to 
resist the power of his enemies, fled to Pto- 
lemais, which was then in the hands of his 
wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up 
against his approach, by Cleopatra ; and he 
was killed by>rder of the governor of Tyre, 
whither he had fled for protection. He was 
succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom 
Ptolemy had raised to the throne, B. C. 127. 
Ju. 36.— App. B. S.—Jos.—'lhe 3d. sur- 
named Eucertis, was son of Antiochu* 
Gryphus. After the example of his brother 
Philip, who had seized Syria, he made him- 
self master of Damascus," B. C. 93, and soon 
after obtained a victory over his brother. 
He was taken in a battle against the Par- 

thians,,and died in captivity.— Jos. 1. 

PHALEREUS, a disciple of Theophrastus, 
who gained such an influence over the 
Athenians, by hi9 eloquence, and the purity 
of his manners, that he was elected decennial 
archon, B. C. 317. He so embellished the 
city, and rendered himself so popular by his 
munificence, that the Athenians raised" 360 
brazen statues to his honour. Yet, in the 
midst of all this popularity, his enemies 
raised a sedition against him, and he was 
condemned to death, and all his statues 
thrown down, after obtaining the sovereign 
power for 10 years. He fled without con- 
cern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy 
Eagus, where he met with kindness and cor- 
diality. The Egyptian monarch consulted 
him concerning the succession of his child- 
ren ; and Demetrius advised him to raise to 
the throne the children of Eurydice, in pre- 
ference to the offspring of Berenice. This 
counsel so irritated Philadeiphus, the son 
of Berenice, that after his father's deatli 
he sent the philosopher into Upper Egypt, 
and there detainedhim in strict confinement. 
Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an 
end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 
B. C. According to 6ome, Demetrius en- 
joyed the confidence of Philadelphia;, and 
enriched his library at Alexandria with 
200,000 volumes. All the works of Deme- 
trius, on rhetoric, history, and eloquence 
are lost ; and trie treatise on rhetoric, 
falsely attributed to him, is by some sup- 
posed to be the composition of Halicar- 
nassus. The last edition of this treatise is 
that of Glasgow, 8vo. 1743.— Diog. vi.—Ci. 
Br. 8r Off. \.~Pln. Ex. A Cynic philo- 
sopher, disciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in 
the age of Caligula. The emperor wished 
to gain the philosopher to his interest by a 
large (present ; but Demetrius refused it 
with indignation, and said, if Caligula wishes 
to bribe me, let him send me his crown. 
Vespasian was displeased with his insolence, 
and banished him to an island. The Cynic 
derided the punishment, and bitterly in- 
veighed against the emperor. He died in a 
great old age ; and Seneca observes, that 
nature had brought him forth, to show man- 



hind,thal an exalted genius can live securef-*/ 
without being corrupted by the vices of tne 

surrounding world.— Sen.— Phil. Ap. 

One of Alexander's flatterers. A native 

of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek 

poets. An Athenian killed at Mantinea, 

when fighting against the Thebans. —Poly 

A writer, who published an history c r 

the irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. A 

philological writer, in the age of Cicero 

—Ci. At. 8, e. 11. A stage player,— Juv 

3. SYRUS, a rhetorician of Athens.— P* 

Br. A geographer, surnamed the CalatJ 

DEMO, a Sibyl of Cumse. [an.— StrA. 

DEMOANNASSA,the mother of ^Egialeus. 

DEMOCEDES, a celebrated physician of 
Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with 
Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner 
from Samos to Darius king of Persia, where 
he acquired great riches and much reputa- 
tion by curing the king's foot and the breast 
of Atossa. He was sent to Greece as a spy 
by the king, and fled away to Crotona, where 
he married the daughter of the wrestler 
Milo.-JEl. V.H. 3.-Her. 3, 121. 

DEMOCHARES, an Athenian sent with 
some of his countrymen with an embassy to 
Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch 
gave them audience, and when he asked 
them what he could do to please the people 
at Athens] Demochares replied, "Hang 
yourself." This impudence raised the in- 
dignation of all the hearers ; but Philip 
mildly dismissed them, and bade them asu 
their countrymen, which deserved most the 
appellation of wise and moderate, either 
they who gave such ill language, or he 
who received it without any signs of resent- 
ment]-^. Ir. 3.— Ml. V. H. 3.— Ci. Br. 

A poet of Soli, who composed a comedy 

on Demetrius Poliorcetes.— Plu. Dem. 

A statuary, who wished to make a statue of 

mount Athos.— Fir. A general of Pompey 

the younger, who died B.C. 36. 

DEMOCLES, a man accused of dissatis- 
faction towards Dionysius, 6cc.—Poly.o. 

A beautiful youth, passionately loved by 
Demetrius Poliorcetes. He tiirew himself 
into a cauldron of boiling water, rather than 
submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. 
— Plu. Dem. 

DEM COON, a natural son of Priam, who 
came from his residence at Abydos to pro- 
tect his country against the Greeks. He 
was, after a glorious defence, killed by Ulvs- 
ses.-tf. 11.4. 

DEMOCRATES, an architect of Alexan- 
dria. A wrestler.— Ml. V. H. 4, 15. An 

Athenian who fought on the side of Darius, 
against the Macedonians.— Curt. 6, 5. 

DEMOCRITUS, a celebrated philosopher 
of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He tra- 
velled over the greatest part of Europe, 
Asia, and Africa, in que'.t of knowledge, and 
returned home in the greatest poverty. 
There was a law at Abdera, which deprived 
of the honour of a funeral the man who had 
reduced himself to indigence ; and Demo- 
critua, to avoid ignominy, repeated before 
his countrymen one ol his composition* 
called JJiucosmus. It was received wita 
such uncommon applause, !hyt he was pre- 



DEM— DEM 



213 



DEM — DEM 



rented with 500 talents ; statues were erec- 
ted to his honour; and a decree passed that 
the expenses of his funeral should be paid 
from the public treasury. He retired to a 
garden near the city, where he dedicated 
his time to study and solitude ; and accord- 
ing' to some authors, he put out his eyes, 
to apply himself more closely to philosophi- 
cal inquiries. He was accused of insanity, 
and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire 
into the nature of his disorder. The physi- 
cian had a conference with the philoso- 
pher, and declared that not Democritus, 
but his enemies, were insane. He continu- 
ally laughed at the follies and vanity of 
mankind, who distract themselves with 
care, and are at once a prey to hope and tu 
anxiety. He told Darius, who was incon- 
solable for the loss of his wife, that he 
would raise her from the dead, if he could 
find three persons who had gone through 
life without adversity, whose names he 
might engrave on the queen's monument. 
The king's inquiries to find such persons 
proved unavailing, aud the philosopher in 
some manner soothed the sorrow of his 
sovereign. He taught his disciples that 
tlie soul died with the body ; and therefore, 
as he gave no credit to the existence of 
ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude, 
dressed themselves in a hideous and de- 
formed habit, and approached his cave in 
the dead of night, with whatever could 
create terror and astonishment. The phi- 
losopher received them unmoved ; and 
without even looking at them, he desired 
them to cease making themselves such ob- 
jects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 
109th year of his age, B.C. 361. His father 
was so rich that he entertained Xerxes, 
with all his army, as he was marching' 
against Greece. All the works of Demo- 
critus are lost. He was the author of the 
doctrine of atoms, and fir'* taught that the 
milky way was occasioned o> a confused 
light from a multitude of stars. He may 
be considered as the parent of experimental 
philosophy, in the prosecution of which he 
showed himself so ardent, that he declared 
he would prefer the discovery of one of the 
causes of the works of nature, to the diadem 
of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and 
tinged them with various colours; he like- 
wise dissolved stones, and softened ivorv.— 
Bus. 14,27.— Diog. vi.—JEl. V. H. 4,20.— Ci. 

Fin.—Va. Ma. 8,7.—Slr.l. An Ephesian, 

who wrote a book on Diana's temple, Sic.— 
Diog.— A powerful man of Naxos.-i/er.7,46. 

DEMOD1CE, the wife of Cretheus king 
of lolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. 
—Hyg. B.A.2, 20. 

DEMODOCHUS, a musician at the court 
of Alcinous, who sang, in the presence of 
Ulvsses, the secret amours of Mars and Ve- 
nus, kc.—H. Od. 8,—Plu. M. A Trojan 

chief, who came with ./Eneas into Italy, 

where he was killed.— V. JEn. 10. An 

historian.— Plu. Flu. 

DEMOLEUs, a Greek, killed by iEneas 
in the Trojan war.— V. Mn. 5. 

DEMOLEON, a centaur, killed by The- 
*eui at the nuptials of Pirithous.— Ov. Me. 



12. A son of Antenor killed by Achilles-. 

— H. II. 20. - 

DEMON, an Athenian, nephew to Demos- 
thenes. He was at the head of the govern- 
ment during- the absence of his uncle, and 
obtained a decree that Demosthenes should 
be recalled, and that a ship should be sent 
to bring him back. 

DEMON ASSA,a daughter of Amphiaraus, 
who married Thersander.— Pa. 9, 5. 

DEMONAX, a celebrated philosopher of 
Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed 
no concern about the necessaries of life ; but 
when hungry, he entered the first house he 
met, and there satisfied his appetite. He 

died in his 100th year. A man of Min- 

tinea, sent to settle the government of Cy- 
rene.— Her. 4, 161. 

DEMONICA, a woman who betrayed 
Ephesus to Brennus.— Piu. Par. 

DEMOPHANTUS, a general killed by 
Antisronus, &c— Pa. 8, 49. 

DEMOPHILE, a name given to the sibyl 
of Cumvfe, who, as it is supposed by some, 
sold the sibylline bocks to Tarquin.— Var. 
L. 1,6. [An officer of Agathocles.—Di.]9. 

DEMOPHlLUS,an Athenian archon. 

DEMOPHON, an Athenian, who assisted 
theThebansin recoveringCadmea,&c.-Di.l5. 

DEMO PHOON, son of Theseus and Phae- 
dra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182, and 
reigned 33 years. At his return from the 
Trojan war, he visited Thrace, where he 
was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. 
He retired to Athens, and forgot the kind- 
ness, and love of Phyllis, who hanged her- 
self in despair.— Ov. Her. 2. — Pa. 10, 55. 

A friend of ./Eneas, killed by Camilla.— 

V. JEn. li. 

DEMOPOLIS, a son of Themistocles.— 
Plu. Th. 

DEMOS, a place of Ithaca. 

DEMOSTHENES, a celebrated Athenian, 
son of a rich blacksmith, called Demos- 
thenes, and of Cleobuie. He was but seven 
years of age when his father died. His 
guardians negligently managed his affairs, 
and embezzled the greatest part of his pos- 
sessions. His education uas totally neg- 
lected; and for whatever advances he made 
in learning, he was indebted to his indu-try 
and application. He became the pupil of 
Jsaeus and Hato, and applied himself to 
study the orations of Isocrates. At the 
age of seventeen he gave an early proof of 
his eloquence and abilities against nis guar- 
dians, from whom he obtained the retribu- 
tion of the greatest part of his estate. His 
rising talents were however impeded by 
weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronuncia- 
tion, especially of the latter, but these ob- 
stacles were soon conqnered by unwearied 
application. To correct the stammering of 
his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his 
mouth; aud lemoved the distortion of his 
features, which accompanied his utterance, 
by watching the motions of his countenance 
in a looking-glass. That his pronunciation 
might be loud and full of emphasis, he fre- 
qnently ran up the steepest and most une- 
ven walks, where his voice acquired force 
and energy ; and on the sea-shore, whe;< 



DEM— de:,i 



219 DEM-DER 
I melody of his expressions. No orafor » 



the waves were violently agitated, he de- 
claimed aloud, to accustom himself to the be said to have expressed the various . 
noise and tumults of a public assembly. He sions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, 
also confined himself in a subterraneous with more energy than lie ; and as a proof 
cave, to devote himself more closely to of his uncommon application, it need only 
studious pursuits ; and to eradicate all cu- be mentioned, that he transcribed, eight or 
riosity of appearing in public, he shaved I even ten times, the history of Thucydides, 
one half of his head. In this solitary re- I that he might not only imitate, but possess 
tirement, by the help of a glimmering lamp, > the force and energy of the great historian, 
he composed the greatest part of his ora- ' The best editions of his works are those of 



n posed the greatest part 
tions, which have ever been the admiration 
of every age, though his contemporaries 
and rivals severely inveighed against them, 
and observed that they smelt of oii. His 
abilities, as an orator, raised him to conse- 
quence at Athens, and he was soon placed 
at the head of the government. In this 
public capacity he roused his countrymen 
from their indolence, and animated them 
against the encroachments of Philip of Ma- 
cedonia. In the battle of Cheronasa, howe- 
ver, Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, 
and saved his life by flight. After the death 
of Philip, he declared himself warmly against 
his son and successor, Alexander, whom he 
branded with the appellation of boy ; and 
when the Macedonians demanded "of the 
Athenians theii orators, Demosthenes re- 
minded his countrymen of the fable of the 
sheep which delivered their dogs to the 
wolves. Though he had boasted' that all 
the gold in Macedonia could not tempt him ; 
yet he suffered himself to be bribed by a 
small golden cup from Harpalus. The tu' 
mults which this occasioned, forced him to 
retire from Athens; and in his banishment, 
which he passed at Trcezene and iEgina, he 
lived with more effeminacy than true he- 
roism. When Antipater made war against 
Greece, after the death of Alexander^ De- 
mosthenes was publicly recalled from his 
exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him 
from iEgina. His return was attended with 
much splendour, and all the citizens crowded 
at the Piraeus to see him land. His triumph 
and popularity, however, were short. An- 
tipater and Craterus were near Athens, and 
demanded all the orators to be delivered up 
into their hands. Demosthenes with all his 
adherents fled to the temple of Neptune in 
Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of 
safety were banished, he took a dose of 
poison, which he always carried in a quill, 
and expired on the day that the Thesmopho- 
ria were celebrated, in the 60th year of his 
age,B.C. 32-2. The A thenians raised a brazen 
statue to his honour v/ith an inscription 
translated into this distich : 
Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne,fuis- 
set, Grcecia von Macedte succubuisset hero. 
Demosthenes has been deservedly called the 
prince of orators : and Cicero, his successful 
rival among the Romans, called him a per- 
lect model, and such as he wished to be. 
These two great princes of eloquence have 
often been compared together; but the 
judgment hesitates to which to give the 
preference. They both arrived at perfection ; 
but the measures by which thev obtained it, 
were diametrically opposite. Demosthenes 
has been compared, and with propriety, bv 
hi* rival tschines, to a Siren, from the 



Wolfius, fol. Frankof. 1604; that left un- 
finished by Taylor, Cantab. 4to. and that 
published in 12 vols. 8vo. 1720, &c. Lips, by 
Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations 
of Demosthenes have been "published sepa- 
rately.— Plu. vi.~ Di.l6.~Ci.Or.&cc.—Pa. \, 

3. An Athenian general, sent to succeed 

Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse 
with Nicias, but his efforts were ineffectual. 
After many calamities he fell into the ene- 
my's hands, and his army was confined to 
hard labour. The accounts about the death 
of Demosthenes are various; some believe 
that he stabbed himself, while others sup- 
pose that he was put to death bv the Syra- 
cusans, B.C. 413.— Plu. N.—Th', 4.— Di. 12. 

The father of the orator Demosthenes. 

He was very rich, and em ployed an immense 
number of slaves in the business of a sword- 
cutler.— Plu. Bern. A governor of Cae- 

sarea, under the Roman emperors. 
DEMOS TRATUS, an Athenian orator. 
DEMDCHUS, a Trojan, son of Philetor, 
killed bv Achilles.—//. 11. 20. 

DEMYLUS, a tyrant who tortured the 
philosopher Zeno.— PL St. R. [Pi. 34. 
DENSELETiE, a people of Thrace.— Ci. 
DEOBR1GA, a town on the Iberus in 
Spain, now Miranda de Ebro. 

DEODATUS, an Athenian who opposed 
the cruel resolutions of Cleon against the 
captive prisoners of Mityiene. 

DEOIS, a name given to Proserpine from 
her mother Ceres, who was called Deo. 
This name Ceres received, because when she 
sought her daughter all over the world, all 
wished her success in her pursuits, with the 
word deeis, invenies ; from deo, invenio.- 
DERA;, a place of Messenia. [Ov. Me. 6. 
DERBE, a town of Lycaonia at the north 
of mount Taurus in Asia Minor, now Alah~ 
Dag.—Ci. Fam. 13, e. 73. 

DERBICES, a people near Caucasus, who 
killed all those that had reached their 70th 
year. They buried such as died a natural 
death.— Sir. 

DERCE, a fountain -in Spain, whose 
waters were said to be uncommonly cold. 

DERCENNUS, an ancient king in Latium. 
— V. Mn. II. 

DERCETO & DERCETIS, a goddess of 
Syria, called also Atergatis, whom some sup- 
posed to be the same as Astarte. Shu was 
represented as a beautiful woman above the 
waist, and the lower part terminated in a 
fish's tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, 
whom she had offended, made her passion- 
ately fond of a young priest, remarkable for 
the beauty of his features. She hud a daugh- 
ter by him, and became so ashamed of her 
incontinence, that she removed her lover, 
exj osed the fruit of her amour, and threw 

U2 



DER— DEU 21 
herself into a lake. Her body was trans- 
formed into a fish, and her child was pre- 
served, and called Semiramis. As she was 
chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented 
like a" tish, the Syrians anci oily abstained 
from fishes.— Lu. Dea. S.— Pi.' 5, 13.— Or. 
Me. 4. — Di. 2. 

DERCYLLIDAS, a general of Sparta, 
celebrated for his military exploits. He took 
pine different cities in eight days, and freed 
o'hersonesus from the inroads of the Thra- 
eians bv building a wall across the country. 
He lived B.C. 399. -Di. W.-Zen. H. Gra>.\,6r'c. 

DERCYLLUS, a man appointed over 
Attica bv Antipater.— C. Nep. P. 2. 

DERCYNUS, a son of Neptune, killed by 
Hercules. — Apol. 2, 5. 

DERS^I, a people of Thrace. 

DERTHONA, now Tortona,i town of Li- 
guria, between Genoa and Placentia, where 
a Roman colony was settled. — Ci. Di. 11. 

DERTOSE, now Turtosa, a town of Spain 
near the Iberus. 

DERUSI;El, a people of Persia. 

DESUDABA, a town of Media.--Zj. 44, 26. 

DEVA, a town of Britain now Chester, on 
the Dee. 

DECCALION, a son of Prometheus, who 
married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epime- 
theus. He' reigned over part of Thessaly, 
and in his age the whole earth was over- 
whelmed with a deluge. The impiety of man- 
kind had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to 
destroy mankind, and immediately the earth 
exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The 
highest mountains were climbed up by the 
frightened inhabitants of the country; but 
this seeming place of security was soon over- 
topped by the rising waters, and no hope was 
left of escaping the universal calamity. Pro- 
metheus advised his son to make himself a 
ship, and by this means he saved himself 
and his wife'Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed 
about during nine successive days, and at 
last stopped on the top of Mount Parnassus, 
where Deucalion remained till the waters 

had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no I Her. 6, 127. The father of Eurydame the 

mention of a vessel built by the advice of j wife of Leutychides.— Id. 6, 71. 
Prometheus ; but, according to tbeir rela- DliEUS, o"f Megalopolis, a general of the 
tion, Deucalion saved his life by taking re- , Achseans, w ho killed himself when his affairs 
fuge on the top of Parnassus, or, according J became desperate.— Pa. 7, 16. 
to'Hyginus, of iEtna in Sicily. As soon as DIADUMENIANUS, a son of Macrinus, 
the waters had retired from the surface of I who enjoyed the title of Caesar during hi* 
the earth, Deucalion and his wife went to 1 f ~ 
consult the oracle of Themis, and were di- 
rected to repair the loss of mankind, by 



"» DEU— DIA 

earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. 
According to Xenophon, there were "no less 
than five deluges. The first happened under 
Ogyges, and lasted three months. The 
second, which was in the age of Hercules 
and Prometheus, continued but one month. 
During the third, which happened in the 
reign of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid 
waste by the waters". Thessaly was totally 
covered by the waters during' the fourth", 
which happened in the age of Deucalion. 
The last was before the Trojan war, and its 
effects were severely felt by the inhabitants 
of Egypt. There prevailed a report in 
Attics," that the waters of Deucalion's deluge 
had disappeared through a small aperture 
about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius's 
temple ; and Pausanias, who saw it, further 
adds that a yearly offering of fiour and 
honey was thrown into it with religious 
ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so 
much celebrated in ancient history, is sup- 
posed to have happened 1503 years B. C. 
Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha — Hellen, 
called by some, son of Jupiter, and Am- 
phictyou king of Attica, and also a daughter, 
Protogenea, who became mother of JEthlius 
by Jupiter.— Pind. 9.— Or. Me. 1, 9.— Apol. 
1, 7.— Pa. 1, 10.— Juv. \.—Hyg. fa. 153.— 
Ju. 2, 6.— Di. 5,—Lu. Dea S.— Virg. G. 1. 

One of the Argonauts. A son of Mi 

nos.— Apol. 3, 1, A son of Abas. 

DEI CET1US, a Sicilian <reneral.--2>i. 1 ' 

DEUDOR1X, one of the Cherusci, led in 
triumph by Germanicus. 

DEXA MENE,one of :he Nereides. -H./Z.7. 

DIA, a daughter of Deiou, mother of Pi- 

rithous by Ixion. An island in the jEgrean 

sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same afi 

Naxos. Vide Naxoa. — Of. Me. 8. Another 

on the coast of Crete, now Standia. A 

city of Thrace, Eubcea, Peloponnesus, 

Lusitania, Italy, near the Alps, 

Scythia, near the Phasis, Caria,— *— Bi- 

thvnia, and Thessaly. 

D IACTORlDES,6ne of Agarista's suitors. 



throwing behind them the bones of thei'r 
grandmother. This was nothing but the 
stones of the earth ; and after some hesita- 
tion about the meaning of the oracle, they 
obeyed. The stones thrown by Deucalion 
became men, and those of Pyrrha women. 
According to Justin, Deucalion was not the 
only one who escaped from the universal 
calamity. Many saved their lives by ascend- 
ing the highest'mountains, or trusting them- 
selves in small vessels to the mercy of the 
waters. This deluge, which chiefly hap- 
pened in Thessaly, according to the relation 
of some writers, was produced by the inun- 
dation of the waters of the river Peneus, 
whose regular course was stopped by an 



father's life-time, &c. 

DIAGON & DIAGUM, a river of Pelopon- 
nesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and sepa- 
rating Pisa from Arcadia.— Pa. 6, 21. 

DIAGON DAS, a Theiun who abolished all 
nocturnal sacrifices. — Ci- Le. 2, 15. 

DIAGORAS, an Athenian philosopher. 
His father's name yvas Teleclytus. From 
the greatest superstition, he became a most 
unconquerable atheist ; because he saw a 
man who laid a false claim to one of his 
poems, and who perjured himself, go un- 
punished. His great impiety and blasphe- 
mies provoked his countrymen, and the 
Areopagites promised one talent to him who 
brought his head betore their tribunal, and 
two if he were produced alive. He lived 
about 416 years B.C.— Ci. Nat. D. 1, 23.— 
Fa. Ma. 1, 1. An athlete of Rhodes, tW 



DIA— DIA 



221 



DIA— DIA 



years before the Christian era. Pindar 
celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode stili 
extant, which was written in golden letters 
in a temple of Minerva. Ke saw his three 
sons crowned the same day atOlympia, and 
died through excess of joy.— Ci. Tu. 5. — 
Plv. P.— Pa. 6, 7. 

DI ALIS, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first 
instituted by Numa. He was never permit- 
ted to swear, even upon public trials.— 
Var. L. L. 4, 16.— Diog. 2.— Li. 1, 20. 

DIALLUS', an Athenian, who wrote an 
history of all the memorable occurrences, of. 
his age. 

DIAMASTIGOSrS, a festival of Sparta in \ 
honour of Diana Orthia, which received that ! 
name apo ton mustigoum, from whipping, 
because hoys were whipped before the altar 
of the goddess. These boys, called Bomo- j 
nicse, were originally free-born Spartans : i 
but, in the more delicate ages, they were of 
mean birth, and generally of a slavish ori- 
gin. This operation was performed by an ' 
officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; 
and that no compassion should be raised, 
the priest stood near the altar with a small 
light statue of the goddess, which suddenly 
became heavy and insupportable if the lash 
of the whip was more lenient or less ri- i 
gorous. The parents of the children at- ! 
tended the solemnity, and exhorted them 
not to commit any thing either by fear or 
groans, that might be unworthy of Laeonian 
education. These flagellations were so se- ' 
vere, that the blood gushed in profuse tor- i 
rents, and many expired under the lash of 
the whip without uttering a groan, or be- j 
traying any marks of fear. Such a death 
was reckoned very honourable, and the j 
corpse was buried with much solemnity, 
with a garland of flowers on its head. The 
origin of this festival is unknown. Some j 
suppose, that Lycurgus first instituted it 
to inure the youths of Lacedaemon to bear 
labour and fa'tigue, and render them insen- 
sible to pain and wounds. Others maintain, 
that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which 
ordered that human blood should be shed 
on Diana's altar ; and according to their 
opinion, Orestes first introduced that bar- 
barous custom, after he had brought the 
statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There 
is another tradition, which mentions, that 
Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and 
sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged 
with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by 
a number of Lydians who disturbed the sa- 
crifice, and were at last repelled with staves 
and stones, the only weapons with which the 
Lacedaemonians were provided at that mo- 
ment. In commemoration of this, therefore, 
whipping or boys was instituted at Sparta, 
and after that the Indian procession. 

DIANA, was the goddess of hunting. Ac 
cording to Cicero, there were three of this 
name : a daughter of Jupiter and Proser- 
pine, who became mother of Cupid ; a 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and a 
daughter of V pis and Glauce. The second is 
the most celebrated, and to her all the anci- 
ents allude. She was born at the same birth 
as Apollo ; and the pains which she saw her 



mother suffer during her labour, gave her 
such an aversion to marriage, that she ob- 
tained from her father the permission to 
live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside 
over the travails of women. To shun the 
society of men, she devoted herself to hunt- 
ing, and obtained the permission of Jupiter 
to have for her attendants 60 of the Ocean- 
ides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, like 
herself, abjured the use of marriage. She 
is represented with a bene bow and quiver, 
and attended with dogs, and sometimes 
drawn in a chariot by two white stags. 
Sometimes she appears with wings, noluing 
a lion in one hand, and a panther in the 
other, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, 
or two horses of different colours. She is 
represented taller by the head than her at- 
tendant nymphs, he'r face is rather manly, 
heriegs are bare, well shaped, and strong, 
and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn 
by huntresses among the ancients. Diana 
received many surnames, particularly from 
the places where her worship was estab- 
lished, and from the functions over which 
she presided. She was called Lucina, Ily- 
thia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by 
women in childbed, and Trivia when wor- 
shipped in the cross-ways, where her statues 
were generally erected." She was supposed 
to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine 
or Hecate, and from that circumstance she 
was called Triformis ; and some of her sta- 
tues represented her with three heads, that 
of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power 
and functions under these three characters 
have been beautifully expressed in these 
two verses : 

Terret,lustrai,agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana, 
Ima,supr emu, f eras, sceptro,falgore,sagitia. 
She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- 
rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was 
supposed to be the same as the Isis of the 
Egyptians, whose worship was introduced 
into Greece with that of Osiris under the 
name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war 
against the gods, Diana is" said to have me- 
tamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his 
fury. The goddess is generally known in 
the" figures that represent her, by the cres- 
cent on her head, by the dogs which attend 
her, and by her hunting habit. The most 
famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, 
which was one of the seven wonders of the 
world. [Fide Ephesus.] She was there re- 
presented with a great number of breasts, 
and other symbols Which -signified the earth, 
or Cybele. Though she was the patroness 
of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity to en- 
joy the company of Endymion, and the very 
familiar favours" which, according to mytho- 
logy, she granted to Pan and Orion are well 
known. [Vide Endymion, Pan, Orion.] The 
inhabitants of Taurica were particularly at- 
tached to the worship of this goddess, and 
thev cruelly offered on the altar all the 
strangers thai were shipwrecked on their 
coasts. Her temple in Alicia was served by 
a priest who had always murdered his pre- 
decessor, and the Lacedaemonians yearly 
offered her human victims till the age ot 
Lvcurgus, who changed this barbarous cus- 

U3 



D1A — DIG 222 DIC— DIC 

*om for the sacrifice of flagellation. The' state,because the plebeians refused to enlist, 
Athenians generally offered her goats, and if they were not discharged from all the 
others a white kid", and sometimes a boarj debts contracted with the patricians, they 
pig, or an ox. Among plants, the poppy found it necessary to elect anew magistrate 
and the ditamy were sncred to her. She as ! with absolute and incontrollable power to 
well as ber bro'therApollo, had some oracles, { take care of t'.ie state. The dictator re- 
aicong which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and mained in office for six months, after which 
Ephesas are the most known. — Or. F. 2.— he was again elected, if the affairs of the 
Pi. Nat. D. 3.—Hor. 3, o. 22. — Virg. G. 3.— \ state seemed to be desperate ; but if tran- 



Hom. 0. 5.— Pa. B.31. — Cat. — St. 3, Si. I.— 
Apol. 1, 4. 

DIANASA, the mother of Lvcurgus.— 
Plu. Ly. 

DIANIUM, a town and promontory of 



quillity was re-established, I e generally laid 
down his power before the time was expired. 
He was called dictator, because dictus, 
named by the consul, or quoniam dictis ejus 
parebat popultu, because the people impli- 



Spain, now Cape Martin, where Diana was | citly obeyed his command. He was named 
worshipped. by the consul in the night, viva voce, and 

DIASIA, festivals in honour of Jupiter at his election wa- confirmed by the auguries, 
Athens. They received their name apo tou I though sometimes he was nominated or »e- 
dios tiai tec ases, from Jupiter and m is/or- commended by the people. As his power 
tune, because, by making- applications to was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy 
Jupiter, men obtained relief from their j forces, conduct them against an enemy, or 
misfortunes, and were delivered from dan- 1 disband them at pleasure. He punished as 
gers. During this festival things of all , he pleased ; and from his decision there was 
kinds were exposed for sale. [Burgundy, j no appeal, at least till later times. He 
DIBIO, a town of France, now Dijon in ; was preceded bv 24 lictors with the fasces ; 
DICjEA Sc DICiEARCHEA, a town of 1 during his administration, all other offices, 
Italy.— It. 13. except tribunes of the people, were sus- 

l)ICi£US, an Athenian who was super- ' pended, and he was the master of the repub- 
naturally apprised of the defeat of the Per- 1 iic. But amidst all his independence he was 
siaus in "Greece.— Her. 6, 65. I not permitted to go beyoud the borders of 

DICE, one of the Horae, daughters of Ju- 1 Italy, and he was always obliged to march 
piter.— Apol. 1, 3. on toot in his expeditions; and he never 

DICEARCHCS, a Messenian famous fori could ride in difficult and laborious marches, 
his knowledge of philosophy, history, and j without previously obtaining a formal leave 
mathematics. He was one of Aristotle's , from the people. " He was chosen only when 
disciples. Nothing remains of his numerous I the state was in imminent dangers from fo- 
compositions. He had composed an history reign enemies or inward seditions. In the 
of the Spartan republic, which was publicly I time of a pestilence, a dictator wassometimes 
read over every year by order of the ma- elected, as also to hold the comitia, or to 
gistrates, for the "improvement and instruc- celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, 
tion of youth. to choose senators, or drive a nail in the 

DICENEUS, an Egyptian philosopher in j capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies 
the age of Augustus," who travelled into the Romans believed that a plague could be 
Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with averted, or the progress of an enemy stop- 
the king of the country, and by his instruc- 1 ped. This office, so respectable, aud ilius- 
tions softened the wildness and rusticity of j trious in the first ages of the republic, became 
his manners. He also gained such an in- odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla 
fluence over the multitude, that they des- and J. Caesar ; and after the death of 'the 
troyed all the vines which grew in* their latter, the Roman senate, on the motion of 
country, to prevent the riot and dissipation the consul Antony, passed a decree, which 
which "the wine occasioned among them, for ever forbade a dictator to exist in Rome. 
He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a j The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a 
book, that they might not lose the benefit subordinate officer, called his master of 



of them after his death 

DICOMAS,a kingof the Get&.-Plu.Ant. 

DICTJE, 6c DICTiCS MONS, a mountain 
of Crete. The island is often known bv the 

name of Dictaa ana.—V. Eel. 6. Jupiter 

was called DicUeus, because worshipped 
there, aud the same epithet was applied to 



iorse, magister equitum. This officer was 
respectable, but he was totally subservient 
to the will of the dictator, and could do no- 
thing without his express order, though he 
enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and 
had the same insignia as the praetors. Tin's 
subordination, however, was some time 



Minos.— Virg. G. 2.—Ov. 3Ie. 8. — Pto. 3, j after removed ; and during the second Pu- 
17.— Str. to. nic war, the master of the horse was in- 

DICTAMNUM & DICTYNNA, a town of ! vested with a power equal to that of the 
Crete, where the herb called dictamnus j dictator. A second dictator was also chosen 
chiefly grows.— V.JEn. 12.— Ci. Xat. D.2, 50. for the election of magistrates at Rome, 
DICTATOR, a magistrate at Rome in- | after the battle of Cannaf. The dictatorship 
vested with regal authority. This officer, was originally confined to the patricians, but 
whose magistracy seems to have been bor- the plebeians" were afterwards admitted to 
rowed from the customs of the Albans or ; share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the tir>? 
Latins, was first chosen during the Roman dictator. A.U.C. 253.— Dio. H.—Ci. Le. J. 
wars again.t the Latins. The consuls being ] —Di.—Piu. Fa.—App. 3.— Pol. 3.— Pat. 2, 
unable to rAise forces for the defence of the 1 28.— Li. I, 23, 



DIC-DID 



223 



DID— DID 



DICTIDIENSES, certain inhabitants of 
mount Athos.— Th. 5, 82. 

DICTYNNA, a nymph of <Jrete, who first 
invented hunting-nets. She was one of 
Diana's attendants, and for that reason the 
goddess is often called Dictynnia. Some 
have supposed that Minos pursued her, and 
that to avoid his importunities, she threw 
herself into the sea, and was caught in 
fishermen's nets, diclua, whence her name. 
There was a festival at Sparta in honour of 

Diana, called Dictynnia.— Pa. 2, 30. A 

city of Crete. 

DICTYS, a Cretan, who went with Ido- 
meneus to the Trojan war. It is supposed 
that he wrote an history of this celebrated 
war, and that at his death he ordered it to 
be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a 
violent earthquake in the reign of Nero 
opened the monument where he had been 
buried. This convulsion of the earth threw 
out his history of the Trojan war, which 
was found by some shepherds, and after- 
wards carried to Rome. This mysterious 
tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous ; 
and the history of the Trojan war, which 
is now extant as the composition of Dictys 
of Crete, was composed in the 15th century, 
or according- to others, in the age of Con- 
stantine, and falsely attributed to one of the 
followers of Idomeneus. The edition of 
Dictys is by Masellus Venia, 4to. Mediol. 

H77. A king of the island of Seriphus, 

son of Magnes and Nays. He married the 
nymph Clymene,and was made king of Seri- 
phus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, 
because he behaved with wantonness to. 

Danae. [Vide Polydectes.]— Apol. l, 9. A' 

centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
— Ov. Me. 12. 

DID AS, a Macedonian, who was employed 
by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected 
to his father Philip.— Li. 40. 

DIDIA LEX, de Sumptibus, by Didius, 
A. U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that 
attended public festivals and entertain- 
ments, and limit the number of guests which 
generally attended them, not only at Rome, 
but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, 
not only those who received guests in these 
festive meetings, but the guests themselves, 
were liable to be fined. It was an extension 
of the Oppian and Fannian laws. 

DIDIUS, a governor of Spain, conquered 

by Sertorius— Plu.S. A man who brought 

Caesar the head of Pompey's eldest son.— 
Flu. A governor of Britain, under Clau- 
dius JULIAN US, a rich Roman, who, 

after the murder of Pertinax, bought the 
empire which the pretorians had exposed to 
6ale, A. D. 192. His great luxury and ex- 
travagance rendered him odious ; and when 
he refused to pay the money which he had 
promised for the imperial purple, the 
soldiers revolted against him, and pnt him 
to death, afler a short re;gn. Severus was 
made emperor after him. 

DIDO, called also Elissa, a daughter of 
Belus king of Tyre, who married Skhaeus, 
or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of 
Hercules. Pvgmalion, who succeeded to 
'be throne of Tvrc alter Belus, murdered 



Sichseus, to gel possession of the immense 
riches which he possessed ; and Dido, dis- 
consolate for the loss of a husband whom 
she tenderly loved, and by whom she was 
equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a set- 
tlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom 
the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. 
According to some accounts, she threw into 
the sea the riches of her husband, which 
Pygmalion so greatly desired ; and by that 
artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, 
that had come by order of the tyrant to 
obtain the riches of Sicbaeus. During her 
voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, 
vyh'ere she carried away 50 women, who" pros- 
tituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave 
them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A 
storm drove her fleet on the African coast, 
and she bought of the inhabitants as much 
land as could be covered by a bull's hide, 
cut into thongs. Upon this piece of land 
she built a citadel, called Byrsa, [Vide 
Byrsa.] and the increase of population, and 
the rising commerce among her subjects, 
soon obliged her to enlarge her city, and 
the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, 
as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained 
her many admirers; and her subjects wished 
to compel her to marry Irabas, king of Mau- 
ritania, who threatened them with a dreadful 
war. Dido begged three months to give 
her decisive answer; and during that time, 
she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by 
a solemn sacrifice, to appease the manes of 
Sichaeus, to whom she had promised eternal 
fidelity. When all was prepared, she stab- 
bed herself on the pile in presence of her 
peopie, and by this uncommon action ob- 
tained the name of Dido, valiant woman, 
instead of Elissa. According to Virgil and 
Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the 
sudden departnre of vEneas, of whom she 
was deeply enamoured, and whom she could 
not obtain as a husband. This poetical 
fiction represents ./Eneas as living in the 
age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism 
of near 300 years. Dido left Phoenicia 247 
years after the Trojan war, or the age of 
jEneas, that is, about 953 years B. C. This 
chronological error proceeds not from the 
ignorance of the poets, but it is supported 
by the authority of Horace ; [tia Jinge." 

* Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenien- 
While Virgil describes, in a beautiful epi- 
sode, the desperate love of Dido, and the 
submission of iEneas to the will of the gods, 
he at the same time gives an explanation 
of the hatred which existed between the re- 
publics of Rome and Carthage, and informs 
his readers that their mutual enmity ori- 
ginated in their very first foundation, and 
was apparently kindled by a more remote 
cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two 
flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, 
was honoured as a deity by her subjects. — 
Ju. 18, 4.— Pat. 1, 6.— V. /En.— Ov. Me. 1. 
f. 2.— App. At.— Or. A.—Herod.—Dio. Ha. 

DID Y MA, a place of Miletus.— Pa. 2, 9. 
An island in the Sicilian sea. — Pa. 10, II. 

Dl DY M/EUS, a surname of Apollo. 

DIDYMAON, an excellent artist, famous 
for making suits of armour.— V. /En. ■>. 



DIi> -DII 



224 



DII— DIN 



D1DYME, one of the Cydades.— Ov. Me. 

7. A city of Sicily.— Id. F. 4. One of 

the Lipari isles, now Saline. A place 

near Miletus, where the Branchidae had 
their famous oracle. 

DIDYMUM, a mountain of Asia Minor. 

DIDYMUS, a freed man of Tiberius, &c. 

— Ta. An. 6, 24. A scholiast on Homer, 

surnamed Chalkenteros, flourished B. C. 40. 
He wrote a number of books which are now 
lost. The editions of his commentaries are, 
that in two vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Aid. 1528, 
and that of Paris, 8vo. 1530. 

DIENECES, a Spartan, who, upon hear- 
ing, before the battle of Thermopylae, that 
the Persians were so numerous that their 
arrows would darken the light of the sun, 
observed, that it would be a great conveni- 
ence, for thev then should fight in the shade. 
—Her. 7, 226". [being the father of light. 

DIESPITER, a surname of Jupiter, as 

DIGENTIA, a small river which watered 
Horace's farm, in thecountry of the Sabines. 
—Hor. I, e. 18. 

DIG MA, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. 

DII, the divinities of the ancient inhabit- 
ants of the earth were very numerous. 
Every object which caused terror, inspired 
gratitude, or bestowed affluence, received 
the tribute of veneration. Man saw a su- 
perior agent in the stars, the elements, or 
the trees, and supposed that the waters 
which communicated fertility to his fields 
and possessions, were under" the influence 
and direction of some invisible power, in- 
clined to favour and to benefit mankind. 
Thus arose a train of divinities, which ima- 
gination arrayed in different forms, and 
armed with different powers. They were 
endowed with understanding, and were ac- 
tuated by the same passions which daily 
afflict the human race, and those children 
of superstition were appeased or provoked 
as the imperfect being' which gave thembirth. 
Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifices and 
incense, and sometimes human victims bled 
to expiate a crime which superstition alone 
supposed to exist. The sun, from its power- 
ful influence and animating nature, first at- 
tracted the notice, and claimed the adoration 
of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. 
The moon also was honoured with sacrifices, 
and addressed in prayers ; and after immor- 
tality had been liberally bestowed on all the 
heavenly bodies, mankind classed among 
their deities the brute creation, and the cat 
and the sow shared equally with Jupiter 
himself, the father of gods" and men, the 
devout veneration of their votaries. This 
immense number of deities have been di- 
vided into different classes, according to the 
will and pleasure of the mycologists. The 
Romans, generally speaking, reckoned two 
classes of the gods, the dii maiorum gen- 
tium, or dii consulentes, and the dii mino- 
rum gentium. The former were twelve in 
number, six males and six females. [Vide 
Consentes.] In the class of the latter, were 
ranked all the gods who were worshipped 
in different parts of the earth. Be>ides 
these, there were some called dii selecti, 
ometimes classed with the twelve greater 



gods ; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, 
the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There were 
also some called demi-gods, that is who de- 
served immortality by the greatness of their 
exploits, and for their uncommon services to 
mankind. Among these were Priapus, Ver- 
tumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents 
were some of the immortal gods. Besides 
these, there were some called topici, whose 
w orship was established at particular places, 
such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Ura- 
nus at Carthage, *&c. In process of time, 
also, all the passions and the moral virtues, 
were reckoned as powerful deities, and 
temples were raised to a goddess of concord, 
peace, &c. According to the authority of 
Hesiod, there were no less than 30,000 g-ods 
that inhabited the earth, and were guardians 
of men, all subservient to the power of Ju- 
piter. To these succeeding ages have added 
an almost equal number ; and indeed they 
were so numerous, and their functions so 
various, that we find temples erected, and 
sacrifices offered to unknown gods. It is 
observable, that all the gods of the ancients 
have lived upon earth as mere mortals ; and 
even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, 
is represented by the mythologists as a help- 
less child ; and'we are acquainted with all 
the particulars that attended the birth and 
education ot Juno. In process of time, not 
only good and virtuous men who had been 
the patrons of learning and the supporters 
of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were 
admitted among the gods ; and the Roman 
senate courteously granted immortality to 
the most cruel and abandoned of their em- 
perors, ("dope. 
DII, a people of Thrace, on mount Rho- 
Dl MASS US, an island near Rhodes. — 
PL 5, 31. 

D1NARCHUS, a Greek orator, son of Sos- 
tratus, and disciple to Theophrastus, at 
Athens. He acquired much money by his 
compositions, and suffered himself to be 
bribed by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 
B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three re- 
main.— Ci. Or. 2, 53. A Corinthian am- 
bassador, put to death by Polyperchon.— 
Plu. Pho. A native of Delos, who col- 
lected some fables in Crete, &c. — Bio. H. 

DINDYMUS or A (orum), a mountain of 
Phrygia, near a town of the same name in 
the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from 
this place that Cy bele was cal led Dindymene, 
as her worship was established there by Ja- 
son.— Str. \2.—St. 1, Sy. l.—Hor. l,od. 16. 

fr t JEn. 9. 

DIN I A*, a town of Phrygia.— Li. 38, 5. 

A town ol Gaul, now Digne in Provence. 
DINIAS, a general of Cassander.— Di. 19. 

A man of Pherae, w ho seized the supreme 

power at Cranon. —Poly. 2. A man who 

wrote an history of Argos.— Plu. A. [3, 10. 
DINICHE, the wife of Archidamus.— Pa. 
DINOCHARES,an architect,who finished 
the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had 
been burnt bv Erostratus. 

DINOCRATES, an architect of Macedo- 
nia, who proposed to Alexander to cut 
mount Athos in the form of a statue, hold- 
ing a city in one hand, and in the other a 



DIN-DIO 



225 



DIO -DIO 



bason, into which all the waters of the 
mountain should empty themselves. This 

Eroject Alexander rejected as too chimerical, 
ut he emploved the talents of the artist in 
building and* beautifying Alexandria. He 
began to build a temple in honour of Arsi- 
noe, bv order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in 
which "he intended to suspend a statue of the 
queen, by means of loadstones. His death, 
and that of his royal patron, prevented the 
execution of a work which would have been 

the admiration of future ages.— PI. 7, 37. 

Mar. 22, 40.— Plu. Al. A general of Aga- 

thocles. A Messenian, who behaved with 

great effeminacy and wantonness. He de- 
feated Philopcemen, and put him to death, 
B.C. 183.— Plu. Flam. 
DfNODOCHUS, a swift runner.— Pu.6,1. 
DINOLOCHUS, a Syracusan, who com- 
posed 14 comedies.— Ml. An. 6, 52. [3, 42. 
DINOMENES, a tyrant of Syracuse. -Pan. 
DIi\ON,a governor of Damascus, under 

Ptolemy, 8cc.—Poly. 4. The father of Cli- 

tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia in 
Alexander's age. He is esteemed a very 
authentic historian by C. Nep.—Plu. Al.— 
l^iog. 

DINOSTHENES, a man who made him- 
self a statue of an Olvmpian victor.-Pa.6,l6. 

DINOSTRATUS, a celebrated geometri- 
cian in the age of Plato. 

DIOCLEA, festivals in the spring at Me- 
gara,in honour of Diocles, who died in the 
defence of a certain youth, to whom he was 
tenderly attached. There was a contention 
on his tomb, and the youth who gave the 
sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a 
garland. Theocritus has described them in 

his 12, Id. A town on the coast of Dal- 

matia.— PI. 3, 23. 
DIOCLES, a general of Athens, &c— 

Poly. 5. A comic poet of Athens. An 

historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote 
concerning the origin of the Romans, and 
the fabulous history of Romulus.— Plu. Rom. 

One of the four brothers placed over 

the citadel of Corinth, by Archelaus, &c— 

Pohj.Q. A rich man of Messenia.— Pa.4, 

2. -A general of Syracuse.— Di. 13. 

DIOCLETIANOPOLIS, a town of Thes- 
saly, called so in honour of Diocletian. 

DIOCLETIANUS, CA1US VALERIUS 
JOVIUS, a celebrated Roman emperor, born 
of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was 
first a common soldier, and by merit and 
success he gradually rose to the office of a 
general, and at the death of Numerian, lie 
was invested with the imperial purple. In 
his high station, he rewarded the virtues 
and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared 
with him all the subordinate offices in the 
army, by making him his colleague on the 
throne. He created two subordinate em- 
perors, Consfantius and Galerius, whom he 
calied Ctcsars, whilst he claimed for himself 
and his colleague the superior title of Au- 
gustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for 
his military virtues ; and though he was 
naturally unpolished by education and study, 
yet he was the frien* and patron of learning 
and true genius. H was bold and resolute, 
active and diligent and well acquainted 



with the arts which endear a sovereign to 
his people, and make him respectable even 
in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, 
however, against the followers of Christi- 
anity has been deservedly branded with the 
appellation of unbounded tyranny and in- 
solent wantonness. After He had reigned 
21 years in the greatest prosperity, he pub- 
licly abdicated the crown atNicomedia, on 
the first of May A.D. 304, and retired to a 
private station at Salona. Maximian, his 
colleague, followed his example, but net 
from voluntary choice ; and when he some 
time after endeavoured to rouse the ambi- 
tion of Diocletian, and persuade him to re- 
assume the imperial purple, he received for 
answer, that Diocletian took now more de- 
light in cultivating his little garden, than 
he formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his 
power was extended over all the earth. 
He lived nine years after his abdication in 
the greatest security and enjoyment at Sa- 
lona, and died in the 68th year of his age. 
Diocletian is the first sovereign who volun- 
tarily resigned his power : a philosophical 
resolution, which, in a later age, was imi- 
tated by the emperor Charles the fifth of 
Germany. 

DIODORUS, an historian, surnamed Si- 
culus, because he was born atArgyra in Si- 
cily. He wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, 
Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, 
which was divided into 40 books, of which 
only 15 are extant, with some few frag- 
ments. This valuable composition was the 
work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said 
that he visited all the places of which he has 
made mention in his history. It was the 
labour of 30 years, though the greater part 
may be considered as nothing more than a 
judicious compilation fromBerosus,Timseus, 
Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The 
author, however, is too credulous in some 
of his narrations, and often wanders far 
from the truth. His style is neither elegant, 
nor too laboured ; but ic contains great sim- 
plicity, and unaffected correctness. He 
often dwells too long upon fabulous reports 
and trifling incidents, while events of the 
greatest importance to history are treated 
with brevity, and sometimes passed over in 
silence. His manner of reckoning, by the 
Olympiads, and the Roman consuls, will be 
found very erroneous. The historian fi>»n 
rished about 44 B.C. He spent much time 
at Rome to procure information, and authen- 
ticate his historical narrations. The best 
editions of his works, is that of Wesseling, 
2 vols. fol. Amst. !746. A disciple of Eu- 
clid, in the age of Plato.— Diog. in vi. 

A comic poet. A son of Echeanax, who, 

with his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, 
murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, 

6iC.—Poly. 6. An Ephesian, who wrote 

an account of the life of Anaximander. — 

Diog. An orator of Sardes, in the time 

of the Mithridatic war. A stoic philoso- 
pher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and 
died in the house of his pupil, whom he in- 
structed in the various branches of Greek 

literature.— Ci.'Br. A general of Denu'- 

trius.— — A writer, surnamed Periegelcs y \\ ho 



DIO-DIO 22G 
wrote a description of the earth.— Plu. Th. 
■ An African, &c— Plu. 

DIOETAS, a general of Achaia, &c— 
Polv. 2. ' 

DIOGENES, a celebrated Cynic philoso- 
pher of Sinope, banished from his country 
for coining false monev. From Sinope, he 
retired to Athens, where he became the dis- 
ciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of 
the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused 
to admit him into his house, and even 
struck him with a st'ck. Diogenes calmly 
bore the rebuke, and said— " Strike iue, An- 
tisthenes, but never shall you find a stick 
sufficiently hard to remove me from your 
presence, whilst there is anything: to be 
learnt, any information to be gained from 
your conversation and acquaintance." Such 
firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, 
and he became his most devoted pupil. He 
dressed himself in the garments which dis- 
tinguished the Cynics, and walked about 
the streets with a tub on his head, which 
served him as a house snd a place of repose. 
Such singularity, joined to the greatest con- 
tempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, 
and Alexander the Great condescended to 
visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked 
Diogenes if there was any thing in which 
he could gratify or oblige, him. Get out of 
my sunshine, was the only answer which 
the philosopher gave. Such an indepen- 
dence of mind so pleased the monarch, that 
he turned to his courtiers, and said, were I 
not Alexander, I woulduish to be Diogenes. 
He was once sold as a slave, but his mag- 
nanimity so pleased his master, that he 
made him the preceptor of his children, and 
the guardian of his estates. After a life 
spent in the greatest misery and indisrence, 
he died B.C. 32-J, in the 96th year of Ins age. 
He ordered his body to be carelessly thrown 
into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled 
over it. His orders were, however, diso- 
beyed in this particular, and his friends 
honoured his remains with a magnificent 
funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of 
Sinope raised statues to his memory ; and 
the marble figure of a dog was placed on 
a high column erected on" his tomb. His 
biographer lias transmitted to posterity a 
number of his sayings, remarkable for their 
simplicity and moral tendency. The life of 
Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye 
of a strict examination ; he boasted of his 
poverty, and he was so arrogant that many 
have observed that the virtues of Diogenes 
arose from pride and vanity, not from wis- 
dom and sound philosophy. His morals 
were corrupted, and he gave way to his 
most vicious indulgences, and his unbounded 
wantonness has given occasion to some 
to observe, that the bottom of his tub 
would not bear too close an examination.— 

Diog. vi.—Plu. Ap.—Ci. Nat. D. 3, 36. 

A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. 
He went to Athens, and was sent as ambas- 
sador to Rome, with Carneades and Crito- 
aus, 155 years B.C. He died in the Sdth 
vear of his age, after a life of the most ex- 



DIO— DIO 



Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of his 
family in one of his treatises.— Qidn. l, i. 

Ath. 5, 11.— CL Off. 3, 51. A native 

of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge 
of philosophy and physic. He was pupil io 

Anaxogoras. — Diog. vi. LAERTIUS, an 

epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He 
wrote the lives of the philosophers in ten 
books, still extant. This work contains an 
accurate account of the ancient philosoher>, 
and is replete with all their anecdotes and 
particular opinions. It is compiled,, howe- 
ver, without any plan, method, or precision, 
though much neatness and conciseness are 
observable through the whole. In this mul- 
tifarious biography the author does not 
seem particularly partial to any sect, except 
perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexan- 
dria. Diogenes died A.D. 222. The best 
editions of his works are that of Lips. 8vo. 

1759. A Macedonian, who betrayed Sala- 

mis to Aratus.— Pa. 2, 8. There was a 

philosopher of that name who attended 
Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, for 
the purpose of marking out and delineating 
his march. &c. 
DIOGENI A, a daughter of Celeus.— Pa. 

1, 38. A daughter of the Cephisus, who 

married Erectheus.— Apol. 

DIOGENUS, a man who conspired with 
Dvmnus aeainst Alexander.— Curt. 6, 7. 

DIOGNETUS, a philo*opher who in- 
structed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and 
in writing dialogues. 

DIOMEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his 
mistress after the loss of Briseis.— H. 11.9. 

The wife of Deion of Amvclas. 

DIOMEDES,sonof Tydeus and Deiphyle, 
was king of iEtolia, and one of the bravest 
of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He 
engaged Hector and ^neas, and by repeated 
acts of valour obtained much military glory. 
He went with Ulysses to steal the Pal- 
ladium from the temple of Minerva at 
Troy ; and assisted in murdering Rhesus, 
king of Thrace, and carrying away his 
horses. At his return from the siege of 
Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the 
night and landed in Attica, where his com- 
panions plundered thecountry, and lost the 
Trojan Palladium. During his" long absence, 
his wife iEgiale forgot her marriage vows, 
and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of 
her servants. This lasciviousness of the 
queen was attributed by some to the resent- 
ment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely 
nded in the arm in a battle before Troy. 
The infidelity of iEgiale was highly dis- 
pleasing to Diomedes. He resolved to 
abandon his native country which was the 
seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his 
wife to take away his life, according tosome 
accounts, did not a little contribute to hasten 
his departure. He came to that part of 
Italy which has been called Magna Grsecia, 
where he built a city called Argyrippa, and 
married the daughter of Daunus, the king 
of the country. He died there in extreme 
old a?e, or, according to a certain tradition, 



emplary virtue. Some suppose that he was he perished by the hand of his father-in- 
strangled by order of Antiochus king of I law. His death was greatly lamented by his 



DIO-DIO 



227 



DIO— DIO 



ompanions, who in the excess of their proposed to himself Thucydides for a.mo;lel ; 



grief were changed into birds resembling 
swans. These birds took flight into a neigh- 
bouring island in the Adriatic, and became 
remarkable for the lameness with which 
they approached the Greeks, and for the 
horror with which they shunned all other na- 
tions. They are called the birds ofDiomedes. 
Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, 
one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. 
—V. S.n. 1.— Or. Me.U, f. 10.— Apol. 1, 8.— 

Hyg. f. 97.— Pa. 2, 30. A king.of Thrace, 

son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses 
with human flesh. It was one of the labours 
»f Hercules to destroy him ; and accordingly 
be hero attended with some of his friends, 
attacked the inhuman tyrant, and gave him 
to be devoured by his own horses which he 
had fed so barbarously.— Di. 4.— Pa. 3, 18. 

—Apol. 2, 5. A friend of Alcibiades.-P/w. 

Al. A grammarian. 

DIOMEDON, an Aihen an general, put 
to death for his negligence at Arginusae.— 
Th. S, 19. A man of Cvzicus in the in- 
terest of Artaxerxes.— C. Nep. Ep, 



but he is not perfectly happy in his imita- 
tion. His style is pure and elegant, and 
his narration's are judiciously managed, and 
his reflections learned ; but upon the whole 
he is credulous, and the bigotted slave ot 
partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs 
against the republican principles of Brutus 
and Cicero, and extols the cause of Csesar, 
Seneca is the object of his satire, and he 
represents him as debauched and licentious 
in his morals. Dion flourished about the 
230th year of the Christian era. The best 
edition of his works is that of Rtimarus, 2 

vols. fol. Hamb. 1570. A famous Christian 

writer, surnamed Chrysostom, &e. 

DIONjEA, a surname of Venus, supposed 
to be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 

DIONE, a nymph, daughter of Nereusand 
Doris. She was mother of Venus, by J upiter, 
according to Homer and others. Hesiod, 
however, gives Venus another origin. [Fide 
Venus.] Venus is herself sometimes called 
Dione.— V. 3, Mn.—H. II. 5.— St. \.-Sy. 1. 
D ION YS1 A, festivals in honour of Bacchus 



DION, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, \ among the Greeks. Their form and solem- 
famous for his power and abilities. He was nity were first introduced into Greece from 
related to Dionysius, and often advised Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we 
him, together with the philosopher Plato,' admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis, the 
who at his request had come to reside at Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the 
the tyrant's court, to lay aside the supreme festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in hon- 
power. His great popularity rendered him our of Isis. They were observed at Athens 
odious in the eyes of the tyrant,who banished with more splendour and ceremonious super- 
him to Greece. There he collected a nu- stition than in any other part of Greece, 
merous force, and, encouraged by the in- The years were numbered by their eelebra- 
fluence of his name, and the hatred of his tion, the Archon assisted at' the solemnity, 
enemy, he resolved to free his country from and the priests that officiated were honoured 
tyranny. He entered the port of Syracuse with the most dignified feats at the public 
only with two ships, and in three days re- games. At first they were celebrated with 
duced under his power an empire which great simplicity, aiid the time was conse- 
had already subsisted for 50 years, and which crated to mirth. It was then usual to bring 
was guarded bv 500 ships of 'war, and 100,000 a vessel of wine adorned with a vine branch, 
foot and 10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to after which followed a goat, a basket of figs, 
Corinth, and Dion kept the power in hie and the phalloi. The worshippers imitated 
own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition in their dress and actions the poetical fic- 
of some of the friends of Dionysius. He tions concerning Bacchus. They clothed 
was however shamefully betrayed* and mur- themselves in fawn's skins, fine linen, and 
dered by one of his familiar friends, called mitres, they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, 
Callicrates, or Callipus, 364 years before and flutes,' and crowned themselves with 
the Christian era, in the £5th" year of his garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imi- 
age, and four years after his return from rated Siienus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the un- 
Peioponnesus. His death was universally couth manner of their dress, and their fan- 
lamented by the Syracusans, and a monu- tasticai motions. Some rode upon asses, 
ment was raised to his memory.— Di. 16.— I and others drove the goats to slaughter for 

C.Nep.vi. A town of Macedonia.— Pa. the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes 

9, 36. Cassius, a native of Nicae in Bithy- joined in the solemnity, aiid ran about the 

nia. His father's name was Apronianus. \ hills and country, nodding their heads, 

He was raised to the greatest offices of state i dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling 

in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his the air with hideous sh'rieks and shouts, and 



three successors. " Naturally fond of study, 
he improved himself by unwearied applica- 
tion, and was ten year's in collecting mate- 
rials for an history" of Rome, which he made 
public in 60 book's, after a labourious em- 
ployment of 12 years in composing it. This 
valuable history began with the arrival of 
./Eneas in Italy, and was continued down to 
the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. 
The 34 first books are totally lost, the 20 
following are mutilated, and fragments are 
all that we possess of the last 20. In the 
compilation of bis extensive history, Dion 



crying aloud, Evoe Bacche ! Io ! Io! Evoe ! 
lacche! Io .Bacche ! Evohe ! With such 
solemnities were the festivals of Bacchus 
celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the 
Athenians. In one of these there followed 
a number of persons carrying sacred ves 
sels, one of which contained water. After 
these came a select number of noble virgin?, 
carrying: little baskets of gold filled with all 
sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious 
part of the solemnity. Serpents were some- 
times put in the baskets, and by their wreath- 
ing and crawling out they amused and it- 



DIO-UIO 



DIO-DIO 



tonished the beholders. Afcer the virgins, I buted much to the corruption of morals 
followed a company of men carrying among all ranks of people. They were also 
poles, at the end of which were fastened | introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to 
phalloi. The heads of tiiese men, who Rome. Among the Romans both sexes pro- 
were called phallophoroi, were crowned miscuously joined in the celebration duriDg 
with ivy and violets, and their faces covered | (he darkness of night. The drunkenness" 



with other herbs. They marched 
songs upon the occasion of the festivals, 
called phallika asmata. Next to the phal- 
lophoroi followed the ithuphalloi, in wo- 
men's apparel, with white striped garments 
reaching to the ground ; their heads were 
decked with garlands, and on their hands 
they wore gloves composed of flowers. 
Their gestures and actions were like those 
of a drunken man. Besides these, there 
were a number of persons called liknophoroi 
who carried the liknon, or musical van of 
Bacchus; without their attendance none of 
the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated 
with due solemnity, and on that account the 
god is often called likniles. The festivals 
of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The 
name of the most celebrated were the Diony- 
sia archaiolera, at Limnae in Attica. The 
chief persons that officiated were fourteen 
women called gerairai, venerable. They 
were appointed by one of the Archons, and 
before their appointment they solemnly took 
an oath before the archon or his wife, that 

their bod} was free from all pollution. 

The greater Dionysia, sometimes called 
asiha or ta kata astu, as being celebrated 
within the city, were the most famous. 
They were supposed to be the same as the 

preceding. The less Dionysia, sometimes 

called ta kata agrous, because celebrated ' 



the debauchery, and impure actions and in- 
dulgences, which soon prevailed at the so- 
lemnity, called aloud for the interference of 
the senate, and the consuls Sp. Posthumius 
Albinus, and Q. Martius Philippus, made a 
strict examination concerning the propriety 
and superstitions forms of the Bacchanalia. 
The disorder and pollution which was prac- 
tised with impunity by no less tli3n 7,000 
votaries of either sex, were beheld with hor- 
ror and astonishment by the consuls, and the 
Bacchanalia were for 'ever banished from 
Rome by a decree of the senate. They were 
again reinstituted there in length of time, 
but not with such licentiousness as before. 
— Eur. B.—V. JEn. u.—Di. A.-O,:. Me. 3. 
DIONYSIDES, two small islands near 

Crete. festivals in honour of Bacchus.— 

Pa. 3, 13. 
DIONYSIAS, a fountain.— Pa. 4, 36. 
DIONYSIDES, a tragic poet cf Tarsus. 
DIONYSIODORl'S, a famous geometer. 

— PI. 2, 109. A Boeotian historian.- -Di. 

15. A Tarentine, who obtained aprizeat 

Olvmpia, in the 100th Olympiad. 

DIONYSION, a temple of Bacchus in 
Atticd.— Pa. I, 43. [2, 2. 

DIONYSIPOLIS, a town of Thrace.-3/e. 
D10NYS1US, I., or the elder, wa« son of 
Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the 
rs which the Syracusans carried on against 



the country, or lenaia, from lenos, a wine I the Carthaginians, and taking advantage of 
press, were to all appearance a preparation ! the power lodged in his hands, he made him- 
for the greater festivals. They were celebra- self absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen 

ted in autumn. The Dionysia brauronia, I himself in his usurpation, and acquire popu- 

observed zXBrauron in Attica, were a scene j larity, he increased the pay of the soldiers, 
of lewdness,extravagance, & debauchery. — and recalled those that had been banished. 
The Dionysia nukielia, were observed by He vowed eternal enmity against Carthage, 
the Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nycte- 1 and experienced various success in his wars 
lius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever j against that republic. He was ambitious of 

was seen or done during the celebration. being thought a poet, and his brother Theo- 

The Dionysia, called omophagia, because dorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, 
human victims were offered to the g~od, or| and repeat there some verses in his name, 
because the priests imitated the eating of\ with other competitors for the poetical 
raw flesh, were celebrated with much so- prizes. His expectations were frustrated, 
lemnity. The priests put serpents in their ! and his poetry was received with groans and 
hair, and by the wildness of their looks, and ! hisses. He was not however so unsuccessful 
the oddity of their actions, 
sanity. — — The Dionysia 

yearly observed in Arcadia, and the children j This victory gave him more pleasure than 
who had been instructed in the music of all the victories he had ever obtained in the 
Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced j field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty at 
in a theatre, where they celebrated the fes- i home rendered him odious in the eyes of' his 
tivals of Bacchus by entertaining: the specta- ] subjects, and he became so su-pic'ious that 
tors with songs, dances, and different exhi- j he never admitted his wife or children to his , 
bitions. There were, besides the=e, others of j private apartment, without a previous ex- 



they feigned in- j at Athens, w here a poetical prize was pub- 
kadika were ' liciy adjudged to one of his compositions. 



inferior note. There was also one observed 
every three years, calied Dionysia trieterika, 
and "it is said that Bacchus instituted it ] 



animation of their garments. He never 
trus ed his head to a barber, but always 
burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous 



commemoration of his Indian expe- leave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the 
form of a human ear, which measured 80 
feet in height and j»o in iength. It wai 
! called the ear of Dionysius. Tiie sounds o 



dition, in which he spent three years. Th 
is also another, celebrated every fifth year, 
as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristop'ia- 

nes. All these festivals in honour of the ! this subterraneous cave were all necessarily 

god of wine, were celebrated by the Greeks directed to one common tympanum, which 
with great licentiousness, and they contri- | had acommunication with an adjoining room 



DIO-DIO 



229 



DIO-DIO 



where Dionysius spent the greatest part of 
his lime to hear whatever was said by those 
whom his suspicion and cruelty liad confined 
in the apartments above. The artists that 
had been employed in making this cave were 
all put to death by order of the tyrant, for 
fear of their revealing to what purposes a 
work of such uncommon construction was to 
be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege 
were as conspicuous as his suspicious credu- 
lity. He took a golden mantle from the 
statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of 
Saturn had a covering too warm for the sum- 
mer, and too cold for the winter, and he 
placed one of wool instead. He also robbed 
/Esculapius of his golden beard, and plun- 
dered the temple of Proserpine. He died of 
an indigestion in the 63d year of his age, B.C. 
3o8, after a reign of 38 years. Authors, how- 
ever, are divided about the manner of his 
death, and some are of opinion that he died 
a violent death. Some suppose that the ty- 
rant invented the catapulta, an engine which 
proved of infinite service for the discharging 
of showers of darts and stones in the time of 
a siege.— Di. 13.— Jw. 20, l.—Xen. H. Gr<e. 

— C. Nep. T.—Plu.I). The second of that 

name, surnamed the younger, was son of 
Dionysius I., by Doris. He succeeded his 
father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the ad- 
vice of Dion his brother-in-law, he invited 
the philosopher Plato to his court, under 
w hom he studied for a w hile. The philoso- 
pher advised him to lay aside the supreme 
power, and in hisadmonitions he was warmly 
seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to 
consent, and soon after Piato was seized and 
publicly sold as a slave. Diot. likewise, on 
account of his great popularity, was severely 
abused and insulted in his family, and his 
wife given in marriage to anotiier. Such a 
violent behaviour was highlyresented ; Dion, 
who was banished, collected some forces in 
Greece, and in three days rendered himself 
master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant 
B.C. 357. [Vide Dion.] Dionysius retired to 
Locri, where he behaved with the greatest 
oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. 
He recovered Syracuse ten years after his ex- 
pulsion, but his tri'imph was short, and the 
Corinthians, under the conduct of Timoleon, 
obliged him to abandon the city. He lied to 
Corinth, where to support himself he kept a 
school, as Cicero observes, that he might 
still continue to be tyrant ; and as he could 
not command over men, that he might still 
exercise his power over boys. It is said that 
he died from an excess of joy, when he 
heard that a tragedy of his own composition 
had been rewarded with a poetical prize. 
Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he 
did not, like him, possess the art of retaining 
his power. This was seen and remarked by 
the eld man, who, when he saw his son at- 
tempting to debauch the wives of some of 
his subjects, asked him with the greatest 
indignation, whether he had ever heard of 
his acting so brutal a part in his vounger 
days \ No, answered the son, because you 
were not the son of a kine - . Well, my son. 
replied the old man, never shalt thou be the 
father of a king.— Ju. 21, l.— Di. 15.— Ml. 



V. a. 9, 8.— Quin. 8, 6.-C. Nep. Di.—Ci. 

Tu. 5, 2. An historian of Halicarnassus, 

who left his country and came to reside at 
Rome, that he might carefully study all the 
Greek and Latin writers, whose composi- 
tions treated of the Roman history. He 
formed an acquaintance with all the learned 
of the age, and derived much information 
from their company and conversation. After 
an unremitted application, during 24 years, 
he gave to the world his Roman antiquities 
in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are 
now extant, nearly containing the account 
of 312 years. His composit.on has been 
greatly \alued by the ancients as well as 
the moderns for the easiness of his style, the 
fidelity of his chronology, and the judicious- 
ness of his remarks and criticism. Like a 
faithful historian, he never mentioned any 
thing, but what was authenticated, and he 
totally disregarded the fabulous traditions 
which' fill and disgrace the pages of both his 
predecessors and followers. To the merits 
of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may 
be seen in his treatises, has also added the 
equally respectable character of the eloquent 
orator, the critic, and the politician. He 
lived during the Augustan age, and came to 
Rome about 30 years before the Christian 
era. The best editions of his works are 
that of Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1704, and that of 
Reiske, 6 vols. Svo. Lips. 1774.-^ — A tyrant 
of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alex- 
ander the Great. After the death of the 
conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married 
Amestris, the niece of king Darius, and as- 
sumed the title of king. He was of such an 
uncommon corpulence that he never ex- 
posed his person in public, and when he 
gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he 
always placed himself in a chair which was 
conveniently made to hide his face and per- 
son from the eyes of the spectators. When 
he was asleep it was impossible to awake him 
without boring his flesh with pins. He died 
in the 55th year of his age. As his reign 
was remarkable formildness and popularity, 
his death was severely lamented by his sub- 
jects. He left two sons and a daughter, and 
appointed his widow queen regent. A sur- 
name of Bacchus. A disciple of Chaere- 

mon. A native of Chalcis, who wrote a 

book entitled ktiseis, or the origin of ci'.ies. 

A commander of the Ionian fleet against 

the Persians who went to plunder Phoeni- 
cia.— if e;\ 6, 17. A general of Antiochus 

Hierax. A philosopher of Heraclea, dis- 
ciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, 
B.C. 279, in the 81st year of his age.— Diog. 

An epic poet of Mitylene. A sophist 

of Pergamus.— Sir. 13. A writer in the 

Augustan age, called Periegetes. He wrote 
a very valuable geographical treatise in 
Greek hexameters, still extant. The best 
edition of his treatise is that of Henry Ste- 
phens, 4to. 1577, with the scholia, and that 

of Hill, 8vo. Lond. 1666. A Christian 

writer, A.D. 492, called Arropagita. I he 
best edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 

2 vols. fol. 1643. The music-master of 

Epaminondas.-C.A^. Arelebratedcritic. 

[ Vide Longinus.j A rhetorician of Mag- 



230 DIO-DIS 

DIOTREPHES, an Athenian officer, &c. 

— Th. 3, 75. 
DIOXIPPE, one of the Danaides.-.W. 

2, I. • 

DIOX1PPUS, a soldier of Alexander, who 
killed oueofhii fellow-soldiers in a fury, 

&c— JEl. An Athenian boxer, &c— Di. 

!7 A Trojan killed bv Turnus. — V. 

Mn. 9. 

BIPJEM, a place of Peloponnesns, where 
a battle was fought between the Arcadians 
and Spartans.— Her. 9, 35. 

DIPHILAS, a man sent to Rhodes bv 
the Spartans to destrov the Athenian faction 

there.— Di. 14. A governor of Babylon 

in the interestof Antigonus.— Id. 19. — -An 
historian. 

DIPHILUS, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 

311 An architect so slow in finishing his 

works, that Diphilo tardior became a pro- 
verb. -Ci. fir. 3. A tragic writer. 

DEPHORIDAS, one of the Ephori at 
Sparta.— Plu. As. 
DIP(ENE, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 31. 
DIPOLIS, a name given to Lemnos, as 
having two cities, Hephaestia, and Myriua. 

DIPSAS (anlis), a river of Cilicia, flow- 
ing from mount Taurus.— Luc. 8. (adh), 

a profligate and incontinent woman men- 
tioned by Ov. Am. 1 — —A kind of serpent. 
— Luc. 9. 

DI PYLON, one of the gates of Athens. 
DlRE,the danghtersof Acheron and Nox, 
who persecuted the souls of the guiltv. 
They are the same as the furies, and some 
suppose that they are called Furies in hell, 
Harpies on earth,and Dirae in heaven. Thev 
were represented as standing near the 
throne of Jupiter, in an attitude which ex- 
pressed their eagerness to receive his orders, 
and the power of tormenting the guilty on 
earth with the most excruciating punish- 
ments.— V. JEn. 4. 

D1RCE, a woman whom Lycus, king of 
Thebes, married after he had "divorced An- 
tiope. When Antiope became pregnant bv 
Jupiter Dirce suspected her husband of in- 
fidelity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, 
whom she tormented with the greatest 
cruelty. Antiope escaped from her confine- 
ment, and brought forth Amphion and 
Zethus, on mount Cithaeron. When these 
children were informed of the cruelties to 
which their mother had been exposed, they 
besieged Thebes, put Lvcus to death, and 
tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, 
which dragged her over rocks and preci- 
pices, and exposed her to the most poignant 
pains,till the gods, pitying her fate, changed 
her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood 
of Thebes. According to some accounts, 
Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus, 
before she was confined and exposed to the 
tyranny of Dirce. {Vide Amphion, Antiope.) 

— Prop. 3, e. 15 — Pa. 9, 26. — Ml. V. H. 12, 
51.—Lu.3, 175. 

DIRCENNA, a cold fountain of Spain, 
near BiJbilrv— Mart. 1, e. 50. 

D1RPHVIA, a surname of Juno, from 
Dirpya, a mountain of Boeotia, where the 
goddess had a temple. 
DIS, a god of the Gauls, the same as 



npsia. A Messenian madman, Ike— Plu. 

Al. A native of Thrace, generally called 

the Rhodian, because he lived there. He 
wrote some grammatical treatises and com- 
mentaries, B.C. 64.— Str. 14.— A painter of 
Colophon. 

DIOPHANES, a man who joined Pelo- 
ponnesus to the Achtean league.— Pa. 8, 30. 
A rhetorician intimate with Tib. Grac- 
chus.— Plu. Gr. 

DIOPHANTUS, an Athenian general of 
the Greek mercenary troops in the service 

of Nectanebus, king'of Egypt.— Di. 16. 

A greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to 

Tib. Gracchus.— Ci. Br. A native of 

Alexandria, in the fourth century. He wrote 
13 books of arithmetical questions, of which 
6 are still extant, the best edition of which 
is that in folio, Tolosue, 1670. He died in 
his 84th year, but the age in which he lived 
is uncertain. Some place him in the reign 
of Augustus, others under Nero and the 
Antonines. [PL 36, 4. 

DIOPCENUS, a noble sculptor of Crete.— 

DIOPOLIS, a name given to Cabira, a 
town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey.— Str. 12. 

DIORES, a friend of .Eneas, killed by 
Turnus. He had engaged in the games 
exhibited bv .Eneas on his father's tomb in 
Sicily.— V. Mn. 5. 

DIORYCTUS, a place of Acarnania, 
where a canal wascutCdia orusso) to make 
Leueadia an island.— PL 4, 1. 

DIOSCORIDES, a native of Cilicia, who 
was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or 
lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. 
He was originally a soldier, but afterwards 
he applied himself to study, and wrote a 
book upon medicinal herbs", of which the 
be<t edition is that of Saracenus.fol. Francof. 

1538. A man who wrote an account of 

the republic of Lacedaemon. A nephew 

of Antigonus.— Di. 19. A Cyprian, blind 

of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Philadel- 
phia. A disciple of Isocrate*. An as- 
trologer sent ambassador bv J. Caesar to 
Achillas, kc.—Cces. B. C. 3, 109. 

DIOSCORIDIS fNSULA,an island situate 
as the south of the entrance of the Arabic 
gulph, and now called Socotara. 

DIOSCURI, or sons of Jupiter, a name 
given to Castor and Pollux There were 
festivals in their honour, called Dioscuria, 
celebrated by the people of Corcyra, and 
chiefly by the Lacedaemonians. They were 
observed with 'much jovial festivity. The 
people made a free use of the gifts of Bac- 
chus and diverted themselves with sports, 
of which wrestling matches always made a 
part [6, 28. 

DIOSCURIAS, a town of Colchis.-Pi. 

DIOSPAGE, a town of Mesopotamia.— 
PI. 6, 26. 

DVOSPOLIS, or THEBE, a famous city 
of Egvpt, formerly called Hecatompvlos. 
[FjVte Thebae.] 

DIOTlME,a woman who gave lectures 
jpon philosophy, which Socrates attended. 
— Plu. Sym. 

DIOTIMUS, an Athenian skilled in ma- 
ritime affairs, Sic—Poly. 5. A stoic who 

flourished 85 B. C. 



PIS— DOD 231 
Pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of 
Gaul supposed themselves descended from 
that deitv.— Ctes. B. G. 6.—Ta. 4, Hist. 84. 

D1SCORDIA, a malevolent deity, daugh 
ter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Pare* 
and Death. She was driven from heaveu by 
J upiter,because she sowed dissensions among 
tiie gods, and was the cause of continual 
quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and 
Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of dis- 
cord was not invited, and this seeming ne- 
glect so irritated her, that she threw an 
apple into the midst of the assembly of the 
gods with the inscription of detur pulchriori. 
This apple was the cause of the ruin of 
Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the 
Greeks. [Vide Paris.] She is represented 
with a pale ghastly look, her garments torn, 
her eyes sparkling with fire ; and she holds a 
dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head 
is generally entwined with serpents, and 
she is attended by Bellona. She is supposed 
to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, 
wars, and quarrels, which arise upon earth, 
public as well as private.— V. JEn. 8.—Hes. 
T/i. 22.5.— Pet. 

DITH YRAMBUS, a surname of Bacchus, 
whence the hymns sung in his honour were 
called Dithyrambics.— Hor. 4, o. 2. 

D1TTANI, a people of Spain. 

DI VI, a name chiefly appropiated to those 
who were made gods after death, such as 
heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Pe- 
jiates, and other domestic gods. 

DIVITIACUS, one of the JEdui, intimate 
with Cgesar.— Ci. 1. Di. 

DIUM, a town of Euboea, where there 
were hot baths.— PL 31, 2. A promon- 
tory of Crete. A town of Macedonia. 

-Li. 44,7- 

DiVO DURUM, a town of Gaul, now 
Metz in Lor rain. 

DIVUS FIDIUS, a god of the Sabines, 
worshipped also at Rome.— Dio. 

D1YLLUS, an Athenian historian.— Di. 
16 A statuary.— Pa. 10. 

DOBERES, a people of Paeonia.— Her. 5. 

DOCILIS, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned 
by Hor. 1, e. 18. 

DOCIMUS, a man of Tarentum, deprived 
of his military dignity by Philip, son of 
Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot 

baths.— Poly. 4. An office r of Antigonus. 

— Di. 19.- An officer of Perdiccas, taken 

by Antigonus.— Id. 18. 

DODONA,a town ofThesprotia in Epirus, 
or according to others, in Thessaly. There 
was in its neighbourhood, upon a small 
hill called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of 
Jupiter. The town and temple of the god 
were first built by Deucalion, after the 
universal deluge. It was supposed to be 
the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and 
according to the traditions of the Egyptians 
mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded 
by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, 
took their flight from the city of Thebes, in 
Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of 
Jupiter Amnion, and the other to Dodona, 
where with a human voice they acquainted 
the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter 
had consecrated the ground, which in future 



DOD— DOD 



would give oracles. The extensive gro\ ,e 
which surrounded Jupiter's temple was en" 
dowed with the gift of prophecy, and ora- 
cles were frequently delivered by the sacred 
oaks, and the doves which inhabited the 
place. This fabulous tradition of the ora- 
cular power of the doves, is explained by 
Herodotus, who observes that some Phoeni- 
cians carried away two priestesses from 
Egypt, one of which went to fix her resi- 
dence at Dodona, where the oracle was 
established. It may further be observed 
that the fable might have been founded 
upon the double meaning of the word peleiai 
which signifies doves, in most parts of 
Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, 
it implies old women. In ancient times the 
oracles were delivered by the murmuring 
of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom 
was afterwards changed. Large kettles 
were suspended in the air near a brazen 
statue, which held a lash in its hand. When 
the wind blew strong, the statue was agi- 
tated, and struck against one of the kettles, 
which communicated the motion to all the 
rest, and raised that clattering and discor- 
dant din whichcontinued for a while, andfrom 
which the artifice of the priests drew their 
predictions. Some suppose that the noise 
was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves 
and boughs of an old oak, which the super- 
stition of the people frequently consulted, 
and from which they pretended to receive 
oracles. It may be observed with more 
probability, that the oracles were delivered 
by the priests, who, by artfully concealing 
themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion 
to the superstitious multitude to believe 
that the trees were endowed with the pro- 
perty of prophecy. As the ship Argos was 
built with some of the oaks of the forest of 
Dodona, there were some beams in the 
vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, 
and warned them against the approach of 
calamity. Within the forest of Dodona 
there were a stream and a fountain of cool 
water, which had the power of lighting a 
torch as soon as it touched it. This foun- 
tain was totally dry at noon day, and was 
restored to its full course at. midnight, 
from which time till the following noon it 
began to decrease, and at the usual nour 
was again deprived of its waters. The 
orach's of Dodona were originally delivered 
by men, but afterwards by women. Wide 
Dodonides.] PI. 2.— Her. 2.— Me. 2.—H. 
Od. 14.— Pa. l.—Str. M.—Plu. Pyr.—Apol. 
[.-Luc. Q.—Ov. Tr. 4, e'. 8. 

DODONiEUS, a surname of Jupiter from 
Dodona. 

DODONE, a daughter of Jupiter and Eu- 
ropa. A fountain in the forest of Dodo- 
na. Vide Dodona. 

DODONIDES, the priestesses who gave 
oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. 
According to some traditions, the temple 
was originally inhabited by seven daughters 
of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their names 
were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, 
Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe orTyche. In the 
latter ages the oracles were always deli- 
vered by three old women, which custom 
X 2 



DOI— DOM 



232 



DOM-DOM 



was first established when Jupiter enjoyed 
the company of Dione, whom he permitted 
to receive 'divine honour in his temple at 
Dodona. The Boeotians were the only peo- 
ple of Greece who received their oracles at 
Dodona from men, for reasons which Sir. I. 
9, fully explains. 

DOII, a people of Arabia Felix. 

DOLABELLA, P. CORN., a Roman who 
married the daughter of Cicero. During 
the civil wars he warmly espoused the inter- 
est of J. Caesar, whom' he accompanied at 
the famous battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and 
Munda. He was made consul by his patron, 
though M. Antony his colleague opposed it. 
After the death of J. Caesar he received the 
government of Syria as his province. Cas- 
sius opposed his views, and Dolabella, for 
violence, and for the assassination of Tre- 
bonius, one of Caesar's murderers, was de- 
clared an enemy to the republic of Rome. 
He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, 
and when he saw that all was lost, he killed 
himself, in the U7th year of his age. He 
was of a small stature", which gave occasion 
to his father-in-law to ask him once, when 
he entered his house, w ho had tied him so 

cleverly to his sword. A proconsul of 

Africa. Another, who conquered the 

Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii, at the lake of 

Vadimonis, B.C. 283. The family of the 

Dolabellae distinguished themselves at 
Rome, and one of them, L. Corn., conquered 
Lusitania, B.C. 99. 

DOLICHAON, the father of the Hebrus. 

— V. Mn. 10. 

DOL1CHE, an island in the .Slgean sea. — 
Apol. 2. A town of Syria, of Mace- 
donia.— Li. 42. [H. Od. 4. 
DOLIUS, a faithful servant of Ulysses.— 
DOLOMENA, a country of Assyria. — 
Sir. 16. 

DOLON, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, fa- 
mous for his swiftness. Being sent by Hec- 
tor to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was 
seized by Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he 
revealed the situation, schemes, and reso- 
lutions of his countrymen, with the hopes 
of escaping with his life. He was put to 
death by Diomedes, as a traitor. — H.Ii. lu. 

— V. Mn. 12. A poet. Vide Susarion. 

DOLONCi, a people of Thrace— Her. 6. 
DOLOPES, a people of Thessaly, near 

mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there and 
sent them to the Trojan war under Phoenix. 
They became also masters of Scyros, and 
likethe rest of the ancient Greeks were fond 
of migration.— V. Mn. 2.— F 'lac. 2.— Li. 36.— 
Str. 9,—PLu. Cim. 

DOUOPIA, the country of the Dolopes, 
near Pindus, through which the Achelous 
flowed. 

DOLOPS, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed 
bv Menelaus.— H. II. 15. 

"DOMIDUCUS, a god who presided tver 
marriage. Juno also was called Domiduca, 
from the power she was ;-uj posed to have in 
marriages. 

DOMINICA, a daughter of Petronius, 
who married the emperor Valens. 

DOM 1TIA LEX de Religioner -as enacted 
by Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, 



A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of elect- 
ing priests from the college to the people. 

DOMITIA LONG I N A, a Roman lady who 
boasted in her debaucheries. She was the 
wife of the emperor Domitian. 

DOMITIANUS, TITUS FLAVIUS, son 
of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, made 
himself emperor of Rome, at the death of 
his brother Titus, whom, according to some 
accounts, he destroyed by poison. The 
beginning of his reign promised tranquillity 
to the people, but their expectations were 
soon frustrated. Doinitian became cruel, 
and gave way to incestuous and unnatural 
indulgences. He commanded himself to be 
called God and Lord in all the papers which 
were presented to him. He passed the 
greatest part of the day in catching flies 
and killing them with a bodkin, so that it 
was wittily answered by Vibius to a person 
who asked him who was with the emperor, 
nobody, not even a fly. In the latter part 
of his reign Domitian became suspicious, 
and his anxieties were increased by the 
predictions of astrologers, but still more 
poignantly by the stings of remorse. He 
was so distrustful even when alone, that 
round the terrace where he usually walked, 
he built a wall with shining stones, that 
from them he might perceive as in a looking- 
glass whether any body followed him. All 
these precautions were unavailing: he pe- 
rished by the hand of an assassin, the 18th 
of September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of 
his age, and the 15th of his reign. He wa8 
the last of the 12 Caesars. He distinguished 
himself for his love of learning, and in a 
little treatise, which he wrote upon the 
great care which ought to be taken of the 
Hair to prevent baldness, he displayed much 
taste and elegance, according to the obser- 
vations of his biographers. After his death 
he was publicly deprived by the senate of 
all the honours which had been profusely 
heaped upon him, and even his body was 
left in the open air without the honours o/ 
a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from 
the resentment of thesenators,whom he had 
exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He 
once assembled that august body, to know 
in what vessel a turbot might be most con- 
veniently dressed. At another time they 
received a formal invitation to a feast, and 
when they arrived at the palace, they were 
introduced into a large gloomy hall hung 
with black, and lighted with a few glim- 
mering tapers. In the middle were placed 
a number of coffins, on each of which was 
inscribed the name of some one of the in- 
vited senators. On a sudden a number of 
men burst into the room, clothed in black, 
with drawn swords and flaming torches, 
and after they had for some time terrified 
the guests, they permitted them to retire. 
Such were the amusements and cruelties 
of a man who, in the fust part of his reign, 
was looked upon as the father of his peo- 
ple, and the restorer of learning and li- 
berty.— Sue. vi.—Eut. 7. 

DOMIT1LLA, Flavia, a woman who mar- 
ried Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a 
year after her marriage, and li years after 



DOM— DOR 



233 



DOR— DOR 



Domitian. A niece of the emperor Do- 

initian, bv whom she was banished. 

DOMITIUS DOM1T1ANUS, a general of 
Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed the im- 
perial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 2S8, and 
supported the dignity of emperor for about 

two vears. He died a violent death. 

LUCIUS. [Vide £mobarbus.] CN.jENO- 

BARBUS, a Roman consul, who conquered 
Bituitus the Gaul and left 20,000 of the 
enemy on the field of battie, and took 3000 

prisoners. A grammarian in the reign of 

Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, 
and his melancholy disposition. A Ro- 
man who revolted from Antony to Augustus. 
He was at the battle of Pharsafia, and forced 
Pompey to fijrht by the mere force of his 

ridicule. The father of Nero, famous for 

his cruelties and debaucheries.— Sue. Ner. 

A tribune of the people, who conquered 

the Allobroges. — Plu. A consul during 

whose consulate peace was concluded with 
Alexander king ot Epirus. — Li. 8. A con- 
sul under Caligula. He wrote some few 

things now lost. A Latin poet called also 

Marsus in the age of Horace. He wrote 
epigrams, remarkable for little besides their 

indelicacy.— Or. Pon. 4, e. 16. AFER, an 

orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. 
He disgraced his talents by his adulation, 
and by practising the arts "of an informer 
under Tiberius and his successors. He was 
made a consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59. 

jELIUS DONATUS, a grammarian who 

flourished A-D. 353. A bishop of Numidia, 

a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311. 

A bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, 
A.D. 356. 

DONILAUS, a prince of Gallogreecia, 
who assisted Pompty with 300 horsemen 
against J. Caesar. 

DONUCA, a mountain of Thrace.— Li. 40. 

DONYSA, one of the Cyclades in the 
iEgean, where green marble is found.— V. 
Mn. 3. 

DORACTE,an island in the Persian gulph. 

DORES, the inhabitants of Doris.— Vide 
Doris. [Athens. 

DORI Xc DORICA, a part of Achaia near 

DORfCUS, an epithet applied not only to 
Doris, but to all the Greeks in general.— V. 
j£n. 2. [Gyrene. 

DORIENSES, a people of Crete,* of 

DORIEUS, a son of Anaxandridas, who 
went with a colony into Sicily, because he 
could not bear to be under his brother at 

nonie.— Her. 5. — Pa. 3. A son of Diago- 

ras of Rhodes.— Pa. 6. 

DORILAS, a rich Lybian prince, killed 
in the court of Cepheus— Ov, Me. 5,/. 4. 

DORI LA US, a general of the great Mi- 
thridates. 

DORION, a town of Thessaly,where Tha- 
m\ ras the musician challenged the muses to 
a trial of skill.— St. Th. 4.— Prop. 2, e. 22. 
—Luc. 6. 

DORIS, a country of Greece, between 
Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It re- 
ceived its name trom Dorus the son of Deu- 
calion, who made a settlement there. It 
was called Tetrapolis, from the four cities 
of Pindus or Dryopis, Erincum, Cytiniuin, 



Boiium, which it contained. To these lour 
some add Lilaeuni and Carphia, and there- 
fore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris 
has been common to many parts of Greece. 
The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, in- 
habited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for 
Histiseotis, in the age of "Dorus. From 
thence they were driven by the Cadmaeans, 
and came "to settle near the town of Pindus. 
From thence they passed into Dryopis, and 
afterwards into Peioponnesus. Hercules 
having re-established iEginiius kingof Phthi- 
otis or Doris, who had been driven from 
his country by the Lapithae, the grateful king 
appointed" Hyllus, the son of his patron, to 
be his successor, and the HeraclMae marched 
from that part of the country to go to re- 
cover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent 
many colonies into different places, which 
bore the same name as their native country. 
The most famous of these is Doris in Asia 
Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the 
capital. This part of Asia Minor was called 
Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after 
the exclusion of Halicarnassus.— S7r. 9. — 

V. JEn. 2.— PI. 5.—Apol. 2.— Her. 1. A 

sroddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tetliys. She married her brother Nereus, 
by whom she had 50 daughters called Nere- 
ides. Her name is often used to express 
the sea itself.— Prop. 1, e. 17.— V. Ec. 10.— 

Hes. Th. A woman of Locri, daughter 

of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of 
Sicily, married the same day with Aristo- 
mache.— Ci. Tu. 5. One of the 50 Nere- 
ides.-^*. Th.—H. II. 18. 

DORISCUS, a place of Thrace near the 
sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. — 
Her. 7. 

DORIUM, a town of Peloponnesus. — Pa. 
4. One of the Danaides.— Apol. 

DORI US ? a mountain of Asia Minor. -Pa.6. 

DORSENNlS, a comic poet of great 
merit in the Augustan age.— PL H.—Hor. 
2, e. 10. 

DORSO, C. Fabius, a Roman, who when 
Rome was in the posession of the Gauls, is- 
sued from the capitol, which was then be- 
sieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which 
was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He 
dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and 
carrying on his shoulders the statues of his 
country gods, passed through the guards of 
the enemy, without betraying the least signs 
of fear. "When he had finished his sacrifice, 
he returned to the capitol, unmolested by 
the enemy, who were astonished at his 
boldness, "and did not obstruct his passage 
or molest his sacrifice. — Li. 5. 

DORUS, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, 
according to others, of Deucalion, who left 
Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and 
went to make a settlement with some of his 
companions near mount Ossa. The country 
was called Doris, and the inhabitants Do- 
rians.— Her. i. A city of Phoenicia, whose 

inhabitants are called Dorienses.— Pa. 10. 

DORY ASUS, a Spartan, father toAge.Mlaus. 

DORYCLUS,an illegitimate son of Priam, 
killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. H. II. 

11. A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, 

who married Beroe. — V. Jtn. 5. 

X 3 



DOR— DRA %\* DRA — DRU 

DORYL^UM & DORYL.EUS, a citv of 
Phrys-ia, now Eski Shehr.-Pl.b.i-Ci.FlacM. 

DORYLAS, one of the centaurs killed by 
Theseus.— Ov. Me. 12. 

DORYLAUS, a warlike person intimate 
with Mithridates Everg-er.es, and general of 
the Gnossians, B.C. 125.— Str. 10. 

DORYSSUS, a king of Lacedaemon, killed 
in a tumnlt.— Pa. 3. 

DOSCl, a people near the Euxine. 

DOSIADES, a poet who wrote a piece of j Ci.Ver. 2.— Ov. F. 
poetry in the form of an altar {fio?)ios), i Peloponnesus, 
which Theocritus has imitated. 

DOSIADES, a Greek, who wrote an his 
tory of Crete.— Di 



DRAY* US, a river of Noricum, which falls 
into the Danube near Mursa. 

DREPANA & DREPANUM, now Tra- 
pani, a town of Sicily near mount Eryx, i.i 
the fo-m of a scythe, whence its name, 
(drcpanon, falx.) Anchises died there, in 
his voyage to Italy with his son ./Eneas. 
The Romans under CI. Pulcher were de- 
feated near the coast, B.C. 249, by the Car- 
thaginian general Adherbal.— V. JEn. 3. — 
A promontory of 



DRlLO, a river of Macedonia, which 
falls into the Adriatic at Lissus. 

DRIMACHUS, a famous robber of Chios. 



DOSON, a surname of Antigonus, be- 1 When a price was set upon his head, he 



cause he promised and never performed. 
DOSSENCS.— Vide Dorsennus. 



dered a young man to cut it off and go 
, and receive the money. Such an un- 
DOTADAS, a king of Messenia. — Pa. 4. common instance of generosity so pieased 



DOTO, one of the Nereides.— V. /En. 9. the Chians, that they raised a temple to his 
DOTUS, a general of the Paphlagonians, memory, and honoured him as a god.-Ath. 13 



in the armv of Xerxes 

DOXANDER, 
5, Po, 



DRINUS, a small river falling into the 
man mentioned by Aris. Save and Danube. 

DRIOPIDES, an Athenian ambassador 



DRACANUS, a mountain where Jupiter sent to Darius when the peace with Alex- 



took Bacchus from his thigh.— Th 

DRACO, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens 
When he exercised the office of archon, ht 
made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use 



' the citizens, which, on account of their Crete 



ander had been violated.— Curt. 3. 
DRIOS, a mountain of Arcadia. 
DROl, a people of Thrace.— Th. 2. 
DROMiEUS, a surname of Apollo in 



severity, were said to be written in letters 
of blood. By them, idleness was punished i 
with as much severity as murder, and death i 



DROPICI, a people of Persia.— Her. 1. 
DROPION, a king of Pfeonia.— Pa. 10. 
DRDENTIOS & DRUENTIA, now Du- 



was denounced agaiust the one as well as ranee, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into 



the other. Such a code of rigorous .aws 
gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask 
of the legislator, why he was so severe in 
his punishments, and' Draco gave for an- 
swer, that as the smallest transgression had 



the Rhone between Aries a nd Avignon.— Si. 
It. 3.— Sir. 4. 
DRUGERI, a people of Thrace.— PI. 4. 
DRUIDiE.the ministers of religrion amongr 
the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were 



appeared to him deserving death, he could divided into different classes, called the 
not find any punishment more rigorous for : Bardi, Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, 
more atrocious crimes. These laws were j the Sarronides, and the Samothei. They 
at first enforced, but they were often neg- I were held in the greatest veneration by the 
lected, on account of their extreme seve- j people. Their life was austere and recluse 
rity, and Solon totally abolished them, ex- ! from the world, their dress was peculiar to 
cept that one which punished a murderer I themselves, and they generally appeared 
with death. The popularity of Draco was I with a tunic, which reached a little below 
uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers the knee. As the chief power was lodged 
proved fatal to hiui. When once he ap- in their hands, they punished as they 
peared on the theatre, he was received with I pleased, and could declare war and make 
repeated applauses, and the people, accord- peace at their option. Their power was 
ing to the. custom of the Athenians, showed j extended not only over private families, but 
their respect to their awgiver by throwing they could depose magistrates and even 
garments upon him. This" was done in such ' kings, if their actions in any manner de 
profusion, that Draco was soon hid under j viated from the laws of the state. They had 
t:iem, and smothered by the too great vene- the privilege of naming the magistrates 
ration of his citizens.— Plu. So. A man I which annually presided over their cities, 



who instructed Plato in music— Id. M. 

DRACONTI DES, a wicked citizen of 
Athens.— Plu. Sop. 

DRACDS, a general of the Achseans, con- 
quered by Mummius. 

DRANCES, a friend of Latinus, remark- 
able for his weakness and eloquence. He 
showed himself an obstinate opponent to 
the violent measures which Turnus pursued 
against the Trojans. Some have imagined 
that the poet wished to delineate the charac- 
ter of Cicero under this name. — V. £n. II. 

DRANGI N A, a province of Persia.--.Di. 17. 

DRAPES, a seditious Gaul, &c— Cat. B. 
G. 8. 



and the kings were created only with their 
approbation. They were entrusted with the 
education of youth, and all religious cere- 
monies, festivals, and sacrifices were under 
their peculiar care. They taught the doc- 
trine of the metempsychosis, and believed 
the immortaiiry of the sonl. They were 
professionally acquainted with the art of 
magic, and from their knowledge of astro- 
logy, they drew omens and saw futurity re- 
vealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices 
they often immolated human victims to their 
gods, a barbarous custom which continued 
long amonir them, and which the Roman 
emperors attempted to abolish to little pur 



DRU-DRU 



235 



DRY — DRY 



pose. The power and privileges which they 
enjoyed were beheld with admiration by 
their countrymen, and as their office was 
open to every rank and every station, there 
were many who daily proposed themselves 
a? candidates to enter upon this important 
function. The rigour, however, and severity 
of a long noviciate deterred many, and few 
were willing to attempt a labour, which en- 
joined them during 15 or 20 years to load 
their memory with the long and tedious 
maxims of druidical religion. Their name 
is derived from the Greek word drus, an 
oak, because the woods and solitary retreats 
were the places of their residence.— Cces. B. 
G. Q.—Pl. \Q.—Di. 5. 

DRUNA, the Drome, a river of Gaul, 
falling into the Rhone, 

DRUSILLA LIVIA, a daughter of Ger- 
nianicus and Agrippina, famous for her de- 
baucheries and licentiousness. Siie com- 
mitted incest with her brother Caligula, who 
was so tenderly attached to her that in a 
dangerous illness he made her heiress of all 
his possessions, and commanded that she 
should succeed him in the Roman empire, 
bhe died A. D. 38, in the 23d year of her 
age, and was deified by her brother Cali- 
gula, who survived her for some time. 

A daughter of Agrippa king of Judaea. 

DRUSO, an unskilful historian and mean 
usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they 
could not pay him, to hear him read his 
compositions, to draw from them praises 
and flattery.— Hor. 1, S. 3. 

DRUSUS, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, 
who made himself famous for his intrepidity 
and courage in the provinces of Illyricum 
and Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest 
honours of the state by his father, but a blow 
which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious 
libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted 
Livia the wife of Drusus, and in conjunction 
with her he caused her to be poisoned by an 

eunuch, A. D. 23. A son of Germanicus 

and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the 
greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy 
Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his 
insinuations ; Drusus was confined by Ti- 
berius, and deprived of all aliment. He was 
found dead nine days after his confinement, 

A.D. 33. A son of the emperor Claudius, 

who died by swallowing a pear thrown in 
the air. An ambitious Roman, grand- 
father to Cato. He was killed for his sedi- 
tious conduct.— Pat. 1. LI VI US, father 

of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, 
and killed himself with him after the battle 
of Philippi.— Pat. 2. M. L1VIUS, a ce- 
lebrated Roman, who renewed the propo- 
sals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved 
fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as 
he entered his house, though he was at- 
tended with a number of clients and Latins, 
to whom he had proposed the privilege of 

Roman citizens, B. C. 190.— Ci. Her. 4. 

NERO CLAUDIUS, a son of Tiberius Nero 
and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was 
brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards 
made emperor. He greatly signalized him- 
self in his wars in Germany and Gaul against 
the Rhceti and Vindelici, and was honoured 



with a triumph. He died of a fall from his 
horse in the 30th year of his age, B. C. y. 
He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, 
and Claudius, by his wife Antonia.— Di. 

M. LIVIUS SALINATOR, a consul who 

conquered Asdrubal with his colleague 
Claudius Nero.— Hor. 4, o. A.— V. JEn. 6. 

CA1US, an historian, who being one day 

missed from his cradle, was found the next 
on the highest part of the house, with his 

face turned towards the sun. MARCUS, 

a praetor.— Ci. Her. 2. The plebeian family 
of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two 
censors and one dictator. The surname of 
Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, 
as some suppose, because one of them killed 
a Gaulish leader of that name.— V. 6. JEn. 
mentions the Drusi among the illustrious 
Roman*, and that perhaps more particulary 
becausethe wife ofAugustuswasofthatfamily". 

DRYADES, nymphs that presided over 
the woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and 
honey, were offered to them, and sometimes 
the votaries sacrificed a goat. They were 
not generally considered immortal, but as 
genii, whose lives were terminated with the 
tree over which they were supposed to pre- 
side.— Virg. G. 1. 

DRYANTIADES, a patronymic of Lycur- 
gus, king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He cu| 
his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines 
that no libations might be made to Bacchus. 
~Ov. Ib. 

DRYAS, a son of Hippolochus, who was 
father to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles 
to theTheban war, where he perished.— to. 

Th. 8. A son of Mars, who went to the 

chase of the Calydonian boar.— Apol. l. 

A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, who 

killed Rhcetus.— Ov. Me. 12. A daughter 

of Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, 

that she never appeared in public. A son 

of Lycurgus, killed by his own father in a 
fury.— Apol. 3. A son of jEgyptus, mur- 
dered by his wife Eurydice. — Id. 2. 
DR YMiEA, a town of Phocis.— Pa. 10. 
DRYMO, a sea nvmph, one of the atien- 
«I%nts of Cvrene,— Virg. G. 4. [Bceotia. 
DRYMUS, a town between Attica and 
DRYOPE, a woman of Lemnos, whose 
shape Venus assumed, to persuade all the 
females of the island to murder the men.— 

Flac. 2. A virgin of CEchalia, whom An- 

draemon married after she had been ravished 
by Apollo. She became mother of Amphi- 
sus, who, when scarce a year old, was with 
his mother changed into a lotus.— Ov. Me. 

10. A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by 

Faunus. V.JEn. 10. A nymph of Arcadia, 

mother of Pan by Mercury, according to 
Horn. hy. P. 

DRYOPElA,an anniversary day observed 
at Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops 
the son of Apollo. 

DRYOPES, a people of Greece, near 
mount Gita. They afterwards passed into 
the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the 
towns of Asine and Hermione, in Argolis. 
When th^y were driven from Asine, by the 
people of Argos, they settled among the 
Messenians, and called a town by the .tame 
of their ancient habitation Abinc. Some of 



DRY— DUU 



DYA-DYS 



their descendants went to make a settlemnet 
in Asia Minor together with the Ionians.— 
Her. l.— Pa. a.— Sir. l.-PL A.—V. JEn. A. 
-Lv. 3. 

DRYOPIS & DRYOPIDA, a small coun- 
try at the foot of mount (Eta in Thessaly, 
Its true situation is not well ascertained. 
According to Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. 
It was for some time in the possession of 
the Hellenes, after they were driven from 
Histiaeotis bv the Cad means. — Her. I. 

DRYOPS", a son of Priam, A son of 

Apollo.— Pa. 4. A friend of jEneas, killed 

by Clausus in Italy.— V. JEn. 10. 

DRYPETIS, the younger daughter of 
Darius, given in marriage to Hephaestion 
bv Alexander.— Di. 18. 

DUBIS, or ALDUADUBIS, the Daux, a 
river of Gaul falling into the Saone. 

DUBR1S, a town of Britain, supposed to 
be Dover. [B.C. 440. 

DUCETIUS, a Sicilian general, who died 

DUILLIA LEX. was enacted by M. Duil- 
lius, a tribune, A.'U.C. 304. It ma.ie it a 
capital crime to leave the Roman people 
without its tribunes, or to create any new 
magistrate without a sufficient cause*.— Li. 

3. Another, A.U.C. 302, to regulate what 

interest ought to be paid for money lent. 

DUILLIUS NEPOS, C. a Roman consul, 
the first who obtained a victory over the 
naval power of Carthage, B.C.' 260. He 
took 50 of the enemy's ships, and was ho- 
nourea with a naval 'triumph, the first that 
ever appeared at Rome. The senate re- j 
warded his valour by permitting him to have 
musie playing and torches lighted, at tlie 
public expense, every day while he was at 
rapper. There were some medals struck in 
commemoration of this victory, and there j 
still exists a column in Rome", which was 
erected on the occasion.— Ci.Sen.—Ta.AnA. 

DULICHIUM, an island of the Ionian 
sea, opposite the Acheluus. It was part of 
the kingdom of Ulysses.— Ov. Tr. |, e. 4. 
Me. U.—Mari. II. e. 70.— V. Eel. 6. 

DUMNORIX, a powerful chief among 
the ALdui. —Cats. B. G. 1. 

DINAX a mountain of Thrace. 

DUKATIUS PlCTO,a Gaul who remained 
in perpetual friendship with the Roman 
people.— C<ps. B. G. 8. 

DL RIS, an historian of Samos, who flou- 
rished B.C. 257. He wrote the life of Aga- 
thocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, 
an history of Macedonia.— Str. I. 

DURIUS, a lar^e river of ancient Spain, 
now called the Douro, which falls into the 
ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, 
after a course of nearlv 300 miles.— Si. 1. 

DUROCASSES, the chief residence of the 
Druids in Gaul, now Dreux.—Cas. B. G. 6. 

DUR'JNIA, a town of the Samnites. 

DUSII, some deities among the Gauls.— 
Aug. C. D. 15. 

DUUMVIRI, two noble patricians at 
Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to keep 
the Sibylline books, which were supposed 
to contain the fate of the Roman empire. 
These sacred books were placed in the capi- 
tol, and secured in a chest under the " round. 
They were consulted but seldom, and only 



by an order of the senate, when the armies 
had been defeated in war, or when Rome 
seemed to be threatened by an invasion, or 
by secret seditions. These priests continued 
in tneir original insiitution till the year 
U.C. 368, when a law was proposed by the 
tribunes to increase the number to ten, to 
be chosen promiscuously from patrician and 
plebeian families. They were from their 
number called Decemviri, and some time 
after Sylla increased them to fifteen, known 
by Quindecemviri. There were also cer- 
tain magistrates at Rome, called Duumviri 
perducltimes sive capitales. They were first 
created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such 
a 3 were accused of treason. This office was 
abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero com 
plains of their revival by Labienus the tri 
bune. Oral, pro Rabir. Some of the com- 
manders, of the Roman vessels were also 
called Duumviri, especially when there 
were two together. There were also in the 
municipal towns in the provinces two ma- 
gistratescalledZ)KH?Ht'iri municipalcs. They 
were chosen from the centurions, and their 
office was much the same as that of the two 
consuls of Rome. They were sometimes 
preceded by two lictors with the fasces. 
Their magistracy continued for five years, 
on which account they have been called 
Qttiunuennalcs magistral us. 

D\ AGON DAS, a Theban legislator, who 
abolished all nocturnal sacrifices.-C/.-Lc. 2,15. 

DYARDKNSES, a river in the extremities 
of India.— Curt. 8. 

D Y M JF., a town of Achaia.— Li.21.-Pa.l. 

DYMM, a people of JEto\ia..-Di. 19. 

DYMAS, a Trojan who joined himself to 
iEneas when Troy was taken, and was at 
last killed bv his countrymen, who took him 
to be an enemy because he dressed himself 
in the armour "of one of the Greeks he had 

slain.— V. £n. 2. The father of Hecuba. 

—Ov. Me. 11. 

DYMNUS, one of Alexander's officers. 
He conspired with many of his fellow sol- 
diers against his master's life. The conspi- 
racy was discovered, and Dymnus staboed 
himself before the king.— Curt. 6. 

D YNA MEN E,oneof the Nereides.//. Jl. 1 8. 

DYNASTE, a daughter ofThespius.-/4>oL 

DYR.AS, a river oFTrachinia. It rises at 
the foot of mount OZta, and falls into the 
bay of Malia. — Her. 7. [4, e. 10. 

D YRASPES, a river of Scythia.— Ov. Pan. 

DYRIS, the name of mount Atlas among 
the inhabitants of that neighbourhood. 

DYRRACHIUM, now Durazzo, a large 
city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adria 
tic" sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, 
B.C. 6:23. It was anciently called Epidam- 
mus, which the Romans, considering it of 
ominous meaning changed into Dyirachium. 
Cicero met with a favourable reception 
there during his exile.— Me. 2.— Pa. f>.—Plu. 
—Ci. 3. At. 

DYSAULES, a brother of Celeua who 
instituted the mvsteries of Ceres at Celese. 
—Pa. 2. 

DYSCINETUS,an Athenian archon.-Pfl.i. 
DYSORUM, a mountain of Thrace.-Her. 5 
DYSPONTII, a people of Eiis. — Pa. 6. 



EAN-ECH 



237 



ECH — ECH 



E. 

EANES, a man supposed to have killed 
Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in 
Thessaly.— Str. 9. [ancient Latins. 

EANUS, the name of Janus among the 

EAR1NUS, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Do- 
mitian.— St. 3, Sv. 4. [sus.— Pa. 7. 

EASIUM,a town of Achaia in Peloponne- 

EBDOME, a festival in honour of Apollo 
at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar 
month. It was usual to sing hymns in hon- 
our of the god, and to carry about boughs 

of laurel. There was also another of the 

same name, celebrated by private families 
the seventh day after the birth of every child. 

EBON, a name given to Bacchus'by the 
people of Neapolis.— Mae. 1. 

EBORA, a town of Portugal, now Evora. 

EBORACUM, York, in England. 

EBVDJF., the western isles of Britain, now 
Hebrides. 

EBURONES, a people of Belgium, now 

the country of Liege.— Cess. B. G. 2. The 

Eburovices Aulerci were the people of 
Evereux in Normandy.— C<es. ib. 3. 

EBUSUS, one of the Baleares, 100 miles 
in circumference, which produces no hurt- 
ful animals. It is near the coast of Spain, 
in the Mediterranean, and now bears the 
name of Yvica, and is famous for pasturage 

and for figs.— PL 3. A man engaged in 

the Rutulian war.— V. IEn.\2. 

ECBATANA forum J, now Hamedan, the 
capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces 
king of Media. It was surrounded by seven 
wails, which rose in gradual ascent, and 
were painted in seven different colours. 
The most distant was the lowest, and the in- 
nermost, which was the most celebrated, 
contained the royal palace. Parmenio was 
put to death there by Alexander's orders, 
and Hephsestion died there also, and received 
a most magnificent burial. — Her.\.—Stt..2\. 

—CurtA.—Di.\l. A town of Syria,where 

Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when 
mounting on horseback.— Her. 3.— Pto. 6.— 
Curt. 5. 

ECECHIRIA, the wife of Iphitus.— Pa. 5. 

ECETRA, a town of the Volsci.— Li. 2. 

ECHECRATES, a Thessalian, who offered 
violence to Phcebas the priestess of Apollo's 
temple at Delphi. From this circumstance 
a decree was made by which no woman was 
admitted to the office of priestess before 
the age of fifty.— Di. 4. 

ECHEDAMIA, a town of Phocis.— Pa. 10. 

ECHELATUS, a man who led a colony to 
Africa.— Stra. 8. 

EC HELTA, a fortified town in Sicily. 

ECHELUS, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
troclus. Another, son of Agenor, killed 

by Achilles.—//. II. 16. 

ECHEMBROTUS, an Arcadian, who ob- 
tained the prize at thePy thian games.-Pa.lO. 

ECKEMON, a son of Priam, killed by 
Diomedes.— H. II. 5. 

ECHEMUS, an Arcadian, who conquered 
the Dorians when they endeavoured to re- 



cover Peloponnesus under Hyllus.— Pa. 8. 

A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristo- 

menes against the Spartans. 
ECHENEUS, a Thracian.— H. Od. 7. 
ECHEPHRON, one of Nestor's sons.— 

Apol. I. A son of Priam.— Id. A son 

or Hercules. — Pa. 8. 

ECHEPOLUS, a Trojan, son of Thasius, 
killed by Antilochus.— H . II. 4. 

ECHESTRATUS, a son of Agis I., king 
of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B.C. 
1058.— Her. 7. [Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

ECHEVETHENSES,a people of Tegeair. 
ECHIDNA, a celebrated monster sprung 
from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, 
the daughter of Oceanus. She is repre- 
sented as a beautiful woman in the upper 
parts of the body, but as a serpent below 
the waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of 
Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. 
According to Herodotus, Hercules had three 
children by her, Agathvrsus, Gelonus, and 
Scytha.— Her. 3.—Hes.'Th.—Apol. 2.— Pa. 
8,—Ov. Me. 9. 
ECH1DORUS, a river of Thrfice.— Plo.3. 
ECHINADES or ECHINiE, five small is- 
lands near Acarnania, at the mouth of the 
river Achelous. They have been formed by 
the inundations of that river, and by the 
sand and mud which its waters carry down, 
and now bears the name of Curzola'ri. — PI. 
2.— Her. 2,—Ov. Me. 8.- -Str. 2, 
ECHINON, a city of Thrace.— Me. 2. 
ECHINUS, an island in the JEsean. — A 

town of Acarnania, of Phthiotis.— Li.32. 

ECHINUSSA,an island near Euboea,called 
afterwards Cimolus. — PI. 4. 

ECHION, one of those men who sprung 
from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. 
He was one of the five who survived the fate 
of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in build- 
ing the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded 
his services by giving him his daughter 
Agave in marriage. He was father of Pen- 
theus, by Agave. He succeeded his father- 
in-law on the throne of Thebes, as some 
have imagined, and from that circumstance 
Thebes has been called Echionim, and the 
inhabitants Echionidcs.—Ov. Me. 3.— Tr. 5, 

e. 5. A son of Mercury and Antianira, 

who was the herald of the Argonauts.— Flac. 

1. A man who often obtained a prize in 

running.-Oy. Me. 8. A musician at Rome 

in Doniitian's age.— Juv. 6. A statuary. 

A painter. 

ECHION IDES, a patronymic given to 
Pentheus, as descended from Echion.— Ov. 
Me. 3. 

ECHION1US, an epithet applied to a per- 
son born in Thebes, founded with the as- 
sistance of Echion.— V. fen. 12. 

ECHO, a daughter of the Air and Tcllus. 
who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the 
Ophisus. She was once one of Juno's at- 
tendants, and became the confidant of Ju- 
piter's amours. Her loquacity, however, dis- 
pleased Jupiter; and she was deprived of 
the power of speech by Juno, and only per 
mitted to answer to the questions which 
were put to her. Pan had formerly been one 
of her admirers, but he never enjoyed her 
i favours. Echo, after she had been punished 



ECN-EGN 238 EIO-ELE 



by Juno, fell in love with Narcissus, and on 
being - despised by him, she pined away, and 
was changed into a stone, which still re- 
tained the power of speech.— Or. Me. 3. 

ECNOMOS, a mountain of Sicily, now Ll- 
cata. 

EDESSA & EDESA, a town of Syria. 

EDESS/E PORTUS, a harbour of Sicily, 
near Pachvnus. — Ci. Ver. 5. 

EDETA or LERIA, a town of Spain along- 
the river Sucro.— PL 3.— Li. 2$.— Si. 3. 

EDISSA 6z ODESSA, a town of Macedo- 
nia taken by Caranus, and called iEgac, or 
£s:eas. Vide iEdessa. 

EDON, a mountain of Thrace, called also 
Edonus. From this mountain that part of 
Thrace is often called Edonia which lies be- 
tween the Strymon and the Nessus, and the 
epithet is generally applied not only to 
Thrace but to a cold northern climate.— V. 
Mn. 12.— PL 4.— Luc. 1. 

EDONI or EDONES, a people of Thrace, 
near the Strvmon.— Apol. 3. 

EDON IDES, a name given to the priest- 
esses of Bacchus, because they celebrated 
the festivals of the god on mount Edon. — 
Or. Me. 11. 

ED Y LI US, a mountain which Sylla seized 
to attack the people of Cheromei.-Plu.Sr/. 

EETION, the father of Andromache, and 
of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. 
He was killed by Achilles. From him the 
word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or 

descendants.— H. II. 12. Thecommander 

of the Athenian fleet conquered by the Ma- 
cedonians under Clvtus, near the Echinades. 
— Di. 16. 

EG ELIDES, a river of Etriiria.-F.^Ert. 8. 

EGERIA, a nymph of A'icia in Italy, 
where Diana was particularly worshipped. 
Egeria was courted by Numa, and according 
to Ovid she became his wife. This prince 
frequently visited her, and that he might 
more successfully introduce his laws and 
new regulations into the state, he solemnly 
declared before the Roman people, that they 
were previously sanctified and approved by 
the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria 
was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, 
that she melted into tears, and was changed 
into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned 
by many as a goddess who presided over the 
pregnancy of women, and some maintain 
tiiat she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. — 
Li. I. — Ov. Me. 15.— F. JEn. 7.— Mart. 2, e.6. 

EGESARETUS, a Thessalian of Larissa, 
who favoured the interest of Fompey during 
the civil wars.- -Cess. 3, Ci. [der.— Ci. Ac. 4. 

EGES1N LS-, a philosopher, pupil of Evan- 

EGESTA, a daughter of Hippotes the Tro- 
jan. Her father exposed her on the sea. for 
fear of being devoured by a marine monster 
which laid waste the country. She was car- 
ried safe to Sicily, where she was ravi?hed by 

the river Crinisus. A town of Sicily. Viae 

^gesta. 

EGNAT1A MAX1MILLA, a woman who 
accompanied her husband into banishment 

under Nero, &c. — Ta. An. 15. A tc.vn. 

Vide Gnatia. 

EGNATIUS,?., a crafty and perfidious Ro- 
man in the reign of Nero, who committed 



the greatest crimes for the sake of moner. 

—Ta. Hist. 4. [the Strymon.— Pau. '$. 
EION, a commercial place' at tiie mouth of 
ElONES, a village of Peloponnesus on the 

sea-coast. 

EiONEUS, a Greek killed by Hectorin the 

Trojan war.— H. II. 6. A Thracian, father 

to Rhesus.— Id. 10. 

ELA BONTAS, a river near Antioch.— Str. 

EL.EA, a town of jEolia.— Li. 36.— Pa. 9. 
An island in the Propontis. 

EL.EUS, a part of Epirus. A surname 

of J upiter. A town of the Thracian Cher- 

sonesus.— Li. 31. [Emessa. 

ELA GAB ALUS, the surname ofthe«un at 

ELAITES, a grove near Canopusin Ez>pt. 

ELA 1 US, a mountain of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

ELAPHI&A, a surname of Diana in Elis. 
— Id. 6. 

ELAPHEBOL1A, a festival in honour of 
Diana the huntress. In the celebration a 
c ake was made in the form of adeer, elapkos, 
and offered to the goddess. It owed its in- 
stitution to the following- circumstance : 
when the Phocians had been severely beaten 
by the Thes.-alians, they resolved, by the per- 
suasion of a certain Deiphantus, tb raise a 
pile of combustible materials, and burn their 
wives, children, and effects, rather than sub- 
mit to the enemy. This resolution was 
unanimously approved by the women, who 
decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magna- 
nimity. When every thing was prepared, 
before they fired the pile, they engaged their 
enemies and fought with such'desperate fury, 
that they totally routed them, and obtained 
a complete victory. In commemoration of 
this unexpected success this festival was in- 
stituted to Diana, and observed with the 
greatest solemnity, so that even one of the 
months of the year,March,wascalled Elaphe- 
bolia from this circumstauce. 

ELAPHUS, a river of Arcadia.— Pa. 6. 

ELAPTONIUS, a youth who conspired 
against Alexander.- Curt. 8. 

ELARA, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupi 

ter.— Apol. I . A daughter of Orcho'menus 

kin? of Arcadia.— Str. ~9. 

ELATEA, the largest town of Phocis, 
near the Cephisus.— Pa. 10. 

ELATIA, a town of Phocis.— Li. 28. 

Of Thessalv.— Id. 42. 

ELATUS,one of the first Ephori of Sparla, 

B.C.760.— Flu.Ly. The father of Ceneus. 

— Ov. Me. 12. A mountain of Asia. ot 

Zacynthus. The father of Polyphemus 

the Argonaut, by Hipseia.— Apol. 3. The 

son of Areas king of Arcadia, by Erato, 

who retired to Phocis.— Id. ib.—Pa.8. A 

king in the army of Priam, killed by Aga- 
memnon.— H. II. 6. One of Penelope's 

suitors, killed by Eumeus.— H. Od. 22. 

ELAVER, a river of Gaul falling into the 
Loire, now the Allier. 

ELEA, a town of C ampania, whence the 
followers of Zeno were called the Eleatic 
sect. — Cic.Ac. of iEolia. 

ELECTRA, one of the Oceanides, wife of 
Atlas, and mother of Dardanus, by Jupiter, 

Ov.FA. A daughter of Atlas and Pleione. 

She was changed into a constellation. —Apol 
3. One ot the Danaides.— Id. 2. A 



ELE— ELE 239 &LE— ELE 



daughter of Agememnon king of Argos. 
She first incited her brother Orestes to re- 
venge Ids father's death by assassinating his 
mother Cly temnestra. Orestes gave her in 
marriage to his friend Pylades, and she be- 
came mother of two .<ons, St'rophius and 
Medon. Her adventures and misfortunes 
form one of the interesting- tragedies of the 
poet Sophocles.-ifyg-. fa.-Pa. 2.-JEI.V.H. 4. 
— A sister of Cadmus.— Pa. 9. — A city and 
river of Messenia in Peloponnesus. -Pa. 4. — 
One of Helen's female attendants.-- Id. 10. 

ELECTRO, a gate of Thebes.— Pa. 9. 

ELECTRIDES, islands in the Adriatic sea, 
which received their name from the quan- 
tity of amber, (electrum,') which they pro- 
duced. They were at the mouth of the Po, 
according to Apollonius of Rhodes, but 
s.-mie historians doubt of their existence.— 
PL 2.— Me. 2. 

ELECTRYON, a king of Argos, son of 
Perseus and Andromeda. He was brother 
to Alcisus, whose daughter Anaxo he mar- 
ried, and by her he had several sons, and 
one daughter, Alcmena. He sent his sons 
against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his 
country, and they were all killed except 
Licymmus. Upon this Electryon promised 
his crown and daughter in marriage to him 
v ho could undertake to punish theTeleboans 
for the death of his sons. Amphitryon of- 
fered himself and succeeded. Electryon 
inadvertently perished by the hand of his 
son-in-law. [Vide Amphitryon & Alcmena.] 
Apol. 2.~Pa. 

ELEI, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. 
They were formerly called Epei. In their 
country was the temple of Jupiter, where 
also were celebrated the Olympic games, of 
which they had the superintendance. Their 
horses were in great repute, hence Elei equi 
and Elea palma.—Prop. 3, e. 9.— Pa. 5. — 
Luc. 4. 

ELELEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from 
the word eleleu, which the Bacchanals loudly- 
repeated during his festivals. His priestesses 
were in consequence, called Eleieis ides,— 
Ov. Me. 4. [in Phocis. 

ELEON, a village of Bceotia. Another 

ELEONTUM, a town of the Thracian 
Chersonesus. 

ELEPHANTIS, a poetess who wrote las- 
civious verses.— Ma?M2,e. 43. A princess 

by whom Danaushad two daughters.— Apol. 

2. An island in the river Nile, in Upper 

Egypt, with a town of the same name, which 
is often called Elephantina by some authors. 
- Sir. n.—Her. 2. [pia. 

ELEPHANTOPH AGI, a people of /Ethio- 

ELPHENOR, son of Chaicedon, was one 
of Helen's suitors.—//. //. -2. 

ELEPORUS, a river of Magna Graecia. 

ELEUCHIA,adaughterof Thespius.-Jpc^. 

ELE US, a city of Thrace. A river of 

Media. A king of Elis.-Pa. 5. 

ELEUS1N1A, a great festival observed 
every fourth year by the Celeans.Phliasians. 
as also by the Pheneatut;, Lacedaemonians^ 
Parrhasians, and Cretans ; but more par- 
ticularly by the people of Athens, every fifth 
year at Eleusis jn Attica, where it was in- 
troduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was 



the most celebrated of all the religious cere- 
monies of Greece, whence it is often called, 
by way of eminence, musteria,the mysteries. 
It was so superstitiously observed, that if 
any one ever revealed it, it was supposed 
that he had called divine vengeance upon 
his head, and it was unsafe to live in the 
same house with him. Such a wretch was 
publicly put to an ignominious death. This 
festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine ; 
every thing contained a mystery, and Ceres 
herself was known only by the name of 
achtheiajrom thesorroiv and grief(achthos) 
which she suffered for the loss of her daugh- 
ter. This mysterious secrecy was solemnly 
observed, and enjoined to all the votaries 
of the goddess ; and if any one ever ap- 
peared at the celebration, either intention- 
ally, or through ignorance, without proper 
introduction, he was immediately punished 
with death. Persons of both sexes and all 
ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it 
was looked upon as so heinous a crime to 
neglect this sacred part of religion, that it 
was one of the heaviest accusations which 
cont ributed to the condemnation of Socrates. 
The initiated were under the more particular 
care of the deities, and therefore their life 
was supposed to be attended with more 
happiness and real security than that of 
other men. This benefit was not only 
granted during life, but it extended beyond 
the grave, and they were honoured with the 
first places in the Elysian fields, while others 
were left to wallow in perpetual filth and 
ignominy. As the benefits of expiation were 
so extensive, particular care was taken in 
examining the character of such as were 
presented for initiation. Such as were 
guilty of murder, though against their will, 
and such as were convicted of witchcraft, 
or any heinous crime, were not admitted ; 
and the Athenians suffered none to be ini- 
tiated but such as were members of their 
city. This regulation, which compelled 
Hercules, Castor, and Pollux, to become 
citizens of Athens, was strictly observed in 
the rii st ages of the institution, but after- 
wards all persons, barbarians excepted, were 
freely initiated. The festivals were divided 
into greater or less mysteries. The less 
were instituted from the following circum- 
stance. Hercules passed near Eleusis while 
the Athenians were celebrating the myste- 
ries, and he desired to be initated. As this 
could not be done, because he was a stran- 
ger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to 
displease him on account of his great power 
and the services which he had done to the 
Athenians, another festival was instituted 
without violating the laws. It was called 
mi/ira, and Hercules was solemnly admitted 
to the celebration and initiated. These less 
mysteries were observed at Agrse near the 
Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at 
Eleusis, from which place Ceres has been 
called Eleusina. In latter times the smaller 
festivals were preparatory to the greater, 
and no person could be initiated at Eleusis 
without a previous purification at Agrse, 
This purification they performed by keeping 
themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted 



ELE-ELE 



240 



ELE— ELE 



during rine days, after which tney came 
and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing 
garlands of flowers called ism'era, or imera, 
and having under their feet dios kodion, 
Jupiter's shin, which was the skin of a vic- 
tim offered to that god. The person who 
assisted was called udranos, from udor, 
water, which was used at the purification, 
and they themselves were called mustai, the 
initiated. A year after the initiation at :he 
Jess mysteries they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, 
and were admitted in the greater, and the 
secrets of the festivals were solemnly re- 
vealed them, from which they were cailed 
ephoroi and epoptai, inspectors. The insti- 
tution was performed in the following man- 
ner. The candidates, crowned with myrtle, 
were admitted by night into a place called 
mustihos sekns, the mystical temple, a vast 
and stupendous building. As they entered 
the temple they purified themselves by 
washing their hands in holy water, and re- 
ceived for admonition that they were to 
come with a mind pure and undehled, with- 
out which the cleanness of the body would 
be unacceptable. After this the holy mys- 
teries were read to them, from a large book 
called petroma, because made of two stones, 
pelrai, fitly cemented together. After this, 
the priest, called Ierophan/es. proposed to 
them certain questions to which they readily- 
answered. Alter this, strange and "amazing- 
objects presented themselves to their sight, 
the place often seemed to quake, and to ap- 
pear suddenly resplendent with fire, and 
immediately covered with gloomy darkness 
and horror. Sometimes thunders were 
heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on 
every side. At other limes hideous noises 
aud howlings were heard, and the trembling 
spectators were alarmed by sudden and 
dreadful apparitions. This was called 
autopsia, intuition. After this the initiated 
were dismissed with the barbarous words of 
kogx, ompax. The garments in which they 
were initiated^ were held sacred, and of no 
less efficacy to avert evils than charms 
and incantations. From this circumstance, 
therefore, they were never left off before 
they were totally unfit for wear, after which 
.hey were appropriated for children, or de- 
dicated to the goddess. The chief person 
that attended at the initiation was called 
ferophantes, the revealer of sacred things. 
He was a citizen of Athens, and held las 
office during life, though among the Celeans 
and Phliasians it was limited to four years. 
He was obliged to devote himself totally to 
the service of the deities ; his life was chaste 
and single, and he usually anointed his body 
with the juice of hemlock, which is said, by 
its extreme coldness, to extinguish, in a 
great degree, the natural heat. The Hiero- 
phantes nad three attendants; the first was 
called dadouchos, torch-bearer, and was per- 
mitted to marry. The second was called 
herux, a cryer. The third administered 
at the altar, and was called o epi Bomo. 
—The Hierophantes is said to have been 
a type of the powerful creator of all 
things, Dadouchos of the sun, Kerux of 
-Mercury, and o epi Bomo of the moon. 



There were, besides these, other inferior 
officers, who took particular care that every 
thing was performed according to custom. 
The first of these, called Basileus, was one 
of the Archons ; he offered prayers and sa- 
crifices, and took care that there was no in- 
decency or irregularity during the celebra- 
tion. Besides him there. were four others, 
called epimelelai, curators, elected by the 
people. One of them was chosen from the 
sacred family of the Eumolpidae, the other 
was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were 
from among the citizens. There were also 
ten persons who assisted at this and every 
other festival, called Ieropoioi, because they 
offered sacrifices.-^ — This festival was ob- 
served in the month of Boedromion or Sep- 
tember, and continued nine days, from the 
15th till the 23d. Durinsr that time it was 
unlawful to arrest any man or pre-ent any 
petition, on pain of 'forfeiting a thousand 
drachmas, or, according to others, on pain 
of death. It was also unlawful for those 
who were initiated to sit upon the cover of 
a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weazels. 
If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, 
she was obliged by an edict of Lycursus to 
pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law 
was to destroy all distinction between the 
richer and poorer sort of citizens. — The first 
day of the celebration was called agormos, 
assembly, as it might be said that the wor- 
shippers first met together. The second clay 
was called al.a de mustai, to the sea, you that 
are initiated, because they were commanded 
to purify themselves by bathing in the sea. 
On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a 
mullet, was offered ; as also barley from a 
field of Eleusis. These oblations we're called 
kalathivn, and held so sacred that the priests 
themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, 
permitted to partake of them. On the fourth 
day they made a solemn procession, in which 
the chaire Demeter, holy basket of Ceres, 
was carried about in a consecrated cart, 
while on every side the people shouted haire 
Demeter, Hail Ceres .' After these followed 
women, called keUophoroi, who carried bas- 
kets, in which were sesamum, carded wool, 
grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, 
reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The 
fifth was" called E ton lampadon emera, Ihe 
torch day, because on the following night 
the people ran about with torches in their 
hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to 
Ceres, and contend which should offer the 
biggest in commemoration of the travels of 
the goddes. and of her lighting a torch in 
the flames of n.ount ./Etna. The sixth day 
was called Iakchos, from lacchus, the son 
of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his 
mother in her search of Proserpine, with a 
torch in his hand. From that circumstance 
his statue had a torch in its hand, and was 
carried in solemn procession from the Cera- 
micus to Eleusis. The statue with those that 
accompanied it, called Iakchagogoi, were 
crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing 
was heard but singing and the noise of 
brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. 
The way through which they issued from 
the city was called Iera odos, the sacred way 



ELE— ELE 

the resting 1 place Iera suke, from a /zg- tree 
which grew in the neighbourhood. They 
also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, 
where they derided those that passed by. 
After thev had passed this bridge they en- 
tered Eleusis by a place called mustike 
eisodos, the musical entrance. On the 
seventh dav were sports, in which the vic- 
tors were rewarded with a measure of bar- 
ley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleu- 
sis. The eighth day was called Epidaurion 
emera, because once iEsculapius, at his re- 
turn from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated 
bv the repetition of the less mysteries. It 
became customary, therefore, to celebrate 
them a second time upon this, that such as 
had not hitherto been initiated might be law- 
fully admitted. The 9th and last day of the 
festival was called Pie mochoai, earthen 
vessels, because it was usual to fill two such 
vessels with wine, one of which being placed 
towards the east, and the other towards the 
west, which, after the repetition of some 
mystical words, were both thrown down, 
and the wine being spilt on the ground was 
offered as a libation. Such was the manner 
of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, 
which have been deemed the most sacred 
and solemn of all the festivals observed by 
the Greeks. Some have supposed them to 
be obscene and abominable, and that from 
thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. 
They were carried from Eleusis to Rome in 
the age of Adrian, where they were observed 
with the same ceremonies as before, though 
perhaps with more freedom and licentious- 
ness. They lasted about 1800 years, and 
were at last abolished by Thendosius the 
Great.— Ml.V.H. \2.—Ci.Le.2.-PaA0.-Plu. 

ELEUSIS, or ELEUSIN, a town of Attica, 
equally distant from Megara and the Piraeus, 
celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Fide 
Eleusinia.] It was founded by Triptolemus. 
Of. 4, F. 5.— Pa. 9. 

ELEUTHER, a son of Apollo. One of 

the Curetes, from whom a town of Bceotia, 
and another in Crete, received their name. 
—Pa. 9, 2. 

ELEliTHERiE, a village of Bceotia, be- 
tween Megara and Thebes, where Mardo- 
nius was defeated with 300,000 men.-PZ.4,7,34 

ELEUTHERIA, a festival celebrated at 
Plataea in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or 
the asserter of liberty, by delegates from 
almost all the cities of Greece. Its institu- 
tion originated in this; after the victory ob- 
tained by the Grecians under Pausanias over 
Mardonius the Persian general, in the 
country of PJataea, an altar and statue were 
erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had 
freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the 
barbarians. It was further agreed upon in 
a general assembly, by the advice oi Aris- 
tides the Athenian, that deputies should be 
sent every fifth year fro-n the different cities 
of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria festivals 
of liberty. The Plataeans celebrated also an 
anniversary festival in memory of those 
who had lost their lives in that famous battle. 
The celebration was thus: At break of day 
a procession was made with a trumpeter at 
the head, sounding: a signal of battle. After 



1 ELE-ELO 
him followed chariots loaded with mvrrh, 
garlands, and a black bull, and certain" free 
young men, as no signs of servility were to 
appear during the solemnity, because they 
in whose honour the festival was instituted 
had died in the defence of their country. 
They carried libations of wine and milk in 
large-eared vessels with jars of oil and pre- 
cious ointments. Last of all appeared the 
chief magistrate, who though not permitted 
at other times to touch iron, or wear gar- 
ments of any colour but white, yet appeared 
clad in purple ; and taking a water-pot out 
of the city chamber, proceeded through the 
middle of the town with a sword in his hand, 
towards the sepulchres. There he drew 
water from a neighbouring spring, and 
washed and anointed the monuments; after 
which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of 
wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mer- 
cury, and inviting to the entertainment the 
souls of those happy heroes who had perished 
in the defence of their country. After this 
he filled a bowl with wine, saying, I drink to 
those who lost their lives in the defence of 
the liberties of Greece. There was also a 
festival of the same name observed by the 
Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves 
also, when they obtained their liberty, kepi 
a holiday which they called Eleutheria. 

ELEUTHO, a surname of Juno Lueina 
from her presiding over the delivery of preg- 
nant women. — Pind. O. 6. 

ELEUTHEROC1LICES, a people of Ci- 
licia, never subject to kings.— Ci. 15. Fam. 
e. At. 20. [into the Mediterranean.— Pi. 9. 

ELEUTHEROS, a rher of Syria, falling 

EL1CIUS a surname of Jupiter, worship- 
ped on mount Aventine.— Ov. F. 3. 

ELIENSIS& ELI ACA, a sect of philoso- 
phers founded by Phaedon of Elis, who was 
originally a slave, but restored to liberty by 
Alcibiades. — Diog.—Str. 

ELI ME A, or ELIMJOTIS, a district of 
Macedonia, or of lily ric um according to 
others.— Li. 42. 

ELIS, a country of Peloponnesus at the 
west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, ex- 
tending along the coast, and watered by the 
river Alpheus. The capital of the country 
called Elis, now Belvidere, became large 
and populous in the age of Demosthenes, 
though in the age of Homer it did not exist. 
It was originally governed by kings, and 
received its name from Eleus, one of its 
monarchs. Eli* was famous for the horses 
it produced, whose celerity was so often 
known and tried at the Olympic games.-. 
Sir. 8.— PL 4.— Pa. S.—Ov. Me. S.-Ci.Fam. 
13, e. 26,— Li. n.— Yirg. G. 1. [Pol. 11. 

ELIPHASII, a people of Peloponnesus.— 

ELISSA, a queen of Tyre, more commonly 
unown bv the name of Dido. [Vide Dido."] 

EL1SSUS, a river of Elis. 

ELLOP1A, a town of Eubcea. An an- 
cient name of that island. 

ELORUS, a river of Sicily on the eastern 
coast, called after a king of the same name. 
-Her. 7. 

ELOS, a city of Achaia, called after a 
servant maid of Athamas of the same name. 
ELOTjE. Vide Helotae. 



ELP-EMA 



242 



E MB— END 



ELPENOR, one of the companions of 
I'lysses, changed into a hog by Circe's 
potions, and afterwards restored to his 
former shape. He fell from the top of a 
house where he was sleeping, and w as killed. 
— Ov. MeAA.—H. Od. 10. 

ELPIMCE, a daughter of Miltiades, who 
married a man thai promised to release from 
confinement her brother and husband, whom 
the laws of Athens had made responsible for 
the fine imposed on his father.-C. Nep. Cim. 

ELU IN A, a surname of Ceres. [Me. 5, f. 3. 

ELYCES, a man killed by Perseus.— Ov. 

ELYMA1S, a country of Persia, between 
the Persian gulf and Media. The capital of 
the country was called Elymais, and was 
famous for a rich temple of Diana, which 
Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. 
The Ely means assisted Antiochus the Great 
in his wars against the Romans. None of 
their kings are named in history.— S/r. 

ELYMI, a nation descended from the Tro- 
jans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. 
—Pa. 10. [Sicily.— V. Mn. 5. 

ELYMUS, a man at the court of Ace^tes in 

ELYRUS, a town of Crete.— Id. 10. 

ELYSIUM & ELYSII CAMPI, a place or 
island in the infernal regions, where ac- 
cording to the mythology of the antients, 
the souls of the virtuous were placed after 
death. Their happiness was complete, the 
pleasures were innocentand refined. Bowers 
for ever green, delightful meadows with 
pleasant streams, were the most striking 
objects. The air was wholesome, serene, 
and temperate ; the birds continually war- 
bled in the groves, and the inhabitants were 
blessed with another sun and other stars. 
The employment of the heroes who dwelt in 
ihese regions of bliss w ere various : the 
manes of Achilles are represented as waging 
war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan 
chiefs are innocently exercising themselves 
in managing horses', or in handling arms. 
To these innocent amusements some poets 
have added continual feasting and revelry ; 
and they suppose that the Elysian fields were 
filled with all the incontinences and volup- 
tuousness winch could gratify the low desires 
of the debauchee. The Elysian fields were, 
according to some, in the Fortunate Islands 
on the coasts of Africa in the Atlantic. 
Others place them in the island of Leuce ; 
and, according to the authority of Virgil, 
they were situate in Italy. According to 
Lucian, they were near the moon : or in the 
centre of the earth, if we believe Plutarch. 
— V. Mn. 6.-H. Od. *.—Pind.—Tib. I. e. 
3.—Lu.—Plu. C. 

EMATH1A, a name given anciently, and 
particularly by the poets, to the countries 
which formed the empires of Macedonia and 
Thessaly.— Virg. G. \.—Luc. 1.— Ov. Me. 5. 

Ei\] ATHION, a son of Titan and Aurora, 
who reigned in Macedonia. The country 
was called Emathia from his name. Some 
suppose that he was a famous robber des- 
troyed by Hercules.— Of. Me. 5.— Ju.l. - 

A man killed at the nuptials of Perseut and 
Andromeda.— Ov. Me. 5. 

EMATHiON, a man killed in the wars of 
Turnus.- - V. Mn. 9. 



EMBATUM/aplace of Asia,oppositeChios. 

EMBOLIMA, a town of India.— Curl. &. 

EMERITA, a town of Spain, famous for 
dvin^ wool.— PI. 9. 

EMESSA & EMlSSA,atownof Phoenicia. 

EMODA, a mountain of India. 

EMPEDOCLES, a philosopher, poet, and 
historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flou- 
rished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Te- 
lauges, the Pythagorean, and warmly adopt- 
ed the doctrine" of Transmigration. He 
wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pytha- 
goras, very much commended, in which he 
spoke of the various bodies which nature had 
given him. He was first a girl, afterwards 
a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly 
Empedocles. His poetry was bold and ani 
mated, and his verses vvere so universally 
esteemed, that they were publicly recited 
at the Olympic games with those of Homer 
and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less re- 
markable for his humanity and social virtue s 
than for his learning. H*e shewed himself 
an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused 
to become the sovereign of his'country. He 
taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often allevi- 
ated the anxieties of his mind as well as the 
pains of his body with music. It is reported 
that his curiosity to visit the flames of iEtna 
proved fatal to him. Some maintain that 
he wished it to be believed that he wag a 
god, and that his death might be unknown, 
he threw himself into the crater and perished 
in the flames. His expectations, however, 
were frustrated, and the volcano by throw- 
ing up one of his sandals, discovered to the 
world that Empedocles had perished by fire. 
Others report that he li\ed to an extreme I 
old age, and that he was drowned in the sea. 
—Hor. 1, e. 12 — Ci. Or. \.—Diog. vi. 

E.MPERAMUS, a Lacedaemonian general 
in the second Messenian war. 

EMPOCLUS, an historian, [the Syrtes. 

EMPORIA PUNICA, certain places near 

EMPORIA, a town of Spain in Catalonia, 
now Ampurias. — Li. 34. 

ENCELADliS, a son of Titan and Terra, 
the most powerful of all the giants who con- 
spired against Jupiter. He was struck with i 
Jupiter's thunders, and overwhelmed under 
mount Ktm. Some suppose that he is the 
same as Typhon. According to the poets, 
the flames of ./Etna proceeded from the 
breath of Enceladus ; and as often as he 
turned his weary side, the whole island of 
Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its 

very foundations.— V. Mn. 3. A son of 

./Egypt us. 

ENCHELEvE, a town of Ulyricura, where 
Cadmus was changed into a serpent.— Luc. 
Z.—Str. 1. 

ENDEIS, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. 
She married iEacus king of jEgina, by 
whom she had Peleus and Telamon.— Pa. 2. 
—Apol. 3. 

END ERA, a place of ^Ethiopia. 

END YMION, a shepherd, son of .Ethlius 
and Calyce. It is said that he required of 
Jupiter "to grant to himto be always young, 
and to sleep as much as he would ; whence 
came the proverb of Endymionis somnum 
dormire, tn express a long sleep. Diana 



! 



ENE— ENN 



243 



ENN— EPA 



saw him naked as he slept or mount Lat- 
inos, and \va6 so struck with his beauty, 
that she came down from heaven every high t 
to enjoy his company. Endymion married 
Chromia, daughter of Itonus, or according 
to some, Hyperipna, daughter of Areas, by 
whom he had three sons, Pseon, Epeus, and 
iEolus, and a daughter called Eurydice ; 
and 60 little ambitious did he shew himself 
of the sovereignty, that he made his crown 
the prize of the best races among his sons, 
an honourable dictinction which was gained 
by Epeus. The fable of Endymion's amours 
with Diana, or the moon, arises from his 
knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed 
the night on some high mountain, to observe 
the heavenly bodies, it has been reported 
that he was courted by the moon. Some 
suppose that there were two of that name, 
and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. 
The people of Heraclea maintained that En- 
dymion died on mount Latmos, and the 
Eleans pretended to shew his tomb at Olym- 
pia in Peloponnesus. — Fro. 2, e. 15.— Ci. Tu. 
l.—Juv. 10 — Theo. 3.— Pa. 5. 

ENETI, or HENETl, a people near Paph- 
iagonia. 

EN G YUM, now Gangi, a town of Sicily 
freed from tvranny by Timoleon.— Ci. Ver. 
3.— It. 14 

ENIENSES, a people of Greece. 

EN IO P E US, a charioteer of Hector, killed 
by Diomedes.— H. II. 8. 

ENIPEUS, ariverof Thessaly flowing near 

Pharsalia.— Luc. 6. A river of Elis in 

Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter 
of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune 
assumed the shape of the river god to en- 
joy the company of Tyro.— Ov. A. 3, e. 5. 
— Str. 

ENISPE, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

ENN A, now Castro Janni, a town in the 
middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, 
whence Proserpine was carried away by 
Pluto.— Me. 2.— Ci. Ver. 3.— Of. F.4.— Zi.24. 

ENN I A, was the wife of Macro, and after- 
wards of the emperor Caligula.— Ta. An. 6. 

ENNIUS, Q. an ancient poet, born at 
Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name 
and privileges of a Roman citizen by his 
genius and the brilliancy of his learning. 
His style is rough and unpolished, but his 
defects, which are more particularly attri- 
buted to the age in which he lived, have 
been fully compensated by the energy of his 
expressions and the fire of his poetry. 
Quintilian warmly commends him, and Vir- 
gil has shown his merit by introducing many 
whole lines from his poetry into h is own 
compositions, which he calls pearls gathered 
from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic 
verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman 
republic, and displayed much knowledge of 
the world in some dramatical and satirical 
compositions. He died of the gout, con- 
tracted by frequent intoxication, about 169 
years before the Christian aera, in the 70th 
year of his age. Ennius was intimate with 
the great men of his age ; he accompanied 
Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was 
esteemed by him of greater value than the 
honours oi a triumph ; and tscipio, on his 



death-bed, ordered his body to be buried 
the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph 
was said to be written u;-on him : 
Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis for- 
mam ! 

Hie ve strum pinxit maxima facta patrum. 
Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera 
fletu 

Faxit . cur ? volito vivus per ora virum. 
Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet 
of Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the 
appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the 
tragedies, comedies, annals and satires which 
he wrote, nothing remains but fragments 
happily collected from the quotations of an- 
cient authors. The best edition of these is 
by Hesselius, 4to. Amst. 1707.— Ov. 2, Tr.— 
Ci.Fin. I.— Quiii. 10.— Luc. l.—C. Nep. C. 

ENNOiYlUS, a Trojan prince killed by 
Achilles.—//. //. 2. 

ENNOSIGjEUS, terra concussor, a sur- 
name of Neptune.— Juv. 10. 

ENOPE, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
Pylos.— Pa. 3. 

EN OPS, a shepherd loved by the nymph 
Neis, by whom he had Satnius — H. II. 14. 

The father of Sestos. A Trojan killed 

by Patroclus.— II. 16. 

ENOS, a maritime town of Thrace. 

ENOSICHTHON, a surname of Neptune. 

ENOTOCCETiE, a nation whose ears are 
described as hanging down to their heelb. 
— Str. 

ENTELLA, a town of Sicily inhabited by 
Campanians. — It. 14. Ci. Ver. 3. 

ENTELLUS, a famous athlete among the 
friends of ./Eneas. He was intimate with 
Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, 
whom he conquered in the funeral games of 
Anchises, in Sicilv.— V. Mn. 5. 

ENYALIfJS, a surname of Mars. 

ENYO, a sister of Mars, called by the La- 
tins Bellona, supposed by some to be daugh- 
ter of Phorcys and Ceto.— It. 10. 

EONE, a daughter of Thespius.— Apol. 

EORDjEA, a district at the west of Ma- 
cedonia.—/^. 31. 

EOS, the name of Aurora among the 
Greeks, whence the epithet Eous is applied 
to all the eastern parts of the world.— Or. 
F. 3.—Virg. G. 1. \_Me. 2. 

EOUS, one of the horses of the sun. — Or. 

EPAGRIS, one of the Cyclades, called bv 
Aristotle Hydrussa.—Pl. 4. 

EPAM1NONDAS, a famous Theban de- 
scended from the ancient kings of Bceotia. 
His father's name was Folymnus. He has 
been celebrated for his private virtues and 
military accomplishments. His love of truth 
was so great that he never disgraced himself 
by falsehood. He formed a most sacred and 
inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose 
life he saved in a battle. By his advice Pe- 
lopidas delivered Thebes from the power of 
Laccdaemon. This was the signal of war. 
Epaniinondas was set at the head of the 
Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans 
at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 
371 years B. C. Epaniinondas made a proper 
use of this victorious campaign, and entered 
the territories of Lacedamon with 50,000 
men. Here he gained many friends and par- 



SPA EPH 



244 



EPK— EPH 



tizaus; but at his return to Tnebes lie was 
seized as a traitor for violating 1 the laws of 
his country. While he was making the 
Theban arms victorious on every side, he 
neglected the law which forbade any citizen 
to retain in his hands the supreme power 
more than one month, and all his eminent 
services seemed unable to redeem him from 
death. He paid implicit obedience to the 
laws of his country, and only begged of his 
judges that it might be inscribed on his 
tomb that he had suffered death for saving 
his country from ruin. This animated re- 
proach was felt; he was pardoned, and in- 
vested again with the sovereign power. He 
was successful in a war inThessaly, and as- 
sisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemo- 
nians. The hoetile armies met near Man- 
tinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely 
fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he re- 
ceived a fatal wound in the breast, and ex- 
pired exclaiming that he died unconquered, 
when he heard that tht Boeotians obtained 
the victory, in the 48th year of his age, 363 
years befo're Christ. The Thebans severely 
lamented his death ; in him their power was 
extinguished, for only during his life they 
had enjoyed freedom and independence 
among the Grecian states. Epaminondas 
was frugal as well as virtuous, and he re- 
fused with indignation the rich presents 
which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the 
king of Persia. He is represented by his 
biographer as an elegant dancer and a skil- 
ful musician, accomplishments highly es- 
teemed among his countrymen.— Plu. Par. 
— C. Nep. vi.—Xen. Q. Grce.—Di. \b.-Pol. 1. 

EPANTELl f, a people of Italy. 

EPAPHRODITUS, a freed man punished 
with death for assisting Nero to destroy 
himself.— Sue. Ner. A freed man of Au- 
gustus sent as a spy to Cleopatra.— Plu. 

A name assumed by Sylla. 

EPAPHUS, a son of Jupiter and Io, who 
founded a city in Egrypt, which he called 
Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was 
the daughter of the Niie. He had a daugh- 
ter called Libya, who became mother of ' 
iEgyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was 
worshipped as a god at'Memphis. — Her. 2. 
—Ov.Me. 1. [Rome.-te. B. G. 8. 

EPASNACTUS. a Gaul in alliance with 

ErEBOLUS, a' soothsayer of Messenia, 
who prevented Aristodenius from obtainiug 
the sovereierntv.— Pa. 4. \Pl. 4. 

EPEI Sc ELEI, a people of Peloponnesus. 

Ei ETIUM, now Viscio, a town of lUyri- 
cum. 

EPEUS, a son of Endymion, brother to 
Pa;on, who reigned in a part of Pelopon- 1 
nesus. His subjects were called from him 

Epei.— Pa. 5. A son of Panop^us, who was 

the fabricator of the famous wooden horse 
which proved the ruin of Troy.— V. Mn. 2. 
— Ju. 20.— Pa. 10. 

EPHESUS, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin 
mentions, by the Amazons, or by Androchus, 
son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by 
Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is 
famous for a temple of Diana, which was 
reckoned one of the seven wonders of the 
world. This temple was 425 feet long and j 



200 feet broad. Tue roof was supported by 
127 columns, 60 feet high, which had been 
placed there by so many kings. Of these 
columns, 36 were carved in the most beau- 
tiful manner, one of which was the work of 
the famous Scopas. This celebrated building 
was not totally completed till 220 years after 
its foundation. Ctesiphon was the chief ar- 
chitect. There was above the entrance a 
huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had 
been placed there by Diana herself. The 
riches which were in the temple were im- 
mense, and the goddess who presided over 
it was worshipped with the most awful so- 
lemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt 
on the'night that Alexander was born, [Vide 
Erostratus] and soon after it rose from its 
ruins withmore splendour and magnificence. 
Alexander offered to rebuild it at his own 
expense, if the Ephesians would place upon 
it an inscription w hich denoted the name of 
the benefactor. This generous offer was 
refused by the Ephesians, who observed in 
the language of adulation, that it was im- 
proper that one deity should raise temples 
to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town 
of Ephesus to be called Arsinoe, in honour 
of his wife ; but after his death the new ap- 
pellation was lost, and the town was again 
known by its ancient name. Though mouern 
authors are not agreed about the ancient 
ruins of this once famed city, some have 
given the barbarous name of' Ajasaloue to 
what they conjecture to be the remains of 
Ephesus. The words liters Ephesie are ap- 
plied to letters containing magical powers. 
—PI. 36.— SYr. 12.— Me, 1.— Pa. l.—Plu.Al. 
~Ju. 2.—Cal. Di.—Pto. o.—Ci. Nat. D. 2. 

EPHET^E, a number of magistrates at 
Athens, first instituted by Demophoon, the 
son of Theseus. They were reduced to the 
number of 51 by Draco, who according to 
some, first established them. They were 
superior to the Areopagites, and their pri- 
vileges were great and numerous. Solon, 
however, lessened their power, and entrust- 
ed them oi/ly with the trial of manslaughter 
' and conspiracy against the life of a citizen. 
They were ah' more than fifty years old, and 
it was required that their manners should be 
pure and innocent, and their behaviour 
austere and full of gravity. 

EPHIALTES or EPHI ALTUS, a giant son 
of Neptune, who grew nine inches every 
month. [Vide Aloeus.] An Athenian fa- 
mous for his courage and strength. He 
fought with the Persians against Alexander, 

and was killed at Halicarnassus.— X)L 17. 

A Trachinian who led a detachment of the 
army of Xerxes by a secret path to attack 
the Spartans at Thermopylae. —Pa.X.—Her.l. 

EPriORI, powerful magistrates at Sparta, 
who were first created by Lycurgus ; or, 
according to some by Theoponipus, B.C.760. 
They were five in number. Like censors in 
the state, they could check and restrain the 
authority of the kings, and even imprison 
them, if guilty of irregularities. Thev fined 
Archidamus for marrying a wife of" small 
stature, and imprisoned Agisfor his uncon- 
stitutional behaviour. They were much the 
6a:ne as the tribunes of the people at Rome, 



EPH-EPI 



245 



EPI-EPI 



created to watch with a jealous eye over the 
liberties and rights of the populace. They 
had the management of the public money, 
and were the arbiters of peace and war. 
Their office was annual, and they had the 
privilege of convening - , proroguing - , and dis- 
solving the greater or less assemblies of the 
people. The former was composed of 9000 
Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the 
latter of 33,000 Lacedaemonians, inhabitants 
of the inferior towns and villages.— C.Rep. 
Pa—Aris. Pol. 2. 

EPHORUS, an orator and historian of 
Cumae in iEolia, about 352 years B.C. He 
was disciple to Isocrates y by whose advice he 
wrote an history which gave an account of 
all the actions and battles that had happened 
between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 
years. Jt was greatly esteemed by the an- 
cients. It is now lost.— Quin. 10. 

EPHYRA, the ancient name of Corinth, 
which it received from a nymph of the same 
name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to 
Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. 
—Virg. G. 2.—Ov. Me. 2.—Lftc.6.—St.Th.4, 

— It. 14. A city of Threspotia in Epirns. 

Another in Elis. /Etolia. One of 

Cyrene's attendants.— Virg. G. 4. 
EPICASTE, a name of Jocasta the mother 

and wife of CEdipus.— Pa. 9. A daughter 

of yEg-eus, mother of Thestalus bv Hercules. 

EPICERIDES, a man of Cyrene, greatly 
esteemed by the Athenians for his benefi- 
cence.— Bern. 

EPICHAR1S, a woman accused of con- 
spiracy against Nero. She refused to confess 
the associates of her guilt, thoueh exposed 
to the greatest torments, &c— Ta, 15, An. 

EPICHARMUS, a poet and Pythagorean 
philosopher of Sicily, who introduced comedy 
at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His com- 
positions were imitated by Plautus. He 
wrote some treatises upon philosophy and 
medicine, and observed that the gods sold 
all their kindnesses for toil and labour. Ac- 
cording to Aristotle and Pliny, he added the 
two letters ck and th to the Greek a.phabet. 
He flourished about 440 years B.C. and died 
in the 90th year of his age.— Hor. 2, e. 1.— 
Biog. 3.—Ci. At. 1, e. 19. [H. TL 12. 

EP1CI.ES, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. 
EPICL1DES, a Lacedaemonian of the 
family of the Eurysthenidae. He was raised 
to the throne by his brother Cleomenes 3d, 
in the place of Agis, against the laws and 
constitution of Sparta.— Pa. 2. 
EPICRATES, a Milesian, servant to J. 

Caesar. A poet of Ambracia.— Ml. The 

name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of 
supreme authority.— Ci. At. 3, e. 3. 

EP1CTETUS, a stoic philosopher of Hie- 
ropolis in Phrvgia, originally the slave of 
Epaphroditus, the freed man of Nero. 
Though driven from Rome bv Domitian, he 
returned after the emperor's death, and 
gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus 
Aurelius. Like the Stoics he supported the 
doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but 
he declared himself strongly against suicide, 
which was so warmly adopted by his sect! 
liedied in a very advanced age. The earthen 
tamp of which he made use, was sold some 



time after his death at 300 drachmas. His 
Enchiridion is a faithful picture of the stoic 
philosophy, and his dissertations which were 
delivered "to his pupils, were collected by 
Arrian. His style is concise and devoi'l of 
all ornament, full of energy and useful max- 
ims. The value of his compositions is well 
known from the saying of the emperor An- 
toninus, who thanked the gods he could 
collect from the writings of Epictetus where- 
with to conduct life with honour to himself 
and advantage to his country. There are 
several good editions of the works of Epic- 
tetus, with those of Cebes and others ; the 
most valuable of which, perhaps, will be 
found to be that of Reland, Traject, 4to. 
1711; and Arrian's by Upton, 2 vols. 4to. 
Lond. 1739. 

EPICURUS, a celebrated philosopher, eon 
of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gar- 
gettus in Attica. Though his parents were 
poor and of an obscure origin, yet he was 
early sent to school, where he distinguished 
himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and 
at the age of 1 2, when his preceptor repeated 
to him this verse from Hesiod— 

Etoi men protista chaos genet\ Src. 

In the beginning of things the Chaos was 
created. 

Epicurus earnestly asked him who created 
it ! To this the teacher answered that he 
knew not but only philosophers. Then," 
says the youth, " philosophers henceforth 
shall instruct me." After having improved 
himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, 
he visited Athens, which was then crowded 
by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, the 
Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he es- 
tablished himself, and soon attracted a num- 
ber of followers by the sweetness and gravity 
of his manners, and by his social virtues. 
He taught them that the happiness of man- 
kind consisted in pleasure, not such as 
arises from sensual gratification, or from 
vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind, 
and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was 
warmly attacked by the philosophers of the 
different sects, and particularly by the 
Stoics. They observed that he disgraced 
the gods by representing them as inactive, 
given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with 
the affairs of mankind. He refuted all the 
accusations of his adversaries by the purity 
of his morals, and by his frequent atten- 
dance on places of public worship. When 
Leontium, one of his female pupils, was ac- 
cused of prostituting herself to her master 
and to all his disciples, the philosopher 
proved the filsity of the accusation by silence 
and an exemplary life. His health was at 
last impaired by continual labour, and he 
died of a retention of urine, which Jong 
subjected him to the most excruciating tor- 
ments, and which he bore with unparalleled 
fortitude. His death happened 270 years 
B.C., in the 72d year of his age. His dis- 
ciples showed their respect for the memory 
of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity 
which prevailed among them. While philo- 
sophers in every sect were at war with 
mankind and among themselves, the fol- 
lowers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, 



EPI-EPI 



240 



EPI— EPI 



and lived in the most solid friendship. The 
day of his birth was observed with universal 
fes'tivity, and during: a month all bis ad- 
mirers 'gave themselves up to mirth and in- 
nocent amusement. Of all the philosophers 
of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whose 
writing's deserve attention for their number : 
he wrote no less than 300 volumes, according 
to Diogenes Laertius ; and Chrysippus was 
so jealous of the fecundity of Ins genius,that 
no sooner had Epicurus' published one of 
his volumes, than he immediately composed 
one, that he might not be overcome in the 
number of his productions. Epicurus, how- 
ever, advanced truths and arsuments un- 
known before; but Chrysippus said, what 
others long had said, without showing any 
thing which might be called originality. 
The followers of Epicurus were numerous 
in every age and country, his doctrines were 
rapidly' disseminated over the world, and 
when the gratification of the sense was sub- 
stituted to the practice of virtue, the morals 
of" mankind were undermined and destroyed. 
Even Rome, whose austere simplicity had 
happily nurtured virtue, felt the attack, and 
was corrupted. When Cyneas spoke of the 
tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman 
senate, Fabricius indeed intreated the gods 
that all the enemies of the republic might 
become his followers. But those were the 
feeble efforts of expiring virtue ; and when 
Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine 
in his poetical composition, the smoothness 
and beauty of the numbers contributed, with 
the effeminacy of the Epicureans, to ener- 
vate the conquerors of the world. — Diog. 
in.— Ml. V. H. A.—Ci. Nat. D.l. 

EPICYDES.a tyrant of Syracuse,B.C. 213. 

EPIDAMNUS, a town of Macedonia on 
the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. 
The Romans planted there a colony which 
they called Dj/rrachium, considering the 
ancient name (ad damnum) ominous.— Pa. 
6.— PI. 2.— Plan. Men. 2, act. I. 

EFIDAPHNE, a town of Syria, called 
also Antioch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, 
died there.— Ta.An. 2. 

EPIDAURIA, a festival at Athens in 
honour of iEsculapius. A country of Pe- 
loponnesus. 

EPIDAURUS, a town at the north of Ar 
golis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to 
the worship of iEsculapius, who had there a 
famous temple. It received its name from 
Epidaurus, son of Argus and Evadne. It is 
now called Pidaura. — Str. S.—Virg. G. 3. — 

Pa. 3.— Me. 2. A town of Dalmatia, now 

Ragusi Vecckio, of Laconia. 

EPIDIUM, one of the western isles of 
Scotland, or the Mull of Cantyre according 
to some.— Pto. [unusual prodigies.— Pi. 16. 

EPIDIUS, a man who wrote concerning 

EPIDOI7E, certain deities who presided 
over the birth and growth of children, and 
were known among the Romans by the 
name of Dii Averrunci. They were wor- 
shipped by the Lacedaemonians, and chiefly 
invoked bv those who were persecuted by 
the ghosts of the dead, &c— Pa. 3. 

EPIGENES, a Babylonian astrologer and 
historian.— Pi. 7. 



EPIGEUS, a Greek killed by Hector. 

EPIGONT, the sons and descendants of 
the Grecian heroes who were killed in the 
first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni 
is famous in ancient history. It was under- 
taken ten years after the first. The sons of 
those who had perished in the first war re- 
solved to avenge the death of their fathers, 
and marched against Thebes, under the com- 
mand of Thersander ; or according to others, 
of Alcmseon the son of Amphiaraus. The 
Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, 
the peole of Messenia, Arcadia, and Megara. 
The Thebans had engaged all their neigh- 
bours in their quarrel, as in one common 
cause, and the two hostile armies met and 
engaged on the banks of the Glissas. The 
fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory 
was declared for the Epigoni,' and some o'f 
the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leoda- 
mas their general, while others retired into 
Thebes, where they were soon besieged and 
forced to surrender. In this war iEgialus 
alone was killed, and his father Adrastus 
was the only person who escaped alive in 
the first war. This whole war, as Pausa- 
nias observes, was written in verse; and 
Callinus, who quotes some of the verses, as- 
cribes them to Homer, which opinion has 
been adopted by many writers. For my 
part, continues the geographer, I own that 
next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I 
have never seen a finer poem.— Pa. 6.— 
Apol. ].—Bi 4.— This name has been ap- 
plied to the sons of those Macedonian vete- 
rans, who in the age of Alexander formed 
connections with the women of Asia. 

EPIGONUS, a mathematician of Ara- 
bracia. 

EPIGRANEA, a fountain of Bseotia.— PI. 

EPfl and EPEI, a people of Elis. 

EPILAUIS, a daughter of Thespius.— 
Apol. [Pa. 

EPIMELIDES, the founder of Corone.— 

EPIMENES, a man who conspired against 
Alexander's life.— Curt. R. 

EPIMENIDES, an epic poet of Crete, 
contemporary with Solon. His father's name 
was Agisarchus and his mother's Blasta. 
He is reckoned one of the seven wise men, 
by those who exclude Periander from the 
number. While he was tending his flocks 
one day, he entered into a cave, where he 
fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 
47, or, according to Pliny, 57 years, and 
when he awoke he found every object so 
particularly altered, that he scarce knew 
where he was. His brother apprised him 
of the length of his sleep, to his great asto- 
nishment. It is supposed that he lived 299 
years. After death he was revered as a god, 
and greatly honoured by the Athenians, 
whom he had delivered from a plague, and 
to whom he had given many good and use- 
ful counsels. He is said to be the first who 
built temples in the Grecian communities.— 
— Ci. Di. \.~Diog.vi.—Pa.—Plu.So.—Va. 
Ma. 8.— Str. 10.— Pi. 7. 

EPIMETHEUS, a son of Japetus and Cly- 
mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconside- 
rately married Pandora, by whom he had 
Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. He had the 



EPI EPI 



curiosity to open the box which Pandora 
had brought with her, [Vide Pandora,] and 
from whence issued a train of evils, which 
from that moment have never ceased to 
afflict the human race. Hope was the only 
one which remained at the bottom of the 
box, not having sufficient time to escape, 
and it is she alone which comforts men under 
misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into 
a monkey by the gods,and sent into the island 
of Pithecusa. — Apol. \.—Hyg. fa. — Hes.— 
Vide Prometheus. 

EPIMETHIS, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
daughter of Epimetheus.— Ov. Me. 1. 

EPIOCHUS, a son of Lycurgus, who re- 
ceived divine honours in Arcadia. 
EPIONE, the wife of iEsculapius.— Pa. 
EPIPHANEA, a town of Cilicia, near 
Issus, now Surpendliar.—PL 5.—Ci. Fam. 
15, e. 4. Another of Syria, on the Eu- 
phrates.— PL 5. 

EP1PHANES, (illustrious,) a surname 

given to the Antiochus's, kings of Syria. 

A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the 
fifth of the house of the Lagidae.— Str. 47. 

EPIPHANIUS, a bishop of Salamis, who 
was active in refuting the writings of Ori- 
gen ; but his compositions are more valua- 
ble for the fragments which they preserve 
than for their own intrinsic merit. The only 
edition is by Dionys. Petavius, 2 vols. 
Paris, 1622. The bishop died A.D. 403. 

EPIPOLjE, a district of Syracuse, on the 
north side, surrounded by a wall, by Diony- 
sitis, who to complete the work expediti- 
ously, employed 60,000 men upon it, so that 
in 30 days he finished a wall 4 miles and 
three quarters long, and of great height and 
thickness. 

EPIRUS, a country situate between Ma- 
cedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It 
was formerly governed by kings, of whom 
Neoptolemus,son of Achilles,was oneof the 
first. It was afterwards joined to the em- 
pire of Macedonia, and at last became a 
part of the Roman dominions. It is now 
called Larta.—Str. 7- Me. 2.—Pto. 3.— PL 
A.—Virg. G. 3. 

EPISTROPHUS, a son of Iphitus king of 
Phocis, who went to the Trojan war.— HAL 
EPITADES, a man who first violated a 
law of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be 
made.— Plu. Ag. 

EPITUS. Vide Epytus. 
EPIUM, a town of Peloponnesus, on the 
borders of Arcadia. 

EPONA, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is 
said, of a man's union with a mare. 

EPOPEUS, a son of Neptune and Canace, 
who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and 
carried away Antiope, daughter of Nycteus 
king of Thebes. This rape was followed by 
a war, in which N<ycteus and Epopeus were 

both killed.— -Pa. 2.— Apol. 1. A son of 

Aloeus, grandson to Phoebus. He reigned 

at Corinth.— Pa. 2. Oneof the Tyrrhene 

sailors, who attempted to abuse Bacchus.— 
Ov. Me. 3. 

EPOREDORIX, a powerful person amon^ 
the iEdui, who commanded his countrymen 
in their war against the Sequani.— Cces. B. 

a. 7. 



/47 EPU-ERA 

EPULO, a Rutulian killed by Achates.- 
V. JEn. 2. 

EPYTIDES, a patronymic given to Peri- 
phas the son of Epytus, and the companion 
of Ascanius. — V. JEn. 5. 

EPYTUS, a king of Alba.— Ov. F. 4. 

A king of Arcadia. A king of Messenia, 

of the family of the Heraclidse. The fa- 
ther of Periphus, a herald in the Troian 
war.-H. II. 17. 
EQUAJUSTA, a town of Thessaly. 
EQUICOLUS, a Rutilian engaged in the 
wars of iEneas.— V. JEn. 9. 

EQUIRIA, festivals established at Rome 
by Romulus, in honor of Mars, when horse- 
races and games were exhibited in the 
Campus Martius.— Var. L. L. 5.— Ov. p. 2. 

EQUOTUTICUM, now Castel Franco, a 
little town of Apulia, to which, as some sup- 
pose, Horace alludes in this verse, l, S- 5. 
" Mansuri oppidulo versu quod dicere 
non est." 

ERACON, an officer of Alexander, impri- 
soned for his cruelty.— Curt. 10. 

ERiEA, a city of Greece, destroyed in the 
age of Strabo, 5. 

ERANA, a small village of Cilicia on 
mount Amanus.— Ci. Fam. 15, e. 4. 

ERASENUS, a river of Peloponnesns, 
flowing for a little space under the ground 
in Argolis.— Ov. Me. \5-Pl.2. [sippe. 
ERASIPPUS, a son of Hercules and Ly- 
ERASISTRATUS, a celebrated physician, 
grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He 
discovered by the motion of the pulse the 
love which Antiochis had conceived for his 
mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded 
with 100 talents for the cure by the father 
of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to 
bleeding and violent phvsic. He died B.C. 
257.— Fa. Ma. 5.— Plu. De. 

ERATO, one of the muses who presided 
over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She 
is represented as crowned with roses and 
myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and 
a lute in her left, musical instruments of 
which she is considered by some to be the 
inventress. Love is sometimes placed by 
her side holding a lighted flambeau, while 
she herself appears with a thoughtful, but 
oftener with a gay and animated look. She 
was invoked by lovers, especially in the month 
of April, which, among the Romans, was 
more particularly devoted to love.— Apol. 10. 
— V. JEn. l.—Ov. a. a. 2. One of the Ne- 
reides.— Apol. 1. One of the Dryades, 

wife of Areas, king of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

One of the Danaides who married Bromius. 

A queenof the Armenians, after theVieath 

of Ariobarzanes. — Ta. An. 2. 

ERATOSTHENES, son of Aglaus, was a 
native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted 
with the care of the Alexandrian library. 
He dedicated his time to grammatical criti- 
cism and philosophy, but more particularly 
to poetry and mathematics. He has been 
called a second Plato,the cosmographer, and 
the geometer of the world. He is supposed 
to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. 
With the instruments with winch the muni- 
licence of the Ptolemies supplied the library 
of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure 



ERA — ERE 



2.13 



ERG— ER 



the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 
204 degrees. He also measured a degree of 
tiae meridian, and determined the extent 
and circumference of the earth with great 
exactness, by meansadopted by the moderns. 
He starved himself after he had lived to see 
his 82d year, B. C. 194. Some few fragments 
remain of his compositions. He collected the 
annals of the Egyptian kings bv order of one 
of the Ptolemies.— Ci.At. 2, e. Q.—Var.R.U.X. 

ERATOSTRATUS, an Ephesianwho burnt 
the famous temple of Diana, the same night 
that Alexander the Great was born. This 
burning, as some writers have observed/was 
not prevented or seen by the goddess of the 
place, who was then present at the labours of 
Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of 
Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy merely 
to eternize his name bv so uncommon an ac- 
tion.— Pin. AL—Va. Ma. 8. 

ERA TES, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. 
Apol.—k king of Sicyon,who died B.C. 1671. 

ERBESSUS, a town ofSicily north of Agri- 
gentum, now Monte Bibino. — Li. 24. 

ERCHIA, a small village of Attica, the 
birth-place of Xenophon. —Laer. 2. 

EREBUS, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and 
Darkness. He married Night, by whom he 
had the light and the day. The poets often 
used the word Erebus to signify hell itself, 
and particularly that part where dwelt the 
souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, 
from whence thev passed into the Elvsian 
fields,— Ci. Nat. D. s.-V. £n. 4. 

ERECTHEU*, son of Pandion I, was the 
sixtli k ng of Athens. He was father of Ce- ; 
crops 11, Merion, Pandorus, and four daugh- 
ters, Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, 1 
by Praxithea. In a war against Eleusis he 
sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to 
obtain a victory which the oracle promised 
for such a sacrifice. In that war he killed 
Eumolpus, Neptune's son, who was the; 
general of the enemy, for which he was 
struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune's 
request. Some say that he was drowned in 
the sea. After death he received divine 
honours at Athens. He reigned 50 vears, 
and died B. C. 1:^-47- According to "some 
accounts, he first introduced the mvsteries: 
of Ceres at Eleusis-Oi;. Me. 6.— Pa. 2.— 
Apol. S.-Ci. Sex. 21. 

ERECHTH 1 DES, a name given to the 
Athenians, from their king Erecthcus.— Ov. 

EREMBI, a people of Arabia. [Me. 7. 

E REM US, a country of Ethiopia. 

ERENEA, a village of Megara.— Pa. I. 

ERESSA, a town of iEolia. 

ERESUS, a town of Lesbos, where Theo- 
phrastns was born. 

ERETRlA,acity of Eubcea on the Euripust 
anciently called Melaneis and Arotria. It 
was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins 
were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It 
received its name from Eretrius, a son of 
Phaeton.-Pa. l.-Me. 2.-PI. 4.-C. Nep. M. 4. 

ERETUM, a town of the Sabines near the 
Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. 
— V. Mji. l.—Tib. 4. el. 8. 

EREUTHALION, a man killed by Nestor 
in a war between the Pvlian>and Arcadians. 
—H. II. 



ERGANE, a river whose waters intoxica- 
ted as wine. A surname of Minerva.— 

Pa. 5. [Etruria.— p ers . 2. 

ERGENNA, a celebrated soothsayer 01 

ERG IAS, a Rhodian who wrote a history 
of his country. 

ERGINUS,'a king of Orchomedos, son of 
Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay 
him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because 
his father had been killed by a Theban. 
Hercules attacked his servants, who came 
to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, 
and he afterwards killed Erginus, who at- 
tempted to avenge their death by invading 
Boeotia with an army.— Pa. 9.— — A river of 

Thrace. — Me. 2. A son of Neptune. 

One of the four brothers who kept the 
Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus.-Poty.6. 

ERGINNUS, a man made master of the 
ship of Typhis, 

ERIBOZA, a surname of Juno.— H. II. 5. 
The mother of Ajax Telamon.— Soph. 

ERI BOTES, a man skilled in medicine, 
Sic.-Orp. 

ER1CETES, a man of Lycaonia, killed by 
Mes>apus in Italy. — V. JEn. 10. 

ERICH THO, aThessalian woman famous 
for her knowledge of poisonous herbs an' 

medicine.— Luc. G. One of the Furies. - 

Ov.—Hes. 2. 

ERICHTHONTUS, the fourth king of 
Athens, sprung from the seed of Vulcan, 
which fell upon the ground when that gnd 
attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He 
was verv deformed, and had the tails of ser- 
pents instead of legs. Minerva placed him 
in a basket, which she gave to the daughters 
of Cecrops, with strict injunctions hot to 
examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the 
sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, 
for which the goddess punished her indis- 
cretion bv making her jealous of her sister 
Herse. (Vide Herse.] Erichthon was young 
when he ascended the throne of Athens. 
He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 1437. 
The invention of chariots is attributed to 
him, and tie manner of harnessing horses to 
draw them. He was made a constellation 
after death, under the name of Boetes.— Ov. 
Me. -2.—Hyg. fa. 166.— Apol. 3.— Pa. 4.— 

Virg. G. 3. A son of Dirdanus, win 

reigned in Troy, and died 1;>74 B. C. after 
a long reign of about 75 years.— Apol. 3. 

ERICINIUM, a town of Macedonia. 

ERIC USA, one of the Lipari isles, now 
Alicudi. 

ER ID ANUS, one of the largest rivers of 
Italy, rising in the Alps and falling into the 
Adriatic by several mouths; now called the 
Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the 
Heliades, *he sisters of Phaeton, were 
changed into poplars, according to Ovid. 
Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and 
Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube. 
An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. — Ci. 
Ar. 145.— Claud. C. H. Q.-Ov. Me. 2. f.~- 
Pa. 1. —Sir. 5.— Luc. 2.— Virg. G. I. 

ER1GONE, a daughter of Icarius, who 
hung herself when she heard that her father 
had been killed by some shepherds w hom he 
had intoxicated. * She was made a constel 
lation, now known under the name of Virgo. 



ERI— ERI 



249 



ERI— ERY 



Bacchus deceived her by changing himself 
into a beautiful grape.— Or. Me. 6. /. 4.-67. 
II. Th.—Virg. G. l.—Apol. Z.—Hyg. fa. 1. 

A daughter of iEgisthus and Clytemnes- 

tra, who had by her brother Orestes, Pen- 
thilus, who shared the regal pow^r'with 
Timasenus,the legitimate son of Orestes,and 
Hermione.— Pa. 2.— Pat. l. 

ERIGONEIUS, a name applied to the 
Dogstar, because looking towards Erigone. 
— 6v. F. 5. [ter.— PI. 35. 

ERIGONUS, a river of Thrace. A pain- 

ERIGY HS, a Mitylenean, one of Alex- 
ander's officers. — Curt. 6. 

ERILLUS, a philosopher of Carthage, 
contemporary with Zeno.—Diog. 

ERINDES, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
— Ta. An. 11. [with Sappho.— PI. S4. 

ERINNA, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate 

ERINNYS, the Greek name of the Eume- 
nides. The word signifies the fury of the 
mind, eris nou. [Vide Eumenides.]— V.Mn. 

2. A surname of Ceres, on account of 

her amour with Neptune under the form of 
a horse.— Pa. 8. 

ERIOPIS, a daughter of Medea.— Per. 2. 

ERIPHANIS, a Greek woman famous for 
her poetical compositions. She was ex- 
tremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and 
to enjoy his company she accustomed her- 
self to live in the woods. — Ath. 14. 

ERIPHlDAS,a Lacedaemonian, who being 
sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, as- 
sembled the people, and beheaded 500 of the 
ringleaders.— Di. 14. 

ERIPHYLE, a sister of Adrastus king of 
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was 
daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When 
her husband concealed himself that he might 
not accompany the Argives in their expedi- 
tion against Thebes, where he knew he was 
to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be 
bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, 
wliich had been formerly given to Her- 
moine by the goddess Venus, and she dis- 
covered where Amphiaraus was. This 
treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go 
to war; but before he departed, he charged 
his son Alcmseon to murder his mother as 
soon as he was informed of his death. Am- 
phiaraus perished in the expedition, and his 
death was no sooner known than his last 
injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was 
murdered by the hands of her son.— V. JEn. 
6.~H.Od. U.—Ci.Ver. A.—Apol.l.—Hyg. 
fa. 73. -Pa. 5. 

ERIS, the goddess of discord among the 
Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia 
of the Latins. Vide Discordia. 

ERIS1CHTHON, a Thessalian, son of 
'J riops, who derided Ceres and cut dow n 
her groves. This impiety irritated the god- 
dess, who afflicted him with continual hun- 
ger. He squandered all his possessions to 
gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at 
last he devoured his own limbs for want of 
food. His daughter Metra had the power 
of transforming herself into whatever 
animal she pleased, and she made use of 
that artifice to maintain her father, who sold 
her, after which she assumed another shape 
and became, again his property.— Ov.Mc.\£. 



ERITilUS, a son of Actor, killed by Per- 
seus.— Ov. Me. 5. 

ER1XO, a Roman knight condemned by 
the peeple for having whipped his son lb 
death.— Sen. I, CI. 14. 

EROCHUS, a town of Phocis.— Pa. 10. 

EROPUS or iEROPAS, a king of Mace- 
donia, who, vrhen in the cradle, succeeded 
his father Philip I.-, B.C. 602. He made war 
against the Illyriafls, whom he conquered. 
— Ju. 7. 

EROS, a servant of whom Anthony de- 
manded a sword to kill himself. Eros pro- 
duced the instrument, but instead of giving 
it to his master he killed himself in his pre- 
sence.— Plu. Ant. A comedian.— Ci.Ros. 

2. A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of 

love. Vide Cupido. 

EROSTRATUS. Vide Eratostratus. 

EROTIA, a festival in honour of Eros the 
god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes- 
pians every fifth year with sports and games, 
when musicians ".and all others contended. 
If any quarrels or seditions had arisen 
among the people, it was then usual to offer 
sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he 
would totally remove them. 

ERRUCA, a town of the Volsci of Italy. 

ERSE, a daughter of Cecrops. Vide Herse. 

ERXIAS, a man who wrote an history of 
Colophon. He is perhaps the same as "the 
person who wrote an history of Rhodes. 

ERYALUS, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
troclus.— H. Jl. 16. [Parnassus. 

ERYBIUM, a town at the foot of mount 

ERYCINA, a surname of Venus, from 
mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She 
was also worshipped at Rome under this 
appellation.— Od. F. 4.—Hor. \, 0, 2. 

ERYMANTH1S, a surname of Calisto, as 

an inhabitant of Erymanthus. Arcadia is 

also known by that name. 

ERYMANTHUS, a mountain, river, and 
town of Arcadia, w here Hercules killed a 
prodigious boar, which he carried on his 
shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terri- 
fied at the sight that he hid himself in a 
brazen vessel.— Pa. 8.—V. Mn. 6.— PI. 4.— 
Ci. Tu. I.—Ov. Me. 2. [V.Mn. 9. 

ERY MAS, a Trojan killed by Turnus.— 

ERYMNiE, a town of Thessaly.— Pa. 8. 
Of Magnesia. 

ERYMNES, a peripatetic philosopher who 
flourished B.C. 126. 

ERYMUS, a huntsman of Cyzicus. 

ERYTHEA, an island between Gades and 
Spain, where Geryon reigned.— PI A.— Me. 

3. — Pro. 4, e. 10.- Si. 16.— Ov. F. 5. A 

daughter of Geryon.— Pa. 10. 

ERYTHINA, a town of Paphlagonia. 

ERYTHRjE, a town of Ionia, opposite 
Chios, once the residence of a Sibyl. It was 
built by Neleus the'son of Codrus".— Pa. lo. 

— Li. 44. A town of Boeotia. — Id. 6. 

One in Libya, another in Locris. 

ERVTHR^EUM MARE, a part of the 
ocean on the coast of Arabia. It has a 
communication with the Persian gulf, and 
that ofArabia or theRedSea. It has been often 
mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the 
word Erythrean, understood illdiscrioii 
natcly either the Red Sea or the Ptubian 



ERY-ETE 250 
gulf. It received tliis name either from 



ETE— ETY 



Ervthras, or from the redness (eruthros, 
ruber} of its sands or waters.— Curt. 8.— PL 
6.— Her. 1 .— Me. 3. 

ERYTHRAS, a son of Hercules.— Apol. 

A son of Perseus and Andromeda, 

drowned in the Red Sea, which from him 
was cMedErythrantm.—Arr.!nd.6.—Me. 3. 

ERYTHRION, a son of Athamas and 
rhemistone.— Apol. 

ERVTHROS, a place of Latinm. 

ERYX, a son of Butes and Venus, who 
rehing upon his strength, challenged all 
strangers to fight with him hi the combat of 
.e cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge 
after many had vieldecl to his superior dex- 
terity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, 
and buried on "the mountain, where he had 

built a temple to Venus.— V. JEn. 5. An 

Indian killed by his subjects for opposing 

Alexander, kc.—Curl. fi. A mountain of 

Sicily now Givliano near Drepanum, which 
received its name from Eryx, who was buried 
thi i e. This mountain was so steep that 
the houses which were built upon it seemed 
every moment ready to fall. Daedalus had 
er.iarged the top, and enclosed it with a 
s.'rong wall. He also consecrated there, to 
Venus Erycina, a golden heifer, which so 
much represented life, that it seemed to 
exceed the power of art.— Ov.FA. — Hyg.fa. 
16.— Li. 22.— Me. 2.— Pa. 3. 

ERYXO, the mother of Battus, who art- 
fully killed the tyrant Learchus,w ho courted 
her!— Her. 4. 

ESERNUS, a famous gladiator.— Ci. 

ESQUILI^ & ESQU1L1NUS MONS, one 
of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined 
to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey 
generally came to devour the dead bodies 
of criminals who had been executed there, 
and thence they were c&We&IEsquilincc allies. 
—Li. -2—Hor. 5, epo.— Ta. An. 2. 

ESSEDON ES, a people of Asia, above the 
Pains Mseotis, who eat the flesh of their pa- 
rents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded 
the head, and kept it as sacred.— Me. 2.— 
PI. 4. 

ESSU1, a people of Gaul. 

ESTI^OTIS, a district of Thessaly. 

ESUEA, a town of Italy near Tibur. 
Hor. 3, O. 29. 

EST1A1A, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of 
which it was unlawful to carry away any 
thins: or communicate it to anv"body. 

ETEARCAUS, a king of Oaxus in Crete. 
After the death of his wife, he married a 
woman who made herself odious for her ty- 
ranny over her step-daughter Phroninia. 
Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations 
which were brought against his daughter 
ard ordered her "to be thrown into the sea 
She had a son called Battus, who led a co- 
lony to Cyrene.— Her. 4. 

ETEOCLES, a son of CEdipus and Jocasta 
After his father's death, it was agreed be- 
tween him and his brother Polynices, that 
they should both share the royalty, and 
reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by 
right of senority first ascended the throne, 
but after the first year of his reign was ex- 
pired, he refused to give up the crown to 



his brother according to their mutual agree- 
ment. Polynices, resolving to punish sucii 
an open violation of a solemn engagement, 
went to implore the assistance of Adrastus, 
king of Argos. He received that king's 
daughter in marriage, and was soon after 
assisted with a strong army, headed by seven 
famous generals. These hostile preparations 
were watched by Eteocles, who on his part 
did not remain inactive. He chose seven 
brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of 
the Argives, and stationed them at the seven 
gates of the city. Ke placed himself against 
his brother Polynices, and he op posed Mena- 
lippus to Tydeus, Polyrhontes to Capaneus, 
Megareus to Etoclus, Hyperbius to Parthe- 
nopaeus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. 
Much blood was shed in light and unavail- 
ing- skirmishes, and it was at last agreed 
between the two brothers that the war should 
be decided by single combat. They both 
fell in an engagement conducted with the 
greatest fury on either side, and it is even 
said that the ashes of these two brothers, 
who had been so inimical one to the other, 
separated themselves on the burning pile, 
as if, even after death, sensible to resent- 
ment, and hostile to reconciliation. — St.Th. 
—Apol. 3.—JEsch. S. Th.—Eur. Phce.—Pa. 

5. A Greek, the first who raised altars to 

the Graces.— Pa. 

ETEOCLUS, one of the seven chiefs of the 
army of Adrastus, in his expedition against 
Theoes, celebrated for his valour, for his dis- 
interestedness and magnanimity. He was 
killed by Megareus, the son of Creon, under 

the wails of Thebes.— Ear.— Apol. 3. A 

son of Iphis. 
ETEOCRETiE,an ancient people of Crete. 
ETEONES, a town of Bceotia, on the Aso- 
pus.— St. Th.l. 

ETEONEUS, an officer at the court ofMe- 
nelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. 
He was son of Boetlius.— H. Od. 4. 

ETEONICUS, a Lacedaemonian general, 
who upon hearing that Callicratidas was 
conquered at Arginusse, ordered the mes- 
sengers of this news to be crowned, and to 
enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified 
Conon, who besieged the town, that he con- 
cluded that the enemy had obtained some 
advantageous victory, and he raised the 
siege.— Di. 13.— Poly. 1. 

ETESLE, periodical northern winds of a 
gentle and mild nature, very common for 
five or six weeks in the months of spring 
and autumn. — Lucr. 5. 

ETHALION, one of the Tyrrhene sailors 
changed into dolphins for carrying awav 
Bacchus.— Or. Me. 3. 

ETHELEUM,a river of Asia, the boundary 
of Troas and Mysia. — Str. [Niobe*. 
ETHODA, a "daughter of Amphion and 
ETHEMOX, a person killed at the mar- 
riage of Andromeda. — Ov. Me. 5. 
ETIAS, a daughter of Eneas.— Pa. 3, 22. 
ETIS, a town of Peloponnesus.— Id. Ib. 
ETRURIA. Vide Hetruria. 
ETRUSCI, the inhabitants of Etruria, fa- 
mous for their superstitions and enchant- 
ments. [FirfeEtruria.]-C'i. Fain. 6, e. 6.-Li.2. 
ETYLLS, the father of Theocles.-/i. 6. 



-*>J EVA— EUB 

that he first brought the Greek alphabet into 
Italy, and introduced there the worship of 
the Greek deities. He was honoured as a 
god after death, by his subjects, who raised 
him an altar on mount Aventiue. — Pa. 8. — 
Li. \.—It. 7, 18.— Di. H. 1, l.—Ov. F. 1.— 
V. Mn. 8. A philosopher of the 2d acade- 
my, who flourished B. C. 215. 

EVANGELUS, a Greek historian. A 

comic poet. 

EVANGORIDES, a man of Elis, who 
wrote an account of all those who had ob- 
tained a prize at Olympia, where he himself 
had been victorious.— Pa. 6. 

EVANTHES, a man who planted a colony 
in Lucania at the head of some Locrians. — - 

A celebrated Greek poet. An historian o f 

Miletus. A philosopher of Samos. A 

writer of Cyzicus. A son of Gmopiou o r 

Crete, who migrated to live at Chios.— Pa.7. 

EVARCHUS, a river of Asia Minor, flow- 
ing into the Euxiue on the confines of Cap- 
paclocia.— Fla. 6. 

EVAS, a native of Phrygia, who accompa- 
nied ./Eneas into Italy, where he was killed 
by Mezentius. — V. Mn. 10. 

EVAX, an Arabian prince who wrote to 
Nero concerning jewels. — PI. 25. 

EUBAGES, certain priests held in great 
veneration among the Gauls and Britons. 
Vide Druidae. 

EUBATAS, an athlete of Cyrene, whom 
the courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to 
seduce.— Pa. El. 1. 
EUBIUS, an obscene writer.— Ov. Tr. 2. 
EUBCEA, the largest island in the ^gean 
sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It 
is separated from the continent of Boeotia by 
the narrow straits of the Euripns, and was 
anciently known by the different names of 
Maoris, Oche, Ellopia, C/ialcis, Abantis, 
Asopis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad 
in its most extensive parts, and 365 in cir- 
cumference. The principal town was Chal- 
cis; and it was reported that in the neigh- 
bourhood of Chalcis, the island had been 
formerly joined to the continent. Euboea 
was subjected to the power of the Greeks; 
some of its cities, however, remained for 
some time independent.— PI. 4.— Sir. 10.— 

Ov. Me. 14. One of the three daughters 

of the river Asterion, who was one of the 

nurses of Juno.— Pa. 2. One of Mercury's 

mistresses. A daughter of Thespius.— 

Apol. 2. A town of Sicily, near Hybla. 

EUBOICUS, belonging. to Euboea. The 
epithet is also applied to the country ofCu- 
mse, because that city was built by a colony 
from Chalcis, a town of Eubcea.— Ov. F. 4. 
-V. Mn. 6. 
EUBOTE, a daughter of Thespius, — Apol, 
EU BOTES, a son of Hercules.-/d. 2. 
EUBULE, an Athenian virgin, daughter 
of Leon, sacrificed with hersi>ters, by order 



EVA — EVA 

EVAD.NE, a daughter of lphisor Iphicle> 
of Argos, who slighted the addresses of 
Apollo, and married Capaneus one of the 
seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When 
her husband had been struck with thunder 
by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, 
and his ashes had been separated from those 
of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself 
on his burning pile, and perished in the 
flames.— V. Mn. 6.— Pro. 1, e. 15.— St. Th. 

12. A daughter of Strymon and Neaera. 

She married Argus, by whom she had four 
children. — Apol. 2. " [not for his learning. 

EVAGES, a poet famous for his genius but 

EVAGORAS, a king of Cyprus who retook 
Salamis, which had been taken from his 
father by the Persians. He made war against 
Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the as- 
sistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Ty- 
rians, and obtained son>e advantages over 
the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, how- 
ever, soon repaired their losses, and Evago- 
ras saw himself defeated by sea and land, 
and obliged to be tributary "to the power of 
Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his do- 
minions except the town of Salamis. He was 
assassinated soon after this fatal change of 
fortune, by an eunuch, 374 B.C. He left 
two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and 
Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Eva- 
goras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves 
to be commended for his sobriety, modera- 
tion, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty 
of any political error in the management of 
his kingdom, it may be said, that his love of 
equity was a full compensation. His grand- 
son bore the same name, and succeeded his 
father Nicocles. He showed himself op- 
pressive, and his uncle Protagoras took ad- 
vantage of his unpopularity to deprive him 
of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes 
Ochus, who gave him a government more 
extensive than that of Cyprus, but his op- 
pression rendered him odious, and he was 
accused before his benefactor, and by his or- 
ders put to death.— C. Nep. 12.— Di. 14.— 

Pa. l.—Ju. 5. A man of Elis w ho obtained 

a prize at the Olympian games.— Pa. 5. 

A Spartan famous for his services to the 

people of Elis.— Id. 6. A son of Neleus 

and Chloris.— Apol. 1. A son of Priam. — 

Id. 3. A king of Rhodes. An historian 

of Lindos. Another of Thasos, whose 

works proved serviceable to Pliny in the 
compilation of his natural historv. — PI. 10. 

EV AGOPcE, one of the Nereides.— Apol. 

EVAN, a surname of Bacchus, which he 
received from the wild ejaculation of Evan ! 
Evan .' by his priestesses.— Ov. Me. 4.—V. 
Mn. 6. 

EVANDER, a son of the prophetess Car - 
mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental mur- 
der obliged him to leave his country, and 
he came to Italy, where he drove the Abori- ... 

gines from their ancient possessions, and ! of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her 
reigned in that part of the country where i country, which laboured under a famine.— 
Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly! Ml. V. H. 12. 

received Hercules when be returned from I EUBULIDES, philosopher of Miletus, 
the conquest of Geryon ; and he was the: pupil and successor to Euclid. Deniosthe- 
first who raised him altars. He gave j^Eneas i nes was one of his pupils, and by his advice 
assistance iagainst the Rutuli, and distin- j and encouragement to per>everance he was 
guished hinise'fbv his hospitality. Itissaid enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in 



EUB-EUD 



262 



EUD— EVE 



pronouncing the letter R. He severely at- 
tacked the doctrine> of Aristotle.— Dio. 

An historian who wrote an account of So- 
crates, and of Diogenes.--X.aer. A famous 

statuary of Athens.— Pa. 8. 

EUBULUS, an Athenian orator, rival to 
Demosthenes. A comic poet. An his- 
torian who wrote a voluminous account of 
Mithras. A philosopher of Alexandria. 

EUCERUS, a man of Alexandria accused 
of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might 
have occasion to divorce her. — Ta. An. 14. 

.EUCHENOR, a son of Algyptus and Ara- 
bia.— Apol. 

EUCHIDES, an Athenian who went to 
I Delphi and returned the same day, a jour- 
ney of about 107 miles. The object of his 
journey was to obtain sacred fire. 

EUCL1DES, a native of Megara, disciple 
of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians 
had forbidden all the people of Megara on 
pain of death to enter their city, Euclides 
disguised himself in women's clothes to in- 
troduce himself into the presence of Socra- 
tes.— Diog. A mathematician of Alexan- 
dria, who flourished 300 years B.C. He dis- 
tinguished himself by his writings on music 
and geometry, but particularly by 15 books 
on the elements of mathematics, which con- 
sist of problems and theorems with demon- 
strations. This work has been greatly mu- 
tilated by commentators. Euclid was so re- 
spected in his life-time, that king Ptolemy 
became one of his pupils. Euclid established 
a school at Alexandria, which became so fa- 
mous, that from his age to the time of the 
Saracen conquest, no mathematician was 
found but what had studied at Alexandria. 
He was so respected that Plato, himself a 
mathematician, being asked concerning the 
building of an altar at Athens, referred his 
inquirers to the mathematician of Alexan- 
dria. The latest edition of Euclid's writings 
is that of Gregory, fol. Oxon. 1703.-^.3/0. 
8.- Ci. Or. 3. 

ENCLUS, a prophet of Cyprus, who fore- 
told the birth and greatness of the poet Ho- 
mer, according to some traditions.— Pa. 10. 

EUCRATE, one of the Nereides.— Apol. 

EL) CRATES, the father of Procles the 
historian.— Pa. 2. 

EUCRITUS. Vide Evephenus. 

EUCTEMON, a Greek of Cumse, exposed 
to great barbarities. —Curt. 5. An astron- 
omer who flourished B. C. 431. 

EUCTRESI1, a people of Peloponnesus. 

EUDjEMON, a general of Alexander. 

EUDAMiDAS, a son of Archidamus 4th, 
brother to Agis 4th. He succeeded on the 
Spartan throne, after his brother's c'eath, B. 

C. 330.— Pa. 3. A son of Archidamus, 

king of Sparta, who succeeded B. C. 268. 

The commander of a garrison, stationed at 
Troezene by Craterus. 

EUDAM'US, a son of Agesilaus of the He- 

raclidae. He succeeded his father. A 

learned naturalist and philosopher. 

EUDEMUS, the physician of Livia, the 
wife of Drusus, &c— Ta. An. 4. An ora- 
tor of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopae- 
»>en. An historian of Naxos. 

TUDOCIA thewifeof the emperor Theo- 



dosius the younger, who gave the public some 
compositions. She died A. D. 460. 

EUDOCIMUS, a man who appeased a mu- 
tiny among some soldiers by telling them 
that an hostile army was in sight.— Poly. 

EUDORA, one of the Nereides. One 

of the Atlantides. 

EUDORUS, a son of Mercury and Polime- 
nia, who went to the Trojan war with Achil- 
les.-H. II. 16. 

EUDOX I SPECULA, a place in E?ypt. 

EUDOXIA, the wifeof Arcadius, &c. 

A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who 
married the emperor Maximus, and invited 
Genseric the Vandal over into Italy. 

EUDOXUS, a son of £schinesof Cnidus, 
who distinguished himself by his knowledge 
of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He 
was the first who regulated the year among 
the Greeks, among whom he first brought 
from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular 
astronomy. He spent a great part of his life 
on the top of a mountain, to study the mo- 
tion of the stars, by whose appearance he 
pretended to foretell the eventsof futurity. 
He died in his 53d year, B. C. 352.— Luc. w. 

Diog.— Pet. 88. A native of Cyzicus, who 

sailed all round the coast of Africa from the 
Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean by 

the columns of Hercules. A Sicilian, sou 

of Agathocles. A physician. —Diog. 

EV ELTHON, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. 

EVEM ERIDAS, an historian of Cnidus. 

EVEMERUS, an ancient historian of Mes- 
senia, imimate with Cassander. He tta- 
velledjover Greece and Arabia, and wrote an 
history of the gods, in which he proved that 
they all had been upon earth, as mere mor- 
tal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. 
It is now lost. 

EVENOR, a painter, father to Parhasius. 
—Plin. 35. 

EVEN US, an elegiac poet of Paros. A 

river running through iEtolia, and falling 
into the Ionian sea. It receives its name 
from Evenus, son of Mars and Sterope, who 
being unable to overcome Idas, who had 
promised him his daughter Marpessain mar- 
riage, if he surpassed him in running, grew 
so desperate, that he threw himself into the 
river, which'afterwards bore his name.— Ov. 

Me. 9.— Sir. 7. A son of Jason and Hyp- 

sipyle queen of Lemnos.— H. II. 7. 

EVEPHENUS,aPythagorean philosopher, 
whom Dionysius condemned to death be- 
cause he had alienated the people of Meta- 
pontum from his power. The philosopher 
begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry 
his sister, and promised to return in six 
months. Dionysius consented by receiving 
Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Eve 
phenus did not return in time. Evephenus 
returned at the appointed moment, to the 
astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered 
his friend Eucritus from the death which 
threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased 
with these two friends, that he pardoned 
Evephenus, and begged to share their friend 
ship and confidence. — Poly. 5. 

EVERES, a son of Pteralaus, the only one 
af his family who did not perish in a batile 
against Electryon.— Apol. 2. A son o. 



EVE-EUM 253 EUM— EIJM 



Hercules and Parthenope. The father of 

Tiresias. — Apol. 

EVERGET/E, a people of Scythia, called 
also Arimaspi. — Curt. 7. 

EVERGETES, a surname signifying 1 bene- 
factor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and 
to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. 
It was also commonly given to the kings of 
Syria :<.nd Pontus, and we often see among 
the former an Alexander Everaetes, and 
among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. 
Some of the Roman emperors also claimed 
that epithet, so expressive of benevolence 
and humanity. [Her. A. 

EVESPERl'DES, a people of Africa.— 

EUGANEI, a people of Jtaly on the bor- 
ders of the Adriatic, who, upon being ex- 
pelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part 
of the Alps.— Si. S.—Li. 1. 

EUGEON, an ancient historian before the 
Peloponnesian war. 

EUGENTUS, an usurper of the imperial 
title after the death of Valentinian the 2d., 
A.D. 392. 

EUHEMERUS. Vide Evemerus. 

EUHYDRUM, a town of Tliessalv.-ii.32. 

EUHYUS & EVIUS, a surname "of Bae- 
rhus, given him in the war of the giants 
against Jupiter.— Hor. 2, 0. n. 

EYTPPE, one of the Daniades who mar- 
ried and murdered Imbras. Another. — 

Apol. 2. The mother of the Pierides,who 

were changed into magpies.— Ov. Me. 5. 

EVIPPUS, a son of Thestius, king of 
Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in 
the chase of the Calydonian boar.— ApolA. 
A Trojan killed bv Patroclus.— H.IL 16. 

EUL1MENE, one of the Nereides. 

EUMACHIUS, a Campanian who wrote 
an history of Annibal. 

EUMjEUS, a herdsman and steward of 
Ulysses, who knew his master at his return 
home from the Trojan war after 20 years 
absence, and assisted him in removing Pe- 
nelope's suitors. He was originally the son 
of the king of Scyros, and upon being car- 
ried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave 
to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and 
services.— H. Od. 13. 

EUMEDES, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who 
came to Italy with iEneas, where he was 
killed bv Turnus.-F. Mn. U.-Ov. Tr. 3, e. 4. 

EUMELIS, a famous augur.— St. 4. Sy. 8. 

EUMELUS, a son of Admetus, king of 
Pherse in Thessaly. He went to the Tro- 
jan war, and had the fleetest horses in the 
Grecian army. He distinguished himself in 
the games made in honour of Patroclus.— 

II. It. 2. A man whose daughter was 

changed into a bird.— Or. Me.l. A man 

contemporary with Triptolemus,of whom he 

h arned the art of agriculture.— Pa. 7. 

One of the followers of ^neas, who first in- 
formed his friend that his fleet had been set 
on fire by the Trojan women.— V, JEn. 5. 

One of the Bacchiadae, who wrote, 

among other things, a poetical history of 
Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment 
is still extant.— Pa. 2. A king of the Cim- 
merian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304. 

EUMENES, a Greek officer in the army 
of Akxander, son of a charioteer. He was 



the most worthy of all the officers of Alex- 
ander to succeed after thedeath of hismaster. 
He conquered Paphlagoniaand Cappadocia, 
of which he obtained the government, till 
the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged 
him to retire. He joined his forces to those 
of Perdicca?, and defeated Craterus and 
Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the 
hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had 
been killed during the war, his remains re- 
ceived an honourable funeral from the hand 
of the conqueror ; and Eumenes, after 
weeping over the ashes of a man who once 
was his dearest friend, sent his remains to 
his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought 
against Antipater and conquered him, and 
after the death of Perdiccas, his ally, bis 
arms were directed against Antigonus, by 
whom he was conquered, chiefly by the 
treacherous conduct of his officers. This 
fatal battle obliged him to disband the great- 
est part of his army to secure himself a re- 
treat, and he fled with only 700 faithful at- 
tendants to Nor, a fortified "place on the con- 
fines of Cappadocia, where he was soon be- 
sieged by the conqueror. He supported the 
siege for a year with courage and resolution, 
but some disadvantageous skirmishes so re- 
duced him, that his soldiers, grown despe- 
rate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, 
had the infidelity to betray him into the 
hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from 
shame or remorse, had not the courage to 
visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by 
his officers, in what manner he wished him 
to be kept, he answered, keep him as care- 
fully as you would keep a lion. This severe 
command was obeyed ; but the asperity of 
Antigonus vanished in a few days, and 'Eu- 
menes, delivered from the weight of his 
chains, was permitted to enjoy the company 
of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated 
whether he should not restore to his liberty 
a man with whom he had lived in the greatest 
intimacy while both were subservient to the 
command of Alexander, and these secret 
emotions of pity and humanity were not a 
little increased by the petitions of his son 
Demetrius, for the 'release of Eumenes. 
But the calls of ambition prevailed ; 'and 
when Antigonus recollected what an active 
enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eu- 
menes to be put to death in the prison ; 
though some imagined he was murdered 
without the knowledge of his conqueror. 
His bloody commands were executed B.C. 
315. Such was the end of a man who 
raised himself to power by merit alone. 
His skill in public exercises first recom- 
mended him to the notice of Philip, and 
under Alexander his attachment and fidelity 
to the royal person, and particularly his 
military accomplishments, promoted him to 
the rank of a general. Even his enemies 
revered him ; and Antigonus, by who.-e 
orders he perished, honoured his remains 
with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his 
ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. 
It has been observed that Eumenes had such 
an universal influence over the successors 
of Alexander, that none during his lifetime 
dared to assume the title of king; and it 



EUM-EUM 



254 



EUM-EUM 



does not a little reflect to his honour, to con- 
sider that the wars he carried on were not 
from private or interested motives, but for 
the good and welfare of his deceased bene- 
factor's children — Pin. 4- C. Nep. vi.—Bi. 

19.— Ju. 13.-Curt. 10.— Ar. A king of 

Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Phile- 
ta;rus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made 
war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, 
and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon 
many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He 
lived in alliance with the Romans, and made 
war against Prusias, king of Bithynia. He 
was a great patron of learning, and given 
much to wine. He died of an excess in 
drinking, after a reign of 22 years He was 
succeeded by Attaius.— Str. 15. — The second 
of that name succeeded his father Attaius 
on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His 
kingdom was small and poor,but he rendered 
it powerful and opulent.and his alliance with 
the Romans did not a little contribute to the 
increase of his dominions after the victories 
obtained over Antiochus the Great. He 
carried his arms against Prusias and Antigo- 
nus, and died B.C. 139, after a reign of 38 
vears, leaving the kingdom to his son Atta- 
ius 2d. He has been admired for his benevo- 
lence and magnanimity, and his love of 
learning greatly enriched the famous library 
of Pergamus, which had been founded by 
his predecessors in imitation of the Alexan- 
drian collection of the Ptolemies. His 
brothers were so attached to him and de- 
voted to his interest, that they enlisted among 
his body guards, to show" their fraternal 
fidelity.— Str. 13.— Ju. 31.— Pol. A cele- 
brated orator of Athens about the beginning 
of the fourth century. Some of his^haran- 
gues and orations are extant. A histori- 
cal writer in Alexander's army. 

EUMENIA, a city of Phrygia, built by At- 
taius, in honour of his brother Eumenes. 

A city of Thrace, of Caria.— PL 5, of 

Hvrcania. 

EUMEN1DES & EUMENES, a man men- 
tioned Ov. 3. Tr. e. 4. 

EU MEN IDES, a name given to the Furies 
by the ancients. They sprang from the drops 
of blood which flowed from the wound which 
Ccelus received from his son Saturn. Accord- 
ing to others, they were daughters of the 
earth, and conceived from the blood of Sa- 
turn. Some make them daughters of Acheron 
and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or 
Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, 
or as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and 
Evonyme. According to the most received 
opinions, they were three in number, Tisi- 
phone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some 
add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, 
called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Ne- 
cessity. They were supposed to be the mi- 
nisters of the vengeance of the gods, and 
therefore appeared stern and inexorable ; 
always employed in punishing the guilty 
upon* earth, as well as in the infernal re- 
gions. They inflicted their vengeance on 
earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensior.s, 
and by the secret stings of conscience ; and 
in hell they punished the guilty by continual 
flagellation and torments. They were also 



called Furi<p f Emnnyes, and Dine; and the 
appellation of Eumenides, which signifies 
benevolence and compassion, they received 
after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, 
who, in "gratitude, offered them sacrifices, 
and erected a temple in honour of their di- 
vinity. Their worship was almost universal, 
and people presumed not to mention their 
names or fix their eyes upon their temples. 
They were honoured with sacrifices and 
oblations, and in Achaia they had a temple 
which, when entered by any one guilty of 
crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and 
deprived him of the use of his reason. In 
fheir sacrifices, the votaries used branches 
of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, 
and juniper, and the victims were generally 
turtle-doves and sheep, with libations of 
wine and honey. They were generally re- 
presented with* a grim and frightful aspect, 
with a black and bloody garment, and ser- 
pents wreathing around their head instead 
of hair. They held a burning torch in one 
hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, 
and were always attended by terror, rage, 
paleness, and death. In hell they were 
seated around Pluto's throne, as the minis- 
ters of his vengeance.— Msch. Eu.—Soph. 
(Ed. C. 

EUMENIDIA, festivals in honour of the 
Eumenides, called by the Athenians semnai 
theai, venerable goddesses. They were cele- 
brated once every year with sacrifices of 

E regnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made 
y the most eminent youths, and libations 
o? honey and wine. At Athens none but 
free-born citizens were admitted, such as 
led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. 
Such only were accepted by the goddesses, 
who punished all sorts of wickedness in a 
severe manner. 

EUMENIUS, a Trojan killed by Camilla 
in Italv.— V. Mn. 11. 
EUMOLPE, one of the Nereides.— Apol. 
EUMOLPIDjE, the priests of Ceres at the 
celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All 
causes relating to impiety or profanation 
were preferred to their judgement, and their 
decisions, though occasionally severe, were 
considered as generally impartial. The Eu- 
molpidse were descended from Eumolphus, 
a king of Thrace, who was made priest of 
Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He 
became so powerful after his appointment 
to the priesthood, that he maintained a war 
against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal 
to both ; Erechtheus and Eumoipus were 
both killed, and peace was re-established 
among their descendants, on condition that 
the priesthood should ever remain in the fa- 
mily of Eumoipus, and the regal power 
in the house of Erechtheus. The priest- 
hood continued in the family of Eumol- 
phus for 1200 years; and this is still more 
remarkable, because he who was once 
appointed to the holy office, was obliged to 
remain in perpetual celibacy. — Pa. 2. 

EUMOLPUS, a king of Thrace, son of 
Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into 
the sea by his mother, who wished to con- 
ceal her shame from her father. Neptune 
saved his life, and carried him into /Ethio 



EUM—EUP 



255 



EUP-EUP 



pja, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, 
and afterwards by a woman of the country, 
one of whose daughters he married. An act 
of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him 
to leave Ethiopia, and he fled to Thrace 
with his son Ismarus, where he married 
the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the 
country. This connection with the royal 
family rendered him ambitious ; he con- 
spired against his father-in-law, and fled, 
when the conspiracy was discovered, to At- 
tica, where he was initiated in the mysteries 
of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes 
or High Priest. He was afterwards recon- 
ciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. 
He made war against Erechtheus, the king 
of Athens, uho had appointed him to the 
office of high priest, and perished in battle. 
His descendants were also invested with the 
priesthood, which remained for about 1200 
years in that family. Vide Eumolpidae.— 
Apol. 2.—Hyg. fa. 13,-Di. 5. Pa. 2. 

EUMOMDES, a Theban, &cc.-Piu. 

EUNiEUS, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle, 
dausrhter of Thoas.— H. II. 7. 

EUNAPIUS.a physician, sophist, and his- 
torian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the 
reign of Valentinian and his successors, and 
wrote a history of the Caesars, of which few 
fragments remain. His life of the philoso- 
phers of his age is still extant. It is com- 
posed with fidelity and elegance, piecision 
and correctness. 

EUNOMIA, a daughter of Juno, one of 
the Horse.— Apol. 

EUNOMUS, a son of Prytanes, who suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Sparta. 

— Pa. 2. A famous musician of Locris, 

rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a 

musical prize at Delphi.— »S/r. 6. A man 

killed by Hercules.— Apol. A Thracian, 

w ho advised Demosthenes not to be discou- 
raged by his ill success in his first attempts 

to speak in public— Plu. Bern. The fa' 

ther of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. 
-Plu. Ly. 

EUNUS, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the 
minds of the servile multitude by pretended 
inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut 
with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully 
conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames, 
to the" astonishment of the people, who be- 
lieved him to be a god, or something more 
than human. Oppression and misery com- 
pelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he 
soon found himself at the head of 60,000 
men. With such a force he defeated the 
Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him 
to surrender by famine, and exposed on a 
cross the greatest part of his followers ; B.C. 
132.-Plu. S. 

EUONYMOS, one of the Lipari isles. 

EUORAS, a grove of Laconia.— Pa. 3. 

EUPAGIUM, a town of Peloponnesus. 

EUPALAMON, one of the hunters of the 
Calydonian boar.— Ov. Me. 8. 

EUPALAMUS, the father of Daedalus and 
of Metiadusa.— Apol. 3. 

EUPATOR, a son of Antiochus. The 

surname of Eupator was given to many of 
the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates.— 
Sir. 12. 



El) PATORI A, a town of Paphlagonia, 
built by Mithridates, and called afterwards 
Pompeiopoiis by Pompey.— PI. 6. Ano- 
ther called Magnopolis in Pontus, now Te- 
henikeh.—Slr. 12. 

EUPEITHES, a prince of Ithaca, father 
to Antinous. In the former part of his life 
he had fled from the vengeance of the Thes- 
protians, whose territories he had laid waste 
in the pursuit of some pirates. During the 
absence of Ulysses he was one of the most 
importuning lovers of Penelope.— H. Od. 16. 

EUPHAES, succeeded Androcles on the 
throne of Messenia, and in his reign the 
first Messenian war began. He died B. C. 
730.— Pa. 4. 

EUPHANTUS, a poet and historian of 
Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor 
to Antigonus king of Macedonia.— Di. Eu. 

EUPHEME, a woman who was nurse to 
theMuses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. -Pa. 

EUPHEMUS, a son of Neptune and Eu- 
ropa, who was among the Argonauts, and 
the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was 
so swift and light that he could run over the 
sea without scarce wetting his feet.— Pin. 

Py.4.—Apol.\.—Pa.5. One of the Greek 

captains before Troy.— H. 11. 2. 

EUPHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son r,f 
Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, 
whom Hector killed. He perished by the 
hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield ic 
the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, 
the founder of the doctrine of the metemp- 
sychosis, or transmigration of souls,affirmed 
that he had been once Euphorbus, and that 
his soul recollected many exploits which had 
been done while it animated that Trojan's 
body. As a further proof of his assertion, 
he showed at first sight the shield of Eu- 
phorbus in the temple of Juno.— Ov.Me. 15. 

—Pa. 2, 17.— H. II. 16. A physician of 

Juba, king of Mauritania. 

EUPHORION, a Greek poet of Chaicis 
in Eubeta, in the age of Antiochus the 
Great. Tiberius took him for his model for 
correct w riting, and was so fond of him that 
he hung his pictures in all the public 
libraries. His father's name was Polym- 
netus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. 

— Ci. Nat. D. 2, calls him Obscurum. The 

father of JEsohylus bore the same name. 

EUPHRANO'R, a famous painter and 

sculptor of Corinth.— PI. 34. This name 

was common to many Greeks. 

EUPHRATES, a disciple of Plato, who 
governed Macedonia with absolute authority 
in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered 
himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. 
After the death of Perdiccas, he was mur- 
dered by Parmenio. A stoic philosopher 

in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself 
with the emperor's leave, to escape the 

miseries of old age, A.D. 118.— Ui. A 

large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, 
rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and 
discharging itself with the Tigris into i.ht 
Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its cour-e, 
and passes through the middle of the city 
of Babylon. It inundates the country of 
Mesopotamia at a certain season of the 
year, and, like the Nile, ir Egypt, happily 



eup-eur 



fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cvrus dried up 
its ancient channel, and changed the course 
of the waters when he besieged Babvlon.— 
Sir. 1 1. — Me. 1. — PI. 5. — Virg. G. 1. " 

EUPHRON, an aspiring man of Sicyon. 
who enslaved his country by briberv.-Di.15 



Tffi EUR— EUR 

Archclaus king of Macedonia, where he re- 
ceived the most conspicuous marks of royal 



munificence and friendship. His end was as 
deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said 
that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his 
olitary walks, and tore his body to pieces, 



EUPHROSYXA, one "of the Graces, sisier 407 years before the Christian era, in the 
78th" year of his age. Euripides wrote 7-5 



to Agiaia and Thalia.— Per. 9. 



EUPUEA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, tragedies, of which "only 19 are extant ; the 



near Neapolis.— St. 3, Si. 
EUPOLIS, a comic poet of Athens. 



t approved of which are his Phcenisss, 
who I Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hip- 



fiourished 435 years before the Christian polytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in 



era, and severely lashed the vices and im 
moralities of his age. It is said that he had 
composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 
17. He had a dog so attached to him, that 
at his death he refused all aliments, and 
starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose 
that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because 
he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he 
had written against the Baptae, 'the priests 
of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure 
ceremonies of their worship ; but Suidas 
maintains that he perished in a sea fight 
between the Athenians and the Lacedae- 
monians in the Hellespont, and that on that 
account his countrymen, pitying his fate, 
decreed that no poet should ever after eo 
to war.— Hor. l. S. A.—Ci. Al. 6, e. I . — Ml. 

EU POM PUS, a geometrician of Mace- 
donia. A painter.— PI. 34. 

El Rl AN ASS A, a town near Chios.— PI. 5. 

EURlPlDES,a celebrated tragic poet born 



lauris, Hercules and the Troades. He is 
peculiarly happy in expressing the passions 
of love, especially the more tender and ani- 
mated. To the pathos he has added subli- 
mity, and the most common expressions 
have received a perfect polish from his pen. 
In his person, as it is reported, he was 
noble and majestic, and his deportment w as 
always grave and serious. He was slow in 
composing, and laboured with difficulty, 
from which a foolish and malevolent poet 
once observed that he had written 100 verses 
in three days, while Euripides had written 
only three.' True, says Euripides, but there 
is this difference between your poetry and 
mine ; yours will expire in three days, but 
mine shall live for ages to come. Euripides 
was such an enemy to the fair sex that some 
have called him misogunes, woman hater, 
and perhaps from this aversion arise the 
"rupure and diabolical machinations which 



at Salamis the day on w hich the army of ! appear in his female characters, an observa- 
Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. " He tion, however, which he refuted, by saying 
studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics j he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of 
under Socrates, and philosophy under An- 1 all this antipathy he was married twice, but 
axagoras. He applied himself to dramati- 1 his connections "were so injudicious, that he 
cal composition, and his writings became so was compelled to divorce both his wives, 
much the admiration of his countrymen, The best editions of this great poet are that 
that the unfortunate Greeks, who ha'd ac- I of Musgrave, 4 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1778 ; that 
companied Xicias in his expedition against ; of Canter apud Commelin, l2mo. 2 vols. 1597 ; 
Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by j and that of Barnes, fol. Cantab. 1694. There 
repeating some verses from the' piece's of j are also several valuable editions of detached 
Euripides. The poet often retired from the j plavs.— Di. 13.— Fa. Ma. 3.— Ci. In. I. 
society of mankind, and confined himself in j EGRIPGS,a narrow strait which separates 
a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote I the Island of Eubcea from the coast of 
and finished his most excellent tragedies. ! Boeotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued 
The talents of Sophocles were looked upon j regular during 18 or 19 days, and wtre un- 
by Euripides with jealousy, and the great I commonly unsettled the rest of the month, 
enmity which always reigned between the was a matter of deep inquiry among the an- 
two poets, gave an opportunity to the comic cients, and it is said that Aristotle threw 
muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both ! himself into it because he was unable to find 
on the stage with success and humour, out the causes of that phenomenon.— Li. 26. 
During the representation of one of the tra- \—Me. 2.— PI. 2.—Str. 9. 
gedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased I EORISTHENES. Fide Eurystheues. 
with some lines in the composition, desired EUROMCS, a city of Caria.— Li. 32. 
the writer to strike them off. Euripides! EUROPA, one of the three grand divisions 
heard the reproof with indisrnation ; he ad- j of the earth, known among the ancients, 
vanced forward on the stage, and told the j extending, according to modern surveys, 
spectators, that he came there to instruct j about 3OC0 miles from north to south, and 
ineni, and not to receive instruction. Ane- I 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in 
ther piece in which he called riches the I extent, yet it is superior to the others in 
summum bonum and the admiration of gods the learning, power, and abilities of its iu- 
and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the habitants. It is bounded on the east by the 
poet desired the audience to listen with J-gean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus 
silent attention, for the conclusion of the Maeotis, and the Tanais in a northern di- 
whole w ould show them the punishment rection. The Mediterranean divides it from 
which attended the lovers of opulence. The i Africa on the south, and on the west and 
ridicule and envy to which he was continu- | north it is washed by the Atlantic and 
ally exposed, obliged him at last to remove \ Northern oceans. It is supposed to receive 
from Athens. He retired to the court of its name from Europa, who was carried 



EUR EUR 



257 



EUR-EUR 



there by Jupiter.— Me. 2.— PL a.— Lite. 3.— 

V. JEn.l. A daughter of Agenor king- of 

Phoenicia, and Telaphassa. She was so 
beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of 
her, and the better to seduce her he as- 
sumed the shape of a bull and mingled with 
the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her 
female attendants, were gathering flowers 
in the meadows. Europa caressed the beau- 
tiful animal, and at last had the courage to 
sit upon his back. The god took advantage 
of her situation, and with precipitate steps 
retired towards the shore, aud crossed the 
sea with Europa on his back, and arrived 
safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original 
shape, and declared his love. The nymph 
consented, though she had once made vows 
of perpetual celibacy, and she became mo- 
ther of Minos,Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. 
After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, 
she married Asterius king of Crete. This 
monarch seeing himself without children by 
Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with 
Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sar- 
pedon, and Rhadamanthus, as his own 
children. Some suppose that Europa lived 
about 1552 years before the Christian era. — 

Ov. Me. 2. f. 13.— Mos. Td.—Apol. 2. One 

of the Oceanides.— Hes. Th. A part of 

Thrace near mount Haemus.— Ju. 7. 

EUROP.&US, a patronymic of Minos the 
son of Europa.— Ov. Me. 8. 

EUROPS, a king of Sicyon, son of iEgia- 
leus, who died B. C. 1993.— Pa. 2. 

EUROPUS, a king of Macedonia.. &c— 

Ju. 7. A town of Macedonia on the Axius. 

—PI. 4. 

EUROTAS, a son of Lelex, father to 
Sparta, who married Lacedaemon. He was 
one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave 
his name to the river which flows near Sparta. 

—Apol. 3.— Pa. 3. A river of Laconia, 

flowing by Sparta. It was called by way of 
eminence, Basilipotamos the king of rivers, 
and worshipped by the Spartans as a power- 
ful £od. Laurels," reeds, myrtles, and olives 
grew on its banks in great abundance.— Str. 

8.— Pa. 3.— Li. 35.— V. Eel. 6.-Pto. 4. 

A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, 
called also Titaresus. It joined the Peneus, 
but was not supposed to incorporate with it. 
Sir. 6. PI. 4. 

EUROTO, a daughter of Danaus by Po- 
lyxo.— Apol. 

EURUS, a wind blowing from the eastern 
parts of the world. The Latins sometimes 
call it Vulturnus.— Ov. Tr. 1, e. 2. Me. 11. 

EURYALE, a queen of the Amazons, who 

assisted JEetes. —Flac. 4. A daughter of 

Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A 

daughter of Proetus, king of Argos. One 

of the Gorgons who was immortal.— Hes.Th. 

EURYALUS, one of the Peloponnesian 
chiefs who went to the Trojan war with w 

ships.—//. II. 2. An illegitimate son of 

Ulysses and Evippe. — Soph. A son of 

Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c— 

Apol. l. A Trojan who came with /Eneas 

into Italy, and rendered himself famous for 
his immortal friendship with Nisus.— Vide 

Nisus.— V. JEn. 9. A pleasant place of 

Sicily near Syracuse.— Li. 25. A Lace- 



daemonian general in the second Messenian 
war. 

EUR YBATES, a herald in the Trojan war, 
who took Briseis from Achilles by order oi 

Agamemnon.— H. 11. 1.— Ov. Hero. 3. A 

warrior of Argos, often victorious at the 

Nemean games, &c. — Pa. J. One of the 

Argonauts. 

EURYBIA, the mother of Lucifer and all 

the stars.— Hes. A daughter of Pontu* 

and Terra, mother of Astraeus, Pallas, and 

Perses by Crius. A daughter of Thespius. 

— Apol. 

EURYBIADES, a Spartan general of the 
Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemisium 
and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been 
charged with want of courage, and ambi- 
tion. He offered to strike Thcmistocles 
when he wished to speak about the manner 
of attacking the Persians, upon which the 
Athenian said,— Strike me, but hear me.— 
Her. 8,—Plu. Th.- C. Nep. Th. 

EURYBIUS, a son of Eurytus king of 
Argos, killed in a war between his country- 
men and the Athenians.— Apol. 2. A son 

of Nereus and Chloris.— Id. 1. 

EURYCLEA, a beautiful daughter of Ops 
of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for twenty 
oxen, and gave her his son lysses to nurse, 
and treated her with much tenderness and 
attention.—//. Od. 19. 

EURYCLES, an orator of Syracuse, who 
proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes 
to death, and to confine to hard labour all 
the Athenian soldiers in the quarries.— Plu. 

i A Lacedaemonian at the battle of Actium, 

on the side of Augustus.— Id. Ant. A 

soothsayer of Athens. 

EURYCRATES, a king of Sparta, des- 
cended from Hercules.— Her. 1. 

EURYCRAT1DAS, a son of Anaxander, 
&cc.—Her. 7. 

EURYDAMAS, a Trojan skilled in the 
interpretation of dreams. His two sons were 
killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. 

— H. II. 5. One of Penelope's suitors.— 

Od. 22. A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a 

combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by 
his antagonist, which he swallowed without 
showing any signs of pain, or discontinu 

ing the fight.— ML V. H. 10. A son of 

iEgyptus. — Apol. 

EURYDAME, the wife of Leotychides, 
king of Sparta.— Her. 

EURYDAMI DAS, a king of Lacedaemon, 
of the family of the Procjidae..— Pa. 3. 

EURYDICE, the wife of Amyntas, king 
of Macedonia. She had by her husband. 
Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one 
daughter called Euryone. A criminal par- 
tiality for her daughter's husband, to whom 
she offered her hand and the kingdom, made 
her conspire against Amyntas, who must 
have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not 
Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her . 
Alexander ascended the throne after his fa 
ther's death, and perished by the ambitior 
of his mother. Perdiccas, who succeeded 
him, shared his fate ; but Philip, who was trie 
next in succession, secured himself against 
al attempts from his mother, and ascended 
the tnrone with peace and universal saUs 



EUR— EUR 
Eurydice fled to Iphicrate! 



253 



EUR— EUR 



fiction, 

Athenian general for protection, 
ncrof her death is unknown.— C. Nep. Ip. 3. 

A daughter of Amyntas, who married 

her uncle Aridseus, the illegitimate son of 
Philip. After the death of Alexander the 
Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of Ma- 
cedonia, but he was totally governed by the 
intrigues of his wife, who called back Cas- 
sander, and joined her forces with his to 
march against Folyperchon and Olympias. 
Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. 
Aridreus was pierced through with arrows 
by order of Olympias, who commanded Eury- 
dice to destroy herself either by poison, the 
sword, or the'halter. She chose the latter. 

The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she 

fled before Aristaeus, who wished her vio- 
lence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, 
and died of the wound. Orpheus was so dis- 
consolate that he ventured to go to hell, 
where, by the melody of his lyre, he ob- 
tained from Pluto the'restoration of his wife 
to life, provided he did uot look behind be- 
fore he came upon earth. He violated the 
conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife 
rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, 
and Eurvdice was forever taken from him. 
-[Fide Orpheus.]— Virg. G. A.-Pa. 9.— Or. 

Me. 10. A daughter of Adrastus.— ylcof. 3. 

One of the Danaides who married Dyas. 

— Id. 2. The wife of Lycurgus, king of 

Nemaea in Peloponnesus. — Id. I . — A daugh- 
ter of Actor.— Id. A wife of iEneas.— Pa. 

10. A daughter of A mphiaraus.— Id. 3- 

A daughter of Antipater, w ho married 

one of the Ptolemies.— Id. 1. A daughter 

of king Phillip.— Id. 5. A daughter of 

Lacedcernon.— Id. 3. A daughter'of Cly- 

menus, who married Nestor.— H. Od. — — 
A wife of Demetrius, descended from Milti- 
ades.— Plu. Be. 

EURYGAN IA, a wife of OZdipus.— Apol. 

EUR V LEON, a king of the Latins, called 
also Ascanius. 

EURVLOCHUS, one of the companions 
of Ulysses, ihe only one who did noi taste 
the potions of Circe. His prudence, howe- 
ver, forsook him in Sicily, w here he carried 
away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which 
sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked.— H. 

Od. 10. Or. Me. 14. A man who broke 

a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrr- 

liae, &c— Poly. 6. A man who discovered 

the conspiracy w hich was made againstAlex- 
'ander by Hermolaus and others.— Curt. 8. 

EURYMACHUS, a powerful Theban, who 
seized Plataea by treachery. One of Pene- 
lope's suitors.— — A son "of Anteaor. A 

lover of Hippodamia. — Pa. 

EURYMEDE, the wife of Glaucus king 
of Ephvra.— Apol. 

EURY.MEDON, the father of Peribcra, by 
whom Neptune had Nausithous.— H. Od. 7. 

A river of Pamphylia, near which the 

Persians were defeated by the Athenians 

under Cimon, B.C. 470.— £i. 33. A man 

w ho accused Aristotle of propagating pro- 
fane doctrines in the Lvceum. [ris.— Apol. 

EURYMENES, a son of Neleusand Chlo- 

EUR YNOME, one of the Oceanides, mo- 
ther of the Grace*.— Hts. A daughter of 



the] Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle. 

The man- A woman of Lemnos, Sce.—Flac. 2.- — 

' The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. — Apol. 

3. The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. — 

Id. 3. One of Penelope's female attend- 
ants.— H. Od. 17. An Athenian sent with 

a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicilv. — Plu.N. 

EURYNOMUS, one of the deities of hell. 
—Pa. 10. 

EU R> GONE, a daughter of Amyntas,king 
of Macedonia, by Eurydice. 

EURYPON, a king o"f Sparta, son of Sous. 
His rei^n was so glorious that his descend- 
ants were called Eurypontid<£.—Pa. 3. 
EURYPYLE, a daughter of Thespius. 
EURYPFLIS, a son of Telephus and 
Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by 
Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. 

— H. II. 11. A Grecian at theTrojan war. 

— H. II. 2. A prince of Olenus who went 

with Hercules against Laomedon. — Pa. 7. 
A son of Mecisteus who signalized him- 
self in the war of the Epigoni ag-ainst 

Thebes.— Apol. 3. A son of Temenus, 

king of Messenia, who conspired against his 

father's life. — Id. 3. A son of Neptune 

killed by Hercules.— Id. 2. One of Pene- 
lope's suitors.— Id. 3. A Thessalian who 

became delirious for looking into a box 
which fell to his share after the plunder of 
Troy.— Pa. 7. A soothsayer in the Gre- 
cian camp before Troy, sent to consult the 
oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could 
return safe home. The result of his in- 
quiries was an injunction to offer a human 
sacrifice.— V. /En. 2.— Ov. 

EURYSTHENES, a son of Aristodemus, 
who lived in perpetual dissension with hi* 
twin brother Procles, while they both sat 
on the Spartan throne. It was unknown 
which of the two was born first : the mother, 
who wished to see both her sons raised on 
the throne, refused to declare it, and they 
were both appointed kings of Sparta bv or- 
der of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102." Af- 
ter the death of the two brothers, the Lace- 
daemonians, who knew not to what family 
the right of seniority and succession belong- 
ed, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, 
one of each family. The descendants of 
Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenid<e , 
and'those of Procles, Proclidee. It was in- 
consistent with the laws of Sparta for two 
kings of the same family to ascend the 
throne together, yet that law was some- 
times violated by oppression and tyranny. 
Eurysthenes hail a son called Agi's, wb'o 
succeeded him. His descendants were called 
Agidee. There sat on the throne of Sparta 
31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes. 
and only 24 of the Proclidae : the former 
were the most illustrious.— Her. 4.— Pa. 3. 
-C. Nep. Ag. 
EURYSTHENIDiE. Vide Eurvsihenes. 
El RYSTHEUS, a king of Argo's and .My- 
cenae, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the 
daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his 
birth by two months that he might come 
into the world before Hercules the son of 
Alcmena, as the younger of the two was 
doomed by order of Jupiter to be subser- 
vient to the will of the other. [Vide Ale- 



EUR-EUS 259 EUS— EU1 



mena.1 This natural right was cruelly ex- 
ercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of 
tlie fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy 
so powerful a relation, imposed upon him 
the most dangerous and uncommon enter- 
prizes, well known by the name of the 
twelve labours of Hercules. The suecess.of 
Hercules in achieving those perilous labours 
alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, 
and he furnished himself with a brazen ves- 
sel, where he might secure himself in a safe 
retreat in case of danger. After the death 
of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruel- 
ties against his children, and made war 
against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he 
had given ihem support, and treated them 
with hospitality. He was killed in the pro- 
secution of this war by Hyllus the son of 
Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena 
the mother of Hercules, who mindful of the 
cruelties which her son had suffered, insult- 
ed it, and tore out the eyes with the most 
inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded 
on the throne of Are-os by Atreus his ne- 
phew.— Hyg. fa. 30.— Apol. 2.~Pa. l.—Ov. 
Me. 9, fa. 6.— V. Mn. 8. 

EURYTE, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
who married Parthaon. —Apol. The mo- 
ther of Haltirrhotius, by Neptune.— Id. 

EURYTEjE, a town of Achaia.— Pa. 7. 

EURYTELE, a daughter of Thespius. 

A daughter of Leucippus. — Apol. 

EURYSTHEM1S, the wife of Thestius. 
— Apol. 

EURYTHION & EURYTION, a centaur 
whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause 
of the quarrel between the Lapithae and Cen- 
taurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous.— Ov.Me. 

12.— Pa. 5.—Hes. Th. A herdsman of 

Geryon, killed by Hercules.— Apol. 2. A 

king of Sparta who seized upon Mantinea 
by stratagem.— Poly. 2. One of the Ar- 
gonauts. — Ov. Me. 8. A son of Lycaon, 

who signalized himself during the funeral 
games exhibited in Sicily by JEneas.—V. JEn. 

5. A silversmith. — Id. 10. A man of 

Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punish- 
ment was the cause of the abolition of the 
oligarchical power there.— Aris. 5. Pol. 

EURYTIS, (irfos), a patronymic of lole 
daughter of Eurytus.— Ov. Me. 9, f. II. 

EURYTUS, a son of Mercury, amoncrthe 

Argonauts.— Flac. 1. A king of (Echalia, 

father to lole. He offered his daughter to 
him who could shoot a bow better than him- 
self. Hercules conquered him, and put him 
to death because he refused him his daugh- 
ter as the prize of his victory. — Apol. 2. 

A son of Actor concerned in the wars be- 
tween Augias and Hercules, and killed by 
the hero. A son of Augias, killed by Her- 
cules as he was going to Corinth to cele- 
brate the Isthmian games. — Apol. A per- 
son killed in hunting the Calydonian boar. 

A son of Hippocoon.— Id. 3. A giant 

Killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making 
war against the gods. 

EUSEBIA, an empress, wife to Constan- 
ts, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and de- 
servedly lamented. 

EUSEBIUS, a bishop of Caesareain great 
favour with the emperor Constantino. He 



was concerned in the theological dis- 
putes of Arius and Athanasius, and distin- 
guished himself by his writings, which con- 
sisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of 
Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Pre- 
parations, and other numerous treatises, 
most of which are now lost. The best Edi- 
tion of his Praeparatio and Demonstratio 
Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols, folio. 
Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical 
history bv Reading, folio Cantab. 1720. 

EUSEBIUS, a surname of Bacchus. 

EUSEAUS 6c PEDASUS, the twin sons of 
Bucolion killed in the Trojan war.-//. II. 6. 

EUSTATH1US, a Greek commentator on 
the works of Homer. The best edition of 
this very valuable author, is that published 
at Basil, 3 vols, folio, 1560. It is to be la- 
mented that the design of Alexander Poli- 
tus, begun at Florence in 1735, and publish- 
ed in the first five books of the Iliad, is not 
executed, as a Latin translation of these 
excellent compositions is among the deside- 
rata of the present day. A man who wro e 

a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled 
de Ismenice Sf Ismenes amoribus, edited by 
Gaulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1617. 

EUTjEA, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8. 

EUTYLIDAS, a famous statuary of Ar- 
gos.— Id. 6. 

EUTYRPE, one of the Muses, daughter 
to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided 
over music, and was looked upon as the in- 
ventress of the flute and of all wind instru- 
ments. She is represented as crowned with 
flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. 
Some mycologists attributed to her the in- 
vention of tragedy, more commonly sup- 
posed to be the production of Melpomene. 

f Vide Musae.] The name of the mother of 

Themistocles, according to some. 

EUTHYCRATUS, a sculptor of Sicyon, 
son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy 
in the proportions of his statues. Those of 
Hercules and Alexander were in general 
esteem, and particularly that of Medea, 
which was carried on a chariot by four 

horses.— PI. 34. A man who betrayed 

Olvnthus to Philip. 

EUTHY DEM US.an orator and rhetorician 
who greatly distinguished himself by his 
eloquence.— Str. 14. 

EU THYMUS, a celebrated boxer of Locri 
in Italy.— Pa. 6. 

EUTRAPYEUS, a man described as art- 
ful and fallacious by Hor. 1, e. 18. A 

hair-dresser. — Mart. 7, e. 82. 

EUTRAPYLUS, (Volumn.) a friend of 
M. Antonv.— Ci. Tarn. 32. 

EUTROPIUS, a Latin historian in the 
age of Julian, under whom he carried arms 
in the expedition against the Persians. His 
origin as well as his dignity are unknown ; 
yet some suppose, from the epithet of Cla- 
rissimus prefixed to his history, that he was 
a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of 
the history of Rome, from the age of Ro- 
mulus to the reijrn of the emperor Valens, 
to whom the work w as dedicated. He wrote 
a treatise on medicine without being ac- 
quainted with the art. Of all his works the 
Roman history alone is extant. It is com- 



EUT FAB 



260 



FAB— FAB 



posed 'Aith conciseness and precision, but 
without elegance. The best edition of £u- 
tropins is that of Haverkamp, Cum notis va- 
riorum, svo. L. Bat. 1729 & 1 62. A fa- 
mous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the 
son of Theodosius the Great. 

EUTYCKIDE, a woman who was thirty 
times brought to bed, and carried to the 
grave bv twentv of her children.— PI. 7. 

EUTY CHIDES, a learned servant of At- 
ticus. — Ci. 15. At. A sculptor. 

EUXANTHIUS, a daughter of Miuos and 
Dexithea. — Apol. 

EUXENT DAS, a painter, Sec— PL 35. 

EUXENUS, a man who wrote a poetical 
history of the fabulous ages of Italv.— 
Uio, H. 6. 

EUXIN US PONTUS, a sea between Asia 
and Europe, partly at the north of Asia 
Minor and at the west of Colchis. It was 
anciently called axeinos, inhospitable, on 
account of the savage manners of the in- 
habitants on its coasts. Commerce with fo- 
reign nations, and the plantation ot colo- 
nies in their neighbourhood, gradually soft- 
ened their roughness, and the sea was no 
longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, hospita- 
ble. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus 
to be 1367 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo 
calls it 1 loo miles long, and in crcumference 
3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and 
receives the tribute of about 40 rivers. It 
is not of great depth, except in the eastern 
f arts, where some have imagined that it has 
a subterraneous communication with the 
Caspian. It is called the Black sea, from 
the thick dark fogs that cover it.— Of. Tr. 
3, e. 13.— Str. 2.~Me. ].—Pt. 3.— Her. 4. 

EUXIPPE, a woman who kiiled herself 
because the ambassadors of Sparta had of- 
fered violence to her virtue. 

EXADIUS, one of the Lapithae at the nup- 
tials of Pirithous.— H. II. 1.— Or. Me. 12. \ 

EXETHES, a Parthian who cut off the 
head of Crassus.— Poly. 7. 

EX AGON US, the ambassador of a nation 
ia Cyprus who came to Rome and talked so ' 
much of" the power of herbs, serpents, Sec. | 
that the consuls ordered him to be thrown 
into a vessel full of serpents. These venom- ! 
ous creatures, far from hurting: him, ca- ! 
ressed him, and harmlessly licked him with j 
their tongues.— Pi. 28. 

EXo.UATRiE, a people of Asiatic Sarma- 
tia.— Fiac. 6. 



FABARIA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Curna wife of Janus, when beans (Jab<e) 
were presented as an oblation. 

FA MARIS, now Far/a, a river of Italv in 
the territories of the Sabines, called also 
Farfarus.—Ov. Me. \A.~V.d.n. 7. 

FABIA. Vide Fabius Fabricianus. A 

tribe at Rome.— Hor. I, e. 7. A vestal 

virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's wife. 

FABIA LEX, de ambitu, was to circum- 
scribe the number of Scclalores or attendants 



which were allowed to candidates in can 
vassing for some high office. It was pro- 
posed, but did not pass. 

FAB I ANT, some of the Luperci at Rome 
instituted in honour of the Fabian family. 

FABII, a noble and powerful family at 
Rome, who derived their name from fa'ba a 
bean, because some of their ancestors cul- 
tivated this pulse. They were said to be 
descended from Fabius, a supposed son of 
Hercules by an Italian nymph; ami they 
were once so numerous that they took upon 
themselves towage war against theVeieutes. 
They came to a general engagement near 
the Cremera, in which all the family, con- 
sisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 
477. There only remained one, whose tender 
age had detained him at Rome, and from 
him arose the noble Faoii in the following 
ages. The family was divided into six dif- 
ferent branches, the Ambusti, the Max>?)ii, 
the Vibulani, the Buteones, the Vorsones, 
and the Piciores, the three first of which are 
! frequently mentioned in the Roman history, 
, but the others seldom.— Di.9.—Li. 2.— Fl.'l . 
— Ov. Tr. 1—V. Bin. 6. 

i FABIUS, Maximus Rullianus, was the 
first of the Fahii who obtained the surname 
of Maxxmus, for lessening the power of the 
; populace at elections. He was master of 
horse, and his victories over the Samnites in 
that capacity, nearly cost him his life, be- 
cause he engaged the enemy without ihe 
command of the dictator. He' was five times 
consul, twice dictator, and once censor. 
' He triumphed ovpr seven different nations 
j in the neighbourhood of Rome, and ren- 
dered himself illustrious by his patriotism. 

RUSTICUS, an historian in the age of 

| Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with 
Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus 
passes upon his style, make us regret the 

loss of his compositions. MARCELLI- 

NOS, a historian in the second century. 

A Roman lawyer whom Horat. 1, f. 2*, ridi- 
cules as havi'mr been caught in adultery. 

Q. MAXIM US, a celebrated Roman, 

first surnamed Verrucosus from a wart on 
his lip, and Agnicula from his inoffensive 
manners. From a dull and unpromising 
childhood he burst into deeds of valour and 
heroism, and was gradually raised by merit 
to the highest offices of the state. " In his 
first consulship, he obtained a victory over 
Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus 
occasioned his election to the dictatorship. 
In this important office he began to oppose 
Annibal, not by fighting him in the open 
field, like his predecessors, but he continu- 
ally harassed his army by countermarches 
and ambuscades, for which he received the 
surname of Cunctator, or delayer. Such 
operations for the commander of the Roman 
armies, gave offence to some, and Fabius 
was even accused of cowardice. He, how- 
ever, still pursued the measures which pru- 
dence and refie.tion seemed to dictate as 
most salutary to Rome, and he patiently 
bore to see his master of the horse raised t* 
share the dictatorial dignity with himse.f. 
by meams of Ids enemies at home. Whin 
he had laid down his office of dictator, his 



FAB— FAB 



2S1 



FAB— FAL 



successor for a while followed his plan ; but 
the rashness of Varro, aud his contempt for 
trie operations of Fabius, occasioned the 
fatal battle of Cannas. Tarentum was 
obliged to surrender to his arms after the 
battle of Cannae, and on that occasion the 
Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius 
was the Annibal of Rome. When he had 
made an agreement with Annibal for the 
ransom of the captives, which was totally 
disapproved of by the Roman senate, he sold ! 
all his estates to pay the money, rather than ! 
forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold 
proposal of young Scipio to go and carry I 
the war from Italy to Africa, was rejected 
by Fabius as chime'rical and dangerous. He j 
did not, however, live to see the success of 
the Roman arms under Scipio, and the con- 
quest of Carthage, by measures which he 
treated with contempt and heard with in- 
dignation. He died in the 100th vear of his 
age, after he had been five times consul, 
and twice honoured with a triumph. The 
Romans were so sensible of his great merit 
aud services, that the expenses of his fu- 
neral were defraved from the public trea- 
sury.— Piu.F"i.—.F7.2.—.Z;i.--Po7. His son 

bore the same name, and showed himself 
worthy of his father's virtues. During his 
consulship he received a visit from his 
father on horseback in the camp ; the son 
ordered the father to dismount, and the old 
man cheerfully obesed, embracing his son, 
and saying, I wished to know whether you 
knew what it is tobe consul. He died before 
his father, and the Cunctator, with the mo- 
deration of a philosopher, delivered a fu- 
neral oration over the dead bodv ot his son. 

— Plu. Fab. PICTOR, the first Roman 

who wrote an historical account of his coun- 
try, from the age of Romulus to the vear 
of Rome o35. He flourished B.C. 225. 'The 
work which is now extant, and which is 
attributed to him, is a spurious composition. 

A loquacious person mentioned by Hor. 

J, S. I. A Roman consul, surnamed Am- 

bustus, because he was struck with lightning. 

A lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. FA- 

BRIC1ANUS, a Roman assassinated by his 
wife Fabia, that she might more freely 
enjoy the company of a favourite vouth". 
His son wassaved from his mother's cruelties, 
and when he came of age, he avenged his 
father's death by murdering his mother and 
her adulterer. The senate took cognizance 
of the action, and patronized the parricide. 

—Plu. Par. A chief priest at Rome when 

Brennus took the city.— Plu. A Roman 

sent to consult the oracle of Delphi, while 
Annibal was in Italy. Another chosen dic- 
tator merely to create new senators. A 

lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithri- 
dates. A son of Paulus iEmilius, adopted 

into the family of the Fabii. A Roman 

surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over 

the A I lobroges,&:c.— Fl.2. Another chosen 

general against the Carthaginians in Itaiy. 
He lost a'l his forces in a battle, and fell 
wounded by the side of Annibal.— Plu. Par. 

A consul with J. Caesar, who conquer* d 

Pompev's adherents in Spain. A high 

priest who wrote some annals, and made 



war against Viriath us iu Spain.— Li. 30. — 
Fl. 3. DORSO. Vide Dorso. 

FABRATERIA, a colony and town of the 
Volsci in Latium.— It. &.—Ci. Fam. 9, e. 24. 

FABRIC I FS, a Latin writer in the reign 
of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing 
and defaming the senators. His works were 

burnt by order of Nero. CAIUS LUSCI- 

NUS, a celebrated Roman who in his first 
consulship obtained several victories over 
the Samnites and Lucanians, and was hon- 
oured with a triumph. The riches which 
were acquired in those battles were im- 
mense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded 
by the consul, aud the treasury was enriched 
with 400 talents. Two years after Fabricius 
went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused 
with contempt the presents, and heard with 
indignation the -Offers, which might have 
corrupted the fidelity of a less virtuous 
citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire 
the magnanimity of Fabricius ; but his as- 
tonishment was'more powerfully awakened 
when he opposed him in the field of battle, 
and when he saw him make a discovery of 
the perfidious offer of his physician, who 
pledged himself to the Roman general for a 
sum of money to poison bis royal master. 
To this greatness of soul were" added the 
most consummate knowledge of military 
affairs, and the greatest simplicity of man 
; ners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his 
table ; a small salt-cellar, whose feet were 
, of horn, was the only silver vessel which 
' appeared in his house. This contempt of 
. luxury and useless ornaments, Fabricius 
i w ished to inspire among the people ; and 
j during the censorship he banished from the 
| senate CorneliusRufinus.who had been twice 
| consul and dictator, because he kept in his 
j house more than ten pounds of silver plate. 
! Such were the manners of the conqueror of 
i Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather 
j to command those that had money than pos- 
sess it himself. He li\ed and died in the- 
greatest poverty. His body was buried at 
the public charge, and the "Roman peopie 
were obliged to give a dowry to his two 
daughters, when they had arrived to mar- 
riageable vears.— Va'.Ma. 2.— Fl. 1, IB.—Ci. 

3. Of.— Plu. Pyr.—V. JEn. 6. A bridge ac 

Rome, built bv the consul Fabricius, over 
the Tiber.— Hor. 2, Se. 3. 

FABULLA, a prostitute.— Juc. 2. 

FACEL1NA, a small place on the north of 
Sicily, where Diana had a temple.— Ser. V. 
£n.'9.—Hyg. 261. 

FAD US, a Rutulian killed in the night by 
Euryalus. — V, /En. 9. 

FiE SUL/E, now Fiesale, a town of Etruria, 
famous for its augurs. — Ci. Mu. 2\.—It. 8.— 
Sal.C. 27. 

FALCIDIA LEX was enacted by the tri- 
bune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, concerning wills 
and the right of heirs. 

FALERIA, a tov\n of Picenum, now Fal- 
lerona, of which the inhabitant* were called 
Falerienses.— PI. 3. 

FALERII, (.or lum,) now Palari, a town 
of Etruria,of w hich the inhabitants are callt d 
Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their 
laws from Faierii. The place was famou» 



FAL -FAU 



262 



FAU— FEC 



for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of 
sausage.— Vide Faiisci.— Mart. 4, e. 46.— 
Li. 10.— Ov. F, 1. Pow. 4, e. 8.— Ca. 22. R. 

4. -Ser. V. F,n. 7.— PI. 3. 
FALERINA, a tribe at Rome.— Li. 9. 
FALERNUS, a fertile mountain and plain 

of Campania, famous for its wine, which 
the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. 
— Li. 22.— Mart. 12, e. Zl.—Virg. G. 2.— 
Hor. 1. o. 20.— Str. o.—Fl. 1. 

FALISCI, a people of Etruria, originally 
a Macedonian colony. When they were 
besieged by Camillus, a school-master went 
out of the gates of the city with his pupils, 
and betrayed them into the hands of the 
Roman enemy, that by such a possession he 
might easily oblige the place to surrender. 
Camillus heard the proposal with indigna- 
tion, and ordered the man to be stripped 
naked and whipped back, to the town by 
I hose whom his perfidy wished to betray. 
This instance of generosity operated upon 
the people so powerfully that they surren- 
dered to the Romans. --Plu. Ca. 

FA LISC US GRATIUS. Vide Gratius. 

FA MA, (fame,) was worshipped by the 
antients as a powerful goddess, and gene- 
rally represented blowing a trumpet, dec— 
St. 3. Th. 

FANNIA, a woman of Minturna?, who 
hospitably entertained Marius in his flight, 
though he had formerly sat in judgment 
upon her,and divorced her from her husband. 

FANNIA LEX, de sumptitms,b\ Fannius 
the consul, A.U.C. 56S. It enacted that no 
person should spend more than 100 asses a 
day at the great festivals, and 30 asses on 
other days, and ten at all other times. 

FANNH, two orators of whom Cicero 
speaks in Br. 

FANNIUS, an inferior poet ridiculpd by 
Horace, because his poem and picture were 
consecrated in the library of Apollo, on 
mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then 
usual for such as possessed merit. — Hor. 1, 

5. 4. A person who killed himself when 

apprehended in a conspiracy against Augus- 
tus. Mart. 12, e. 80. CAIUS, an author 

in Trajan's reign, whose history of the cruel- 
ties of Nero is greatly regretted. 

FANUM VACUNiE, a village in the coun- 
try of the Sabines.— Hor. 1, e, 10. 

FARFARUS, a river of the Sabines, fall- 
ing into the Tiber above Capena.-Ou. Me. 14. 

FASCELIS, a surname of Diana, because 
her statue was brought from Taurica by 
iphigeniain a bundle of sticks, (fastis, ) and 
placed at Aricia. [normus.— Si. 14. 

FASCELLlNA,a town of Sicily near Pa- 

FAUCULA, aprostitute who privately con- 
veyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. 
— Li. 26. 

FAVENTIA, a town of Spain. —PI. 3 

Of Italy.— It. 8.— PI. 14.-— Mart. 2, e. 74. 

FAVERIA, a town of [stria.— Li. 41. 

FAULA, a mistress of Hercules. 

FAUNA, a deity among the Romans, 
daughter of Picus, and originally called 
Marica. Her marriage with Faunus pro- 
cured her the name of Fauna, and her knov> - 
ledge of futurity that of Fatua and Fatidica. 
It is said that she never saw a man after 



her marriage with Faunus, and that her un 
common chastity occasioned her being 
ranked among the gods after death. She 
is the same, according to some, as Bona 
Mater. Some mycologists accuse her of 
drunkenness, and say that she expired under 
the blows of her husband, for an immo- 
derate use of wine.-F. Mn. l.-Var.-Ju. 43. 

FA UNA LI A, festivals at Rome in honour 
of Faunus. 

FAUN I, certain deities of the country, re- ( 
presented as having the legs, feet, and ears 
of goats, and the rest of the body human. 
They were called satyrs by the Greeks. t 
The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid 
with great solemnity.— Virg. G.-Ov. Me. 6. 

FAUNUS, a son of Picus, who is said to 
have reigned in Italy about 1300 years tt.C. 
His bravery as well as wisdom has given 
rise to the tradition that he was son of Mars. 
He raised a temple in honour of the god 
Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the 
foot of the Palatine hill, and he exercised 
hospitality towards strangers with a liberal 
hand. His great popularity, and his fond- 
ness for agriculture, made his subjects 
revere him as one of their country deities 
after death. He was represented with all 
the equipage of the satyrs, and was consul- 
ted to give oracles.— Dion. 1, 7.— V. Mn, 7. 
— Hor 1, o. 17. 

FAVO, a Roman mimic, who at the fune- 
ral of Vespasian imitated the manners and ; 
gestures of the deceased emperor Sue.V.\9. 

FAVORINUS, a philosopher and eunuch 
under Adrian. 
FAUSTA, a daughter of Sylla, &c— Hor. 

\, S. 2. The wife of the emperor Con- 

stantine, disgraced for her cruelties and 
vices. 

FAUSTINA, the wife of the emperor An- 
toninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her 
daughter of the same name, blessed with 
beauty, loveliness, and wit, became the 
most abandoned of her sex. She married M. 

Aurelius. The third wife of the emperor 

Heliogabalus bore that name. 

FAUSTJTAS, a goddess among the Ro- 
mans supposed to preside over cattle. -Hor. 
4, c. 5. 

FAUSTULUS, a shepherd ordered to ex- 
pose RomuJus and Remus. He privately 
brought them up at home.— Li. l.—Ju. 43. 
-Plu. R. 

FAUSTUS, an obscure poet under the first 
Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic 
pieces, Thebce and Tereus, Juvenal men- 
tions, Sat. 7. 
FEBRUUS, a god at Rome, who presided 

over purifications. TheFeralia, sacrifices 

which the Romans offered to the gods 
manes, were also called Fehrua, whence f 
the name of the month of February, during 
which the oblations were made. 

FECI ALES, a number of priests at Rome, 
employed in declaring war and making 
peace. When the Romans thought them 
selves injured, one of the sacerdotal body 
was empowered to demand redress, and 
after the allowance of 33 days to consider 
the matter, war was declared if submissions 
were not made, and the Feciales hurled a 



! 



FEL-FER 263 
bloody epear into the territories of the enemy 
in proof of intended hostilities.— Li. 1,3.4,30. 

F ELGIN AS, a Roman knight killed by 
Pompev at Dyrracchium. — Cces. 3, B. C. 

FELI'X, M. ANTONIUS, a freed man of 
Ciaudius Caesar, made governor of Judaea, 
Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by 
Suetonius the husband of 3 queens, as he 
married the 2 Drusillae, one grand-daughter 
of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a 
Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The 
name of his third wife is unknown.— Sue. 
CI. 18.— To. An, 12, 14. [Venice. 
FELTR1A, a town of Italy at the north of 
FENESTELLA, a Roman "historian in the 

age of Aug-ustus. He died at Cumae. 

One of the' gates at Rome.— Ov. F. 6, 578. 

FENNI or FINN1, the inhabitants of Fin- 
ningia or Eningia, now considered as Fin- 
land.— Ta. G. 46 — PI. 4, 13. 

FERALIA,a festival in honour of the dead, 
observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of Fe- 
bruary. It continued for 11 days, during 
which time presents were carried to the 
graves of the deceased, marriages were for- 
bidden, and the temples of the gods were 
shut. It was universally believed that the 
manes of their departed friends came and 
hovered over their graves, and feasted upon 
the provisions that the hand of piety and 
affection had procured for them. Their 
punishments in the infernal regions were 
also suspended, and during that time they 
enjoyed rest and liberty. 

FERENTINUM, a town of the Hernici, 
at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were 
called Ferentinates or Ferentini.— Si. 8,394. 
—Li. 1, 50, 1. 9, 43 & 44. 

FERENTUM or FORENTUM, a town of 
Apulia, now Forenza.—Hor. 3, o. 4, 15.— 
Li. 9, 16 & 20. 

FER.ETRIUS, a surname of Jupiter, a fe- 
rendo, because he had assisted the Romans, 
or a feriendo, because he had conquered 
their enemies under Romulus. He had a 
temple at Rome, built by Romulus, where 
the spoils called opima were always carried. 
Only two generals obtained these celebrated 
spoils after the age of Romulus.— Liv. 1, c. 
10.— Piu. R.—C. Nep. At. 20. 

FERINE LATINS, festivals at Rome in- 
stituted by Tarquin the Proud. The princi- 
pal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually 
assembled on a mount near Rome, where 
they, altogether with the Roman magistrates, 
offered a bull to Jupiter Latiaiis, of which 
they carried home some part after the im- 
molation, after they had sworn mutual 
friendship and alliance. It continued but 
one day originally, but in progress of time 
four davs were dedicated to its celebration. 
—Dio. H. 4, 49.— Ci. E.6.—Li.2\,6cc. The 
feriae among the Romans were certain days 
set apart to celebrate festivals, and during 
that time it was unlawful for any person to 
Aork. They were either public or private. 
The public were of four different kinds. 
The ferice stativce were certain immoveable 
days always marked in the calendar, and 
observed by the whole city with much fes- 
tivity and public rejoicing. The ferice con- 
ceptivte were moveable leasts, and the day 



FER— FIC 
appointed for the celebration was always 
previouslyhxed by the magistrates or priesis. 
Among these were the ferice Latinos, which 
were iirst established by Tarquin, and ob- 
served by the consuls regularly before they 
set out for the provinces ; the Compitalia, 
SfC. The ferice imperative were appointed 
only by the command of the consul, dicta- 
tor, or praetor, as a public rejoicing for some 
important victory gained over the enemy of 
Rome. The ferice Nundince were regular 
days, in which the people of the country and 
neighbouring towns assembled together and 
exposed their respective commodiiies to sale. 
They were called Nundinae because kept 
every ninth day. The ferice privates were 
observed only in families, in commemora- 
tion of birth-days, marriages, funerals, and 
the like. The days on which the ferice were 
observed were called by the Romans festi 
dies, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, 
and festivity. 

FERONlA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over the woods and groves. The 
name is derived a ferendo, because she gave 
assistance to her votaries, or perhaps from 
the town Feronia,near mount Soracte, where 
she had a temple. It was usual to make a 
yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face 
and hands in the waters of the sacred foun- 
tain, which flowed near her temple. It is 
said that those who wese filled with the 
spirit of the goddess could walk barefooted 
over burning coals without receiving any 
injury from the flames. The goddess had a 
temple and a grove about 3 miles from 
Anxur, and also another in the district of 
Capena.— Li. 33, 26.— V. JEn. 7, 697 & 800. 
— Far. L. L. 4, 10.— It. iZ.—Str.b.—Hor. I. 
—8. 5, 24. 

FEsCENNIA, Ciornm or ium,) a town of 
Etruria, now Galese, where the Fescennine 
verses were first invented. These verses, 
the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar 
obscenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue 
spoken extempore, in which the actors ex- 
posed before their audience the failings and 
vices of their adversaries, and by satirical 
humour and merriment endeavoured to raise 
the laughter of the company. They were 
often repeated at nuptials, and many lasci- 
vious expressions were used for the general 
diversion, as also at harvest home, when 
gestures were made adapted to the sense of 
the unpolished verses that were used. They 
were proscribed bv Augustus as or immoral 
tendency.— PI. 3, o.—V. JEn. 7, 695.— tlur. 
2, e. 1, 145. 

FESUlwE,or FJESVLJE a town of Etruria, 
where Svlla settled a colon v.— Ci. C. 3, 6. 
FESTfJS, a friend of Domitian, who killed 

himself in an illness.— Mart. 1, e. 79. 

PORCIUS, a proconsul who succeeded Felix 
as governo.- of Judaea, under Claudius. 

FIBRENUS, a river of Italy, falling: illtt 
the Liris throug-h Cicero's farm at Arpiuuin. 
— Si. 8, 400.— Ci. Le. 2, l. 

FICANA, a town of Latium, at the south 
of Rome, near the Tiber.— Li. 1, 33. 

FICARIA, a small island on the east of 
I Sardinia, now Serpent era.— PI. 3, 7. 
| FICULEA or FICULNFA, a town of l.a- 



FID— FLA 
tit-'in beyond mount Sacer at tne north of 
Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the 
road that led to the town was called Ficul- 
aensis, afterwards Nomentana Via.—Ci. 12, 
At. 34.— Li. 1, 38, 1. o, 52. 

FIDENA, an inland town of Latium, 
whose inhabitants are called Fidenates. The 
place was conquered bv the Romans B. C. 
435.— V. JEn. 6, 773.— jay. 1, 44.— Li. 1, 14, 
J5 & 27, 1. 2, 1. 4, 17 & 21. 

FIDENT1A, a town of Gaul on the south 
of the Po, between Placentia and Parma. 

— Vel. 2, 28. PI, 3, 15.— Ci, In. 2, 54. 

FIDES, the goddess of faith, oaths, and 
honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa 
was the first who paid her divine honours. 
FI DICUL^l a place of ltalv.-Fa. Ma.7,6. 
FIDIUS DIUS, a divinity by whom the 
Romans generally swore. He was also 
called Sancus or Sanctusand Semipater, and 
he was solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th 
of June, which was yearly consecrated to 
his service. Some suppose it to be Hercules. 
— Ov.F.6, 213.- Tor. L. L. AAQ.-Dio. AT.2&9. 

FIMBRIA, a Roman officer who besieged 
Mithridates in Pritane, and failed in his at- 
tempts to take him prisoner. He was de- 
serted by his troops for his cruelty, upon 
which he killed himself.— Plu. Lu. 

FIRMUM, now Fermo, a town of Picenum 
on the Adriatic, the port of which was 
called Castelhim Firmanum.—Ci. 8. At. 12. 
PI. 7. 8.— Fel. 1, 14. 

FIRM1 US, M. a powerful native of Selu- 
cia who proclaimed himself emperor, and 
was at last conquered by Aurelian. 

FISCELLUS, a part of the Appenine 
mountains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. 

jf t g 5] 8, PI. 2 12. 

F LAC ILL A ANTON I A, a Roman matron 
in Nero's age, kc.—Ta. An. 14, c. 7. 

FLACCUS, a consul who marched against 
Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria.— 

Plu, A poet. Vide Falerius. A go 

vernor of Egypt, who died A. D. 39. 

VERRIUS, a grammarian, tutor to the two 
grandsons of Augustus, and supposed au- 
thor of the Capitoiine marbles. A name 

of Horace. Vide Horatius. 

FLAC1LLA jELIA, the mother of Arca- 
dius and Honorius, was daughter of Anto- 
nius, a prefect of Gaul. 

FLAMINIA LEX agraria, by C. Flami- 
nius, the tribune, A.U.C. 525. It required 
that the lands of Picenum, from which the 
Gauls Senones had been expelled, should be 
divided among the Roman people. 

FLAMINIA VIA, a celebrated road which 
led from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. 
It received its name from Flaminius, who 
built it, and was killed at the battle of 

Thrasymenus against Annibal. A gate of 

Rome opening to the same road, now del 
popolo 

FLAMINIUS, C, a Roman consul of a 
turbulent disposition, who was drawn into a 
bnttie near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the 
artifice of Annibal. He was killed in the 
engagement, with an immense number of 
Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished 
lo give a burial to his body, but it was not 
found in the heaps of slain*. While tribune 



204 



FLA— FLE 



of the people he proposed an agrarian law 
against the advice of his friends, of the 
senate, and of his own father.— Ci. In. 2,17. 
— Li. 22, 3, Ike— Pol. — FL 2, 6.-Va. Ma. 1.6. 

FLA M IMUS,T.Q.or FLAMININUS,a ce- 
lebrated Roman, raised to the consulship, A. 
U. C. 554. He was trained in the art of war 
against Annibal, and he shewed himselt 
capable in every respect to discharge with 
honour the great office with which he was 
entrusted. He was sent at the head of the 
Roman troops against Philip, king of Ma- 
cedonia, and in his expedition he met with 
uncommon success. The Greeks gradually 
declared themselves his firmest supporters, 
and he totally defeated Philip on the con- 
fines of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, 
and Thessaly, tributary to the Roman power. 
He granted peace to the conquered monarch, 
and proclaimed all Greece free and inde- 
pendent at the Isthmian games. This cele- 
brated action procured the name of patrons 
of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly 
paved their way to universal dominion. 
Flaminius behaved among them with the 
greatest policy, and by fiis ready compli- 
ance with their national customs and pre- 
judices, he gained uncommon popularity, 
and received the name of father and de- 
liverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent 
ambassador to king Prusias, who had given 
refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence 
and artifice hastened out of the world a 
man who had long been the terror of the 
Romans. Flaminius was found dead in his 
bed, after a life spent in the greatest glory, 
in which he had imitated with success the 
virtues of his model Scipio. — Plu. vi.—Flo. 
—LUCIUS, the brother of the preceding, sig- 
nalized himself in the wars of Greece. 
He was expelled from the senate for killing 
a Gaul, by Cato his brother's colleague in 
the censorship, an action which was highly 
resented by Titus.— Plu. Flam.— CALP. 
FLAMMA, a tribune, who at the head of 
300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, 
B. C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians 
and cutting them to pieces. 

FLANATICUS SINUS, a bay of the Fla- 
nates,in Liburnia, on the Adriatic, now the 
gulph of Carnero.—Pl. 3, 19 & 21. 

FLA VTA LEX agraria, by L. Flavius, 
A.U.C. 693, for the distribution of a certain 
quantity of lands among Pompey's soldiers, 
and the commons. 

FLAVIAN UM, a town of Etruria, on the 
Tiber, called also Flavinium.— V. JEn. 7, 
696— Si. 8, 492. 

FLAVINIA, a town of Latium, which as- 
sisted Turnus against iEneas.- V. JEn. 7, 696. 
FLAVIUS, a senator who conspired with 

Piso against Nero, Scc.—Ta. A tribune 

of the people deposed by J. Caesar. A 

Roman who informed Gracchus of the vio- 
lent measures of the senate against him. 

A brother of Vespasian, &c. A tribune 

who wounded one cf Annibal's elephants in 

an engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome 

in the age of Horace. — I S. 6, 11. One 

of the names of the emperor Doniitian.— 
Juv. 4, 37. 
FLE V US, the righ.* branch of the Rhin^ 



ELO - FLO 



265 



FLU— FOR 



•#rhich formed a large lake on its falling- into 
the sea called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It 
was afterwards called Helium, now Ulie, 
when its breadth became more contracted, 
and a fort erected there, obtained the name 
of Flevum Frisiorum.—Ta. An. 2, 6, 1. 4, 
V. 12.— 1' I. 4, 15.— Me. 3, 2. 

FLORA, the goddess of flowers and gar- 
dens among the Romans, the same as the 
Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that 
she was originally a common courtezan, 
who left to the Romans the immense riches 
which she had acquired by prostitution and 
lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a 
yearly festival was instituted in her honour. 
She was worshipped even among the Sa- 
bines, long before the foundation of Rome. 
It is said that she married Zephyrus, and 
that she received from him the privilege of 
presiding over flowers, and of enjoying per- 
petual youth. [Vide Floralia.] She was re- 

{nesented as crowned with flowers, and 
)olding in her hand the horn of plenty. — 
Ov. F. 5, 19,5, SfC.—Var. R. R. I. —Lac. 1. 

20. A celebrated courtezan passionately 

loved by Pompey the Great. She was so 
beautiful that wlien the temple of Castor 
and Pollux at Rome was adorned with 
paintings, her picture was drawn and placed 

among the rest. Another courtezan, &c. 

—Juv. 2, 49. 

FLORALIA, games, in honour of Flora 
at Rome. They were instituted about the 
age of Romulus, but they were not cele- 
brated with regularity and proper attention 
till the year U. C. 580. They were observed 
yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most 
unbounded licentiousness. It is reported 
that Cato wished once to be present at the 
celebration, and that when he saw that the 
deference for his presence interrupted the 
feast, he retired, not choosing to be the 
spectator of the prostitution of naked wo- 
men in a public theatre. This behaviour so 
captivated the degenerate Romans, that the 
venerable senator was treated with the most 
unbounded applause as he retired.— Va.Ma. 
2, 10.— Far. L. L. I.— Fat. \.—Pl. 18, 29. 

FLORENTIA, a town of Italy on theAr- 
lius, now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. 
—Ta. An. 1, 79.— Fl. 3, 21.— PI. 3, 5. 

FLORIANUS, a man who wore the im- 
perial purple at Rome only for two months, 
A. D. 276. 

FLORUS, L. ANN^EUS JULIUS, a Latin 
historian of the same family which produced 
Seneca and Lucan, A. D, 116. He wrote 
an abridgement of Roman annals in four 
books, composed in a florid and poetical 
style, and rather a panegyric on many of 
the great actions of the Romans than a 
faithful and correct recital of their history. 
He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists 
tigainst the emperor Adrian, who satirically 
reproached him with frequenting taverns 
and places of dissipation. The best editions 
of* Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 
1722 & 1744 ; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 

8vo. Lips. 1760. JULIUS, a friend of 

Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero 
in his military expeditions. The poet has 
addressed two' epistles to him. 



FLUONIA, a surname of Juno Lucinaj 
who under that appellation was invoked by 
the Roman matrons to stop excessive dis- 
charges of blood. 

FOLIA, a woman of Ariminum, famous for 
her knowledge of poisonous herbs and for 
her petulance. — Hor. e. 5, 42. 

FONS SOLIS, a fountain in the province 
of Cyrene, cool at mid-day and warm at the 
rising and setting of the sun.— Her. 4, 18!. 

FONTANUS, a poet mentioned by Ov. 
Von. 4, e. 16. 

FONTEIA, a vestal virgin.— Ci. 

FONTEIUS CAPITO, an intimate friend 

of Horace.— 1 S. 5. 32. A Roman who 

raised commotions in Germany after the 

death of Nero.— Ta. Hist. 1, 7. A man 

who conducted Cleopatra into Syria by or- 
der of Antony.— Flu. Ant. 

FORMIC, a maritime town of Campania 
at the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently 
the abode of the Laestrygones, and it be- 
came known for its excellent wines, and 
was called Mamurrarum urbs, from a fa- 
mily of consequence and opulence who lived 
there.— Li. 8, 14. 1. 38, 36.— Hor. 1, e. 20. 
11, 1. 3, o. 17.— S. I, 5, 37.— VI. 36, 6. 

FORM IAN UM, a villa of Cicero's near 
Formiae, near which the orator was assassi- 
nated.— Ci. Fam, 11, e. 27, 1. 16. e. 10— Ta. 
An. 16, 10. 

FORMIO, now Risano, a river of I stria, 
the ancient boundary of Italy eastward, af- 
terwards extended to the Arsia.— Fl. 3, 18 
& 19. 

FORNAX, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over the baking of bread. Her festi- 
vals, called Fornacalia, were first instituted 
by Numa.— Ov. F. 2, 525. 

FORO APPII, a people of Italy, whose 
capital was called Forum Appii.—Vl. 3, 5. 

FORTUNA, a powerful deity among the 
ancients, daughter of Oceanus according to 
Homer, or or one of the Parcae according 
to Pindar. She was the goddess of fortune, 
and from her hand were derived riches and 
poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, bless- 
ings and pains. She was worshipped in 
Achaia: her statue held the horn of plenty 
in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at it's 
feet. In Boeotia she had a statue which re- 
presented her as holding Plutus the god of 
riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune 
is the scource whence wealth and honours 
flow. Bupalus was the first who made a 
statue of Fortune for thcpeople of Smyrna, 
and he represented her with the polar star 
upon her head, and the horn of plenty in 
her hand. The Romans paid particular at- 
tention to the goddess of fortune, and had 
no less than eight different temples erected 
to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius 
was the first who built her a temple, and 
from that circumstance it is easily known 
when her worship was'irstintroduced among 
the Romans. Her most famous temple at 
Italy was at Antium in Latium, where 
presents and offerings were regularly sent 
from every part of the country. Fortune 
has been called Pherepolis, the protectress 
of cities, and Acrea from the temple or 
Corinth on an eminence, acros. She was 
!i A 



FOR— FOR 



266 



FOS— FUC 



called Prenestine at Praenestein Italy, where 
she had also a temple. Beside, she was 
\\ orsliipped among the Romans under differ- 
ent names, such as Female Fortunp, Virile 
Fortime, Equestrian, Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, 
&c. On the 1st of April, which was conse- 
crated to Venus among the Romans, the 
Italian widows and the marriageable virgins 
assembled in the temple of Virile Fortune, 
and after burning incense and stripping 
themselves of their garments, they intreated 
the goddess to hide from the eyes of their 
husbands whatever defects there might be 
on their bodies. The goddess of Fortune is 
represented on antient monuments with a 
horn of plenty, and sometimes two in her 
hands. She is blind-folded, and generally 
holds a wheel in her hands as an emblem o"f 
her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears 
with wings, and treads upon the brow of a 
ship, and "holds a rudder in her hands.— Dio. 
H. A.—Ov. F. 6, 569.— Plu. fo. Ro. & C- 
Ci. Di. 2.— Li. 10.— Aug. Ci. D. A.— Ft. 1, 
—Va. Ma. I, 5.-Luc.2, &c. 

FORTUNATE INSULA, islands at the 
west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They 
are supposed to be the Canary isles of the 
moderns, thought to be only two in number, 
at a little distance one from the other, and 
10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They 
were represented as the seats of the blessed, 
where the souls of the virtuous were placed 
after death. The air was wholesome and 
temperate, and the earth produced an im- 
mense number of various fruits without the 
labours of men. When they had been des- 
cribed to Sertorius in the most enchanting 
colours, that celebrated general expressed 
a wish to retire thither, and to remove him- 
self from the noise of the world, and the 
dangers of war. [a stony place. 

FORULl, a town of the Sabines "built on 
FORUM— APP1I, a town of Latium on 
the Appiavia. — Ci. 1, At. \0.—Hor. 1, s. 3. 

AUGUSTUM, a place at Rome.— Ov. F. 

5, 552. ALLIEN!, a town of Italy, now 

Ferrara.—Ta. H. 3, 6. AUREL'lA, a 

town of Etruria, now Montalto.- Ci. C. 1, 

9. CLAUD1I, another in Etruria, now 

Oriolo. CORNELLl,another,now Imola, 

in the Pope's dominions.— PI. 3, 16.— Ci. 

Fa?n. 12, e. 5. DOMITII, a town of Gaul 

now Frontignan, in Languedoc. — — VO- 
CONTI, a town of Gaul, now Gonsaron, be- 
tween Antibes and Marseilles.— Ci. Fam. 10 

e. 17. LEPID1, a town of antient Gaul 

south of the Po. POPILI I, another at the 

south of Ravenna^ on the Adriatic. FLA- 

M1NII, a town of Umbria, now San Giavane. 

—PI. a, 14. GALLORUM,a town of Gau' 

Togata, now Castet Franco, in the Bolog- 

nese. —Ci. Fam. 10, e. 30. Also a town of 

Venice called Forojutiensis urbs, now Friuti. 

—Ci.Fam. 12, e. 26. JULIUM, a town 

of Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Pro- 
vence.— Ci. Fam. 10. e. \7.—St> .A. LEB- 

nornm, a town of Insubria. — Pol. SEM- 

PRONI1, a town of Umbria, &c. Many 
other places bore the name of Forum where- 
ever there was a public market, or rather 
where the praetor held his court of justice, 
(Jorum vet conventus,) and thence they 



re called sometimes conventus as well as 
fora, into which provinces were generally 
divided under the administration of a sepa"- 
rate governor.— Ci. V. 2, 20. 1. 4, 48, 1. 5, 
11.— Vat. 5. Fam. 3, e. 6 & 8.— At. 0, e. 21. 

FOSI, a people of Germany near the 
Elbe, considered as the Saxons "of Ptolenn . 
— Ta. G. 36. 

FOSSA, the straits of Bonifacio between 
Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros.— 

PI. 3, 6. DRUSI or DRUSIA > A, a canal, 

8 miles in length, opened by Drusus from 
the Rhine to tne Issel, below the separation 
of the Waal.— S«e. Claud. \.—Ta. Hist. 5, 

23 MARIANA, a canal cut by Marins 

from the Rhone to Marseilles during the 
Cimbrian war, and now called Galejon. 
Sometimes the word is used in the plural,, 
Fosse, as if more than one canal had been 
formed bv Marius.-Pi. 3, 4.-S/r. 4.-M<?.2.c.5. 

FOSS£l PHILISTINE, one of the mouths 
of the Po.— Ta. Hist. 3, 9. 

FRANCI, a people of Germany and Gaul, 
whose country was called Francia.— Claud. 

FRAUS, a divinity worshipped among the 
Romans, daughter of Orcusand Night. She 
presided over treachery, &c. 

FrtEGELLA, a famous town of theVolsci 
in Italy on the Liris, destroyed for revolt- 
ing from the Romans. — It. 5, 452.— Li. 8, 
22, 1. 28, 10, &c— Ci. Fam. 13. e. 76. 
FREGENiE, a town of Etruria.— PL 3, 5. 
FRENTANI, a people of Italy, near 
Apulia, who received their name from the 
river Frento, now Fortore, which runs 
through the eastern partof their country, and 
falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of 
Diomede.— PI. 3, 11.— Li. 9, 45.— Si. 8.520. 

FRETUM, {the sea,) is sometimes applied 
by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straiis 
o'f Messina. -Ces. C.\,o9.-Fl.\.2.5.-Ci.2.At.\. 
FRIGIDUS, a river of Tuscany. 
FRISII, a people of Germany near the 
Rhine, now the Prisons of Frie'sland.—l a. 
A. 1, 60 —Hist. A. 15 6c 72.— G. 34. 

FRONTINUS SEX. JUL., a celebrated 
geometrician, who made himself known by 
the books which he wrote on aqueducts and 
stratagem dedicated to Trajan. He ordered 
at his death that no monument should be 
raised to his memory, saying, memo > ia nostri 
durabit, si vitam me'ruimus. The be>t 
edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1779. 
FRONTO, a preceptor of M. Antonius, by 

whomhe was greatly esteemed. JULIUS, 

a learned Roman, who wa« so partial to the 
company of poets, that he lent them his 
house aiid gardens, which continually re- 
echoed the compositions of his numerous 
visitors. — Juv. 1. S. 12. 

FRUS1NO, a small town of the Volsci on 
one of the branches of the Liris. — Juv.^,121. 
—Li. 10, !.— Si. 8, 399.— Ci. Al. l\, e. A&13. 

FUCINUS, a lake of Italy in the country 
of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, at- 
tempted to be drained by J. Caesar and after- 
wards bv Claudius, by 'whom 30,000 men 
were employed for eleven years to perforate 
a mountain to convey the water into the 
Liris, but with no permanent success. The 
lake surrounded by a ridge oi high mousi- 



FUF-FUL 267 FUN— FUS 



tains is now called Celano, and is supposed 
to be 47 miles in circumference, and not 
more than 12 feetdeepon an average.— PI. 
36, c. \5.-Ta. An. 12, 56.— P. JEn. 7, 759. 

FUF1D1US, a wretched usurer,&c.-iioi-.l, 
Sa. 2. 

FUFIUS GEMINUS, a man greatly pro- 
moted by the interest of Livia, &c.—Ta. 
An. 5, 1 & 2. 

FUGALIA, festivals at Rome to celebrate 
the flight of the Tarquins. 

FULGINATES, (sing. Fulginas) a people 
of Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, 
now Foligno.—Si. It. 8, 462.— PI. 1,4,/. 3,14. 

FULGINUS Q.,a brave officer, in Ca-.sar's 
legions, kc.—Cas. B. C. 

FULGORA, a goddess at Rome who pre- 
sided over lightning. She was addressed to 
save her votaries from the effects of violent 
storms of thunder.— Aug: Ci. D. 6. |0. 

FULLINUM or FULGINUM,a small town 
of Umbria. 

FULVIA LF.X was proposed but rejected 
A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended 
to make all the people of Italy citizens of 
Rome. 

FULVIA, a bold and ambitious woman 
who married the tribune Clodius, and after- 
wards Curio, and at last M. Antony. She 
took a part in all the intrigues of her hus- 
band's triumvirate, and shewed herself cruel 
as well as revengeful. When Cicero's head 
had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia 
ordered it to be brought to her, and with 
all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the 
orator's tongue with her golden bodkin. 
Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, 
upon which she attempted to avenge her 
wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up 
arms against her husband. When this 
scheme did not suceeed, she raised a faction 
against Augustus, in which she engaged L. 
Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all 
her attempts proved fruitless, she retired 
into the east, where her husband received 
.her with great coldness and indifference. 
This unkindness totally broke her heart, 
and she soon after died, about 40 years be- 
fore the Christian era.— Flu. C. <$• A.— A 
woman who discovered to Cicero the de- 
signs of Catiline upon his life.— Plu. Ci. 

FULVIUS, a Roman senator, intimate 
with Augustus. He disclosed the emperor's 
secrets to his wife, who made it public to 
all the Roman matrons, for which he re- 
ceived so severe a reprimand from Augus- 
tus, that he and his wife hanged themselves 
in despair.— A friend of C. Gracchus, who 
was killed in a sedition with his son. His 
body was thrown into the river, and his 
widow was forbidden to put on mourning 
for his death.-PZ«. Gr.-FLACCUS CEN- 
SOR, a Roman who plundered a marble 
temple of Juno, to finish the building of 
one which he had erected to Fortune. He 
was always unhappy after this sacrilege.— 
Li. 25, -2.— NOB1LIOR, SER. a Roman 
consul who went to Africa after the defeat 
of Regulus. After he had acquired much 
glory against the Carthagiuias, he was ship- 
wrecked at his return with 200 Roman 
ships. His grandson Marcus, was sent to 



Spain, where he greatly signalized himself* 
He was afterwards rewarded with the con- 
sulship. 

FUNDANUS, a lake near Fundi in Italv, 
which discharges itself into the Mediterra- 
nean.— Ta. Hist. 3, 69. 

FUNDI,' a town of Italy near Caieta, on 
the Appian road, at the bottom of a small 
deep bay called Lacus Fundanus.—Hor. I, 
S. 5, 34.— Li. 8, 14-4- 19. 1. 38, 36.— PI. 3, 
5.-^Ci. Rul. 2, 25.— Ta. An. 4, 59.— Str. 5. 

FURL*:, -the three daughters of Nox and 
Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, ac- 
cording to some.— Vide Eumenides. 

FURII, a family which migrated from 
Medullia in Latium, and came to settle at 
Rome under Romulus, and was admitted 
among the patricians. Camillus was of this 
family, and it was be who first raised it to 
distinction.— Plu. Ca. 

FURIA LEX de Testamentis, by C. Furius 
the tribune. It forbad any person to leave 
as a legacy more than a thousand asses, ex- 
cept to the relations of the master who 
manumitted, with a few more exceptions.— 
Ci. Ver. 42.— Li. 35. 

FUR1NA, the goddess of robbers, wor- 
shipped at Rome. Some say that she is the 
same as the Furies. Her festivals were cal- 
led Furinalia.-Ci. Nat. 3. 8.-Var. L. L. 5, 3. 

FURIUS, a military tribune with Camillus. 
He was sent against the Tuscans by Ids col- 
league. A Roman slave who obtained hi3 

freedom, and applied himself with unremit- 
ting attention to cultivate a small portion of 
land which he had purchased. The uncom- 
mon fruits which he reaped from his labours 
rendered his neighbours jealous of his pros- 
perity. He was accused before a Roman 
tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably ac- 
quitted. M. BIBACULUS, a Latin" poet 

of Cremona, who wrote annals in iambic 
verse, and was universally celebrated for the 
wit and humour of his expressions. It is 
said that Virgil imitated his poetry and even 
borrowed some of his lines. Horace, how- 
ever has not failed to ridicule his verses. — 
Qnintil. 8, c. 6, &c. — Hot. 2, S. 5, 40. 

FURN1US, a man accused of adultery with 
Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. — Ta. 

Hist. 4, 52. A friend of Horace, who was 

consul, and distinguished himself by his 
elegant historical writings.— ], S. 10, 36. 

FUSC US ARIST., a friend of Horace as 
conspicuous for the integrity and propriety 
of his manners, as for" his learning and 
abilities. The poet addressed his 22d O. L. 

I & l E. 10, to him. CORN, a pra?tor 

sent by Domitian against the Daei, where 
he perished. — Juv. 4, 112. 

FUSIA LEX de Comitiis, A.U.C. 527, 
forbad any business to be transacted at the 
public assemblies on certain days, though 

among the fasti. Another, A.U.C. 690, 

which ordained that the votes in a public 
assembly should be given separately.— 
CANINIA, another by Camillus cV C. Cani- 
nius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the ma- 
numission of slaves. 

FUS1US, a Roman orator.— Ci. 2. Or. 22. 
A Roman, killed in Gaul, while he pre- 
sided there over one of the provinces.— O*. 

2 A 2 



GAB - GAB 

Bel. G. 7, 3. A Roman actor, whom Ho- 
race ridicules. 2 S. 3, 60. He intoxicated 
himself ; and when on the stage he fell 
asleep whilst he personated Ilioue, where 
he ought to have been roused and moved by 
the cries of a ghost ; but in vain. 



G. 

GABALES, a people of Aquitain.-Pi.4, 19. 

GABAZA, a country of Asia, near Sogdi- 
ana.— Curt. 8, 4. 

GABELLUS, now La Secchia, a river 
falling in a northern direction into the Fo, 
opposite the Mincius.— PL 3, 16. 

GABENE & GABIENE, a country of 
Persia.— Di. 19. 

GAB1A & GAB1NA. Vide Gabina. 

GABIENUS, a friend of Augustus, be- 
headed by order of Sext. Pompey. It is 
maintained that he spoke after death. 

GAB1I, a city of the Voisci, built by the 
kings of Alba, but now no longer in exist- 
ence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus, 
the son of Tarquin, who gained the confi- 
dence of the inhabitants by deserting to 
them, and pretending that his father had 
ill treated him. Romulus and Remus were 
educated there, as it was the custom of that 
time to send there the young nobility, and 
.Juno was the chief deity of the place. The 
inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking 
up their dress, whence Gabinus cinctns.—r. 
/En. 6, 773, 1. 7, 612 & 682.— Li. 5, 46, k 6, 
29, 1. 8, 9, 1. 10, l.— Ov. F. 2, 709.— Plu. R. 

GABINA, the name of Juno, worshipped 
at Gabii.— V. Mn. 7, 682. 

GABINIA LEX, de Comitiis, by A. Ga- 
binius, the tribune, A. U.C. 614. It required 
that in the public assemblies for electing 
magistrates, the votes should be given by 

tablets, and not by viva voce. Another 

for convening daily the senate from the ca- 
lends of February to those of March. 

Another de Comitiis, which made it a capi- 
tal punishment to convene any clandestine 
assembly, agreeable to the old law of the 

twelve tables. Another de Militia, by A. 

Gabinius the tribune,A.U.C. 685. It granted 
Pompey the power of carrying on the war 
against the pirates during three years, and 
of obliging all kings, governors, and states, 
to supply him with all the necessaries he 
wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and 
in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 

stadia from the sea. Another de Usura, 

by Aul. Gabinius the tribune, A. U.C. 685. It 
ordained that no action should be granted for 
the recovery of any money borrowed upon 
small interest, to be lent upon larger. This 
was a usual practice at Rome, which ob- 
tained the name of versuram facere. 

Another, against fornication. 

GAB1NIANUS, a rhetorician, in the reign 
of Vespasian. 

GABINIUS, a Roman historian. AU- 

LIUS, a Roman consul, who made war in 
Judaea, and re-established tranquillity there, 
lie suffered himself to be bribed, and re- 
placed Ptolemy Auletes on the thrcne of 



GAD- GAL 
Egypt. He was accused, at his return, of 
receiving bribes. Cicero, at the request ol 
Pompey, ably defended him. He was ba 
nished, and died about 40 years before 
Christ, at Salona. A lieutenant of An- 
tony. A consul, who behaved with un- 
common rudeness to Cicero. 

GADES (ittm,)GADIS Cis,) & GADIRA, 
a small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish 
coast,25 miles from the columns of Hercules. 
It was sometimes called Tartessas and Ery- 
thia, according to Pliny, and is now known 
by the name of Cadiz. Geryon, whom Her- 
cules killed, fixed his residence there. Her- 
cules, surnamed Gaditanus, had there a cele- 
brated temple, in which all his labours were 
engraved with excellent workmanship. The 
inhabitants were called Gaditani, and their 
women were known for their agility of body 
and their incontinency.—Hor. 2, o. 2, 11. — 
St. 3. Sy. I, 183.—Z,i. 21, I. 24, 49. 1. 26, 43, 
— PL 4, vs.— Sir. 3.-CL G.—Ju. 44, 4.— Pa. 
1, 35.— Pto. 2, 4.— Pat. 1,2. 

GADITAMIS, a surname of Hercules, 
from Gades. Vide Gades. 

GiESATiE, a people on the Rhone, who 
assisted the Senones in taking and plunder- 
ing Rome under Brennus.— Str. 5. 

G^TULIA, a country of Li ya, near the 
Garamantes, which formed part of king Ma- 
sinissa's kingdom. The country was the 
favourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now 
calied Bildulgerid.—Sal. J.— Si. 3, 587.— 
PL 5, 4. 

GjETULICUS, Cn. Lentulus, an officer ir 
the age of Tiberius, 6iC—Ta. An. 4, 42. 

A poet who wrote some epigrams in 

which he displayed great genius, and more 
wit, though he often indulged in indelicate 
expressions. [Numidia. 

GALA, father of Masinissa, was king of 

GALABR1I, a nation near Thrace. 

GALACTOPHAGI, a people of Asiatic 
Scvthia.— H. II. 3. 

GALiESUS. Vide Galesus. 

GALANTH1S, a servant maid of Alcmena,, 
whose sagacity eased the labours of her mis- 
tress. When Juno resolved to retard tlte.. 
birth of Hercules, and hasten the labours of 
the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid 
of Lucina ; who immediately repaired to the 
house of Alcmena, and in the form of an 
old woman, sat near the door with her legs 
crossed and her ringers joined. In this pos- 
ture she uttered some magical words, which 
served to prolong the labours of Alcmena, 
and render her state the more miserable. 
Alcmena had already passed some days in 
the most excruciating torments, when Ga- 
lanthis began to suspect the jealousy oi 
Juno; and concluded that the old woman, 
who continued at the door always in the 
same unchanged posture, was the instrument 
of the anger of the goddess. With such 
suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, 
and with a countenance expressive of joy, 
she informed the old woman that her mis- 
tress had just brought forth. Lucina, at 
the words, rose from her posture, and that 
instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The 
uncommon laugh which Galanthis raised 
upon this, made Lucina suspect that she had 



2r>& 



GAL -GAL 



269 



GAL— GAL 



been received. Slie seized Galanthis by the 
hair, and tlirew lier on the ground ; and 
while she attempted to resist, she was 
changed into a vveaze!, and condemned to 
bring- forth her young in the most agonizing 
pains by the mouth, by which she had ut- 
tered falsehood. This transformation alludes 
to a vulgar notion among the ancients, who 
uelieved this of theweazel, because she car- 
ries her young in her mouth, and continually 
shifts from place to place. The Boeotians 
paid great veneration to the weazel, which, 
as thev supposed, facilitated the labours of 
Alcmena.— Ml. H. An. 2.-Ov. Me. 9, f. 6. 

G A LATA, a town of Syria. An island 

near Sicily. A town of Sicily. A moun- 
tain of Phocis. [Galatia. 

GALATi£,the inhabitants of Galatia. Vide 

GA LAI7EA &c GALATH/EA,a sea nymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was 
passionately beloved by the Cyclops Poly- 
phemus, whom she treated with coldness 
anddisdain ; while Acis,ashepherd of Sicily, 
enjoyed her unbounded affection. The 
happineess of these two lovers was disturbed 
by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed 
his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken 
rock, while he sat in the bosom of Galatyea. 
Galataea was inconsolable for the loss of 
Acis, and as she could not restore him to 
life, she changed him into a fountain.— Ov. 

Me. 13, 789. — V.Mn. 9, lu3. t he daughter 

of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were 

called Galal3e.-x4wt.l5" A country girl,&c. 

y % Ed. 3. 

GALATIA, or GALOGR^CIA, a country 
of Asia Minor, between Phrvgia,the Euxine", 
Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its 
name from the Gauls, who migrated there 
under Brennus, some time after the sacking 
of Rome.— Sir. 12.— Jit. 37, 4.— Li. 38, u, 
40.— Luc. 7, 540.— Ci. 6. At. 5.— PI. 5, 32.— 

Flo. 5, 4. The name of ancient Gaul 

among the Greeks. 

GALAXA, a festival, in which they boiled 
a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called 
G ataxia by the Greeks. 

GA LBA," a surname of the first of the Sul- 
picii, from the smallness of his stature. The 



of the excutioner, and was publkkly saluted 
emperor. When he was seated on the 
throne, he suffered himself to be governed 
by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods 
of the citizens to gratify their avarice. 
Exemptions were sold at a high price, and 
the crime of murder was blotted out, and 
impunity purchased, with a large sum of 
money. Such irregularities in theemperor's 
ministers, greatly displeased the people ; 
and when GJalba refused to pay the soldiers 
the money which he had promised them, 
when he was raised to the throne, they as- 
sassinated him in the 73rd year of his "age, 
and in the eighth of his reign, and pro- 
claimed Otho emperor in his room, January 
16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had 
shone so bright in Galba, when a private 
man, totally disappeared when he ascended 
the throne ; and he who showed himself the 
most impartial judge, forgot the duties of 
an emperor, and of a father of his people. 

—Sue. if Plu. vi. — Ta. A learned man, 

grandfather to the emperor of the same 
name.-SMc G. 4. SERG1US, a cele- 
brated orator before the age of Cicero. He 
showed his sons to the Roman people, and 
implored their protection, by which means 
lie saved himself from the punishment 
which either his guilt or the persuasive 
eloquence of his adversaries, M. Cato and 
L. Scribonius, urged as due to him.— Ci. 
Or. 1, 53.— Her. 4, 5. 

GALENUS CLAUDIUS, a celebrated phy- 
sician in the age of M. Antoninus and his 
successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an 
architect. He applied himself with unre- 
mitted labour to the study of philosophy, 
mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He 
visited the most learned seminaries of 
Greece and Egypt ; and at last came to 
Rome, where he rendered himself famous 
by his profession. Many, astonished at his 
cures, attributed them to magic, and said 
he had received all his knowledge from en- 
chantments. He was very intimate with 
Marcus Aurelius, the emperor, after whose 
death he returned to Pergamus, where he 
died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193. He wrote 



word signifies a small worm, or according I no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part 



, it implies, in the language of Gaul 
fatness, for which the founder of the Sul- 

pician family was remarkable. A kin^ 

among the Gauls, who made war against J 



of which were burnt in the temple of Peace 
at Rome, where they had been deposited. 
Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted 
to the writings of Hippocrates, for his me- 



CcE6ar.— C<2?s. B. G. 2, 4. A brother of i dical knowledge, and bestowed great en- 

the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c. comiums upon him. To the diligence, ap- 

A mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. I plication, and experiments of these two 

—Juv. 5, 4. SERVIUS, a lawyer at ! celebrated physicians, the moderns are in- 

Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers j debted for many useful discoveries; yet 
with great warmth, as being one of the j often their opinions are ill grounded, their 
fraternity. Horace ridicules him.— l S. 2, ! conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. 

41. SERVIUS SULPICIUS, a Roman j w hat remains of the works of Galen, has 

who rose gradually to the greatest offices \ been published, without a latin translation 



of the state, and exercised his power in the 
provinces with equity and unremitted dili- 
gence. He dedicated the greatest part of 
his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to 
avoid (he suspicions of Nero. His disap- 
probation of theemperor's oppressive coi 



in 5 vols. fol. Basil. 15^8. — Galen was 
likewise edited, together with Hippocrates, 
by Charterius, 13 vols. fol. Paris 1679, but 
very incorrect. 
GALEOLxE,certain prophets in Sicily.-Ci. 
GALERIA, one of the Roman tribes.- 



Diand in the provinces, was "the cause of 'The wife of Vitellius.— Cces. — Ta. hist. 2, 

new disturbances. Nero ordered him to be 60. FAUSTINA, the wife of the emperor 

put to death, but he escaped from the hands i Antoninus Pius. 



GAL-GAL 
GALERIUS, a native of Dacia, 



270 



GAL— GAL 



nijdt- 

eniiieror of Rome, by Diocletian.— Fide 
Maximianus. 

GALESUS, now Galeso, a river of Cala- 
bria flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The 
poets have celebrated it for the shady 
groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine 
sheep which feed on its fertile banks, and 
whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft 
when they bathed in the stream.— Mar. 2, 
e. 43. 1. \, e. 2X.—Virg. G. A, 126— Hor. 2, 

o. 6, 10. A rich person of Latium, killed 

as he attempted to make a reconciliation 
between the Trojans and Rutuiiaus, when 
Ascanius had killed the favourite stag of 
Tyrrheus ; which was the prelude to all the 
enmities between the hostile nations.— V. 
JEn. 7. 335. 

GALILiEA, a celebrated country of Syria, 
often mentioned in Scripture. 

GALINTHI ADIA, a festival at Thebes, 
in honour of Galinthias, a daughter of 
Prostus. It was celebrated before the festi- 
val of Hercules, by whose orders it was 
first instituted. 

GALLI, a nation of Europe, naturally 
fierce, and inclined to war. They were 
very superstitious, and in their sacrifices 
they often immolated human victims. In 
some places they had large statues made 
with twigs, which they filled with men, and 
reduced to ashes. They believed them- 
selves descended from Pluto ; and from 
that circumstance they always reckoned 
their time not bv the days, as other nations, 
but by the nights. Their obsequies were 
splendid, and not only the most precious 
things, but even slaves and oxen, were 
burnt on the funeral pile. Children, among 
them, never appeared in the presence of 
their fathers, before they were able to bear 
arms in the defence of their country.— Cces. 

b. G.—Str. A.—Ta. Viae Gallia." The 

priests of Cybele, who received that name 
from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where 
they celebrated the festivals. 'They muti- 
lated themselves, before they were admitted 
to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys, the 
favourite of Cybele. (Vide Atys.) The 
chief among them was called Archigallus, 
who in his dress resembled a woman, and 
carried, suspended to his neck, a large 
collar with two representations of the head 
of Atys.— Vide Corvbantes, Dactyli, &cc. 
Di. A.'-Ov. F. 4, 96,-Luc. I, A66..Ln.Dea S. 

GALLIA, a large country of Europe, 
called Galatia by the Greeks." The inhabi 
tants were called Galli, Celliberi, and Cel 
tuscytha, by themselves Celtce, by the Greeks 
Gnlat(E. Ancient Gaul was divided into four 
different parts by the Romans, called Gallia 
Beigica, Narbonensis, Aquitania,and Celtica. 
Gallia Belgica was the largest province, 
bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, 
and the German Ocean ; and contained the 
modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy, 
with part of the Low Countries, and of 
the Isle of France. Gallia Narbonensis, 
which contained the provinces now called 
Languedoc, Provence, Dauphine, and Sa- 
voy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyrenean 
mountains, by Aqui'tania, Belgium, and the 



-Mediterranean. Aquitania Gallia, now cal 
led the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Gui- 
enne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, 
Gascouy, Auvergne, &c, was situate be 
tween the Garumna, the Pyrenean moun= 
tains, and the ocean. Gailia Celtica, oi 
Lugdunensis, was bounded by Belgium, 
Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. 
It contained the country at present known 
by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche 
Comte, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of 
Normandy. Besides these great divisions, 
there is often mention made of Gallia Cis- 
alpina, or Citerior ; Transalpina or Ulterior, 
which refers to that part of Italy which 
was conquered by some of the Gauls who 
crossed the Alps. Bv Gallia Cisalpina, the 
Romans understood that part of Gaul which 
lies in Italy ; and by Transalpina, that 
which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only 
to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia Cispa- 
dana, and Transpadana, is applied to a 
part of Italy, conquered by some of the 
Gauls, and then it means the* country on this 
side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with re- 
spect to Rome. By Gallia Togata, the Ro- 
mans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the 
Roman gowns, toga, were usually worn, as 
the inhabitants had been admitted to the 
rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Nar- 
bonensis was called Braccata, on account 
of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants 
for their thighs. The epithet of Comata, is 
applied to Gallia Celtica, because the peo- 
ple suffered their hair to grow to an uncom- 
mon length. The inhabitants were great 
warriors ; and their valour overcame the 
Roman armies, took the cities of Rome, an 
invaded Greece, in different ages. The, 
spread themselves over the greatest part of 
the world. They were very superstitious 
in their religious ceremonies, and revered 
the sacerdotal order, as it they had been 
gods. \Vide Druidse.] They long main- 
tained a bloody war against the Romans ; 
and Csesar resided ten years in their couu- 
try before he could totally subdue them.— 
Cces. B. G.—Pa. 1, 6.—Sti: 5, Sec. 

GA LLICAN US MONS,a mountain of Cam- 
pania. 

GALLICUS AGER, was applied to the 
country between Picenum and Ariminum, 
whence the Galli Senonts were banished, 
and which were divided among the Roman 
citizens.— Li. 23, 14, 1. 39, 44.— Ci. C. 2.— 
Css. Ci. 1, 29. Sinus, a part of the Me- 
diterranean on the coast of Gaul, now 
called the Gulph of L>ons. 

GALLIENUS PUBL. LUCINIUS, a son of 
the emperor Valerian. He reigned con- 
jointly with his father for seven years, and 
ascended the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 
260. In his youth, he showed his activity 
and military character, in an expedition 
against the Germans and Sarmatae ; but 
when he came to the purple, he delivered 
himself up to pleasure and indolence. His 
time was spent in the greatest debauchery : 
and he indulged himself in the grossest aiid 
most lascivious manner, and his palace dis- 
played a scene, at once, of effeminacy and 
shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He 



GAL GAL 



271 



GAM - GAN 



often appeared with his hair powdered with 
golden dust; and enjoyed tranquillity at 
i>ome, while his provinces abroad were torn 
by civil quarrels and seditions. He heard 
or the loss of a rich province, and of the 
< xeciition of a malefactor, with the same 
indifference ; and when he was apprised 
that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, 
that he could live without the'produce of 
Egypt. He was of a disposition naturally 
inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. 
When his wife had been deceived by a jew- 
rller, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to 
be placed in the circus, in expectation of 
being - exposed to the ferocity of a lion. 
While the wretch trembled at the expecta- 
tion of instant death, the executioner, by 
order of the emperor, let loose a capon 
upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised 
upon this, and the emperor observed, that 
lie who had deceived others, should expect 
to be deceived himself. In the midst of 
these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was 
alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, 
who had assumed the imperial purple. 
This intelligence roused him from his le- 
thargy ; he marched against his antagonists, 
and put all the rebels to the sword, without 
showing the least favour either to rank, 
sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the 
people and the army ; emperors were elect- 
ed, and no less than thirty tyrants aspired 
to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved 
bo.dly to oppose his adversaries ; but in the 
midst of his preparations he was assassinated 
at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th 
\ear of his age, A.D. 268. 

GALLINAHIA SYLVA,a wood nearCumae 
in Italy, famous as being the retreat of rob- 
bers.— Juv. 3, 397. 

GALLL J OLIS, a fortified town of theSa- 
lentines, on the Ionian sea. 

GALLOGR.SC I A, a country of Asia Mi- 
nor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. 1 1 was 
inhabited by a "colony of Gauls, who assum- 
ed the name of Gallogrceci, because a num- 
ber of Greeks had accompanied them in 
their emigration.— Sir. 2. 

GALLON I US, C,. a Roman knight ap- 
pointed over Gades, &c. 

GALLONIUS, P., a luxurious Roman, 
who, as was observed, never dined well, be- 
cause he was never hungry.— Ci. Fin. 2, 8 
6c 28. 

GALLUS. Vide Alectryon. A g-eneral 

of Otho, &c. Pin.— A lieutenant ot Sylla. 

■ — —A n officer of M. Antony, &c. Cains, 

a friend of the great Africanus, famous for 
b.s knowledge of astronomy, and his exact 

calculation of eclipses.— Ci. Se. iELiUS, 

the 3rd governor of Egypt in the age of 
Augustus.— CORNELIUS, a Roman knight, 
who rendered himself famous by his poeti- 
cal, as weil as military talents. He was 
passionately fond of the slave Lycoris or 
Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his 
poetry. She proved ungrateful, and for- 
sook "him to follow M. Antony, which gave 
occasion to Virgil to writehis tenth eclogue. 
Callus, as well as other poets of his age, 
was in the favour of Augustus, by whom he 
was appointed over Egypt. He became for- 



getful of the favours he received; he pil- 
laged the province, and even conspired 
against his benefactor, according to some 
accounts, for which he was banished by the 
emperor. This disgrace operated so power- 
fully upon him, that he killed himself in 
despair, A.D. 26. Some few fragments re- 
main of his poetry, and it seems that he 
particulary excelled in elegiac composition. 
It is said, that Virgil wrote an eulogium on 
his poetical friend, and inserted it at the 
end of his Georgics ; but that he totally 
suppressed it, for lear of offending his im- 
perial patron, of whose favours Gallus had 
shown himself so undeserving, and instead 
of that he substituted the beautiful episode 
about Aristaeus and Eurydice. This eulo- 
gium, according to some, was suppressed at 
the particular desire of Augustus.— Quin. 
10, c. 8. — V. Eel. 6 & 10.— Ov. A. 3, e. 15, 
29. VIBIUS GALLUS, a celebrated ora- 
tor of Gaul in the a^e of Augustus, of whose 
orations Seneca has preserved some frag- 
ments. A Roman who assassinated De- 

cius, the emperor, and raised himself to the 
throne. He showed himself indolent and 
cruel, and beheld with the greatest indiffer- 
ence the revolt of his provinces, and the in- 
vasion of his empire by the barbarians. 
He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, 

A.D. 253. FLAV1US CLAUDIUS CON- 

STANTINUS, a brother of the emperor 
Julian, raised to the imperial throne under 
the title of Caesar, by Constantinus, his re- 
lation. He conspired against his benefac- 
tor, and was publickly condemned to be be- 
headed, A.D. 354. A small river of Phry- 

gia, whose waters were said to be very 
efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing 
madness.— PI. 32, 2.— Or. F. 4, 361. 

GAiWAXUS, an Indian prince, brought in 
chains before Alexander for revolting. 

GAM ELI A, a surname of Juno, as Game- 
lius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre- 
siding over marriages. A festival pri- 
vately observed at three different times. 
The first was a celebration of a marriage, 
the second was in commemoration of a birth- 
day, and the third was an anniversary of the 
death of a per?on. As it was observed 
generally on the 1st of January, marriages on 
that day were considered as of a good omen 
and the month was called Gamelion among 
the Athenians.— Ci. Fin. 2, 31. 
GANDARITiE, an Indian nation. 
GANGAMA,a place near the PalusMaeotis. 
GANGARI DIE, a people near the mouths 
of the Ganges. They were so powerful lhat 
Alexander did not dare to attack them. 
Some attributed this to the weariness and 
indolence of his troops. They were placed 
bv Vaier. Flaccus among the deserts ofScv- 
thia Ju. 12, a.— -Curt. 9, l.—V.Mn. 3, 27.— 
Fiat. 6, 67. 

GANGES, a large river of India, falling 
into the Indian ocean, said by Lttcan to be 
the boundary of Alexander's victories in tin- 
east. It inundates the adjacent country in 
the summer. Like other rivers, it was held 
in the greatest veneration b\ the inhabitants, 
and this superstition is said to exist still in 
some particular instances. The Gauge* is 



GAN— GAR 



272 



GAS— GEL 



now discovered to rise in the moun- 
tains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 2000 
miles before it reaches the sea, receiving 1 in 
its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of 
which are superior to the Thames, and often 
equal to the great bodv of the waters of the 
Rhme.-Luc.S t 23Q.-Str.5.-Pl. 6, 87.-C«rt.8,9. 
— 3, c. l.— V. Mn. 9, 31. 

GANNASCOS, an ally of Rome, put to 
death bv Corbulo, the Roman general, &c 
— Ta. An. 11, 18. 

GANYMEDE, a goddess, better known by 
the name of Hebe. She was worshipped 
under this name in a temple at Phlius in Pe- 
loponnesus. — Pa. 2, 13. 

GAN YM EDES, a beautiful youth of Phry- 
gia, sou of Tros, and brother to llus and 
Assaracus. According to Lucian, he was 
son of Dardanus. He was taken by Jupiter 
as he was hunting, or rather tending his 
father's flocks on mount Ida, and he became 
the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of 
Hebe. Some say that he was carried away 
by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and un- 
natural desires of Jupiter. He is generally 
represented as sitting on the back of a flying 
eavrle in the air. -Pa. 5, 24.— H. II. 20,231. 
-V.sEn 5, 252.— Ov.Me. 10, 155.— Hor. 4, 0.4. 

GAR/ETICUM, a town of Africa. 

GARA MANTES, (Gammas,) a people in 
(he interior parts of Africa, now called the 
eserts of Zaara. They lived in common, 
and acknowledged as their own only such 
children as resembled them, and scarce 
clothed themselves, on accountof the warmth 
of thtir climate.— V. Bin. 4, 198, 1. 6, 795.— 
Z,wc.4,334.-S£r.2.-P/.5,S.-Si.//.l, 142,1. 11 181. 

GARAMANT1S, a nymph who became 
mother of Tarbas, Phileus,and Pilumnus, by 
Jupiter. — V. Bin. 4, lwS. 

GARA.MAS, a king of Libya, whose 
daughter was mother of Amnion, by Jupiter. 

GARATAS, a river of Arcadia, near 
Tegea, on the banks of which Pan had a 
temple.— Pa. 8, 44. 

GAREAT^E, a people of A rcadia. -Pa. S, 45 

GAREATHYRA, a town of Cappadocia 
— Str. 12. 

GARGANUS, now St. Angelo, a lofty 
mountain of Apulia, which advances in the 
form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. 
— V. Bin. II, 257.— Luc. 5 , 880. 

G A iGAPHIA, a valley near Plataea, with 
a fountain of the same name, where Actaeon 
was torn to pieces bv hi- dogs.-Ov.Me. 3, 156. 

GARGARIS, a king of the Curetes, who 
first found the manner of collecting honey. 
He had a son by his daughter, whom he at- 
tempted in vain to destroy. He made him 
his successor.— Jit. 44. 

GARGARUS, (plur. a, orwm,) a town and 
mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous 
for its fertility.— Virg. G. 1, 103.— Mac. 5, 
c. 20.— Sir. 13.— PI. 5, 30. 

GARGETTUS, a village of Attica, the 
birth place of Epicurus.— Ci. Fam. 15, e. 16. 

GARGILIUS MARTIALIS. an historian. 
A celebrated hunter.— Hor. 1, e. 6, 57. 

GARGITTI US,a dog which kept Geryon's 
docks. He was killed by Hercules. 

GARITES, a people of Aqnjtain, in Gaul. 

GARUMNA, a river of Gaul, now called 



Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean moun 
tains, and separating Gallia Celtica from 
Aquitania. It falls into the bay of Biscay, 
and lias, by the persevering labo'urs of Loins 

IV. , a communication with the Mediterra- 
nean by the canal ot Languedoc, carried 
upwards of iOO miles through hills and 
over valleys.— Me. 3, 2. [Poly. 2. 

GASTRON, a generator" Lacedaemon. Sec. 

GATHE/E, a town of Arcadia. — Pa. 6,34. 

GATHEATAS, a river of Arcadia.-Zrf./i. 

G.ALG AMELA, a village near Abtla be- 
yond the Tigris, where Alexander obtained 
his third victory over Darius.— Curt. 4. 9. — 
Sir. 2 & 16. 

GAULUS & GALLEON, an island in the 
Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It pro- 
duces no venomous creatines. — PL 3, 8. 

GAURUS, a mountain of Campania, fa- 
mous for its wines.— Luc. 2, 667.— Si. 12, 
160.— Sta. 3, Sy. 5, 99. 

GAUS &c GAOS, a man who followed the 
interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he re- 
volted, and by whom he was put to death. 

-m. 15. 

GAZA, a famous town of Palestine, once 
well fortified, as being the frontier place on 
the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it 
after a siege of two months. — Di. rj. 

GEBENNA, a town and mountainof Gaul. 
—Luc. 1, 435. 

GEDROSIA, a barren province of Persia, 
near India.— Str. 2. 

GEGANII, a family of Alba, part of which 
migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One 
of the daughters called Gegania was the 
firstof the vestals created by Numa.-Pi/t. N. 

GELA, a town on the southern parts of 
Sicily, about 10 miles from the sea, accord- 
ing to Ptolemy, which received its name 
from a small river in the neighbourhood, 
called Getas. It was built by a Pvhodian 
and Cretan colony, 713 years before the 
Christian era. After it had continued in 
existence 404 years, Phintias,tyrant of Agri- 
gentum, carried the inhabitants to Phint 'ws, 
a town in the neighbourhood, which he 
had founded, and he employed the stones 
of Gela to beautify his own city. Pnintias 
was also called Gela. The' inhabitants 
were called Gelenses, Geloi, and Gelani.— 

V. Bin. 3. 

GELANOR, a king of Argos, who suc- 
ceeded his father, and was deprived of his 
kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian.— Pa. 2, 
16. Vide Danaus. 

GELLIA CORNELTA LEX, de Civilate, 
L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentulus, A.U.C. 
6:1. It enacted, that all those who had 
been presented with the privilege of citizens 
of Rome by Pompey, should remain in the 
possession of that liberty. 

GELLIAS, a native of'Arigentum, famous 
for his munificence and his hospitality. — 
Diod. 13.— Fa. 37a. 4, 8. 

GELLIUS, a censor, Sec— Phi. Pom. 

A consul who defeated a party of Germans, 
in the interest of Spartaeus.— Plu. 

•GELLIUS AULUS, a Roman grammarian 
in the age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A.D. 
He published a work which he called Nortes 
Attica:, because he composed it at Athens 



GEL — GEN 273 



GEN— GER 



during the long nights of the winter. It is 
a collection of incongruous matter, which 
contains many fragments from the ancient 
writers, and often serves to explain an- 
tique monuments. It was originally com- 
posed for the improvement of his children, 
and abounds with many grammatical re- 
marks. The best editions of A. Gellius are, 
that of Gronovius, 4to, L. Bat. 1706, and 
that of Conrad, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1762. 

GELO & GELON, a son of Dinomenes, 
who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 
years before the Christian era. He con- 
quered the Carthaginians at Himera, and 
made his oppression popular by his great 
equity and moderation. Be reigned seven 
years, and his death was universally la- 
mented at Syracuse. He was called the fa- 
ther of his people, and the patron of liberty, 
and honoured as a demi-god. His brother 
Hiero succeeded him.— Pa. 8, 42.— Her. 7, 

153, 6cc.—Di. II. A man who attempted 

to poison Pyrrhus. A governor of Boeotia. 

A son of Hiero the younger —Pa. 6, 9. 

A general of Phocis, destroyed with 

his troops by the Thessalians.— Pa. lo. 

GELOl, the inhabitants of Gela.— V. Mn. 

3, 701. 

GELONES & GELON T, a people of Scy- 
thia, inured from their youlh to labour and 
fatigue. They painted themselves to appear 
more terrible in battle. They were des- 
cended from Gelonus, a son of Hercules.— 
Virg. G. 2, 15. JEn. 8, 725.— Me, 1, 1.— 
Claud. Ru. 1, 315. 

GELOS, a port of Caria.— Me. 1, 16. 

GEMINI, a sign of the zodiac which re- 
presents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons 
of Leda. 

GEMINIUS, a Roman, who acquainted 
M. Antony with the situation of his affairs 

at Rome, &c. An inveterate enemy of 

Marius. He seized the person of Marius, 
and carried him to Minturnae.— Plu. Ma. 
A friend of Pompey, from whom he re- 
ceived a favourite mistress called Flora,— 
Plu. 

GEMINUS, an astronomer and mathema- 
tician of Rhodes, B.C. 77- 

GEMONI/E, a place of Rome where the 
carcasses of criminals were thrown.— Sue. 
T. 53 & 61.— Ta. Hist. 3, 74. 

SEN A BUM, a town of Gaul, now Orleans, 
on the Loire. —C<es. B. C. 7, 3.— Luc. 1, 440. 

GENAUNI, a people of Vindelicia.— Hor. 

4, O. 14, 10. 

GENEVA, an ancient, populous, and well 
fortified city in the country of the Allo- 
bro<reson the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. 

GENISUS, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
Argonauts, &c— Flac. 3, 45. 

GENIUS, a spirit, or demon, which, ac- 
cording to the ancients, presided over the 
birth and life of every man.— Vide Daemon. 

GENSERIC, a famous Vandal prince, who 
passed from Spain to Africa, where he took 
('arthage. He laid the foundation of the 
Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the course 
of his military expeditions, invaded Italy, 
and sacked Rome in July 455. 

GENTIUS, a king of "lllyricum, who im- 
prisoned the Roman ambassadors at the re- 



quest of Perseus king of Macedonia. This 
offence was highly resented by the Romans, 
and Gentius was conquered by Aniciusand 
led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169.— 
Li. 43, 19, inc. 

GENUA, now Genoa, a celebrated town 
of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It 
was rebuilt by the Romans.— Li. 21, 32, 1. 
2fi, 46, I. 30, 1. 

GENUCIUS, a tribune of the people. 

A consul. 

GENUSUS, now Semno, a river of Mace- 
donia, falling into the Adriatic above Apol- 
lonia.— Luc. 5, 462. 

GENUTIA LEX, de magistratibus, bv L. 
Genutius the tribune, A.U.C. 411. It or- 
dained that no person should exercise the 
same magistracy within ten years, or be in- 
vested with two offices in one year. 

GEORGICA, a poem of Virgil in four 
books. The first treats of ploughing the 
ground ; the second of sowing it ; the third 
speaks of the management of cattle, &c. ; 
and in the fourth, the poet gives an account 
of bees, and of the manner of keeping them 
among the Romans. The word is derived 
from gea terra, ergon opus, because it par- 
ticularly treats of husbandry. The work is 
dedicated to Maecenas the great patron of 
poetry in the age of Virgil. The author 
was seven years in writing^and polishing it 
and in that composition he shewed hovy 
much he excelled all other writers. He 
imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly 
on the same subject, called Opera <$- Dies. 

GEORG1US, PISIDA. Vide Pisida. 

GEPHYRA, one of the cities of the Se- 
leucidge in Syria.— Sir. 9. 

GEPHYR&I, a people of Phoenicia, who 
passed with Cadmus into Boeotia, and from 
thence into Attica.— Her. 5, 57. 

GERjESTUS, a port of Eubaa.— Li. 31,45. 

GERANIA, a mountain between Megara 
and Corinth. 

GERANTHRjE,atownofLaconia.Pff.3,2. 

GERESTICUS, a harbour of Teios in 
Ionia.— Li. 37, 27. 

GERG1THUM, a town near Cumse in 
jEoIia.— PI. 5, 30. 

GERGOBlA,a town of Gaul. CeBS.B.G.7,9. 

GERION, an ancient augur. 

GERMAN I A, an extensive country of 
Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants 
were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and 
always proved a watchful enemy against 
the Romans. Caesar first entered their coun- 
try, but he rather checked their fury than 
conquered them. His example was follow- 
ed by his imperial successors or their gene- 
rals, who sometimes entered the country to 
chastise the insolence of the inhabitants. 
The ancient Germans were very supersti- 
tious, and, in many instances, their religion 
was the same as that of their neighbours, 
the Gauls ; whence some have concluded 
that these two nations were of tin; same 
origin. They paid uncommon respect to 
their women, who, as they believed, wen* 
endowed with something more than human. 
They built no temples to their gods, and 
paid great attention to the heroes and war- 
riors whom their country had produced. 



GER — GER 

Their rude institutions gradually gave rise 
to the laws and manners which still prevail 
in the countries of Europe, which their 
arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in 
whose age even letters were unknown among 
them, observed their customs with nicety, 
and has delineated them with the genius bt' 
an historian, and the reflection of a philo- 
sopher.— Ta. M. G.—Me. 1, 3, 1. 3, 3.— Cess. 
B. G.—Str. 4. 

GERMANICUS CiESAR, a son of Drusua 
and Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He 
was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and 
raised to the most important offices of the 
state. When his grandfather Augustus died, 
he was employed in a war in Germany, and 
the affection of the soldiers unanimously sa- 
luted him emperor. He refused the" un- 
seasonable honour, and appeased the tumult 
which his indifference occasioned. He con- 
tinued his wars in Germany, and defeated 
the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded 
with a triumph at his return to Rome. Ti- 
berius declared him emperor of the east, and 
sent him to appease the seditions of the Ar- 
menians. But the success of Germanicus 
in tiie east was soon looked upon with an 
envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was 
meditated". He was secretly poisoned at 
Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A. D. 19, in 
the 34th year of his asre. The news of his 
death was received with the greatest grief, 
and the most bitter lamentations, and Ti- 
berius seemed to be the only one who re- 
joiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had 
married Agrippina, by whom he had nine 
children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced 
the name of his illustrious father. Germa- 
nicus has been commended, not only for his 
military accomplishments, but also for his 
learning, humanity, and extensive benevo- 
lence. In the midst of war, hedevoted some 
moments to study, and he favoured the world 
with two Greek'comedies, some epigrams, 
and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse. 

— Sue. This name was common in the 

age of the emperors, riot only to those who 
had obtained victories over 'the Germans, 
hut even to those who had entered the bor- 
ders of their country at the head of an army. 
Douiitian applied tiie name of Germanicus, 
which he himself had vainly assumed, to 
the month of September in honourof himself. 
—Sue. Do. \3.~Mart. 9, e. 2, 4. 

GERM ANT I,apeople of Persia.-i7er. 1 1,25. 

GERRHiE, a people of Scythia, in whose 
countrv the Borysthenes rises. The kings 
of Scythia were generally buried in their 
territories. — Id. 4, 71. [Id. 4, 56. 

GERUS & GERRHUS, a river of Scvthia. 

GERONTHR/E, a town of Laconia, where 
a yearly festival, called Geronthrcea, was 
observed in honour of Mars. The god had 
there a temple, with a grove, into which no 
woman was permitted to enter, during the 
time of the solemnity.— Pa. La. 

GERYON & GERYONES, a celebrated 
monster, born from the union of Chry^aor 
witii Callirhoe, and represented by t'.,e 
poets as having three bodies and three heads. 
He lived in the island of Gades, where lie 
kept numerous flocks, which were guarded 



GES — GIG 

by a two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by 
Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eury- 
stheus,went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, 
Orthos and Eurythion, and carried away all 
his flocks and herds to Tirvnthus.— Hes.Th. 
JS7.-F. S.n.1, 661, 1. 8, 202.— It. 1, 277. 
Apol. 2.— Lucr. 5, 28. [Pitt. Ma. 

GESSAT.-E, a people of Gallia Tojrata.— 

GESSORIACUM, a town of Gaul, now 
Boulogne in Picardy. 

GESSUS, a river of Ionia. 

GETA, a man who raised seditions at 
Rome in Nero's reign, kc.—Ta. Hist. 2, 72. 

SEPTI?J1US, a son of the emperor Se- 

verus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth 
year of his age he was moved with coiripas- 
sion at the fate of some of the partizans of 
Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered 
to be executed ; and his father, struck with 
his humanity, retracted his sentence. After 
his father's death he reigned at Rome, con- 
jointly with his brother ; but Caracalla, who 
envied his virtues, and was jealous of his 
popularity, ordered him to be poisoned ; and 
when this could not be effected, he murdered 
him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, 
in the attempt of defending the fatal blows 
from his body, received a wound in her arm, 
from the hand of her son, the 26th of March, 
A. D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23d 
year of his age, and the Romans had reason 
to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, 
whilst they groaned under the cruelties and 
oppression of Caracalla. 

GETiE, (Getes, sing.) a people of Euro- 
pean Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who 
was banished in their country, describes 
them as a savage and warlike nation. The 
word Geticus is frequently used for Thra- 
cian.— Ov. Pon. Tr. 5, e. III.— Sir. 7.— St. 2. 
— Sy. 2, 61,1. 3,f. 1, 17.— Luc. 2,54,1.3,95. 

GETULIA. FirfeGsetulia. 

GIGANTES, the sons of Ccelus and Terra, 
who, according to Hesiod, sprang frum the 
blood of the wound which Ccelus received 
from his son Saturn ; whilst Hyginus calls 
them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are 
represented as men of uncommon stature, 
with strength proportioned to their gigantic 
size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, 
and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and 
serpents instead of lejrs. They were of a 
terrible aspect, their hair hung loose about 
their shoulders, and their beard was suffered 
to grow untouched. Pallene and its neigh- 
bourhood was the place of their residence. 
The defeat of the Titans, with whom they 
are often ignorantly confounded, and to 
whom they were nearly related, incensed 
them ag-ainst Jupiter, and they all conspired 
to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, 
and called all the deities to assist him against 
a powerful enemy, who made use of rocks, 
oaks, and burning woods for their weapons, 
and who had already heaped mount Ossa 
upon Pelion, to scale with more facility the 
walls of heaven. At the sight of such dread- 
ful adversaries, the gods fled with the 
greatest consternation into Egypt, where 
they assumed the shape of different animals 
to screen themselves from their pursuers. 
Jupiter, however, remembered that they 



274 



GIG-GLa 



were not invincible, provided lie called a 
mortal to his assistance ; and by the advice 
of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his 
cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, 
the giants were soon put to flight and de- 
feated. Some were crushed to pieces under 
mountains, or buried in the sea ; and others 
were dead alive, or beaten to death with 
clubs. {Vide Enceladtis, Aloides, Porphy- 
rin, Typhon, Olus, Titanes, &c.) The ex- 
istence of giants has been supported by all 
the writers of antiquity, and received as an 
undeniable truth. Homer tells us, that 
Tityus, when extended on the ground, 
covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus 
eat two of the companions of Ulysses at 
once, and walked along the shores or" Sicily, 
leaning on a staff which might have served 
for the mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, 
during the Trojan war, andTurnus in Italy, 
attacked their enemies by throwing stones, 
which four men of the succeeding ages would 
have been unable to move. Plutarch also 
mentions in support of the gigantic stature, 
that Sertorius opened the grave of Antaeus 
in Africa, and found a skeleton which mea- 
sured six cubits in length.— Apol. 1, 6.— 
Pa. 8, 2, Src.—Ov. Me. 1, 151.— Pin. S.— 
Hyp. fa. 28, Src.—H. Od. 7& 10.— Vug. G. 
1, 230.— jEu. 6, 580. 

G1GARTUM, a town of Phoenicia. 

GIGIS, one of the female attendants of 
Parvsatis, who was privy to the poisoning 
of Statira.— Plu. Art. 

G1LDO, a governor of Africa, in the 
rei-rn of Arcadius. He died A. D. 398. 

GILLO, an infamous adulterer, in Juve- 
nal's age.— Juv. 1, 40. 

GINDANES, a people of Libya, who fed 
on the leaves of the lotus.— Her. 4, 176. 

GIN DES, a river of Albania, flowing into 
the Cyrus. — Another of Mesopotamia.-- Ti&. 



%7h GLA— GLA 

slaves in cool blood. In succeding ages, it 
was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to 



4, e. 1 



41. 



GINGE. Vide Gigis. 
GINGUNUM, a mountain of Umbria. 
GIPpIUS, a Roman who pretended to 
sleep, that his wife might indulge her adulter- 
ous propensities, ike. 

GlSCO,son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian 
general, was banished from his countrv by 
the influence of his enemies. He was after- 
wards recalled, and empowered by the 
Carthaginians to punish in what manner 
he pleased, those who had occasioned his 
banishment. He wa.s satisfied to see them 
prostrate on the ground and to place his 
root on their neck, shewing that indepen- 
dence and forgiveness are two of the most 
brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was 
made a general soon after, in Sicily, against 
the Corinthians, about 309 years before the 
Christian era; and by his success and in- 
trepidity, he obliged the enemies of his 
countrv to sue for peace. 

GLADIATORII LUDI, combats origi- 
nally exhibited on the grave of deceased 
persons at Rome. They were first intro- 
duced at Rome by the" Bruti, upon the 
death of their father, A. U. C. 488. It was 
supposed that the ghosts of the dead were 
rendered propitious by human blood ; there- 
fore at funerals, it "was usual to murder 



kill one another like men, than to s 

them like brutes, therefore the barbarity 
was covered by the specious show of plea- 
sure, and voluntary combat. Originally, 
captives, criminals, or disobedient slaves, 
were trained up for combat ; but when the 
diversion became more frequent, and was 
exhibited on the smallest occasion, to pro- 
cure esteem and popularity, many of the 
Roman citizens enlisted themselves among 
the gladiators, and Nero at one show exhi- 
bited no Jess than 400 senators and 600 
knights. The people were treated with 
these combats not only by the great and 
opulent, but the very priests had their Ludi 
pontificates, and Ludi sacerdotales. It is 
supposed that there were no more than 
three pair of gladiators exhibited by the 
Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased 
with the luxury and power of the city; and 
the gladiators" became so formidable, that 
Spartacus, one of their body, had courage 
to take up arms, and the success to defeat 
the Roman armies, only with a train of his 
fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the 
Romans were sensible of the dangers which 
threatened the state, by keeping such a 
number of desperate men in arms, and 
therefore many salutary laws were proposed 
to limit their number, as well as to settle 
the time in which the show could be exhi- 
bited with safety and convenience. Under 
the emperors, not only senators and knights, 
but even women engaged among the gladi 
ators, and seemed te> forget the inferiority 
of their sex. When there were to be any 
shows, hand-bills were circulated to give 
notice to the people, and to mention the 
place, number, time, and every circum- 
stance requisite to be known. When they 
were first brought upon the arena, they 
walked round the place with great pomp 
and solemnity, and after that they were 
matched in equal pairs with great nicety, 
they first had a skirmish with "wooden files, 
called rndes or arma lusoria. After this 
the effective weapons, such as swords, dag- 
gers,&c. called arma decretoria, were given 
them, and the signal for the engagement 
was given by the sound of a trumpet. As 
they had all sworn to fight till death, or 
suffer death in the most excruciating tor- 
ments, the fight was bloody and obstinate, 
and when one signified hi* submission by- 
surrendering his arms, the victor was not 
permitted to grant him his life without the 
leave and approbation of the multitude. 
This was done by clenching the fingers of 
both hands between each other, and hold- 
ing the thumbs upright close together, or 
by bending back their thumbs. The first of 
these was called policem premere, and sig- 
nified the wish of the people to spare the 
life of the conquered. The other sign, 
called pollicem vertere, signified their dis- 
approbation, and ordered the victor to put 
his antagonist to death. The victor was 
generally rewarded with a palm, and other 
expressive marks of the people's favour. 
He was most commonly presented with a 



GLA — GLA 



275 



GLA— GLA 



pilens and rudis. When one of the com- 
batants received a remarkable wound, the 
pea pie exclaimed habet, and expressed their 
exnltation by shouts. The combats of" gla- 
diators were" sometimes different either in 
weapons or dress, whence they were gene- 
rally distinguished into the following orders: 
The " secutores were armed with a sword and 
buckler, to keep off the net of their antago- 
nists, the retiarii. These last endeavoured 
to throw their net over the head of their an- 
tagonist, and in that manner to entangle 
him, and prevent him from striking. If this 
did not succeed, they betook themselves to 
flight. Their dress was a short coat, with 
a hat tied under the chin with a broad rib- 
bon. They wore a trident in their left hand. 
The ThreceSf originally Thracians, were 
armed with a falchion,' and small round 
shield. The myrmillones, called also Galli, 
from their Gallic dress, were much the same 
as the secutores. They were, like them, 
armed with a sword, and on the top of the 
head-piece, they wore the figure of a fish, 
embossed, called mormnros, whence their 
name. The Hoplomachi, were completely 
armed from head to foot, as their name im- 
plies. The Samnites, armed after the man- 
ner of the Samnites, wore a large shield 
broad at the lop, and growing more narrow 
;it the bottom, more conveniently to defend 
the upper parts of the body. The Essedarii, 
generally fought from the essedum, or 
chariot used by the ancient Gauls and Brit- 
tons. The andabatce, anabatai, fought on 
horseback, with a helmet that covered and 
defended their faces and eyes. Hence anda- 
hatarum more pugnart, is to fight blind- 
folded. The meridiani, engaged in the 
afternoon. The postulatith, were men of 
great skill and experience, and such as were 
generally produced by the emperors. The 
^scales were maintained out of the emperor's 
treasury, Jiscus. The dimach&ri, fought 
with two swords in their hands, whence 
their name. After these cruel exhibitions 
had been continued for the amusement of 
the Roman populace, they were abolished 
by Constantine the Great, near 600 years 
after their first institution. They were, 
however, revived under the reign'of Con- 
stant! us and his two successors,'but Hono- 
rius for ever put an end to these cruel bar- 
barities. 

GLAN1S, a river of Cumae. Of Iberia. 

Of Hal v.— It. 8, 454. 

GLANUM, a town of Gaul, now St. Romi, 
in Provence. 

GLAPHYRE & GLAPHYRA, a daughter 
of Archelaus, the high priest of Bellonain 
Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and 
intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of 
Cappadocia for her two sons from M. An- 
tony, whom she corrupted by defiling the 
bed' of her husband. This amour of Antony 
with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife 
Fulvia, who wished Augustus to revenge 
his infidelity, by receiving from her the 
same favours which Glaphyra received from 

Antony. Her grand-daughter bore the 

same name. She was a daughter of Arche- 
laus king of Cappadocia, and married Alex- 



ander, a son of Herod, by whom she had 
two sons. After the death of Alexander, 
she married her brother-in-law Archelaus. 

GLAPHYRUS, a famous adulterer.— Juv. 
6, 77. 

GLAUCE, the wife of Actaeus, daughter 

of Cychra;us.— Apol. A daughter of Cre- 

theus, mother of Telamon. One of the 

Nereides. A daughter of Creon, who 

married Jason. Vide Creusa. One of 

the Danaides. — Apol. 

GLAUCIA, a surname of the Servilian 
familv.— Ci. Or. 3. 

GLAUCIPPE, one of the Danaides.— 
Apol. 

GLAUCFPPUS, a Greek who wrote a 
treatise concerning the sacred rites observed 
at Athens. 

GLAUCON, a writer of dialogues at 
Athens. — Diog. m vi. 

GLAUCON OME, one of the Nereides. 

GLAUCOPIS.a surname of Minerva, from 
the blueness of her eyes. — Hom.~Hes. 

GLAUCUS, a son of Hippolochus, the 
son of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in 
the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to 
exchange his golden suit of armour with 
Diomedes for for an iron one, whence came 
the proverb of Glauci et Diomedes perynu- 
tatio, to express a foolish purchase. He be- 
haved with much courage, and was killed 
by A jax.— V. Mn. 6, 463.— Mart. 9, e. 96 

H. II. 6. A fisherman of Anthedon in 

Boeotia, son of Neptune and Nais, or, ac- 
cording to others, of Poly bins the son cf 
Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed 
that all" the fishes which he laid on the grass 
received fresh vigour as they touched the 
ground, and immediately escaped from him 
by escaping into the sea. He attributed the 
cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, 
he found himself suddenly seized with a de- 
sire of living in the sea. Upon this he 
leaped into the water, and was made a sea 
deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the request 
of the gods. After this transformation he 
became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, 
whose ingratitude was severely punished bv 
Circe. \Vide Scylla.] He is* represented 
like the other sea' deities with a long beard, 
dishevelled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and 
with the tail of a fish. He rece'ived the gift 
of prophecy from Apollo, and according to 
some accounts he was the interpreter of 
Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their 
expedition, and foretold them that Hercules, 
and the two sons of Leda, would one day 
receive immortal honours. The fable of 
his metamorphosis has been explained by- 
some authors, who observe that he was an 
excellent diver, who was devoured by fishes 
as he was swimming in the sea.— Or. Me. 
13, 905, &c — Byg/fa. m.—Ath. 7.— Apol. 

I. —JOi. 4.—Arist. R. D.—Pa. 9, 22. A 

son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope 
the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia, a vil- 
lage of Boeotia. He prevented his mares 
from having any commerce with the stal- 
lions, in the ex'pectation that they would 
become swifter in running, upon which Ve- 
nus inspired the mares with such fury, that 
they tore his body to piecps as he returned 



GLA-GLA 



277 



GLI— GOR 



from the games which Adrastus harl cele- 
brated in honour ot his father. He was 
buried at Potnia.— Hyg. fa. 250.— Virg. G. 
3, 367.— Apol. 1 & 2.— — A son of Minos 11. 
and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a 
cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his 
fate, consulted the oracle to know where 
he was, and received for answer, that the 
soothsayer who best described him an ox, 
which was of three different colours among 
his flocks, would best give him intelligence 
of his son's situation. Polyidus was found 
superior to all the other "soothsayers, and 
was commanded by the King to find the 
young prince. When he had found him, 
Minos confined him with the dead body, 
and told him that he never would restore 
his liberty, if he did not restore him to life. 
Polyidus was struck with the king's severity, 
but while he stood in astonishment, a ser- 
pent suddenly came towards the body and 
touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and 
immediately a second came, who seeing 
the other without motion or signs of 
life, disappeared, and soon after returned 
wiih a certain herb in his mouth. This 
herb he laid on the body of the dead ser- 
pent, which was immediately restored to 
life. Polyidus, who had attentively consi- 
dered what passed, seized the herb, and 
with it he rubbed the body of the dead 
prince, who was instantly raised to life. 
Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but 
he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, 
before he taught his son the art of divina- 
tion and prophecy. He consented with 
great reluctance, and when he was at last 
permitted to return to Argolis, his native 
country, he desired his pupil to spit in his 
mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and 
from that moment he forgot all the know- 
ledge of divination and healing, which he 
had received from the instructions of Polyi- 
dus. Hyginus ascribed the recovery of Glau- 
cus to iEsculapiiis. —Apol. 2, 3.— "Hyg. 136 
& 251, &c. A son of Epytus, who suc- 
ceeded his father on the throhe of Messenia, 
about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. 
He introduced the worship of Jupiter among 
the Dorians, and was the first who offered 
sacrifices to Machaon the son of iEsculapius. 

—Pa. 4, c. 3. A son of Antenor, killed 

by Agamemnon. — Dye. Cr. 4. An argo- 
naut, the only one of the crew who was not 
wounded in a battle against the Ty rrhenians. 

—Alh. 7, 12. A son of Imbrasus, killed 

by Turn us.— F. En. 12, 343. A son of 

Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned in 

Ionia. An athlete of Eubcea.— Pa. 6. 9. 

A son of Priam.— Apol. 3. A physi- 
cian of Cleopatra.— Plu. An. A warrior 

in the age of Chorion.— Id. Pho. A phy- 
sician exposed on a cross, because Hephaes- 
tion died while under his care.— Id. Alex. 

An artist of Chios.— Pa. A Spartan. 

—Id. A grove of Breotia. Id. A bay 

of Caria, now the Gulphof Macri. Id. 

An historian of Rhegium in Italy. A bay 

and river of Libya. Of Peloponnesus. 

Of Colchis falling into the Phasis. 

GLAUTIAS, a king of Illyricum, who 
educated Pyrrhus. 



GLI CON, a physician of Pansa, accused 
of having poisoned the wound of his patron, 
&.c.—Sue. Au. 11. 

GLISSAS, a town of Bceotia, with a small 
river in the neighbourhood.— Pa. 9, 19. 

GLYCERA, a beautiful woman,celebrated 

by Hor. l,o. 19,30. A courtezan ofSicyon 

soskiiful in making garlands, that some at- 
tributed to her the invention of them. A 

famous courtezan, whom Harpalus brought 
from Athens to Babvlon. 

GLYCERIC M, a harlot of Thespis, who 
presented her countrymen with the painting 
of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her. 

The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence's 

Andria. 

GLYCON, a man remarkable for his 
strength.— Hor. 1, e. 1, 30. 

GLYMPES, a town on the borders of the 
Lacedaemonians and Messeuian?- — Pol. 4. 

GNATIA, a town of Apulia, about thirty 
miles from Brundusium,badly supplied with 
water. — Hor. 1, Sa. 5. 

GNIDUS. Fide Cnidus. 

GNOSSIS & GNOSSIA, an epithet given 
to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born 
at Gnossus. The crown which she received 
from Bacchus, and which was made a con- 
stellation, is called Gnossia Stella.— Virg. 
G, 1 , 222. 

GNOSSUS, a famous city of Crete, the re- 
sidence of king Minos. The name of Gnos- 
sia tellus is often applied to the whole island. 
— V. An. 6, v. 23.-Str. 10.-H. Od. 

GOBANITIO, a chief of the Averni,uncie 
to Vercingetorix.— Cces. B. G. 7, 5. 

GOBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia, 
whochecked the course of the Euphrates, that 
it might not run rapidly through Babyion. 
—PI. 6, 26. 

GOBARES, a Persian governor who sur- 
rendered to Alexander, He— Curt. 5, 31. 

GOBRYAS, a Persian one of the seven 
noblemenwho conspired against the usurper 
Smerdis. Vide Darius.— Her. 3, 70. 

GOLGI (orum), a place of Cyprus, sacred 
to Venus Golgia, and to Cupid.— Pa. 8. 

GOMPHI a, town of Thessaly, near the 
springs of the Peneus, at the foot of the 
Pindus. 

GONATAS, one of tne Antigoui. 

GONIADES, nymphs in the neighbour- 
hood of the river Cytherus.— St-\ 8. 

GON1PPUS & PANORMUS, two youths 
of Andania, who disturbed the Lacedamo 
nians when celebrating the festivals of Pol- 
lux.— Pa. 4, 27. 

GONNI & GONOCOND YLOS, a town of 
Th«ssaly at the entrance into Tempe.— Li. 
36, 10, 1. 42, 54.— Str. 4. 

GONOESSA, a town of Troas.— Sen. T. 

GONUSSA, a town of Sicyon.— Pa. 

GORDIiEl, mountains in Armenia, where 
the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat 
of scripture. 

GORDIANUS, M. Antonius Africanus, a 
son of Metius Marcellus, descended from 
Trajan by his mother's side. I n the greatest 
affluence he cultivated learning, and v\a* an 
example of piety and virtue. He applied 
himself to the study of poetry, and composed 
| a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, 



278 



GOR— GAL 



Antoninus, and M. Aureiius. He was such 
an advocate for good breeding- and polite- 
ness, that he never sat down in the presence 
of his father-in-law, Annius Severus, who 
paid him daily visits, before he was promo- 
ted to the prsetorship. He was some time 
after elected consul, and went to take the 
government of Africa in the capacity of pro- 
consul. After he had attained his 80th year 
in the greatest splendour and domestic tran- 
quility, he was roused from his peaceful oc- 
cupations by the tyrannical reign of the 
Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor 
by the rebellious troops of his province. He 
long declined to accept the imperial purple, 
but the threats of immediate death gained 
his compliance. Maximums marched against 
him with the greatest indignation ; and Gor- 
dian sent his son. with whom he shared the 
imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. 
Young Gordian was killed ; and the father, 
worn out with age, and grown desperate on 
account of his misfortunes, strangled himself 
at Carthage, before he had been six weeks 
at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He 
was universally lamented bv the army and 

people. M. ANTONIUS" AFRICAN US, 

son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus 
Samnoticus, who left him his library, which 
consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened 
understand ing, and his peaceful disposition, 
recommended him to the favour of the em- 
peror Heliogabalus. He was made prefect 
of Rome, and afterwards consul, by the em- 
peror Alexander Severus. He passed into 
Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his 
father, who had obtained that province ; and 
seven years after he was elected emperor, 
in conjunction with him. He marched against 
the partizans of Maximums, Ins antagonists 
Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle 
on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign 
of about six weeks. He was of an amiable 
disposition, but he has been justly blamed 
by his biographers, on account of his lasci- 
vious propensities, which reduced him to 
the weakness and infirmities of old age, 
though he was but in his 46th year at the 

time of his death. M. ANTONIUS PIUS, 

grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 
years old when he was honoured with the 
title of Caesar. He was proclaimed emperor, 
in the 16th year of his age, and his election 
was attended with universal marks of ap- 
probation. In the 18th year of his age, he 
married Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daugh- 
ter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his 
eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus 
was entrusted with the most important 
offices of the state by his son-in-law ; and 
his administration proved how deserving he 
was of the confidence and affection of his 
imperial master. He corrected the various 
abuses which prevailed in the state, and re- 
stored the antient discipline among the 
soldiers. By his prudence and political sa- 
gacity, all the chief towns in the empire 
were stored with provisions, which could 
maintain the emperor and a large army 
during 15 days upon any emergency. Gor- 
dian was not'less active' than his father-in- 
law ; and when Sapor the king of Persia, 



had invaded the Roman provinces in the 
east, he boldly marched to meet him, and 
in his way defeated a large number of Goths, 
in Mcesia. He conquered Sapor, and took 
many flourishing cities in the east, from his 
adversary. In this success the senate de- 
creed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus 
as the guardian of the republic. Gordian 
was assassinated in the east, A.D. 244, by 
the means of Philip, who had succeeded tb 
the virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the 
sovereign power by murdering a warlike 
and amiable prince. The senate, sensible 
of his merit, honoured him with a most 
splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, 
and ordered that the descendants of the 
Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, 
from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the 
state. During the reign of Gordianus, there 
was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in 
which the stars appeared in the middle of 
the dav. 

GORDIUM, a town of Phrvgia . -Ju. 11, 
.—Li. 38, 18.— Curt. 31. 
GORD1US, a Phrygian, who, though ori- 

S'ualiy a peasant, was raised to the throne, 
uring a sedition, the Phrygians consulted 
the oracle, and were tohi that all their 
troubles would fease as soon as they chose 
for their king, the first man they met going 
to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a 
chariot. Gordius was the object of their 
choice, and he immediately consecrated his 
chariot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot 
which tied the yoke to the draught tree, 
was made in such an artful manner that the 
ends of the cord could not be perceived. 
From this circumstance a report was soon 
spread, that the empire of Asia w as promised 
by the oracle to him that could untie the 
Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest 
of Asia, passed by Gordium ; and as he 
wished to leave nothing undone which might 
inspire his soldiers with courage, and make 
his enemies believe that he was born to con- 
quer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword ; 
and from that circumstance asserted that 
the oracle was really fulfilled, and that 
his claims to universal empire was fullv 
justified.— Ju. 11, 7.— Curt. 3, l.—Arr. 1. 

A tyrant of Corinth.— Aris. 

GORGASUS, a man who received di- 
vine honours at Ahcrae in Me&sinea. — 
Pa. 4, 3o 

GORGE, a daughter of OZneus, king o' 
Calydon, by Althaea, daughter of The^tius. 
She" married Andremon by whom she had 
Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidae when 
they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus 
Her tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. 
Pa. 10, 38.— Apol. 1 & 2.— Of. Me. 8, 542. 
One of the Danaides.— Apol. 2, 1. 

GORGIAS, a celebrated sophist and ora- 
tor,son of Carmutides, surnamed Lconiinus, 
because born at Leontinum in Sicily. He 
was sent by his countrymen to solicit the 
assistance of the Athenians against the Sy- 
racusans, and was successful in his embassy. 
He Jived to his 108th year, and died B. C. 
400. Only two fragments of his compositions 
are extant.— Pa. 6, 17.— Ci. Or. 22, <S-c. Sew. 
15. Br. lo.-Qnin. 3 & 12. An officer of 



G OR- GO II 279 



GOR— GRA 



Antiochus Epiphanes. An Athenian, who 

wrote an account of all the prostitutes of 

Athens— Ath. A Macedonian, forced to 

war with Amyntas, Sec— Curt. 7, 1. 
GORGO, the wife of Leonidas king- of 

Sparta, &c. The name of the ship which 

carried Perseus, after he had conquered 
Medusa. 

GORGONES, three celebrated sisters,, 
daughters of Phorcys andCeto, whose names 
were Stheno, Euryale,and Medusa, all im- 
mortal except Medusa. According- to the 
mycologists, their hairs were entwined 
with serpents, their hands were of brass, 
their wings the colour of gold, their body 
was covered with impenetrable scales, and 
their teeth were as long as the tusks of a 
wild boar, and they turned to stones all 
those on whom they fixed their eyes. Me- 
dusa alone had serpents in her hair, accord- 
ing to Ovid, and this proceeded irom the 
resentment of Minerva, in whose temple 
Medusa had gratified the passion of Nep- 
tune, who was enamoured of the beautiful 
colour of her locks, which the goddess 
c hanged into serpents. iEschylus says, that 
they had only one tooth and one eye be- 
tween them, of which they had the use, 
each in her turn ; and accordingly it was 
at the time that they were exchanging the 
eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut 
off Medusa's head. According to some 
authors, Perseus, when he went to the con- 
quest of the Gorgons, was armed with an 
instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and 
provided with a looking-glass by Minerva, 
beside winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, 
which rendered all objects clearly visible 
and or en to the view, while the person who 
wore it remained totally invisible. With 
weapons like these, Perseus obtained an 
easy victory ; and after his conquest, return- 
ed his arms to the different deities, whose 
favours and assistance he had so recently 
experienced. The head of Medusa remain- 
ed in his hands ; and after he had finished 
all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to 
Minerva, who placed it on her aegis, with 
which she turned into stones all such as 
fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that 
after the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus 
took his flight in the air towards ^Ethiopia ; 
and that the drops of blood which fell to 
the ground from Medusa's head were chang- 
ed into serpents, which have ever since in- 
fested the sandy desarts of Libya. The horse 
Pegasus alsc arose from the blood of Medusa, 
as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword. 
The residence of the Gorgons was beyond 
the ocean towards the west, according to 
Hesiod. iEschylus makes them inhabit the 
eastern parts of Scythia ; and Ovid, as the 
most received opinion, supports that they 
lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the 
lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hespe- 
rides. Diodorous and others explain the 
fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that 
they were a warlike race of women near the 
Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help 
of a large army, totally destroyed.— He*. 
Th. &f S.—ApoL. A.— Apol. 2, 1 &4, <kc.—H. 
It. 5 & 11. — JEn. 6, Sec. - Hi. 1 & 4. Pa. 



2, 20, kc—msch. P. A. A.—Pind. Pir. 7 & 
12.— 0. 3.-Ov. Me. 4, 618, &c— Pal. Ph. 

GORGONIA, a surname of Pallas, be- 
cause Perseus, armed with her shield, had 
conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted 
her temple with Neptune. 

GORGON1 US, a man ridiculed by Horace 
for his ill smell. — Hor. I, S. 2, 27. 

GORGOPHONE, a daughter of Perseus 
and Andromeda, who married Perieres 
king of Messenia, by whom she had Apha- 
reus and Leucippus. After the death of 
Perieres, she married OEbalus, who made 
her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is 
the first whom the mythologists mention as 
having had a second husband.— Pa. 4, 2.— 

Apol. 1, 2 & 3. One of the Danaides.— 

Apol. 2, l, 

GORGOPHONUS, a son of Electryon 
and Anaxo. — Apol. 2, 4. 

GORGOPHORA, a surname of Minerva, 
from her aegis, on which was the head of 
the gorgon Medusa.— Ci. 

GORGUS, the son of Aristomenes the 
Messenian. He was married, when young, 
to a virgin, by his father, who had expe- 
rienced the greatest kindness from her hu- 
manity, and had been able to conquer seven 
Cretans who had attempted his life, &c— 

Pa. 4, 19. A son of Tiberon tyrant or 

Agrigentum. A man whose knowledge of 

metals proved very serviceable to Alexan- 
der, &c. 

GORGYTHION, a son of Priam, killed 
by Teucer.— JJ. It. 8 

GORTUjE, a people of Eubcea, who fought 
with the Medes at the battle of Arbeia.— 
Curt. 4, 12. 

GORTYN, GORTYS, & GORTYNA, an 
inland tow n of Crete. It was on the inhabi- 
tants of this place, that Annibal, to save Iris 
money, practised an artifice recorded in C. 
Nep.An. 9.— PI. 4, 12.— Luc.6, 2l4, 1. 7, 214. 
— V. Mn. 11, 773. 

GORTYN 1 A. a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponnesus.— Pa. 8, 28. 

GOTTHI, a celebrated nation of Germany, 
called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, 
and Guttones. They were warriors by pro- 
fession, as well as all their savage neigh- 
bours. They extended their power over all 
parts of the world, and chiefly directed their 
arms against the Roman empire. Their 
first attempt against Rome was on the pro- 
vinces of Greece, whence they were driven 
by Constantine. They -plundered Rome, 
under Alaric, one of their most celebrated 
kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the ene- 
mies of the Romans, the Goths gradually be- 
came their mercenaries; and as they were 
powerful and united, they soon dictated to 
their imperial masters, and introduced dis- 
order, anarchy, and revolutions in the west 
ot Europe.— Ta. An. 2, 2. &c. 

GRACCHUS, T. Sempronius, father of 
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, 
and once censor, was distinguished by his in- 
tegrity, as well as his prudence and superior 
ability, either in the senate or at the head of 
the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met 
with much success in Spain. He married 
Sempronia, of the family of the Scipio>, a 



GRA— GRiE 



260 



GRiE — GRiE 



woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. 
— Ci. Or. I, 4fi. Their children, Tiberius 
and Caius, who had been educated under 
the watchful eye of their mother, rendered 
themselves famous for their eloquence, se- 
ditions, and an obstinate attachment to the 
interests of the populace, which at last 
proved fatal to them. With a winning elo- 
quence, affected moderation, and uncommon 
popularity, Tiberius began to renew the 
Agrarian "law, which had already caused 
such dissensions at Rome. {Vide Agraria.) 
By the means of violence, his proposition 
passed into a law, and he was appointed 
commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius 
Claudius, and his brother Caius, to make an 
equal divisionof the lands among the people. 
The riches of Attalus, which were left to 
the Roman people by will, were distributed 
without opposition ; and Tiberius enjoyed 
the triumph of his successful enterprize, 
when he was assassinated in the midst of his 
adherents by P. Nasica, while the populace 
were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve 
the office of tribune the following year. The 
death of Tiberius checked for a while the 
friends of the people ; but Caius, spurred 
by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to 
remove every obstacle which stood in his 
way by force and violence. He supported 
the cause of the people with more vehe- 
mence, but less moderation, than Tiberius ; 
and his success served only to awaken his 
ambition,andanimate his resentment against 
the nobles. With the privileges of a tri- 
bune, he soon became the arbiter of the 
republic, and treated the patricians with 
contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin 
of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the 
temple of Diana, where his friends pre- 
vented him from committing suicide. This in- 
creased the sedition, and he was murdered 
by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, 
about 13 years after the unfortunate end of 
Tiberius." His body was thrown into the 
Tiber, and his wife was forbidden to put on 
mourning for his death. Caius has been ac- 
cused of having stained his hands in the 
blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who 
was found murdered in his bed.— Plu.— Ci. 
C. 1 — Luc. 6, 796.— 1 7. 2, 17, 1. 3, 14, &c. 

SEMPRONIUS, a Roman, banished to 

the coast of Africafor his adulteries with Julia 
the daughter of Augustus. He was assassin- 
ated byorder of Tiberius, after he had i.een 
banished 14 years. Julia also shared his 

fate.— Ta. An. i , 53. A general of the Sa- 

bines, taken by Q. Cincinnatus. A Roman 

consul, defeated by Annibal, tkc.-C.Nep.An. 

GRADIVUS, a surname of Mars among 
the Romans,perhaps from kradainein , bran- 
dishing a spear. Though he had a temple 
without the walls of Rome, and thotighNuma 
had established the Salii, yet his favourite 
residence was supposed to be among the 
fierce and savage Thracians and Getae,over 
whom he particularly pre-ided.— V. JEn. 3, 
35.— H. II.— Li. I, 20, I. 2, 45. 

GRjECI, the inhabitants of Greece. Vide 
Graecia. 

GR^EC[A,a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south 



by the Mediterranean sea,eastbvthe iEgean, 
and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is 
generally divided into four large provinces ; 
Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and 
Peloponnesus. This country has been rec- 
koned superior to every part of the earth, 
on account of the salubrity of the air, the 
temperature of the climate, the fertility ot 
the soil, and above all, the fame, learning, 
and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks 
have severally been called Achaeans,Argians 
Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, Myr- 
midons, and Pelasgians. The most cele- 
brated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, 
Ar?os, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenae, 
Delphi, Trcezene, Salamis, Megara/Pylos, 
&c. The inhabitants, whose history is dark- 
ened in its primitive ages with fabulous ac- 
counts and traditions, supported that they 
were the original inhabitants of the country', 
and born from the earth where they dwelt; 
and they heard with contempt the probable 
conjectures, which traced their origin anion «j 
the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies 
of Eg-ypt. In the first periods of their history, 
the Greeks were governed by monarchs; 
and there were as many kings as there w ere 
cities. The monarchical power gradually 
decreased ; the love of liberty established 
the republican government; and no part of 
Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the 
hands of an absolute sovereign. The ex- 
pedition of the Argonauts first rendered the 
Greeks respectable among: their neighbours ; 
and in the succeeding age, the war of Thebes 
and Troy gave opportunity to.thair heroes 
and demi-gods to display their valour in the 
field of battle. The simplicity of the antient 
Greeks rendered them virtuous ; and the es- 
tablishment of the Olympic games in par- 
ticular, where the noble reward of the con- 
queror was a laurel crown, contributed to 
their aggrandizement, and made them am- 
bitious of lame, and not the slaves of riches. 
The austerity of their laws, and the educa- 
tion of their youth, and particularly at La 
cedaemon, rendered them brave and active, 
insensible to bodily pain, fearless and in- 
trepid in the time of danger. The celebrated 
battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, 
Plata?, and Mycale, sufficiently shew what 
superiority the courage of a little army can 
obtain over millions of undisciplined barba- 
rians. After many signal victories over the 
Persians, they became elated with their 
success ; and when they found no one able 
to dispute their power abroad, they turned 
their arms one against the other, and 
leagued wijh foreign states to destroy the 
most nourishing ot their cities. The Mes- 
senian and Peloponnesianwars are examples 
of the dreadful calamities which arise from 
civil discord and long prosperity ; and the 
success with which the gold and the sword 
of Philip and of his son corrupted and en- 
slaved Greece, fatally proved that, when a 
nation becomes indolent and dissipated at 
home, it ceases to be respectable in the eyes 
of the neighbouring states. The annals of 
Greece,ho\vever, abound with singular proof's 
of heroism and resolution. The bold re- 
treat of the ten thousand, who had assisted 



GRiE GRA 



281 



GRA- GRE 



Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, re- 
minded their countrymen of their superiority 
over all other nations ; and taught Alexander 
that the conquest of the east might be effected 
with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While 
the Greeks rendered themselves so illus- 
trious by their military exploits, the arts 
and sciences were assisted by conquest, and 
received fresh lustre from the application 
and industry of their professors. The labours 
of the learned were received with admira- 
tion, and the merit of a composition was 
determined by the applause or disapproba- 
tion of a multitude. Their generals were 
orators ; and eloquence seemed to be so 
nearly connected with the military profes- 
sion, that he was despised by his soldiers 
who could not address them upon any emer- 
gency with a spirited and well-delivered 
oration. The learning, as well as the virtues 
of Socrates, procured him a name ; and the 
writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained 
him a more lasting fame than all the con- 
quests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such 
were the occupations and accomplishments 
of the Greeks, their language became almost { 
universal, and their country was the recep- 
tacle of the youths of the neighbouring 
states, where they imbibed the principles of 
liberty and moral virtue. The Greeks planted 
several colonies, and totally peopled the 
western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern 
parts of Italy, there were also many settle- 
ments made ; and the country received from 
its Greek inhabitants the name of Magna 
Grcecia. For some time Greece submitted to 
the yoke of Alexander and his successors ; 
and at last, after a spirited though ineffect- 
ual struggle in the Achaean league, it fell 
under the power of Rome, and became one 
of its dependent provinces governed by a 
proconsul. 

GRiECIA MAGNA, apart of Italy, where 
the Greeks planted colonies, whence the 
name. Its boundaries are very uncertain : 
some say that it extended on the southern 
parts of Italy, and others suppose that Mag- 
na Grsecia comprehended only Campania 
and Lucania. To these some add Sicily, 
which was likewise peopled by Greek colo- 
nies,— Ov. F. 4, 64.— Str. &c. 

GR/ECTNUS, a senator put to death by 
Caligula, because he refused to accuse Se- 
janus, &c. — Sen. Ben. 2. 

GRiECUS, a man from whom sorhe sup- 
pose that Greece received its name.— Arts. 

GRA I US, an inhabitant of Greece. 

GRAMPIUS MONS, the Grampian moun- 
tains in Scotland.— Ta. Ag. 29. 

GRANICOS, a river of Bithynia, famous 
for the battle fought there between the ar- 
mies of Alexander and Darius, 22d of May, 
B.C. 334, when 600,000 Persians were de- 
feated by 30,000 Macedonians.— Di. 17.— 
Plu. Alex.—Ju.~Curt. 4, 1. 

GRAN I US PETRONIUS, an officer, who 
being taken by Pompey's generals, refused 
the life which was tendered to him ; ob- 
serving that Caesar's soldiers received not, 
but granted life. He kiiled himself. — Plu. 

Vces. A questor whom Sylla had ordered 

to be strangled, only one day before he died 



a natunu «"eath.— Plu. A son of the wifc 

of Mar.us, by a former husband. QUIN" 

TUS,aman intimate with Crassus and other 
illustrious men of Rome, whose vices he 
lashed with an unsparing hand.— Ci. Br. 43 
& 46.— Or. 2, 60. 

GRATIjE, three goddesses. Fide Cha- 
rites. 

G RATI ANUS, a native of Pannonia, fa- 
ther to the emperor Valentinian I. He was 
raised to the throne, though onlv eight 
years old ; and after he had reigned for 
some time conjointly with his father, he 
became sole emperor in the 16th year of his 
age. He soon after took, as his imperial 
colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed 
over the eastern parts of the empire. His 
courage in the field was as remarkable as 
his love of learning, and fondness of philo- 
sophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in 
a battle, and supported the tottering state 
by his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity 
to the Pagan superstition of his subjects 
proved his ruin ; and Maximinus, who un- 
dertook the defence of the worship of Jupi- 
ter and of all the gods, was joined by an 
infinite number of discontented Romans, 
and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gra- 
tian was forsaken by his troops in the field 
of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, 

A.D. 383, in the 25th year of his age. A 

Roman soldier, invested with the imperiat 
purple by the rebellious army in Britain, in 
opposition to Honorius. He was assassinated 
four months after, by those very troops to 
whom he owed his elevation, A.D. 407. 

GRAT1D1A, a woman at Neopolis, called 
Canidia bv Horace.— Epo. 3. 

ORATION, a giant killed bv Diana. 

GRATIUS FALISCUS, a Latin poet, con- 
temporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by 
him among the more ancient authors. He 
wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeti- 
con, much commended for its elegance and 
perspicuity. It may be compared to the 
Georgics of Virgil, to which it is nearly 
equal in the number of verses. The latest 
edition is of Amst. 4to. 1728. — Ov. Pon. 4, e. 
16, 34. 

GRAVII, apeople of Spain.— //. 3. v. 366. 

GRAVTSCiE, now Eremo de St. Augusti- 
no, a maritime town of Etruria, which as- 
sisted iEneas against Turnus. The air was 
unwholesome, on account of the marshes 
and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. 
— V. JEn. 10, 184.— Li. 40, 29, 1. 41, 16. 

GRATIUS, a Roman knight of Puteoli, 
killed at Dyrrachium, &cc.-^C<es. B. C. 

GREGOR1US, THEOD. THAUMATUR- 
GUS, a disciple of Orjgen, afterwards bishop 
of Neocaesarea, the place of his birth. He 
died A.D. 266, and it is said that he left 
only seventeen idolaters in his diocese, 
where he had found only seventeen Chris, 
tians. Of his works are extant his gratu- 
latory oration to Origen, a canonical epis- 
tle, and other treatises in Greek, the best 
edition of which is that of Paris, fol. 1622. 

NAZIANZEN, surnamed the Divine, 

was bishop of Constantinople, which he re- 
signed on its being disputed. His writings 
rival those of Hie iwosl c< lebr.ited oratori 
2 B 3 



GRI— GYG 2 

of G eecc, in eloquence, sublimity, and va- 
riety. His sermons are more for philoso- 
phers than common hearers, but replete 
with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus 
said, that he was afraid to translate his 
works, from the apprehension of not trans- 
fusing- into another language the smart- 
ness and acumen of his style, and the state- 
liness and happy diction of the whole. He 
died A.D. 3»S. "The best edition is that of 
tlie Benedictines, the first volume of which, 

in fol., was published at Paris, in 1778. A 

bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. 

His slyle is represented as allegorical and j and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 
affected ; and he has been accused of mix- i years before the Christian era. He was the 
ing- philosophy too much with theology, i first of the IMermnadae, who reigned in 
His writings consist of commentaries on : Lydia. He reigned 35 years, and distinguish- 
scripture, moral discourses, sermons on mys- i ed himself by the immense presents which 
teries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics "on he made to the oracle of Delphi. Accord- 
saints ; the best edition of which is that of ing to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm 
Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615. The bishop of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, 

died, A.D. 396. Another Christian writer, ■ whose sides he opened, and saw within the 

whose works were edited by the benedic- body the carcass of a man of uncommon 



} 2 GYG- GYM 

GYGE, a maid of Parysatis. 

GYGkS or GVES, a son of Coe.us and 
Terra, represented as having 50 heads and 
a hundred hands. He, with" his brother*, 
made war against the gods, and was after- 
wards punished in Tartarus.— Ov. Tr. v, e. 

7. 18. A Lydian, to whom Candaule*;, 

king of the country, shewed his wife naked. 
The queen was so incensed at this instance 
of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, 
that she ordered Gyges either to prepare 
for death himself, or to murder Candaules. 
He chose the latter, and married the queen, 



, in 4 vols. fol. Paris, 1705. 
GRINNES, a people among the Batavians. 
— Ta. Hist. 5, 10. 

GROSPHUS, a man distinguished as much 
for his probity as his riches, to whom Ho- 
race addressed 2 0. 16. 

GRUDII, a people tributary to the Ner- 
vii, supposed to have inhabited the country 
near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders.— Cces. 
G. 



size", from whose finger he took a famous 
brazen ring. This ring, when put on his 
finger, rendered him invisible ; and ty 
means of its virtue, he introduced himself 
to the queen, murdered her husband and 
married her, and usurped the crown of Lv- 
dia.— Her. I, S.—Plu. DL 10. r.—Va. Ma. 7, 

l.—Ci. Of. 3,9. A man killed by Turnus, 

in his wars with iEneas. — V. JEn. 9, 762. 

A beautiful boy of Cnidus, in the age of 



GRUMENTUM, now Armento, an inland Horace.— Hor.'l, 0. 4, 30. 
town of Lucania on the river Aciris.— Li. i GYLIPPlS, a Lacedaemonian, sent B.C. 
23, 37, 1. 27, 41. 414, by his countrymen, to assist Syracuse, 

GRYLLUS, a son of Xenophon, who kil- \ against the Athenians. He obtained a cele- 
led Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at brated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, 
the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His fa- j the enemy's "generals, and obliged them to 
ther was offering a sacrifice when he re- surrender. He accompanied Lysander, in 
cei ved the news of his death, and he threw ! his expedition against Athens, and was pre- 
down the garland which was on his head ; sent at the taking of that celebrated town. 



but he replaced it, when he heard that the 
enemv's "general had fallen by his hands ; 
and he observed, that his death" ought to be 
celebrated with every demonstration of joy, 
rather than of lamentation. -ArU.-Pa. 8, 11, 

_s:c. One of the companions of Ulysses, 

changed into a swine by Circe. It is said 
that he refused to be restored to his human 
shape, and preferred the indolence and in- 
activity of this squaiid animal. 

GRYNEUM k GRYNIUM, a town near 
Clazomenae, where Apollo had a temple with 
an oracle, on account of which he is called 
Grynteiis.—Str. 13.— V. Ed. 6, v. 72. £n 4, 

GRYNEUS, one of the Centaurs, who 
fought against the Lapithae, kc.—Ov. Me. 
12, 260. 

GYARUS k GYAROS, an island in the 
/Egean sea, near Delos. The Romans were 
wonttosend their culprits there.— Ov. 7, Me. 
407. 

GYAS, one of the companions of iEneas, 
w ho distinguished himself at the games ex- 
hibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. 
— F. JEn. 5, 1!8, dec. A part of the terri- 
tories of Svracuse, in the possession of Dio- 
uvsius. — -A Rutuliau, son of Melampu?, 
killed bv iEneas in Italy.— V. En. 10, 316. 

GYG&US, a lake of Lvdia, 40 stadia from 
Sanlis.- iVo/r. 3, e. II it. 



After the fall of Athens, he was intrusted by 
the conqueror with the money which had 
been taken in the plunder, which amounted 
to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, 
he had the meanness to unse'w the bottom of 
the bags which contained it, and secreted 
about three hundred talents. His theft was 
discovered ; and to avoid the punishment 
which he deserved, he fled from his country, 
and by this act of meanness tarnished the 
glory "of his victorious actions.— Tift. 4, e. 1 

169.— Plu. N. An Arcadian in the Ru- 

tuiian war. — V. JEn. 12, 262. 

GYMNASIA, a large city near Colchis. 
— Di. 14. 

GYMNASIUM, a place amongthe Greeks, 
where all the public exercises were per 
formed, and where not only wrestlers and 
dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, 
poets, and rhetoricians repeated their com- 
positions. The room was high and spacious, 
and could contain many thousands of specta- 
tors. The laborious exercises of the Gjm- 
nasium were running, throwing the quoit, 
wrestling, and boxing, which was called by 
the Greeks pentathlon, and by the Romans 
quinqnertia. In riding, the athlete led a 
horse, on w hich he sometimes was mounted, 
conducting another by the bridle, and jump- 
ing from the one upon the other. Whoever 



GYM-GYN 



233 



GYT-HAL 



came first to the goal and jumped with the 
greatest agility, obtained the prize. In 
running- a-foot the athletes were sometimes 
armed, and who came first was declared vic- 
torious. Leaping was a useful exercise : its 
primary object was to teach the soldiers to 
jump over ditches, and pass over eminences 
during a siege, or in the field of battle. In 
throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged 
to him who threw it farthest. "The quoits 
were made either with wood, stone, or 
metal. The wrestlers employed all their 
dexterity to bring their adversary to the 
ground, and the boxers had their hands 
armed with gauntlets, called also cestus. 
Their blows were dangerous and often ended 
in the death of one of the combatants. In 
wrestling and boxing, the athletes were 
often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, 
gumnosy nudus. They anointed themselves 
with oil to brace their limbs, and to render 
their bodies slippery, and more difficult to 
be grasped.— PL 2. E. 17.— C. Nep. 20, 5. 

GYMNESlvE, two islands near Iberus in 
the Mediterranean, called Baleares by the 
Greeks.— Plu. 5, 8.—Str. 2. 

GYMNETES, a people of ^Ethiopia, who 
lived almost naked.— PL 5, 8. 

G YIVKNIjE, a town of Colchis.— Xen.AnA. 

GYMNOSOPHISTjE, a certain sect of 
philosophers in India, who, according to 
some, placed their summum bonum in plea- 
sure, and their summum malum in pain. 
They iived naked, as their name implies ; for 
37 years they exposed themselves in the open 
air, to the heat of the sun, the inclemency 
of the seasons, and the coldness of the night. 
They were often seen in the fields fixing 
their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from 
the time of its rising till the hour of its 
setting. Sometimes they stood whole days 
upon one foot in burning sand without 
moving, or shewing any concern for what 
surrounded them. Alexander was astonished 
at the sight of a sectof men who seemed to 
despise bodily pain, and who inured them- 
selves to suffer the greatest tortures without 
uttering a groan, or expressing any marks 
of fear. The conqueror condescended to 
visit them, and his astonishment was in- 
creased when he saw one of them ascend a 
burning pile with firmness and unconcern, 
to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand 
upright on one leg and unmoved, while the 
flames surrounded him on every side. (Vide 
CalanusO The Brachmans were a branch 
of the sect of the Gymnosophistse. (Vide 
Brachmanes.)— Sir. 15, ike— PL 7, 2.— Ci. 
Tu. 5.— Luc. 3, v. 240.— Curt. 8, 9. — Di. 

GON.&CYAS, a woman said to have been 
the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bac- 
chus and of Midas. 

GONjECYTHiENAS, a name of Mars at 
Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered by 
the women without the assistance of the 
men, who were not permitted to appear at 
tin's religious ceremony.— Pa, 8, 48. 

GYN DES,now Zcindeh, a river of Assyria, 
falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched 
against Babylon, his army was stopped by 
this river, in which one of his favourite 
horses was drowned. This so irritated the 



monarch that he ordered the river to be 
conveyed into 360 different channels by his 
army, so that after this division it hardly 
reached the knee.— Her. \, 189 & 202. 

GYTHEUM, a seaport town of Laconia, 
at the mouth of the Eurotas, in Pelopon- 
nesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who 
had there desisted from their quarrels. The 
inhabitants were called Gylheata. — Ci. 
Ojf. 3, 11. 



H. 



HABFS, a king of Spain, who first taught 
his subjects agriculture, &.c.—Ju. 44, 4. 

HADRIANOPOL1S, a town of Thrace, on 
the Hebrus. 

HADIANUS, a Roman emperor. Vide 

Adrianus. C. FABlL)S,a praetor in Africa, 

who was burnt by the people of Utica, for 
conspiring with the slaves. -Ci.Ver. 1, 27,1.-5,26 

HA DRlATICUM MARE. Vide Adriaii- 

HiEDUI. Vide JEdui. [cum. 

HiEMON, a Theban youth, son of Creon, 
who was so captivated with the beauty of 
Antigone that he killed himself on her 
lomb, when he heard that she had been put 
to death by his father's orders.— Prop. 2, e. 

8, 21. A Rutulian engaged in the wars 

of Turnus.— V. En. 9, 685. A friend of 

./Eneas against Turnus. He was a native of 
Lycia.— Id. 10, 126. 

H^EMONIA. Vide Mmomz. 

HiEMUS, a mountain which separates 
Thrace from Thessaly , so high that from its 
top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, 
though this, however, is denied by Strabo. It 
receives its name from Haemus, son of 
Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, 
and was changed" into this mountain for as- 
piring to divine honours.— Str. 7, p. 313— 

PL 4, n.—Ov. Me. 6, b7. A stage -player. 

—Juv. 3, 99. 

HAGES, a brother of king Porus whoop- 
posed Alexander, &ic—Curt. 8, 5 & 14. 

One of Alexander's flatterers. A man of 

Cyzicus, killed by Pollux.— Flac. 3, 191. 

HAGNO, a nvmph. A fountain of Ar- 
cadia.— Pa. 8, 38. 

HAGN AGORA, asisteroflAristomenes. Pa. 

HAL/ES US & HALESUS, a son of Aga- 
memnon by Briseis of Clytemnestra. When 
he was driven from home, he came to Italy, 
and settled on mount Massicus in Campaniii, 
where he built Falisci, and afterwards as- 
sisted Turnus against ^Eneas. He was killed 

by Pallas.— V. *Mn. 7, 724, 1. 10, 352. A 

river near Colophon in Asia Minor.-P/.5,29. 

HALALA, a village at the foot ot mount 

HALCYONE. Vide Alcyone. [Taurus. 

HALENTUM, a town at the north of 
Sicilv.— Ci. Ver. 3, 43, 1. 4, 23. 

HALESA, a to w\\ of Sicily.— Ci. Ver. 2,7. 
—Fam. 13, e. 32. 

HALESIUS, a mountain and river near 
.(Etna, where Proserpine was gathering 
flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. 
—Col. 

HALIG, one of the Nereides.— Apol. 

A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun. 



HAL— HAL 



284 



HAL— HAR 



HALIACMON, a river which separates 
Thessalv from Macedonia, and falls into the 
Sinus Thermiacus.— Cms. Ci. 3, 36.— PI. 31, 
2.— Her. 7, 127. 

HAL1ARTUS, a town of Bceotia, founded 
by Haliartus, the son of Thersander. The 
monuments of Pandion king 1 of Athens, and 
of Lysander the Lacedaemonian general, 
were seen in that town.— Li. 42, 44 &63.— 
Pa. 9, 32. A town of Peloponnesus. 

HALICARNASSLS, now Bodroun, a ma- 
ritime city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where 
the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders 
of the world, was erected. It was the resi- 
dence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was 
celebrated for having given birth to Hero- 
dotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, Sec— Max. T. 
35.—Fitr. Arc.—Di. 17.— Her. 2, 178.— Str. 
14.— Liv. 27, 10 & 16. I. 33, 20. 

HALICYiE, a town of Sicily, near Lily- 
baeum, now Saleme.—Pl. 3, S.—Ci. Ver. 2, 
33.— Di. 14. 

HALIEIS, a town of Argolis. 

HALIMEDE, a Nereid. 

HALIRRHOTIUS, a son of Neptune and 
Euryte, who ravished Alcippe, daughter of 
Mars, because she slighted his addresses. 
This violence offended Mars, and he killed 
the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear 
before the tribunal of justice to answer for 
the murder of his son. The cause was tried 
at Athens, in a place which has been called 
from thence Areopagus (ares, Mars, and 
pagos, village,') and the murderer was ac- 
quitted.— Apol. 3, 14.— Pa. 1, 21. 

HALITHERSUS, an old man, who fore- 
told to Penelope's suitors the return of 
Ulysses, and their own destruction. -H.Od. 1. 

HA LI US, a son of Alcinous, famous for his 

skill in dancing.— H. Od. 8, 120& 370. A 

Trojan, who came with iEneas into Italy, 
where he was killed bv Turnus.-F.i?n. 3,767. 

HALIZONES, a people of Paphlagonia. 
—Str. 1 1. 

HALM US, a son of Sisyphus, father to 
Chrvsogone. He reigned in Orchomenos. 
—Pa. 9, 35. 

HALMYDESSUS,atownofThrace.-itfe.2. 

HALOCRATES, a son of Hercules and 
Olympusa. — Apol. 

HALONE, an island of Propontis, oppo- 
site Cyzicus.— PZ. 5, 31. 

HALONNESUS, an island on the coast of 
Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Ther- 
miacus. It was inhabited only by women, 
who had slaughtered all the males, and 
they defended "themselves against an inva- 
sion.— Me. 2, 7. 

HALOTIA, a festival in Tegea.— Pa. 

HALOTUS, an eunuch, who used to taste 
the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the em- 
peror's food by order of Agrippina. — Ta. 
An. 2, 66. [of Parthia. | 

HALUS, a city of Achaia of Thessaly— 

HALY-/EETUS, a man changed into a 
bird of the same name.— Ov. Me. 3, 176. 

HALYATTES. Vide Alyattes. 

HALYX'US, now Platani, a river at the 
south of Sicily. 

HALYS, now Kizil-ermark, a river of 
Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and fall- 
ing into the Euxine sea. It received its 



name apo tou alos from salt, because it- 
waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from 
the nature of the soil oyer which they flow. 
It is famous for the defeat of Croesus*, king 
of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambigu- 
ous word of this oracle : 
Chroisos Alan diahas megalen archer* 
dialusei. 

If Crcesus passes over the Halys, he shah 
destroy a great empire. 
That empire was his own.— Ci. Di. 2, 56.— 
Curt. 4, l\.—Str. \2.—Luc. 3, 272.— Her. 

1, 28. A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. 

— Fa. Fl. 3, 157. 

HAYLZIA, a town of Epirus near the 
Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a 
naval victorv over the Lacedaemonians. 

HAMADRYADES, nymphs who lived in 
the country, and presided over trees, with 
which they were said to live and die. The 
word is derived from " ar«a" simul, and 
" drus" quercus.—V. Eel. 10.— Ov.Me. 1,647. 

HAMiE, a town of Campania near Cuma'. 
— Li. 23, 25. 
HAMAXIA, a city of Cilicia. 
HAMILCAR, the name of some celebrated 
generals of Carthage.— Fide Amilcar. 

HAMMON, the Jupiter of the Africans. 
Fide Ammon. 
HANNIBAL. Fide Annibal. 
HANNO. Fide Anno. 
HARCALO, a man famous for his know- 
ledge of poisonous herbs, &e. He touched 
the most venomous serpents and reptiles 
without receiving the smallest injury. — 
Si. 1, 406. 

HARMATELIA, a town of the Brach- 
manesin India, taken bv Alexander.— Di.\~. 
HARMATRIS, a town of jEolia. 
HAMILLUS, an infamous debauchee.— 
Juv. 10, 224. 

HARMODIUS, a friend of Aristogiton. 
who delivered his country from the tyran- 
ny of the Pisistratidse, B.C.510. [Fide Aris- 
togiton.] The Athenians, to reward the pa- 
triotism of these illustrious citizens, made 
a law that no one should ever bear the name 
of Aristogiton and Harmodius.— Her. 5, 35. 
—PI. 34, l.— Sen. Ir. 2. 

HARMONIA, or HERMIONEA, [Vide 
Hermione,] a daughter of Mars and Venus, 
who married Cadmus. It is said that Vul- 
can, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, 
made her a present of a vestment dyed in 
all sorts of crimes, which in some measure 
inspired all the children of Cadmus with 
wickedness and impiety.— Pa. 9, 16, &c. 

HARMON I DES, a Trojan beloved by Mi- 
nerva. He built the ships in which Paris 
carried away Helen.— H. II. 5. 

HARPAGUS, a general of Cyrus. He 
conquered Asia Minorafterhe had revolted 
| from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him 
to eat the flesh of his son, because he had 
disobeyed his orders in not putting to death 
the infant Cyrus.— Her. I, 108.— Jus. 1, 5 

& 6. -i river near Colchis. Di. 14. 

HA RPALICE. Fide Harpalyce. 
HARPALION, a son of Pylaemenes, king 
of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during 
the Trojan war, and was killed by Merioc 
— //. //. 13, 613. 



HAR — HAR 



285 



HAR— HAR 



HARPALUS, a man entrusted with the 
treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His 
hopes that Alexander would perish in his 
expedition, rendered him dissipate, negli- 
gent, and vicious. When he heard that the 
conqueror was returning with great resent- 
ment, he fled to Atliens, where with his 
money, he corrupted the orators, among 
whom was Demosthenes. When brought to 
justice, he escaped wiih impunity to Crete, 
where he was at last a>sassinated by Thim- 

bro, B.C. 325.— Plu. Pho.—Di. 17. A 

robber who scorned the gods.— Ci. 3. Nat. 

I). A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 

480 years B.C. 

HARPALYCE, the daughter of Harpaly- 
cus, king of Thrace. Her mother died 
when she was but a child, and her father 
ted her with the milk of cows and mares, 
and inured her early to sustain the fatigues 
of hunting. When" her father's kingdom 
was invaded by Neoptolemns, the son of 
Achilles, she repelled and defeated the ene- 
my wi n manly courage. The death of her 
father, whicli happened soon after in a se- 
dition, rendered her disconsolate ; she fled 
the society of mankind, and lived in the fo- 
rests upon plunder and rapine. Every at- 
tempt to secure her proved fruitless, till 
her great swiftness was overcome by inter- 
cepting her with a net. After her death the 
people of the country disputed their respec- 
tive right to the possessions which she had 
acquired by rapine, and they soon after ap- 
peased her manes by proper oblations on 
her tomb.— V. /En. 1, v. 32\.—Hyg. fa. 193 

& 2-52. A beautiful virgin, daughter of 

Clymenus and Epica?te of Argos. Her fa- 
ther became enamoured of her and gained 
her confidence, and enjoyed her company 
by means of her nurse, who introduced 
him as a stranger. Some time after she 
married Alcastov ; but the father's passion 
became more violent and uncontrollable in 
his daughter's absence, and he murdered 
her husband to bring her back to Arges. 
Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her 
husband, and ashamed of her father's pas- 
sion, which was then made public, resolved 
to revenge her wrongs. She killed her 
younger brother, or according to some, the 
fruit of her incest, and served it before her 
father. She begged the gods to remove her 
from the world, and she was changed into 
an owl, and Clymenus killed himself.— Hyg. 

fa. 253. Sec— Par. Er. A mistress of 

Iphiclus, son of Thestius. She died through 
despair on seeing herself despised by her 
lover. This mournful story was composed 
in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called 
Harpaiyce.— Ath. 14. 

HARPALYCUS, one of the companions 
of £meas, killed by Camilla.-^. JEn. II, 

675. The father of Harpalyce, king of 

the Amymneans in Thrace. 

HARHASA, a town of Caria. 

HARPASUS, a river of Caria.— Li. 38, 13. 

HARPOCRATES, a divinity supposed to 
be thesamt asOrust es'ni ( f lsis, amongthe 
Egyptians. He. is represented as holding 
one of his fingers on hi* mouth, and from 
thence he is called the god of silence, and 



intimates that the mysteries of religion and 
philosophy ought never to be revealed to 
the people. The Romans placed his statues 
at the entrance of their temples.— Cat. 75.— 
Va. L. L. 4, 10. 

HARPOCRATION, a Platonic philoso- 
pher of Argos, from whom Stobaeus com- 
piled his eclogue*. A sophist called 

also iElius. VALERIUS, a rhetorician of 

Alexandria, author of a Lexicon, on ten 
orators. Another surnamed Caius. 

HARPYIiE, winged monsters, who had 
the face of a woman, the body of a vulture, 
and had their feet and fingers armed with 
sharp claws. They were three in number, 
Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of 
Neptune and Te;ra. They were sent by 
Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, 
whence they were driven to the islands called 
Strophades" by Zethes and Calais. They 
emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled 
whatever they touched by their filth and ex- 
crements. They plundered iEneas during 
his voyage towards Italy, and predicted 
many of the calamities which attended him. 
— V.'Mn. 3, v. 212, 1. 6, v. 289.— Hes. Th. 265. 

HARUDES, a people of Germany.— C<es. 

G. 1, C 31. 

HARUSPEX, a soothsayer at Rome, who 
drew omens by coosulting the entrails ot 
beasts that were sacrificed. He received 
the name of Arvspex, ah aris aspiciendis 
and that of Extispex, ab extis inspiciendis. 
The order of Aruspices was first established 
at Rome by Romuius, and the first Harus- 
pices were Tuscans by origin, as they were 
particularly famous in that branch of divi- 
nation. They had received all their know- 
ledge from a boy named Tages, who, as w as 
commonly reported, sprung from a clod ot 
earth. [Tide Tages.] They were originally 
three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six 
noble youths, or, according to others, 
twelve, to Etruria, to be instructed in al. 
the mysteries of the art. The office of the 
Haruspices consisted in observing these four 
particularn; the beast before it was sacrifice d; 
its entrails ; the flames which consumed the 
sacrifice ; and the flour, frankincense, &c. 
whicli was used. If the beast was led up to 
the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from 
the conductor's hands, roared when it re- 
ceived the blow, or died in agonies, the 
omen was unfortunate. But, oh the con- 
trary, if it followed without compulsion, 
received the blow without resistance, and 
died without groaning, and after much eff u- 
sion of blood, the Haruspex foretold pros- 
perity. Winn the body of the victim was 
opened, each part was scrupulously examin- 
ed. If any thing was wanting, if it had a 
double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was 
unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the 
hands of the Haruspex, or besmeared with 
too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as 
for instance it happened in the two victims 
which J. Caesar offered a little before his 
death, the omen was equally unlucky. W hen 
the flame was quickly kindled, and when it 
violently consumed the sacrifice, ami arose 
pure and bright, and like a pyramid, with- 
out any paleness, sparkling, or crackling 



HAT— HE B 236 



HEC — HEC 



the omen was favourable. But the contrary 
augury was drawn, when the fire wa> kindled 
with difficulty, and was extinguished before 
the sacrifice "was totally consumed, or when 
it rolled in circles round the victim with in- 
termediate spaces between the flames. In 
regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and 
wine, if there was any deficiency in the 
quantity, if the colour was different, or the 
quality was changed, or if any thing 1 was 
done with irregulbrity. it was deemed inaus- 
picious. This custom 'of consulting the en- 
trails of victims did not originate in Tus- 
cany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans, 
Greeks, Egyptians, &c. and the more en- 
lightened pah of mankind well knew how 
to render it subservient to their wishes or 
tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised 
the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a 
superstitious^artifice. He secretly w rote in 
his hand the word nihe victory, in large 
characters, and holding the entrails in his 
hand till the impressi n was communicated 
to the flesh, he shewed it to the soldiers, 
and animated them by observing, that the 
£ods signified their approaching victories 
even by marking it in the body of the sacri- 
ficed animals.— Cu 
HASDRUBAL. Fide Asdrubal. 
HATERIUS, Q., a patrician and orator at 
Rome under the first emperors. He died 
in the 90th vear of his age.— Ta. An. 4, 61. 
AGR1PPA, a senator in the age of Ti- 
berius, hated by the tyrant for his inde- 
pendence.— Ta. An. 6, 4. ANTONINUS, 

a dis-ipated senator, whose extravagance 
was supported by Nero. — Id. 13, 34. 

HAUSTANES, a man who conspired with 
Bessus against Darius, kc— Curt. 8, 5. 
HEBDOLE. Fide Ebdome. 
HEBE, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
According- to some, she was the daughter of 
Juno only, who conceived her after eating 
lettuces. * As she was fair, and always in the 
bloom of vouth, she was called the goddess 
of youth," and made by her mother cup- 
bearer to all the gods. She was dismissed 
from her office by Jupiter, because she fell 
down in an indecent posture as she was 
pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festi- 
val, and Gam medes, the favourite of Jupiter, 
succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was em- 
ployed by her mother to prepare her chariot, 
and to harness her peacocks whenever re- 
quisite. When Hercules was raised to the 
rank of a god, he was reconciled to Juno by 
marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he 
had two" sons, Alexiares and Auicetus. As 
Hebe had the power of restoring gods and 
men to the vigour of youth, she, at the in- 
stance of her husband/performed that kind 
office to lolas his friend. Hebe was wor- 
bipped at Sicyon, under the name of Dia, 
and at Rome under the name of Juventas. 
i>he is represented as a young virgin crown- 
ed with flowers, and arrayed in a \ariegated 
garment.— Pa. 1, 19, 1. 2, 12.— Of. Me. 9, 
400. — F. 6, 76.— Apol. 1, 3, 1. 2, 7. 

HEBESUS, a Rutulian, killed in the night 
by Eurvalus.-F. £n. 9, 344. 
"HEB'RUS, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, 
which was supposed to roll its waters upon 



golden sands. It falls into the iEgean sea- 
The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, 
after it had been cut off by the Cicouian 
women. It received its name from Hebrus 
son of Cassander, a kinif of Thrace, who 
was said to have drowned himself there.— 
Me. I.—Str. l.—F. Mn. 4, 463.— Or. Mel. 

II, 50. A youth of Lipara, by Neobuie. — 

Hor. 3, o. 12'. A man of Cvzicus, killed 

by Pollux.— Flac. 3, 149. -A friend of 

.£neas son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezen- 
tius in the Rutulian war.— F. Mn. 10, 696. 

HECALE, a poor old woman who kindly 
received Theseus as he was going against 

the bull of Marathon, &c— Plu. Th. A 

town of Attica. 

HECALESIA, a festival in honour of Ju- 
piter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in 
commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, 
which Theseus had experienced when he 
went against the bull of Marathon, &c. 

HECAMEDE, a daughter of Arsinous. 
who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plun- 
der of Tenedosbv the Greeks.-//./i.ll,v.6>3. 

HECAT.E FANOM, a celebrated temple 
sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Cam. 
Str. it. 

HECAT^US, an historian of Miletus, 
born 549 vears before Christ, in the reign 

cf Darius Hystaspes.— Her. 2, 143. A 

Macedonian intimate with Alexander.— Di. 

17. A Macedonian brought to the army 

against his will by Amyntas,&c. — Curt. 7, 1. 

HECATE, a daughter of Perses and 
Asteria, the same as Proserpine, or Diana. 
She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on 
earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, 
w hence her name of Diva Triforniis,terge- 
mina, triceps. She was supposed to preside 
over magic and enchantments, and was 
generally represented like a woman with 
three heads, that ot a horse, a dog, or a 
boar, and sometimes she appeared with 
three different bodies, and three different 
faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, 
and honey, were generally offered to her, 
e>pecially in highways and cross-roads, 
whence she obtained the name of Trivia. 
Her power was extended over heaven, the 
earth, sea, and hell, and to her kings and 
nations supposed themselves indebted for 
their prosperity. — Of. Me. 794.— Hes. Th.— 
Hor. 3, o. 22.— Pa. 2, 22.- F. £n. 4, v. 511. 

HECATESIA, a yearly festival observed 
by the Stratonicensi'ans in honour of Hecate. 
The Athenians paid also particular worship 
to this goddess, who was deemed the patro- 
ness of families and of children. From this 
circumstance the statues of the goddess 
were erected before the doors of the houses, 
and upon every new moon a public supper 
was always provided at the expense of the 
richest people, and set in the streets, where 
the poorest of the citizens were permitted 
to retire and feast upon it,' while they re- 
ported that Hecate had devoured it. There 
were also expiatory offerings to supplicate 
the goddes:> to remove whatever evils might 
impend on the head of the public, &c. 

HECATO, a native of Rhodes, pupil to 
Panaetius. He wrote on the duties of man, 
SiC— Ci. 4 f Off. 15. 



HEC - HEC 



'JS7 



HEC — HEL 



HEC ATOM BO I A, a festival celebrated in 
honour of Juno by the Argians and people 
of iEgina. It receives its name from 1 ecaton 
4- Boits,'' a sacrifice of a hundred bulls, which 
were always offered to the goddess, and the 
flesh distributed among the poorest citizens. 
There were also public fames first instituted 
by Arduous, a king of Argos, in which the 
prize was a shield of brass with a crown of 
myrtle. 

HECATOMPHOXIA, a solemn sacrifice 
offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, when 
anv of them had killed an hundred enemies. 
—Pa. 4,12. 

HECATOMPOL1S, an epithet given to 
Crete, from the hundred cities which it once 
contained. 

KECATOAIPYLOS, an epithet applied to 
Thebes in Egypt on account of its hundred 

gates.— Am. 22, 16. Also, the capital of 

u in the reisrn of the Arsacides. — 
Pto. 6, C. .5. -Str. II.— Pi. 6, 15 X 25. 

HECATONNESI, small islands between 
Lesbos and Asia.— Str. 13. 

H ECTOR, son of king Priam and Hecuba, 
was the most valiant of ail the Trojan 
chiefs that fousht against the Greeks. H 



UHte of mothers. When she was pregnan. 
of Paris, she dreamed that she tad brought 
into the world a burning torch which had 
reduced her husband's palace and all Troy 
to ashes. So alarming a dream was ex- 
plained by the soothsayers, v%ho declared 
that the son she should bring into the wond 
would prove the ruin of his country. When 
Paris was born she exposed him on mount 
Ida, to avert the calamities which threatened 
her family ; but her attempts to destroy 
him were fruitless, and the predictions of 
the soothsayers were fulfilled. [Vide Paris.] 
During the" Trojan war she saw the greatest 
part of her children perish by the hands of 
the enemy, and like a mother she confessed 
her grief" bv her tears and lamentations, 
particularly' at the death of Hector her 
eldest son." When Troy was taken, Hecuba, 
as one of the captives", fell to the lot of 
Ulysses, a man whom she hated for his 
perfidy and avarice, and she embarked with 
the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks 
landed in the Thraciau Chersonesus, to load 
with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. 
During their stay the hero's ghost appeared 
to them, and demanded, to insure the 



married Andromache the daughter of j safety of their return, the sacrifice of Po- 
Eetion, bv whom he had Astvanax. He ! lyxeha, Hecuba's daughter. They complied, 
was appointed captain of a.l'the Trojan and Polyxena was torn from her mother to 
forces, when Troy was besieged bv the be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, 
Greeks; and the' valour with which he and her grief was still more increased at the 
behaved showed how well qualified he was sight of the body of her son Polydorus 
to discharge that important office. He en- 1 washed on the shore, who had been recom- 
gaged with the bravest of the Greeks, and ! mended by his father to the care and hu- 
according to Hvginus, no less than 31 of the j manity ofPolymnestor, king of the country, 
most valiant of the enemy perished by his \[Vide' Polydorus.] She determined to 
hand. When Achilles had driven back the revenge the death of her sou, and with the 
Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great greatest indignation went to the house of 
to riy, waited the approach of the enemy ids murderer and tore his eyes, and at- 
near the Scean gates, though his father and tempted to deprive him of his life. Siie was 
mother, with tears in their eves, blamed his hindered from executingher bloodypurpose, 
rashness and entreated him to retire. The by the arrival of some Thracians, and she 
sight of Achilles terrified hirn, and he fled tied with the female companions of her cap- 
before him in the plain. The Greek pur- tivity. She was pursued, and when she ran 
sued and Hector was killed, and his body after the stones that were thrown at her, 
was dragged in cruel triumph by the con- she found herself suddenly changed into a 
queror round the tomb of Patroclus whom bitch, and when she attempted to speak, 
Hector had killed. The body, after it had found that she could only bark. After this 
received the grossest insults, was ran- metamorphosis she threw herself into the 
somed by old Priam, and the Trojans ob- sea, according to Hvginus, and that place 
tained from the Greeks a truce of some davs was, from that circumstance, called Cyneum. 
to pay the last offices to the greatest of the'ir Hecuba had a great number of children by 
leaders. The Thebans boasted in the age of Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, 
the geographer Pausanias that thev had the Deiphobus, Pammon, HeLenus, Polytes, An- 
ashes of Hector preserved in an" urn, by tiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and 
order of an oracle ; which promised them among the daughters, Creusa, I lione, Lao- 
undisturbed felicity if thev were in possession dice, Polyxena, and Cassandra.— Ov. Me. 
of that hero's remains*. The epithet of 11,761,1.13,515 — Hyg. fa. 111.— V. &n. 
Hectureus is applied bv the poets to the 3, 44.— Jav. 10,271.— Str .13.— Die. Ci A A: 5 
Trojans, as best expressive of valour and —Apol. 3, 12. [of Thrace, 

intrepidity.—//. //. 1, & c .— V. £n. 1, &c— HECCBjE SEPULCH RUM, a promontory 
Ov. Me. l-2k 13.— Die. Cr.—Da.Ph.—Hvg. HEDILA, a poetess of Samos. 
fa. 90 & Il2.-Pa. 1. 3 & 9, 18.— Quin. Sin. HEDON£UM, a village of Bceotia. Pa. 9, 

1 & 3. A son of Parmenio,drowned in the HEDUI.— Vide JEdni. 

Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with HEDYMELES, an admired musician in 
a magnificent funeral.— Curl. 4, 8, 1. 6, 9. Domitian's age. The word signifies sweet 

HECUBA, daughter of Dvmas a Phrvgian music.— Juv. 6, 381. 
prince, or according to others, of Ciss'eis, a HEGELOCHUS, a general of 6000 Athe- 
rhracian king, was the second wife of Priam nians sent to Man tinea to stop the progress 

king of Troy, and proved the chastest of of Epaminondas.— Di. 15. An Egypliar. 

■lumen, and the most tender and nnfortu-l general who flourished B.C. 128. 



HEG-HEL 28S 
HEGEMON a Thasian poet in the age of 
Akibiades. He wrote a poem called Gi-' 
trantomachia, besides other works. — Ml. V. 

4j 11. Another poet who wrote a poem 

on the war of Leuctra, &c.^.— V. H. 8. 1 1 . 

HEGES1ANAX, an historian of Alexan- 
dria, who wrote an account of the Trojan 
war. 

HEGESIAS, a tyrant of Ephesus under 

the patronage of Alexander.— Poly. 6. 

A philosopher who so eloquently convinced 
his auditors of their failings and follies, and 
persuaded them that there were no dangers 
after death, that many were guilty of sui- 
cide. Ptolemy forbade him to continue his 

doctrines.— Ci. Tu. 1, 34. An historian, 

A famous orator of Magnesia who cor- 
rupted the elegant diction of Attica, by the 
introduction of Asiatic idioms.— Ci. Or. 67, 
69.— Br. B3.—Str. 9—Plu. Ai. 

H EG ESI LOCH US, one of the chief ma- 
gistrates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexan- 
der and his fath#r Philip. Another na- 
tive of Rhodes, 17 1 years before the christian 
era. He engaged his countrymen to pre- 
pare a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans 
against Perseus king of Macedonia. 

HEGESINOUS, a man who wrote a poem 
on Attica.— Pans. 2, 29. 

HEGESINl'S, a philosopher of Pergamus, 
of the 2d academy. He flourished B.C.I 93. 

HEGESIPPUS, an historian who wrote 
some things upon Pallene. 

HEGESIPYLE,a daughter of Olorus, king 
of Thrace, who married Miltiades and be- 
came mother of Cimon. — Plu. 

HEGESISTRATUS, an Ephesian who 
consulted the oracle to know in what par- 
ticular place he should fix his residence. 
He was directed to settle where he found 
peasants dancing with crowns of olives. 
This was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c. 

HEGETORI DES, a Thasian, who, upon 
seeing his country besieged by the Athenians, 
and a law forbidding any one on pain of 
death to speak of peace, went to the market- 
place with a rope round his neck, and boldly 
told his countrymen to treat him as they 
pleased, provided they saved the city from 
the calamities which the continuation of the 
war seemed to threaten. The Thasians 
were awakened, the law abrogated, and He- 
getorides pardoned.— Poly. 2. 

HELENA, the most beautiful woman of 
her age, sprung from one of the eggs which 
Leda, the wife of king Tyndarus, brought 
forth after her amour with Jupiter, meta- 
morphosed into a swan. [Vide Leda. J Ac- 
cording to some authors, Helen was daugh- 
ter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was 
only her nurse ; and to reconcile this variety 
of opinions some imagine that Nemesis and 
Leda are the same persons. Her beauty 
was so universally admired, even in her in- 
fancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous, 
carried her away before she had attained 
her tenth year, and concealed her at 
Aphidnae, under the care of his mofher 
Althra. Her brothers, Castor and Pollux, 
recovered her by force of arms, and she re- 
turned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her 
fcaiive country. There existed however, a 



HEL-HEI 

tradition recorded by Pausanias, thatHelpn 
was of nubile vears when carried away by 
Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her 
ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of 
Clvtemnestra. This violence offered to her 
virtue did not in the least diminish, but it 
rather augmented her fame, and her hand 
was eagerlv solicited by the young princes of 
Greece'. The most celebrated of her suitors 
were Ulysses, son of Laertes, Antilochus 
son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, 
Diomedes son of Tydeus, Amphilochus son of 
Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor 
son of Ancaeus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, 
Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius son of 
Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, 
Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus 
and lalmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son 
of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetns, Poly- 
poetes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of 
Chalcodon, Podalyrus and Machaon sons of 
iEseulapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Phi- 
loctetes son of Paean, Protesilaus son of 
Iphiclus, Eurypilusson of Evemon,Ajax and 
Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of 
Mencetius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas 
Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was 
rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of 
such a number of illustrious princes, who 
eagerly solicited each to become his son-in- 
law. He knew that he could not prefer.one 
without displeasing all the rest, and from 
this perplexity he was at last drawn by the 
artifices of TJlysses, who began to be already 
known in Greece by his prudence and saga- 
city. This prince, who clearly saw that his 
pretensions to Helen would not probably 
meet with success in opposition to so many 
rivals proposed to extricate Tyndarus from 
all his difficulties, if he would promise him 
his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus 
consented, and Ulysses advised the king to 
bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that 
they would approve of the uninfluenced 
choice which Helen should make of one 
among them ; and engage to unite together 
to defend her person and character, if e ver 
any attempts were made to ravish her from 
the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulys- 
ses was followed, the princes consented, and 
Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and 
married him. Hermione was the early fruitof 
th<s union, which continued for three years 
with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son 
of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedaemon 
on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was 
kindly received by Menalaus, but shamefully 
abused his favours, and in his absence iii 
Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife 
Helen, and persuaded her to "follow him to 
Troy, B.C. 1 198. At his return, Menelaus, 
highly sensible of the injury he had received, 
assembled the Grecian princes, and remind- 
ed them of their solemn promises. They 
resolved to make war against the Trojans"; 
but they previously sent ambassadors to 
Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. 
The influence of Paris at his father's court 
prevented the restoration, and the Greeks 
returned home without receiving the satis- 
faction they required. Soon after their re- 
turn their combined forces assembled and 



HEL - HEL 



22f-J 



HEL — HEL 



sailed for the coast of Asia. Tlie behaviour 
of Helen during- the Trojan war is not clearly 
known. Some assert that she had willingly 
followed Paris, and that she warmly sup- 
ported the cause of the Trojans; while 
others believe that she always sighed after 
her husband, and cursed the day in which 
she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer 
represents her as in the last instance, and 
some have added that she often betrayed 
the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, 
and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. 
When Paris was killed in the ninth year of 
the war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, 
one of Praim's sons, and when Troy was 
taken she made no scruple to betray him, 
and introduce the Greeks into his chamber, 
to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She 
returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus 
forgave the errors which she had committed. 
Some, however, say that she obtained her 
Jfe even with difficulty from her husband, 
whose resentment she had kindled by her 
infidelity. After she had lived for some 
years in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was 
driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes 
and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her 
husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where 
at that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, 
reigned over the country. Polyxo remem- 
bered that her widowhood originated in 
Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus 
had been killed in the Trojan war, which 
had been caused by the debaucheries of 
Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. 
While Helen retired one day to bathe in 
the river. Polyxo disguised her attendants 
in the habits ot furies and sent them with 
orders to murder her enemy. Helen was 
tied to a tree and strangled, and her 
misfortunes were afterwards remembered, 
and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the 
temple which the Rhod'ians raised to Helen 
Dendritis, or tied to a tree. There is a tra- 
dtion mentioned by Herodotus, which says 
that Paris was driven, as he returned from 
Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, when 
Proteus, king of the country, expelled him 
from his dominions for his ingratitude to 
Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that 
circumstance, therefore, Priam informed 
the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen 
nor her possessions were in Troy, but in 
the hands of the king of Egyyt. In spite of 
this assertion the Greeks besieged the town 
and took it after ten years' siege, and Me- 
nelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned 
home, recovered Helen at the court of Pro- 
teus, and was convinced that the Trojan 
war had been undertaken on very unjust and 
unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured 
after death as a goddess, and the Spartans 
built her a temple at Therapne, which had 
the power of giving beauty to all the de- 
formed women that entered it. Helen, ac- 
cording to some, was carried into the island 
of Leuce after death, where she married 
Achilles, who had been one of her warmest 
admirers. — The age of Helen has been a 
matter of deep inquiry among the chronolo- 
gists. If she was born of the same eggs as 
Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the 



Argonauts in their expedition against Col- 
chis about 35 years before the Trojan war,ac • 
cording to some, she was no less than 60 years 
old when Troy was reduced to ashes," sup- 
posing that her brothers were only 1.5 when 
they embarked with the Argonauts. But 
she is represented by Homer so incompa- 
rably beautiful during the siege of Troy, 
that though seen at a distance she influenced 
the counsellors of Priam by the brightness 
of her charms ; therefore we must suppose 
with others, that her beauty remained long 
undiminished, and was extinguished onlv at 
her death.— Pa. 3, 19, kc.—Apol. 3, I0,"&c. 
^-Hyg. fa. 77 —Her. 2, 112.— Flu. Th. Ike. 
—Ci. off. 3.—Hor. 3, o. 3.— Die. Cr. 1, &c. 
—Quin. Sm. 10, 13, Scc—H. II. 2, & Od. 4 

& 15. A young woman of Sparta, often 

confounded with the daughter of Leda. As 
she was going to be sacrificed, because the 
lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and 
carried away the knife of the priest, upon 
which she was released, and the barbarous 
custom of offering human victims was abo. 

lished. An island on the coast of Attica, 

where Helen came after the siege of Troy. 

— PL 4, 12. A daughter of the emperor 

Constantine who married Julian. The 

mother of Constantine. She died in her 
80th year, A. D. 328. 

HELEN! A, a festival in Laconia, in 
honor of Helen, who received there di- 
vine honors. It was celebrated by virgins 
riding upon mules, and in chariots' made of 
reeds and bullrushes. 

HELENOR.a Lydian prince who accom- 
panied iEneas to Italy, and was killed by 
the Rutulians. His mother's name was 
Licymnia.— V. JEn. 9, 444, &c 

HELEN US, a celebrated soothsayer, son 
of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by 
all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was 
given in marriage to Helen in preference to 
himself, he resolved fr> leave his country, 
and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses 
took him prisoner by the advice of Calchas. 
As he was well acquainted with futurity, 
the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, 
and promises, to induce him to reveal the 
secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear 
of death or gratification of resentment se- 
duced him to disclose to the enemies of his 
country, that Troy could not be taken 
whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, 
nor before Polydcctes came from his retreat 
at Lemnos, and assisted to support the siege. 
After the ruin of his country, he fell to the 
share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and 
saved his life by warning him to avoid the 
dangerous tempest which in reality proved 
fatal to all those who set sail. This en- 
deared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from 
his hand Andromache the widow of his bro- 
ther Hector, by whom he had a son called 
Cestrinus. This marriage, according to 
some, was consummated after the death of 
Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his 
wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam's 
sons who survived the ruin of his country. 
After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over 
part of Epirus, which he called Chaonia in 
memory of his brother Chaon, whom he 



HEL-HEL 2 

inadvertently killed. Helenus received /Eneas 
as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold 
him some of ihe calamities which attended 
his fleet. The manner in which he received 
the gift of prophecy is doubtful.— [Fide 
Cassaudra.]— H. II. 6, 76, 1. 7, 47.— V. JEn. 3. 

— Ov. Me. 13, 99, & 723, 1. 15, 437. A Ru- 

tulian killed by Pallas.— V. Mn. 10, 388. 

HELERNI LUCAS, a place near Rome.— 
Ov. F. 6, 105. 

HELES or HALES, a river of Lucania 
near Velia.— Ci. At. 16, e. 7. Fa. 7, e. 20. 

HELIADES, tiie daughters of the sun and 
Clymene. They were three in numb.r, 



K) HEL-HEL 

tempted to plunder the temple of the Jew^, 

about 176 years before Christ by order of his 

master, &c A Greek mathematician of 

Larissa. A famous sophist the best edi- 
tions of whose entertaining' romance, called 
JEthiopica, are by Commelin, Svo. 1596, and 

Paris, 1619. A'learned Greek rhetorician 

in the age of Horace. A man who wrote 

a treatise on tombs. A poet. A geo 

srapher. A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal's 

age. —Juv. 6, 372. 

HELIOGABALUS, a deitv among: the 
Phoenicians. M. AUREUIUS ANTONI- 
NUS, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Mar- 



Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or , celius, called Heliogabalus, because he had 
seven, according to Hygin, Merope, HHie, been priest of that divinity in Phoenicia. After 
vtgle, Lampetie, Phoebe, iEtheria, and Dio- ! the death of INlacrinus he was invested with 
xippe. They were so afflicted at the death ! the imperial purple, and the senate, howe- 
of their brother Phaeton [Vide Phaeton J that \ ver unwilling to submit to a youth only 
they were changed by the gods into poplars, ' 14 vears of age, approved of hfs election, 
and their tears 'into precious amber, on the and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. 
* anks of the river Po.—Ov. Me. 2, 340.— Heliogabalus made his srrand-mother Mcesa, 



Hyg. fa. 
Rhodes. This : 



—The first inhabitants of and his mother Scemias, his colleagues on 
island being covered with the throne ; and to bestow more dignity upon 
mud when the world was first created, was the sex, he chose a senate of women, over 



warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, which his mother presided, and prescribed 

and from "thence sprang seven men, which all the modes and fashions which prevailed 

were called Heliades, "apo tou eliou," from in the empire. Rome, however, soon dis. 

the sun. The eldest of these, called OchU played a scene of cruelty and debauchery ; 

mus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs the imperial palace was fuli of prostitution, 

of the island, and his brothers fled fro"m the and the most infamous of the populace be- 

country for having put to death through came the favourites of the prince. He raised 



jealous'y one of their number.— Di. 



his horse to the honours of the consulship, 



HELiAST.<9E, a name given to the judges of and obliged Ins subjects to pay adoration to 
the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They the god Heliogabalus, which was no other 
consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500*; than a large black stone, whose figure re- 
they were seldom assembled, and only upon j sembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous 
matters of the greatest importance.— Bern, j deity temples were raised at Rome, and 
Ti.—Diog.Sol. 

HELICAON, a Troian prince, son of An- 
tenor. He married Laodice, the daughter i his extravagances 



the altars of the gods plundered to deck 
- those of the new divinity. In 



the midst of 
Heliogabalus married 

of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform j four wives, and not satisfied' with following 
Helen of the state of the rival armies before i the plain laws of nature, he professed him- 
Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night 1 "~ 
engagement, but his life was spared by 
Ulysses, who remembered the hospitality he 
had recieved from his father Antenor.— H. 
11. 2. 123. 

HELICE, a star near the north pole, gene- 
rally called Ursa major. It is supposed to 



self to be a woman, and gave himself up to 
one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this 
ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest 
indignities from his pretended husband 
without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by 
stooping to infamy, became the most pow- 
( erful of the favourites, and enriched him- 
receive its name from the town of Helice, j self by selling favors and offices to the 
of which Callist, who was changed into the ! people. Such licentiousness soon displeased 
Great Bear, was an inhabitant.— Luc. 2, ! the populace, aud Heliogabalus, unable to 



237. A town of Achaia, on the bay of 

Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of 

the sea — PI. 2, 92.— Ov. Me. 15, 293. A 

daughter of Silenus king of ^Egiale.— Pa. 7, 

24. A daughter of Lycaon, king of 

Arcadia. 

HELICON, now Zagaro-Vouni, a moun- 
tain of Bceotia, on the borders of Phocis. It 
was sacred to the IMuses, who had there a 
temple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed 
from this mountain. —Str. 8.— Of. Me. 2, 219 

—Pa. 9, 28, kc.—V. /En. 7, 641. A river 

Macedonia, near Dium.— Pa. 9, 30. 

HEL1CONIADES, a name given to the 
ivluses because they lived upon mount He- 
licon, which was sacred to them. [Apol. 

HELICONTS, a daughter of Thespius.— 

HELIODORUS, one of the favourites of 
Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at- 



appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom 
his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, 
hid himself in the filth and excrements of 
the camp, where he was found in the arms 
of his mother. His head was severed from 
his body the 10th of March, A. D. 222, in 
the 18th year of his age, after a reign of 
three years, nine months, and four days. 
He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. 
His cruelties were as'conspicuous as his li- 
centiousness. He burthened his subjects 
with the most oppressive taxes, his halls 
were covered with carpets of gold and 
silver tissue, and his mats were made with 
the down of hares, and with the soft feathers 
which he found under the wings of par- 
tridges. He was fond o f covering his shoes 
with precious stones, to draw the admira- 
tion of the people as he walked along tht. 



HEL- HEL 



291 



HEL-HEL 



streets, and he was the first Roman who ever 
•wore a dress of silk. He often invited the 
most common of the people to share his ban- 
quets, and made them sit down on large 
bellows full of wind, which, by suddenly 
emptying themselves, threw the guests on the 
ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. 
He often tied some of his'favourites on a 
large wheel, and was particularly delighted 
to see them whirled round like Ixions, and 
sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk be- 
neath the water. 

HELIOPOLIS, now Matarea, a famous 
city of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple 
sacred to the sun. The inhabitants wor- 
shipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same 
ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apollo 
had an oracle there.— Gi. N. D. 3, 21.— PL 

36, 26.— Str. \1.—Bi. 1. There was a 

small village of the same name without the 

Delta, near Babvlon. A town of Syria, 

now Balbeck.—Pl. 5, 22. 

HELISSON, a town and river of Arcadia. 
—Pa. 8, 29. 

HELIUM, a name given to the mouth of 
the Maese in Germanv.— PL 4, 15. 

HE LIU S, a celebrated favourite of the 
emperor Nero, put to death by order of 

Galba, for his cruelties. The Greek name 

of the sun. or Apollo 

HELIXUS, a river of Cos. 

HELLANICE, a sister of Clitus, who was 
nurse to Alexander.— Curt. 8, 1. 

HELLANICUS, a celebrated Greek his- 
torian, born at Mitylene. He wrote an his- 
tory of the ancient "kings of the earth, with 
an account of the founders of the most fa- 
mous towns in every kingdom, and died 
B. C. 41 1, in the 85th"vear of his age.— Pa. 

2, 3.— Ci. Or. 2, 53.— Aul.G. 15, 23. A 

brave officer rewarded by Alexander.— Curt. 

5, 2. An historian of'Miletus, who wrote 

a description of the earth. 

HELLAN OCR ATES, a man of Larissa,&c. 
—A ris. Pol. .*, lo. 

HELLAS, an ancient name of Thessaly, 
more generally applied to the territories of 
Acarnania, Attica, ittolia, Doris, Locris, 
Beeotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. 
It received this name from Deucalion, and 
now forms a part of Livadia.— PL 4, 7.— Str. 

8.— Me. 2, c. 3.— Pa. 2, 20. A beautiful 

woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved 
by Marius; the lover killed her in a fit of 
passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. 
—Hor. 2, s. 3, 277. 

HELLE, a daughter of Athamas and Ne- 
phele, sister to Phryxus. She fled from 
her father's house with her brother, to avoid 
the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law, 
Ino. According to some accounts, she was 
carried through the air on a golden ram, 
which her mother had received from Nep- 
tune, and in her passage she became giddy 
and fell from her seat into that part of the 
sea which from her received the name of 
Hellespont. Others say that she was car- 
ried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from 
which she fell into the sea and was drowned. 
Phryxus, after he had given his sister a 
burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued 
his journey and arrived safe at Colchis. 



{Vide Phrvxus.j-Or. Her. 13, &c. Me. 4, f. 
14 — Pind.'A. Py.—Pa. 9, 34. 

HELLEN, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
reigned in Phthiolis about 1495 years before 
the Christian era, and gave the name of 
Hellenians t<* his subjects. He had, by hi* 
wife Orseis, three sons; iEolus, Dorus^ and 
Xuthus. who gave their names to the three 
different nations known under the name of 
iEolians, Dorians, and lonians. These last 
derive their name from Ion, son of Xuthus, 
and from the difference either of expression 
or pronunciation in their respective lan- 
guages, arose the different dialects well 
known in the Greek language.— Pa. 3, 20, 1. 
7,1.— Di. 5. 

HELLENES, the inhabitants of Greece.— 
Vide Hell en. 

HELLESPONTIAS, a wind blowing from 
the north-east. — PL 2, 47. 

HELLESPONTUS, now the Dardanelles^ 
a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, 
near the Propontis, which received its name 
from Helle, who was drowned there in her 
voyage to Colchis. [Vide Helle.] It is 
about 60 miles long, and, in the broadest 
parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles 
distant from the European, and only half a 
mile in the narrowest, according to modern 
investigation ; so that people can converse 
one with the other from the opposite shores. 
It is celebrated for the love and death of 
Leander, [Vide Hero, ] and for the bridge 
of boats which Xerxes built over it when lie 
invaded Greece. The folly of this great 
prince is well known in beating and fettering 
the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity de- 
stroyed hisships, and rendered all his labours 
inetiectual.— Str. 13.— PL 8. 32— Her. 7,34. 
—Pol.— Me. 1, I. — Pto. 5, 2.-Ov. Me. 13, 

407.— Li. 31, 15, 1. 33, 33, The country 

along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast 
bears the same name.— Ci. Ver. 1, 24.— Fa. 
13, e. 53.— S'.r. 12.— PL 5, 30. 

HELLOPIA, a small country of Eubcea. 
The people were called Hellopes. Tl»e 
isiand bore the same name according to Stra- 
bo, ]0.—PL 4, 12. 

HELLOTIA, two festivals, one of which 
was observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, 
whose bones were then carried in solemn 
procession, with a myrtle garland no less 
than twenty cubits in circumference, called 
ellotis. The other festival was celebrated 
at Corinth with games and races, where 
young men entered the lists, and generally 
"ran with burning torches in their hands. It 
was instituted in honour of Minerva, sur- 
named Hellotis, "apo tou elou," from a cer- 
tain pond of Marathon, where one of her 
statues was erected, or "apo tore etein ton ip- 
ponlon Pegason," because by her assistance 
Bellerophon took and managed the horse 
Pegasus, which was the original cause of 
the institution of the festival." Others derive 
the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian wo- 
man, from the following circumstance : 
when the Dorians and the Heraclidit in- 
vaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt 
Corinth ; the inhabitahts, and particularly 
the women, escaped by flight, exeept Hel- 
lotis and her sister Lurytione, who took 



HEL— HEL 



292 



HEL — HEP 



shelter in Minerva's temple, relying for 
safety upon the sanctity of the place. When 
this was known, the Dorians set fire to the 
temple, and the two sisters perished in the 
flames. This wanton cruelty was followed 
by a dreadful plague, and the Dorians, to 
alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, 
were directed by the oracle to appease the 
manes of the two sisters, ami therefore they 
raised a temple to the goddess Minerva, 
and established the festivals which bore 
the name of one of the unfortunate women. 

HELNES, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. 
—Poly. 1. 

HELORIS, a general of the people of 
Rhegium, sent to besieee Messana, which 
Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in 
batrle, and his troops were defeated.— Di. 1. 

HELORUM & HELORUS, now Muri 
Vcci, a town and river of Sicily, whose swol- 
len waters generally inundate the neigh- 
bouring country.— V. Mn. 3, 698.— if. II, 
270. A river of Magna Grascia. 

HELOS, a place of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 36. 

■ A town or Laconia taken and destroyed 

as the Lacedaemonians under Agis the third, 
of the race of the Heraclidae, because they 
refused to pay the tribute which was im- 
posed upon them. The Lacedaemonians 
carried their resentment so far, that, not 
satisfied with the ruin of the city, they re- 
duced the inhabitants to the lowest and most 
miserable slavery, and made a law which 
forbade their masters either to give them 
their liberty, or to sell them in any other | 
country. To complete their infamy/all the | 
slaves of the state and the prisoners of war j 
were called by the mean appellation ofj 
Helotee. Not only the servile offices in which j 
they were employed denoted their misery j 
and slavery, but they were obliged to wear 
peculiar garments, which exposed them to \ 
greater contempt and ridicule. They never \ 
were instructed in the liberal arts, and their j 
cruel masters often obliged them to drink j 
to excess, to show the free-born citizens ofj 
Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of in- 
toxication. They once every year received | 
a number of stripes, that by this wanfon ; 
flagellation they might recoliect that they j 
were born and died slaves. The Spartans 
even declared war against them ; but Flu- j 
tarch, who, from interested motives, en- i 
deavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty j 
of the people of Lacedaemon, declares that 
it was because they had assisted the Mes- 
senians in their war against Sparta, after 
it had been overthrown by a violen earth- 
quake. This earthquake was supposed 
by all the Greeks to be a punishment j 
from heaven for the cruelties which the | 
Lacedaemonians had exercised against the 
Heiots. In the Peloponnesian war, these 
miserable slaves behaved with uncommon 
bravery, and were rewarded with their li- 
berty by the Lacedaemonians, and appeared 
in the temples and at public shows crowned 
with garlands, and with every mark of fes- 1 
tivity and triumph. This exultation did not ! 
continue long, and the sudden disappear- j 
ance of the two thousand manumitted slaves i 
was attributed to the inhumanity of the 



Lacedaemonians.— Th. A.— Pol. 3, 8.—S{r. 
8.— Plu. Ly. &c.—Aris. Pol. 2,—Pa.La.frc. 

HELOTEE & HELOTES, the public slaves 
of Sparta, &c. Vide Helos. 

HELVETIA, a vesral virgin struck dead 
with lightning in Trajan's reign. 

HELVETII, an ancient nation of Gaul, 
conquered by J. Caesar. Their country is 
the modern Switzerland.— Ca>s. B. G. l,&c. 
— Ta. Hist. 1 , 67 & 69. 

H ELV1 A , the mother of Cicero. Ricina, 

a town of Picenum. 

HELV ID1A, the name of a Roman family. 

HELVII, now Viviers, a people of Gaul, 
alonsr the Rhone.— PI. 3, 4. 

HELVILLUM, a town of Umbria sup- 
posed to be the same as Suillum, now Si- 
gillo.— Pl. 3, 14. 

HELVINA, a fountain of Aquinum, where 
Ceres had a temple.— Juv. 3, 320. 

HELVIUS CINNA proposed a law, which 
however was not passed, to admit Caesar to 
marry whatever woman he chose.— Stie. 
Cces. 52. A poet. Vide Cinna. 

HELUM, a river of Scvthia. 

HELYMUS & PANOPES, two hunters 
at the court of Arcestes in Sicily. — V. JEn. 
5, 73, &c. 

HEMA THION, a son of Aurora and Ce- 
phalus, or Tithonus.— Apol. 3. 

H EMITHEA, a daughter of Cycnus and 
Proclea. She was so attached to her bro- 
ther Tenes, that she refused to abandon 
him when his father Cycnus exposed him 
on the sea. They were carried by the wind 
to Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed 
tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her 
charms, offered her violence. She was res- 
cued from his embrace by her brother Tenes, 
who was instantly slaughtered by the of- 
fended hero. Hemithea could hot have 
been rescued from the attempts of Achillea, 
had not the earth opened and swallowed 
her up, afler she had fervently entreated 
the assistance of the gods. Vide Tenes.— 
Pa. 10, 14. Di. 4. 

HE MOW Vide Haemon. 

HEM US. Vide Haemus. A Roman.— 

Juv. 6, 197. 

HENETI, a people of Paphlagronia, win 
are said to have settled in Italy near the 
Adriatic, where they gave the name of Ve- 
netia to their habitation. — Li. 1, 1. — Bur. 

HEN IOCHI, a people of A.-iatic Sarmatia, 
near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and 
Telechius, the charioteers (eniokoi) of Cas- 
tor and Pollux, and thence called Lacedae- 
monii.— Me. I, 21.— Pal. 2, 40.— Flac. 3, 
270, 1. 6, 42. 

HENNA. Vide Enna. 

HEPHiESTIA, the capital town of Lem- 

nos. A festival in honour of Vulca; 

CBphaislos) at Athens. There was then 
race with torches between three young men, 
Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted 
torch in his hand, and whoever could carry 
it to the end of the course before it was ex- 
tinguished, obtained the prize. They de- 
livered it one to the other after they finished 
their course, and from that circumstance 
we see many allusions in ancient author* 
who compare the vicissitudes of human af 



HEP— HER 



293 



HER— HER 



ftirs to this delivering of the torch, parti 
<^ularlv in these lines of Lucretius 2 : 
Inqiie brevi spatio mutantur scecla ani- 
mantum, 

Et quasi cursores vita lampada tradunt. 

HEPH/ESTi ADES, a name applied to the 
/..ipari isles as sacred to Vulcan. 

HEPHjESTII, mountains in Lycia which 
are set on fire bv the lightest touch of a 
burning' torch. 'Their very stones burn in 
the mii'dle of water, according to PL 6, 106. 

HEPH/ESTIO, a Greek grammarian of 
Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. 
There remains of his compositions a trea- 
tise entitled " Enchiridion de metris <$- poe- 
mate," the best edition of which is that of 
Panw, 4to. Ultra]. 1726. 

HEPHjESTION, a Macedonian famous 
for his intimacy with Alexander. He ac- 
companied the conqueror in his Asiatic con- 
quests, and was so faithful and attached to 
him, that Craterus was the friend of the 
king, but Hephsestion the friend of Alexan- 
der. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before 
the Christian era, according to some from 
excess of drinking or eating. Alexander 
was so inconsolable at the death of this 
faithful subject, that he shed tears at the 
intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire 
to be extinguished, which was never 
don but at the death of a Persian mo- 
narch. The physician who attended He- 
phaestion in his illness, was accused of neg- 
ligence, and by the king's order inhumanly 
put to death, and the games interrupted. 
His body was intrusted to the care of Per- 
jiccas, and honoured with the most magni- 
ficent funeral at Babylon. He was so like 
(he king in features and stature, that he 
was often saluted by the name of Alexander. 
-Curt.—Arr. 7, &c— Flu. Al.—JEl. V. 
H. 7, 8. 

HEPTAPHONOS, a portico, which re- 
ceived this name, because the voi -e was re- 
I'choed seven times in it. — PI. 36, 3. 15. 

HEPTAPOLlS,acountry of Egypt, which 
tontained seven cities. 

HEPTAPYLOS, a surname of Thebes ',n 
Bceotia, from its seven gates. 

HERA, the name ot Juno among the 

Greeks. Adaughter of Neptune and Ceres 

.vhen transformed into a mare.— Apol 3. 

A town of yEolia and of Arcadia.— Pa. 

6, 7. A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. 

—Ci. At. 2, 1. 

HERACLE A, an ancient town of Sicily, 
near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony 
there when he pursued Daedalus; and the 
town anciently known by the name of Ma- 
cara, was called from him Minoa. It was 
called Heraclea after Hercules, when he 

obtained a viclory over Eryx. A town of 

Macedonia. Another in Pontus, cele- 
brated for its naval power and its conse- 
quence among the Asiatic states. The in- 
habitants conveyed home in their 6hips the 

10,000 at their return. Another in Crete. 

Another in Parthia. Another in Bi- 

thynia. Another in Phthiotis. near Ther- 
mopylae, called also Trachinea, to distin- 
guish it from the others. Another in Lu- 

cania.— Ci. Ar 4. Another in Syria. 



Another in Chersonesus Taurica. Ano- 
ther in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c. 
There were no less than 40 cities of that 
name in different parts of the world, all 
built ill honour of Hercules, whence the 

name is derived. A daughter of Hiero, 

tyrant of Sicily, &c. 

HERACLE1 A, a festival at Athens ^elt 
brated every fifth year, in honour of Her- 
cules. TheThisbians and Thebans in Boeo- 
tia, observed a festival of the same name, 
in which they offered apples to the god. 
This custom of offering apples arose from 
this : it was always usual to offer sheep, but 
the overflowing of the river Asopus pre- 
vented the votaries of the god from observ- 
ing it with the ancient ceremony ; and as 
melon signifies both an apple and a sheep, 
some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity 
of the word, offered apples to the god, with 
much sport and festivity. To represent the 
sheep, they raised an apple upon four 
sticks as the legs, and two more were 
placed at the top to represent the horns of 
the victim. Hercules was delighted at thf 
ingenuity of the youths, and the festival wat 
ever continued with the offering of apples. 
—Pollux. 8, c. 9. There was also a festival 
at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It con- 
tinued two days, the first was called onoma- 

tas, the second t.sakleia At a festival of 

the same name at Cos, the priest officiated 
with a mitre on his head, and in woman's 

apparel. At Lindus, a solemnity of the 

same name was also observed, and at the 
celebration nothing was heard but execra- 
tion and profane words, and whosoever ac- 
cidentally dropped any other words, was 
accused of having profaned the sacred 
rites. 

HERACLEUM, a promontory of Cappa- 

docia. A town of Egypt near Canopus 

on the western mouth of the Nile to which 
it gave its name.— Di. \.— Ta. An. 2, 60.— 

Str. 2 & 17. The port town of Gnossus 

in Crete. 

HERACLEOTES, a surname of Diony- 

sius the philosopher. A philosopher "of 

Heraclea, who, like his master 7eno, and 
all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was 
not an evil. A severe illness, attended with 
the most acute pains, obliged him to re- 
nounce his principles, and at the same time 
the philosophy of the Stoics, about 364 
years before the Christian era. He became 
afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, which 
placed the summum bonum in pleasure. 
He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises 
of philosophy. — Diog. vi. 

H ERACL1 DM, the descendants of Hercu- 
les, greatly celebrated in ancient history. 
Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus 
all the rights and claims which he had upon 
the Peloponnesus, and permitted him ti 
marry lole, as soon as he came of age. Th 
posterity of Hercules were not more kindly 
treated by Eurystheus, than their father ma 
been, and they were obliged to retire lo . r 
protection to the court of Ceyx, king ol 
Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them th. 
ther ; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment., 
begged the Heraclida? to depart from hh 



HER -HER HER— HER 



dominions. From Trachinia they came to 
Athens, where Theseus the king- of the 
country, who had accompanied their father 
ri some of his expeditions, received them 
vith great humanity, and assisted them 
arainst their common enemy, Eurystheus. 
t irystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus 
himself, and his children perished with him, 
and all the cities of Peloponnesus became 
the undisputed property of the Heraclida?. 
Their triumph, however, was short, their 
numbers were lessened by a pestilence, and 
the oracle informed them that they had taken 
possession of the Peloponnesus, before the 
gods permitted their return. Upon this they 
abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle- 
in the territories of the Athenians, where 
Hyllus, obedient to his father's commands, 
married lole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon 
after he consulted the oracle, anxious to 
recover the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguitv 
of the answer determined him to make a 
second attempt. He challenged to single 
combat Atreus, the successor of Eurystheus 
on the throne of Mycenae, and it was mu- 
tually agreed that the undisturbed posses- 
sion of the Peloponnesus should be ceded 
to whosoever defeated his adversary. Eche- 
mus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and 
Hyllus was killed, a-id the Heraclidde a 
second time departed from Peloponnesus. 
Cleodoeus, the son of Hyllus, made a third 
attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, 
and his son Aristomachus some time after 
met with the same unfavourable reception 
and perished in the field of battle. Aristo- 
demus, Temenus, and Chrespbontes, the 
three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by 
the more expressive and less ambiguous 
word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge 
the death of their progenitors, assembled 
a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded 
all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was 
attended witii success, and after some de- 
cisive battles they became masters of all 
the peninsula, which they divided among 
themselves two years after. The recovery 
of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of 
Hercules forms an interestin? epoch in an- 
cient history, which is universally believed 
to have happened 80 years after the Trojan 
war, or 1104 years before the Christian era. 
This conquest was totally achieved about 
120 vears after the first attempt of Hvllus.— 
Apo'l. 2, 7, kc.—Her. 9, 26 — Pa. I, 17 — 
Pat. 1, 2,— CI. Al. S. 1.-7%. 1, 12, Sec— 
J)i. 1, Sec— Arts. R. 7, 26. 

HERAOLl DES, a philosopher of Hera- 
clea in Pontus, for some time disciple of 
Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to 
be believed that he was carried into heaven 
the very day of his death, and the more 
firmly to render it credible, he begged one 
of his friends to put a serpent in "his bed. 
The serpent disappoin ed him, and the 
noise which the number of visitors occa- 
sioned frightened him from the bed, before 
the philosopher expired. He lived about 
335 years before the Christian era.— CI. Tn. 

5. Q. 3.—Diog. Py. An historian of 

Pontus surnamed Lemons, who flourished 
B. C. 177. A man, who after the repeat 



of Dionysius the Younger from Sicily, 
raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands 
the sovereign power was lodged. He was 
put to death by Dion's order.— C. Nep. Di. 

A youth of Syracuse in the battle in 

which Nicias was defeated. A son of 

Agathocles. — A man placed over a garrison 

at Athens by Demetrius. A sophist of 

Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in 
the age of the emperor Severus. -A pain- 
ter of Macedonia in the reign of king 
Perseus. An architect of Tarentum, inti- 
mate with Philip king of Macedonia. He 
tied to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with 
Phillip, and set fire to the Rhodian fleet.— 
Poly. A man of Alexandria. 

H ERACLITUS, a celebrated Greek philo- 
sopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 
500 years before the Christian era. His 
father's name was Hyson, or Heracion. 
Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he 
passed his time in a solitary and unsocia. 
manner, and received the appellation of 
the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, 
from his unconquerable custom of weeping 
at the follies, frailty, and vicissitude of hu- 
man affairs. He "employed his time ia 
writing different treatires,"and one particu- 
larly, in which he supported that there was 
a fatal necessity, and that the world was 
created from Are, which he deemed a god 
omnipotent and omniscient. His opinions 
about the origin of things were adopted by 
the Stoics, and Hippocrates entertained the 
same notions of a supreme power. Heracli- 
tus deserves the appellation of man-hater 
for the rusticity with which he answered 
the polite invitations of Darius king; of 
Persia. To remove himself totally from 
the society of mankind, he retired to the 
mountains, where for some time he fed on 
grass in common with the wild inhabitants 
of the place. Such a diet was soon pro- 
ductive of a dropsical complaint, and the 
philosopher condescended to re-visit the 
town. The enigmatical manner in which 
he consulted the physicians made his appli- 
cations unintelligible, and he was left to 
depend for cure upon himself. He fixed 
his residence, on a dunghill in hopes that 
the continual warmth which proceeded from 
it, might dissipate the watery accumulation 
and restore him to the enjoyment of his 
former health. Such a remedy proved in- 
effectual, and the philosopher, despairing 
of a cure by the application of ox-dung, 
suffered himself to die in the 60th year of 
his age. Some say that he was torn to 
pieces by dogs.- Diog in vi.-Ct. Al.-S. 5. — A 

lyric poet. A writer of Halicarnassus, 

intimate with Callimachus. He was re- 

markabie for the elegance of his stvle. 

A native of Lesbos, who wrote an historv of 
Macedonia. A writer of Sicvon,&c. — Plu r 

HERACLIUS, a river of Greece.— Pa. 10, 

37. A brother of Constantine, &c. A 

Roman emperor, &c. 

HERjEA, a town of Arcadia. Festivals 

at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the 
patroness of that city. They were also ob- 
served by the colonies of the Argives which 
had been planted at Samos and iEgina, 



HER— HER 



295 



HER — HER 



There were always two processions to the 
temple of the goddess without the city walls. 
The first was of the men in armour, the se- 
cond of the women, among- whom the 
priestess, a woman of the first quality, was 
drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The 
Argives always reckoned their years from 
her priesthood, as the Athenians "from their 
archons, and the Romans from their consuls. 
When they came to the temple of the god- 
dess, they offered a hetacomb of oxen. 
Hence the sacrifice is oftencalled 'eftatomKia* 
and sometimes " lekrrna, 19 from " lekos,'" a 
bed, because Juno presided over marriages, 
births, &c. There was a festival of the 
same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth 
year, in which sixteen matrons wove a gar- 
ment for the goddess. There were also 

others instituted by Hippodamia, who had 
received assistance from Juno when she 
married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each at- 
tended by a maid, presided at the celebra- 
tion. The contenders were young virgins, 
who being divided in classes, according to 
their a?e, ran races each in their order, 
beginning with the youngest. The habit of 
all was exactly the same ; their hair was 
dishevelled, and their right shoulders bare 
to the breast, with coats reaching no lower 
than the knee. She who obtained the vic- 
tory was rewarded with crowns of olives, 
and obtained a part of the <>x that was 
offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to 

dedicate her picture to the goddess. 

There was also a solemn day of mourning 
at Corinth which bore the same name, in 
commemoration of Medea's children, u ho j 
were buried in Juno's temple. They had ; 
been slain by the Corinthians ; who as it is 
reported, to avert the scandal which accom- 
panied so barbarous a murder, presented 
Euripides with a large sum of money to 
write a play, in which Medea is represent- 
ed as the murderer of her children. Ano- 
ther festival of the same name at Pallene, 
with games in which the victor was re- 
warded with a garment. 

HER^El MONTES, a chain of mountains 
at the north of Sicily.— Di. 14. 

HERzEUM, a temple and grove of Juno, 

situate between Argos and Mycenae. A 

town of Thrace. 

HERB ESS US, a town of Sicily at the north 
of Agrigentum, built by a Phoenician or Car- 
thaginian colony.— Si. 14, 265. 

HERBITA, an inland town of Sicily.— Ci. 
Ver. 2. 61. 1. 3, 32. 

HERCEIUS, an epithet given to Jupiter. 
—Ov. Ib. 2f,6.— Luc. 9, 979. 

HERCULANEA VIA, a mound raised be- 
tween the Lucrine lake and the sea, called 
also Herculeum iter. — Si. 12, 118. 

HERCULANEUM, a town of Campania, 
swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earth- 
quake, produced from an eruption of mount 
Vesuvius, August, 24th, A. D. 79, in the 
reign of Titus. After being buried under 
the lava for more than 1600 years, these fa- 
mous cities were discovered in the begin- 
ning of the last century ; Herculaneum in 
1713, about 24 feet under ground, by la- 
bourers digging for a well, "and Pompeii 40 



years after, about 12 feet below the surfacp, 
and from the houses and the streets, which 
in a great measure remain still perfect, 
have been drawn bust-, statues, manuscripts, 
paintings, and utensils, which do not a little 
contribute to enlarge our notions con- 
cerning the ancients, and develope many 
classical obscurities. The valuable antiqui- 
ties, so miraculously recovered, are pre- 
served in the museum of Portici, a small 
town in the neighbourhood, and the engrav- 
ings, &c. ably taken from them have been 
munificently presented to the different 
learned bodies of Europe.— Sew. Nat. Q. 6, 

1 & 26.— Ci. At. 7, e. 3.— Me. 2, 4 Pat. 

2. 16. 

HERCULES, a celebrated hero, who, 
after death, was ranked among the gods, 
and received divine honours. According to 
the ancients there were many persons of the 
same name. Diodorus mentions three, Ci- 
cero six, and some authors extend the num- 
ber to no less than forty-three. Of all these 
the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally 
called Theban, is the most celebrated, and 
to him, as may easily be imagined, the ac» 
tions of the others have been attributed. 
The birth of Hercules was attended with 
many miraculous and supernatural events; 
and "it is reported that Jupiter, who intro- 
duced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was 
employed for three nights in forming a child 
whom"he intended to be the greatest hero 
the world ever beheld. [Vide Alcmena. ] 
Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus ; or, 
according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and be- 
fore he had completed his eighth month, 
the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his de- 
struction, sent two snakes to devour him. 
The child, not terrified at the sight of the 
serpents, boldly seized them in both his 
hands, and squeezed them to death, while 
his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with 
his frightful shrieks. [Fide Iphiclus. ] He 
was early instructed in the liberal arts, and 
Castor the son of Tyndarus, taught him how 
to fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow 
and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, 
Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to 
sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious 
contemporaries, soon after became the pupil 
of the centaur Chiron, and under him he 
perfected and rendered himseif the most 
valiant and acomplished of the age. In the 
1 8th year of his age he resolved to deliver 
the neighbourhood of mount Cithseron, from 
a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of 
Amphitryon, his supposed father ; and which 
laid waste the adjacent country. He went to 
the court of Thespius, king of'Thespis, who 
shared in the general calamity, and he re- 
ceived there a tender treatment, and was en- 
tertained during fifty days. The fifty daugh- 
ters of the king became all mothers by Her- 
cules, during his stay at Thespis, and some 
say that it was effected in one night. After 
he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithaer- 
on, he delivered his country Irom the an- 
nual tribute of an hundred oxen which it 
paid to Erginus. [Vide Erginus. 1 Such 
public services became universally known, 
and Cieon, who then sat on the throne ol 



HER— HER 290 HER — HER 



Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of 
Hercules by giving him his daughter in mar- 
riage, and entrusting him with the govern- 
ment of his kingdom. As Hercules by the 
will of Jupiter was subjected to the power 
of Eurystheus, [Vide Eurystheus, ] and obli- 
ged to obey him in every respect, Eury- 
stheus, acquainted with his successes and 
rising power, ordered him to appear at 
■Mycenae and perform the labours which by 
propriety of birth he was empowered to 
impose upon him. Hercules refused, and 
Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered 
him so delirious tiiat he killed his own chil- 
dren by Megara, supposing them to be the 
offspring of Eurystheus. [Vide Megara.] 
When he recovered the use of his senses, 
he was so struck with the misfortunes which 
had proceeded from his insanity, that he 
concealed himself and retired from the so- 
ciety of men for some time. He afterwards 
consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told 
that he must be subservient for twelve years 
to the will of Eurysrheus, in compliance 
with the commands of Jupiter; and that 
after he had achieved the most celebrated 
labour* Vie should be reckoned in the number 
of gods. So plain and expressive an answer 
determined him to go to Mycenae, and to 
bear with fortitude whatever gods or men 
imposed upon him. Eurystheus seeing so 
great a man totally subjected to him, and 
apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, 
commanded him to achieve a number ofen- 
terprizes the most difficult and arduous ever 
known, generally called the 12 labours of Her- 
cules. The favours of the gods had complete- 
ly armed him whenhe undertook his labours. 
He had received a coat of arms and helmet 
from Minerva,a sword from Mercury,ah.orse 
from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow 
and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a 
golden cuirass and brazen buskin, with a 
celebrated club of brass according to the 
opinion of some writers, but more generally 
supposed to be of wood, and cut by the 

hero himself in the forest of Nemaea. The 

tirst labour imposed upon Hercules by Eu- 
rystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemaea, 
w'hieh ravaged the country near Mycenae. 
The hero, unable to destroy him with his 
arrows, boldly attacked him" with his club, 
pursued him to his den, and after a close 
and sharp engagement he choked him to 
death. He carried the dead beast on his 
shoulders to Mycenae, and ever after clothed 
himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so 
astonished at the sight of the beast, and at 
the courage of Hercules, that he ordered 
him never to enter the gates of the city 
when he returned from his expeditions, but 
to wait for his orders without the walls. 
He even made himself a brazen vessel into 
which he retired whenever Hercules re- 
turned. The second labour of Hercules 

was to destroy the Lernarau hydra, which 
had seven heads according to A'pollodorus, 
50 according to Simonides, and 1 00 accord- 
ing to Diodorus. This celebrated monster 
he attacked with bis arrows, and soon after 
he came to a close engagement, and by 
means of his heavy club he destroyed the 



heads of his enemy. But this was produc- 
tive of no advantage, for as soon as one 
head was beaten to pieces by the ch b, im- 
mediately two sprang up, and the labour of 
Hercules would have remained unfinished 
had he not commanded his friend to burn, 
with a hot iron, the root of the head which 
he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded, 
{Vide Hydra,] and Hercules became victo- 
rious, opened the belly of the monster, and 
dipped his arrows in the gall to render the 
wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. 

He was ordered in his third labour to 

bring alive and unhurt into the presence of 
Eurystheus, a stag, famous for its incredible 
swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet. 
This celebrated animal frequented the 
neighbourhood of (Enoe, and Hercuie: was 
employed for a whole year in continually 
pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a 
trap, or when tired, or according to others 
by slightly wounding it and lessening its 
swiftness." As he returned victorious, Djana 
snatched the goat from him, and severely 
reprimanded him for molesting an animal 
which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded 
necessity, and by representing the com- 
mands o'f Eurystheus, he appeased the god- 
dess and obta'ined the beast. The fourth 

labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus 
a wild boar which ravaged the neighbour- 
hood of Erymanthus. in this expedition he 
destroyed the centaurs, f Vide Centauri.] and 
caught the boar by closely pursuing him 
through the deep show. Eurystheus was 
so frightened at the sight of the boar, that 
according to Diodorus, he hid himself in 

the.brazen vessel for some days. In his 

fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean 
out stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had 
been confined for many years. [Vide Au- 
gias.] for his sixth labour he was ordered 

to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged 
the country near the lake Stymphalisin Ar- 
cadia. [Vide Stymphalis.] In his seventh 

labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus 
a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the 
island of Crete. In his eighth labour he- 
was employed in obtaining the mares of 
Diomedes, "which fed upon human Mesh. 
He. killed Diomedes, and gave him to be 
eaten by his mares, which he brought to 
Eurystheus. They were sent to Mount 
Olympus by the king of Mycenae, where thev 
were devoured by the wild beasts ; or ac- 
cording to others, they were consecrated to 
Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the 

age of Alexander the Great. For his 

ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain 
the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. 

[Vide Hippolyte.] In his tenth labour he 

killed the monster Gervon, king of Gades, 
and brought to Argos "his numerous flocks 
which fed upon human flesh. [Vide Geryon.] 

The eleveuth labour was to obtain 

apples from the garden of the Hesperides. 

[Vide Hesperides.] The twelfth and last, 

and most dangerous of his labours, was 
to bring upon earth the three-headed dog 
Cerberus. This was cheerfully under- 
taken by Hercules, and he descended into 
hell by a cave on mount Tsenarus. He 



HER— HER 



297 



HER-HER 



was permitted by Pluto to carry away his 
friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were 
condemned to punishment, in hell ; and Cer- 
berus .also was granted to his prayers, pro- 
vided he made use of no arms but only force 
to drag him away. Hercules, as some re- 
port, carried him back to hell, after he had 

brought him before Eurystheus. Besides 

these arduous labours, "which the jealousy 
of Eurystlieus imposed upon him, he also 
achieved others of his own accord equally 
great and celebrated. [Vide Cacus, Antaeus", 
Busiris, Eryx, &c] He accompanied the 
Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered 
himself up to the king of Mycenae. He as- 
sisted the gods in their wars against the 
giants, and it was through him alone that 
Jupiter obtained a victory. [Fide Gigan- 
tes.] He conquered Laomedon, and pil- 
laged Troy. [Vide Laomedon.] When Iole, 
the daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echalia, 
of whom he was deeply enamoured, was re- 
fused to his entreaties, he became the prey 
of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered 
Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus 
who favoured his addresses to Iole. [Vide 
Iphitus.] He was some time after purified 
of the murder, and his insanity ceased ; but 
the gods persecuted him more, and he was 
visited by a disorder which obliged him to 
apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. 
The coldness with which the Pythia received 
him irritated him, and he resolved to plun- 
der Apollo's temple, and carry away the 
sacred tripod. A polio opposed him, and a 
severe conflict was begun, which nothing 
but the interference of J upiter with his thun- 
derbolts could have prevented. He was up- 
on this told by the oracle that he must be 
sold as a slave, and remain three years in 
the most abject servitude to recover from 
his disorder. He complied ; and Mercury, 
by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Om- 
phale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold 
as a slave. Here he cleared all the country 
from robbers ; and Omphale, who was as*- 
tonished at the greatness of his exploits, re- 
stored him to iiberty, and married him. 
Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon accord- 
ing to others, by Omphale, from whom 
Croesus king of Lydia was descended. He 
became also enamoured of one of Omphale's 
female servants, by whom he had Alceus. 
After he had completed the years of his sla- 
very, he returned to Peloponnesus, where 
he re-established on the throne of Sparta, 
Tyndarus, who had been expeiled by Hip- 
pocoon. He became one of Dejanira's suit- 
ors, and married her after he had over- 
come all his rivals. [Vide Achelous.] He 
was obliged to leave Caiydon, his father-in- 
law's kingdom, because he had inadvertent- 
ly killed a man with a blow of his fist, and 
it was on account of this expulsion that he 
was not present at the hunting of the Caly- 
donian boar. Fiom Caiydon he retired to 
the court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. In 
his way he was stopped by the swollen 
streams of the Evenus, where the centaur 
Nessus attempted to offer violence to Deja- 
nira, under the perfidious pretence of con- 
i-oving her over the river. Hercules per- 



ceived the distress of Dejanira, and kilted 
the centaur, who as he expired gave her a 
tunic which, as he observed, had' the power 
of recalling a husband from unlawful love. 
[Vide Dejanira.] Ceyx, king of Trachinia, 
received him and his wife with great marks 
of friendship, and purified him of the mur- 
der which he had committed at Caiydon. 
Hercules was still mindful that he had once 
been refused the hand of Iole ; he therefore 
made war against her father Eurytus, and 
killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell 
into the hands of her father's murderer, and 
found that she was loved by Her<_ules as 
much as before. She accompanied him 
into (Eta, where he was going to raise an 
altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. 
As he had not then the tunic in which he 
arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent 
L chas to Dejanira in order to provide him- 
self a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of 
her husband's tender attachment to Iole, 
sent him a philter, or more probably the 
tunic which she had received from Nessus, 
and Hercules as soon as he had put it on, 
fell into a desperate distemper, and found 
the poison of the Lernaean hydra penetrate 
through his bones. He attempted to pull off 
the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in 
the midst of his pains and tortures he in- 
veighed in the most bitter imprecations 
against the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty 
of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred 
of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, 
he implored the protection of Jupiter, and 
gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and 
erected a large burning pile on the top of 
mount (Eta. He spread on the pile the skin 
of the Nemaean lion, and laid himself down 
upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his 
club. Philoctetes, or according to others, 
Paean or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to 
the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sud- 
den surrounded with the flames, without be- 
traying any marks of fear or astonishment. 
Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told the 
surrounding gods that he would raise to the 
skies the immortal parts of a hero who had 
cleared the earth from so many monsters 
and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter's 
resolution, the burning pile was suddenly 
surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the 
mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, 
he was carried up to heaven in a chariot 
drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of 
thunder accompanied his elev ation, and his 
friends, unable to find either his bones or 
his ashes, shewed their gratitude to his me- 
mory by raising an altar where the Burning 
pile had stood. Mencetius, the son of Actor, 
offered him a sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, 
and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus 
yearly to observe the same religious cere, 
monies. His worship soon became as uni- 
versal as his fame, and Juno, who had once 
persecuted him with such inveterate fury, 
forgot her resentment, and gave him her 
daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has 
received many surnames and epithets, either 
from the place where his worship was esta- 
blished, or from the labours which he 
achieved. His temples were numerous and 



HER - HER HER— HKft 



faienificeat, and liis divinity revered. No 
tiogs or flies ever entered his temple at 
Rome, and that of Gadps, according- to 
Strabo, was always forbidden to women and 
pig's. The Phoenicians offered quails on his 
altars, and as it was supposed that he pre- 
sided over dreams, the sick and infirm were 
sent to sleep in his temples, that they might 
receive in their dreams the agreeable pre- 
sages of their approaching recovery. The 
white poplar was particularly dedicated to 
nis service. Hercules is generally repre- 
sented naked, with strong and well-propor- 
tioned lin>bs. He is sometimes covered with 
the skin of the Nemaean lion, and holds a 
Knotted club in his hand, on which he often 
leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with 
the leaves of the poplar, and holding the 
horn of plenty under his arm. At other 
times he is represented standing with Cupid, 
who insolently breaks his arrows and his 
club, to intimate the passion of love in the 
hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and 
ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself 
in his armour while he was sitting to spin 
with her female servants. The children of 
Hercules are as numerous as the labours and 
difficulties which he underwent, and indeed 
they became so powerful soon after his 
death, that they alone had the courage to 
invade the Peloponnesus. {Vide Heraclidge.) 
He was father of Deicoon and Therimachus, 
by Megara ; of Ctesippus, by Astydamia ; 
of Palemon, by Autonoe; of Ev'eres, by 
Parthenope ; of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and 
Odites, by Deianira ; of Thessalus, by 
Chalciope ; _of Thestalus, by Epicaste ; o'f 
Tippolemus," by Astyoche ; of Agatnyrsus, 
Gelon, and Scythia, by Echidna, &c. Such 
are the most striking characteristics of the 
life of Hercules, who is said to have sup- 
ported fora while the weight of the heavens 
upon his shoulders, (Vide Atlas.) and to 
have separated by the force of his arm the 
celebrated mountains which were after- 
wards called the boundaries of his labours. 
(Vide Abyla.) He is held out by the antients 
as a true'pattern of virtue and piety, and as 
nis whole life had been employed for the 
common benefit of mankind, he was de- 
servedly rewarded with immortality. His 
judicious choice of virtue in preference to 
pleasure, as described bv Xenophon, is well 
known.— Di. 1 6c 4.—CL Nat. D. I, &c— 
Apol. 1 & 2.— Pa. 1. 3, 5, 9, 6c \0.~Hes. Sc. 
H. Sec—Hyg. fa. 29, 32, &cc.—Ov. Me. 9. 
'£36, Sec— Her. 9. Am. Tr. Sec— H. II. 8, Sec. 
—Theo.—Eur. H.—V. Mn. 8, 294.— Lu. 3 
& 6.— ipol. 2.— Bio. H. I.— Soph. Tra.— 
Pin. Amphit.—Sen. H.—Pl. 4,6, 1. J I, &c. 
— Phil. Ic. 2, 5— Her. 1,7, I. 2, 42.— Qicin. 
Sm. 6, 207, ac.—Cal.—Hy. Di.— Pin.O.u. 
3.— It. 1, 438.— St. 2. Th. 564.— Me. 2, 1.— 
Lu. Di.—Lac. fal. R.—Str. 3 Sec—Hor. 0. 

S. Sec. A son of Alexander the Great. 

A surname of the emperor Commodns, Sec. 

HERCU LEUM, a promontory in the coun- 
try of the Brutii. FRETUM, a name given 

to the strait which forms a communication 
between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

HI RCULEUS, one of Agrippina's murder- 
ers — Ta. An. 14 8 



HERCULEUS LACUS, a ; .ake of Sicily". 

HERCULIS COLUMN.E, t wo lofty mo'ur, 
tains, situate one on the most southern ex- 
tremities of Spain, and the other on the 
opposite part of Africa. They were called 
by the ancients Abyla and Calpe. They are 
reckoned the boundaries of the labours of 
Hercules, and according to ancient tradition 
they were joined together till they were 
severed by the arm of the hero, and a com- 
munication opened between the Mediterra- 
nean and Atlantic sea. — Dion. Per.— Si. I, 

142.— Me. 1, 5, '1. 2, 6.— PI. 3, 1. MO- 

NCECI PORTUS, now Monaco, a port town 
of Genoa.— Ta. H. 3, 42.— Lu. 1, 405,— V 

£n. fi, 830. LAB RON IS vel L1BURN 

PORTUS, a sea port town, now Leghorn. 
PROMONTOR1UM, a cape at the bot- 
tom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now Sparti. 

cento. Insulse, two islands near Sardinia. 

—Plin. 3, c.7. PORTUS, a sea port of 

the Brutii, on the western coast. LUC US, 

a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules.— 

Ta. A. 2, 12. A small island on the coast 

of Spain, called also Scombraria, from the 
tunny fish (Scombros) caught there.— Str. 3. 

HERCYNA, a r.ymph who accompanied 
Ceres as she travelled over the world. \ 
river of Bceotia bore her name.— Pa. 9, 39. 

HERCYNIA, a celebrated forest of Ger- 
many, which, according to Caesar, required 
nine days' journey to cross it; and which on 
±ome parts was found without any bounda- 
ries, though travelled over for sixty days 
successively. It contained the modern 
countries "of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, 
Transylvania, and a great part of Russia 
In length of time the trees were rooted up, 
and when population increased the greatest 
part of it was made inhahi table. —Cas. B. 
G. 6, 24.— Me.— Li. 5, 54.— Pa. G. 30. 

HERDONIA, a small town of Apulia be- 
tween the rivers Ausipus and Cerbalus.— 
1, 568. 

HERDONIUS, a man put to death by 
Tarquin, because he had boldly spoke 
against him in an assembly, Sec. 

~HEREA, a town of Arcadia on an end 
nence, the bottom of which was watered bv 
the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son 
of Lycaon, and was said to' produce a wine 
of such unusual properties, as to give fe- 
cundity to women, and cause madness in 
men.— Ml. V. H. 13, 6.— PL. 14, 18.— Pa. 8. 
2\.—Ptol. 3, 16. 

HERENNIUS SENECIO, a Roman his- 
torian under Domitian.— Ta.Ag. 2, &c. 

An officer of Sertorious defeated by Pompey, 

Sec— Pin. A centurion sent in pursuit of 

Cicero by Anthony. He cut off the orator's 
head.— Pin. Ci.— — CAIUS, a man to whom 
Cicero dedicates his book de Rhftorica, 3 

work attributed bv some to Cornificius. 

A Samnite generuf,&c. PHI LO,a Phoeni- 
cian who wrote a book on Adrian's reign. 
He also composed a treatise divided into Vt 
parts, concerning the choice of books, Sec. 

HEREUS, a son of Lycaon, who founde' 1 
a city in Arcadia, called Herca.— Pa. 8, 24* 

HERILLUS, a philosopher of Chalcedoc 
discipie to Zeno. — Diog. 

HERILUS, a king of Praeneste, son of the 



HExt-HER 



27j 



HER— HER 



nymph Feronia. As lie had three lives, he 
u'as killed three times by Evander.— Vi. Mn. 

8, 563. 

HERMACHUS, a native of Mitylene,suc- 
cessor and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 267. 

HERMiE, statues of Mercury in the citv 
of Athens.— Ci. At. 1, e. 4 & 8.— C Nep. 

Al. Two youths who attended those who 

consulted the oracle of Trophonius.— Pa. 

'hERMjEA, a festival in Crete, when 
the masters waited upon the servants. It 
was also observed at Athens and Babylon. — 
Pa. K, 14. 

HERMiEUM, a town of Arcadia. A 

promontory at the east of Carthage, the 
most northern point of all Africa, now 
cape Bon.— Li. 29, 27.— Sir. 17. 

HERMAGORAS BOLIDES, a famous 
rhetorician, who came to Rome in the age 

of Augustus. A philosopher of Amphipo- 

lis. A famous orator and philosopher. 

HERMANDICA, a town of the Vaccsei in 
Spain.— Li. 21, c. 5.— Pol. 3. 

HERMANDURI, a people of Germany, 
called also Hermunduri. 

HERMANNI, a people of Germany. 

HERMAFHRODITUS, a son of Venus and 
Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the 
Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel 
to gratify his curiosity. When he came to 
Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and 
Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, 
became enamoured of him and attempted to 
seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf 
to all entreaties and offers ; and Salmacis 
endeavouring to obtain by force what was 
denied to prayers, closely embraced him, 
and nntreated "the gods to" make them two 
but one body. Her prayers were heard, and 
Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in 
one body, still preserved the characteristics 
of both "their sexes. Hermaphroditus beg- 
ged the gods that all who bathed in that 
fountain might become effeminate.— Or. 
Me. 4, ZAl.—Hyg. fa. 271. 

HERM AS, an ancient father of the church, 
in or near the age of the apostles. 

HERMATHENA, a statue which repre- 
sented Mercury and Minerva in the same 
body. This statue was generally placed in 
schools where eloquence and philosophy 
were taught, because these two deities pre- 
sided over the arts and sciences. 

HERMEAS, a tyrant of Mysia who re- 
volted from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350. 
• A general of Antiochus, &c. 

HERMEIAS, a native of Methymna who 
wrote an history of Sicily. 

HERMES, the name of Mercury among 
the Greeks. [Vide Mercurius.] A fa- 
mous gladiator.— Mart. 5, e. 25. An 

Egyptian philosopher. [Vide Mercurius 
Trismegistus.] 

HERM ESI AN AX, an elegiac poet of Co- 
lophon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly 
honoured with a statue.— Pa. 17. a na- 
tive of Cyprus who wrote an history of 
Phrvgia.-P/u. 

H ERM IAS, a Galatian philosopher in the 
second century. His irrisio philosophorum 
qcntilium, was printed with Justin Martyr's 



works, fol. Paris 1615 & 1636, and with the 
Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 
HERMINIUS, a general of ihe Hermanni, 

&c. A Roman who defended a bridge 

with Colcles against the army of Porsenna. 

—Li. 2, 10. A Trojan killed by Catil- 

Ius in the Rutulian war.— V. Mn. 1!, 642. 

HERMION E, a daughter of Mars and Ve- 
nus, who married Cadmus. The gods, ex- 
cept Juno, honoured her nuptials with their 
presence, and she received, as a present, a 
rich veil and a splendid necklace which had 
been made by Vulcan. She was changed into 
a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and 
placed in the Elysian fields. [Vide Har- 

moniz..]— Apol, 3.— Ovid. Me. 4, fa. 13. A 

daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was 
privately promised in marriage to Orestes 
the son of Agamemnon ; but her father, 
ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her 
hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose 
services he had experienced in the Trojan 
war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, 
carried home Hermione and married her. 
Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin 
Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror 
and indignation. According to others, how- 
ever, Hermione received the addresses of 
Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached 
Andromache, his concubine, with stealing 
his affection from her. Her jealousy for 
Andromache, according to some, induced 
her to unite herself to Orestes, and to de- 
stroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes 
after this murder, and received the kingdom 
of Sparta as a dowrv.— H. 0.4. —Eur. An. 

Sr Or.—Ov. Her. 8.— Pro. 1. A town of Ar- 

golis where Ceres had a famous temple. 
The inhabitants lived by fishing. The de- 
scent to hell from their country was consi- 
dered so short that no money, according to 
the usual right of burial, was put into the 
mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon for 
their passage. The sea on the neighbouring 
coast was called Hermionicus Sinus.— Pi. 
4, b.—Virg. Cir. 472.— Str. 8.— Me. 2, 3.— 
Ptof. 3, 16.— Pa. 2, 34. 

HERMIONliE, a city near the Riphsean 
mountains.— Orp. Arg. 

HERMIONICUS SINUS, a bay on the 
coast of Argolis near Hermione.— ft?-. 1 & 8. 

HERMIPPUS, a freed man, disciple of 
Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he 
was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books 

upon dreams. A man who accused As- 

pasia, the mistress of Pericles, of impiety and 
prostitution. He was son or Lysis, and dis- 
tinguished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical 
pieces, and other compositions, some of 

which are quoted by Athenaeus. —Phi. A 

Peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, who 
flourished B. C. 210. 

HERMOCRATES, a general of Syracuse, 
against INiciasthe Athenian. His lenitj to- 
wards the Athenian prisoners was looked 
upon as treacherous. He was banished from 
Sicily without even atrial, and he was mur- 
dered as he attempted to return back to 

his countrv, B. C. 438. Plu. Nic. A 

sophist celebrated for his rising talents. 
He died in the 28th vear of his age, in the 
reign of the emperor Severus. The father- 



HER —HER 500 HER— HEF 



in- law cf Dionysius, tyraur of Sicily. A 

Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt 
fiie Grecian states, &c. A sophist, pre- 
ceptor to Pausanias the murderer ot' Philip. 
— Di. 16. 

HERMODORUS,a Siciliau.pupil to Plato 

A philosopher ot" Ephesus, who is said to 

have assisted as interpreter, the Roman de- 
cemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables 
of laws, which had been collected in Greece. 

— Ci. Tu. 5, 36. -Pi. 34, 5 A native of 

Salami's contemporary with Philo the Athe- 
nian architect.— Ci. Or. I, 14. A poet 

who wrote a book called Somika on the laws 
of different nations. 

HERMOGEV ES, an architect of Alabanda 
in Caria, employed in building" ihe temple 
of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book 

upon his profession. A rhetorician in the 

>econd century, the best editions of whose 
Rhetorica are'that of Sturmius, 3 vols.l2mo. 
Argent. 1571, and Laurentius, Genev. 1 61 4. 
Hedied A.D. 161, and it is said that his body 
was opened, and his heart found hairy anil 
of an extraordinary size. At the age "of 25, 
as is reported, he "totally lost his memory. 

A lawer in the age of Diocletian. A 

musician.— Hor. 1, S. 3, 129. A sophist 

of Tarsus, of such brilliant talents, that al 
the age of 15 he excited the attention and 
gained the patronage of the emperor M. 
Antonius. 

HERMOLAUS, a young Macedonian a- 
mong the attendants'of Aiexauder. As he 
was one day hunting with the king he killed 
a wild boar which was coming towards him. 
Alexander, who followed ciose behind him, 
was so disappointed because the beast had 
been killed before he could dart at it, that 
he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whip- 
ped. This treatment irritated Hermolaus, 
and he conspired to take awav the king's 
life, with others who were displeased with 
the cruel treatment he had received. The 
plot was discovered by one of the conspira- 
tors, and Alexander seized them, and asked 
what had compelled them to conspire to 
take his life. Hermolaus answered for the 
rest, and observed that it was unworthy of 
Alexander to treat his most faithful and at- 
tached friends like slaves, and to shed their 
blood without the least mercy. Alexander 
ordered him to be put to death.— Curt. 8, 6. 

HERMOPOLIS, two towns of Egypt, now 
Ashmuneim and Demenhur. — Pi. 5, 9. 

HERMOT1M [IS, a famous prophetof Cla- 
zomenae. 1 1 is said that his soul separated 
itself from his body, and wandered in every 
part of the earth to explain futurity, after 
which it returned again and animated his 
frame. His wife, who was acquainted with 
the frequent absence of his soul, took advan 
tajje of it, and burnt his body, as if totally 
dead, and deprived the soul of its natural re- 
ceptacle. Hermotimus received divine ho- 
nours in a temple at Clazomenae, into which 
it was unlawful for women to enter.— PL 7, 
52, Src.—Lu. 

HER.MUNDURI, a people of Germany 
subdued by Aurelius. They were at the nortr 
of the Danube, and were considered by Ta 
citus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, to 



gether with the Suevi, Hermiones by Plinv 
4, c. 14— Ta. An. 13.— Ve. 2, 106. 

HERMUS, a river of Asia Minor, whose 
sands, according to the poets, were covered 
with gold. It flows near Sardesa'nd receives 
the waters of the Pactolusand Hyllus, after 
which it falls into the /Egean sea. It is 
now called Kedous or Sai-abat.—V/rg. G. 2, 
37.— Luc. 3, 210.— Mart. 8, 7S.— S. 1,159. 
—PI. 5, 29. 

HERNICI, a people of Campania, cele- 
brated for their inveterate enmity to the 
rising power of Rome.— Li. 9, 43 & 44. — 
Si. 4. 225.— Juv. 14, lbo.—Dio. H. 8, 10.— 
V. Mil. 7, 684. 

HERO, a beautiful priestess of Venus at 
Sestus, greatly enamoured of Leander a 
youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so 
"faithful to one another, that Leander in the 
night escaped from the vigilance of his fa- 
mily, and swam across the Hellespont, while 
Hero in Sestos directed his course by hold- 
ing a burning torch on the top of a high 
tower. After many interviews of mutuai 
affection and tenderness, Leander was 
drowned in a tempestuous night as he at- 
tempted his usual course, and Hero in des- 
pair threw herself down from her tower and 
perished in the sea.— 31 us. L. 4- H.—Ov.Her. 
17 & \ S. — Firg. G. 3, 258. 

HEROD ES, surnamed the Great and As- 
calouila, followed the interest of Brutus and 
Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He 
was made king of Judaea by means of An- 
tony, and afier the battle of Actium he was 
continued in his power by his flattery and 
submission to Augustus. "He rendered him- 
self odious by his cruelty, and as he knew 
that the day of his death would become a 
day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the 
most illustrious of his subjects to be confined 
and murdered the very moment that he ex- 
pired, that every eye in the kingdom might 
seem to shed tears at the death ofHerod. He 
died in the 70th year of his ag-e, after a reign 

of 40 years.— Jos. ANT I PAS, a son of 

Herod the Great, governor of Galilaea, Sec. 
AGRIPPA, a Jew intimate with the em- 
peror Caligula, &c. This name was common 

to many of the Jews.— Jos. ATTICUS.— 

Vide Atticus. 

HERODIANUS, a Greek historian who 
flourished A.D. 247. He was born at Alex- 
andria, and he was employed among the 
officers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a 
Roman history in eight books, from the 
death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. 
His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants 
precision, and the work too plainly betrays 
that the author was not a perfect master "of 
geography. He is accused of being too par- 
tial to Maximinus, and too severe upon 
Alexander Severus. His book comprehends 
the historv of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts 
that he ha's been an eye-witness of whatever 
he has written. The best editions or his 
history are that of Politian, 4to. Dovai,, 
1525, "who afterwards published a very 
valuable Latin translation, and that of Ox- _ 
*brd, Svo. 1708. • j 

HERODICUS, a physician surnamed 
Gymnastic, who flourished B.C. 443. A 



HER— HER 



301 



HER — HER 



grammarian stiruained Creleieus, B.C. 123. 

HERODOTUS, a celebrated historian of 
Halicarnassus, whose father's name was 
Lvxes, and that of his mother Dryer. He 
fled to Samos when his country laboured 
nnder the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, 
and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all 
Greece. He afterwards returned to Hali- 
carnassus, and expelled the tyrant ; which 
patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem 
and admiration of the populace, displeased 
and irritated them, so that Herodotus was 
obliged to fly to Greece from the public re- 
sentment. To procure a lasting fame he 
publicly repeated at the Olympic games the 
history which he had composed, in his 39th 
year, *B. C. 445. It was received with such 
universal applause, that the names of the 
Nine Muses were unanimously given to the 
nine books into which it uas divided. This 
celebrated composition, which has procured 
its author the title of father of history, is 
written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is 
among the historians what Homer is among 
the poets, and Demosthenes among the 
orators. His style abounds with elegance, 
ease, and sweetness ; and if there is any of 
the fabulous or incredible, the author can- 
didly informs the reader that it is introduced 
upon the narration of others. The work is 
an history of the wars of" the Persians against 
the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the 
battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, 
and besides'this it gives an account of the 
most celobrated nations in the world. He- 
rodotus had written another history of As- 
syria and Arabia, which is not extant. The 
life of Homer, generally attributed to him, 
is supposed by some not to be the produc- 
tion of his pen. Plutarch has accused him 
of malevolence towards the Greeks ; an im- 
putation which can easily be refuted. The 
two best editions of this great historian are 
that of W'esseling, fol. Amsterdam, 1763 ; 
and that of Glasgow, 9 vols, l'imo. 1761.— Ci. 
te. I or. -l.—Dio.H. l.—Qtdn. 10, l.—Plu. 
mat. . Her. A man who wrote a trea- 
tise concerning Epicurus.— Diog. A The- 

ban wrestier of Mrgara, in the age of De- 
metrius, son of Antigontis. He was six feet 
and a half in height, and he ate generally 
twenty pounds of flesh, with bread in pro- 
portion, at each of his meals.— Ath. 16. 

Another whose victories are celebrated bv 
Pindar. 

HEROES, a name which was given by the 
ancients to such as were born from a god, 
or to such as had signalized themselves by 
their actions, and seemed to deserve immor- 
tality by the service they rendered their 
"ountry. The heroes which Homer describes, 
uch as Ajax, Achilles, &c. were of such 
" prodigious strength, that they could lift 
up and throw stones which the united force 
of four or five men of his age could not 
have moved. The heroes were supposed to 
be interested in the affairs of mankind after 
death, and they were invoked with much 
solemnity. As the altars of the gods were 
crowdedWith sacrifices and libations, so the 
heroes were often honoured with a funeral 
solemnity, in which their great exploits 



were enumerated. The origin of heroism 
might proceed Horn the opinions of some 
philosophers, who taught that the souls of 
great men were often raised to the stars, 
and introduced among the immortal gods. 
According to the notions of the stoics, the 
ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene 
climate, situate above the mo"n. 

HERO IS, a festival, celebrated every 9th 
year by the Delphians, in honour of a he- 
roine. There were in the celebration a 
great number of mysterious rites, with a re- 
presentation of something like Semele's 
resurrection. 

HERON, two mathematicians, one of 
whom is called the ancient and the other the 
younger. The former, who lived about 100 
years before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibus, 
and wrote a curious book translated into 
Latin, under the title of SpiritualiumLiber ; 
the only edition of which is that of Baldus, 
Aug. Find. 1616. [Arabic gulph. 

HEROOPOLIS, a town of Egypt on the 

HEROPH! LA, a Sibyl, who, as some sup- 
pose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. 
(Vide Sibvllae.j— Pa. 10, 12. 

HEROPHILUS, an impostor in the reign 
of J. Caesar, who pretended to'be the grand- 
son of Marius. He was banished from 
Rome by Caesar for his seditions, and was 

afterwards strangled in prison. A Greek 

physician, about 570 years before the Chris- 
tian era. He was one of the first who dis- 
sected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch 
have greatly commended him. 

HEROSTRATUS. Vide Erostratus. 

HERPA, a town of Cappadocia. 

HERSE, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens, beloved by Mercurv. The god 
disclosed his love to Ag!auros,Herse's sister, 
in hopes of procuring- an easy admission to 
Herse ; but Aglauros, through jealousy, 
discovered the amour. Mercury was sc 
offended at her behaviour, that lie struck 
her with his caduceus and changed her into 
a stone. Herse became mother of Cephaius 
by Mercury, and after death she received 
divine honours at Athens.— Ov. Me. 2, 559, 
&c. A wife of Danaus.— Apoi. 

HERSEPHORI A, festivals of Athens in 
honour of Minerva, or more probably of 
Herse. 

HERSILIA, one of the Sabines carried 
away by the Romans at the celebration of 
the Consualia. She was .given and married 
to Romulus, though according to some she 
married Hostus, a youth of Latium, by 
whom she had Hostus Hostilus. After death 
she was presented with immortality by 
Juno, and received divine honours under 
the name of Ora.— Li. 1, M.—Ov.Me. 14,832. 

HERTHA & HERTA, a goddess among 
the Germans, supposed to be the same as 
the earth. She had a temple and a chariot de- 
dicated to her service in a remote island, 
and was supposed to visit the earth at stated 
times, when her coming was celebrated 
with the greatest rejoicings and festivity.— 
Ta. Go. 

HERD LI, a savage nation in the northern 
parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman 
power in its decline. 

•1 D 



HES— Hc.6 302 

HESjENUS, a mountain near P&onia. 
HESIODUS, a celebrated poet born at As 
era, in Boeotia. His father's name was Diu- 
and his mother's Pycimede. He lived in 
the age of Homer, and even obtained a po- 
etical prize in competition with him, accord- 
ing- to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, 
Philostratus, and others, maintain that He- 
siod lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. 
Patercnles, &c. support that he flourished 
about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the 
first who "wrote a poem on agriculture, 
This composition is called The Works ann 
the Days; and, besides the instructions 
which are given to the cultivator of the 
field, the reader is pleased to find many 
moral reflections worthy of a refined So- 
crates or Plato. His Theogony is a miscel 
laneous narration executed without art, pre- 
cision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet 
it is the more valuable for the faithful ac- 
count it gives of the gods of antiquity. 
His Shield of Hercules is r but a fragment of 
a larger poem, in which it is supposed 
lie gave an account of the most celebrated 
heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, with- 
out being master of the fire and sublimity 
of Homer, is admired for the elegance o'f 
his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry, 
Besides these po^ms he wrote others, now 
lost. Pausanias says, that in his age, He- 
siod's verses were still written on tablets 
in the temple of the Muses, of which the 
poet was a priest. If we believe CI. Al. 6, 
5. the poet borrowed much from Musaeus. 
One of Lucian'E dialogues bears the name 
of Hesiod, and in it tfie poet is introduced 
as speaking of himself. Virgil r in his Geor- 
gics, has imitated the compositions of He- 
siod, and taken his opera and dies for mo- 
dels, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly 
commends him, and the Greeks were so 
partial to his poetry and moral instructions, 
that they ordered "their children to learn all 
bv heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons 
of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and "bis body 
was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins 
brought back the body to the shore, which 
was immediately known, and the murderers 
were discovered by the poet's dogs, and 
throwo into the sea. If Hesiod flourished 
in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B. C. 
The best editions of this poet are that of 
Robinson, 4to. Oxon. 1737 ; that of Loesner, 
8vc. lips. 1776 ; and that of Parma, 4to. 
1785.— Ci. Fa. 6, e. IS. — Pa. 9, 3, &c.—Quin. 
10, 1 .—Pa t. Var.—Pl. 7Sep,k deAnim.Sag. 

HESfONE, a daughter of Laomedon, 
king of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the 
Scamander." It" fell'to her lot to be exposed 
to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans 
yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to 
appease the resentment of Apollo and Nep- 
tune, whom Laomedon had offended, but 
Hercules promised to deliver her, provided 
he received as a reward six beautiful horses. 
Laomedon consented, and Hercules at- 
tacked the monster just as he was going: to 
devour Hesione, and he killed him with his 
club. Laomedon, however, refused to re- 



HES-HES 

put the king and all his family to the sword, 
except Podarces, or Priam," who had ad- 
vised his father to give the promised horses 
to his sister's deliverer. The conqueror 
gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Te- 
lamon, who had assisted him during the 
war, and he established Priam upon his fa- 
ther's throne. The removal of Hesione to 
Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans ; 
and Priam, who remembered with indigna- 
tion that his sister had been forcibly given 
to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to 'Greece 
to reclaim the posessions of Hesione, or more 
probably to revenge his injuries upon the 
Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave 
rise, soon after, to the "Trojan w ar. Lyco- 
phron mentions, that Hercules threw bim- 
self, armed from head to foot, into the mouth 
of the monster to which Hesione was ex- 
posed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, 
and came out safe only with the* loss of his 
hair, after a confinement of three days. 
— H. II. 5, 638.— Bi. A.—Apol. 2, 5, &c— 

Ov. Mr. II, 212. The wife of Nauplius. 

HESPERIA,a large island of Africa, once 

the residence of the Amazons.— Di. 3. A 

name common to both Italy and Spain. It 
is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting 
sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks 
called Italy Hespena, because it was situate 
at the setting sun, or in the west. The same 
name, iot similar reasons, was applied to 
Spain by tne Latins.— V. Mn. 1, 634, &c. — 
Hor. \,'o. 34, 4, 1. J, o. 27, 28.— Si. 7, 15.— 

Ov. A daughter of the Cebrenus.— Ov. 

Me. II, 769. 

HESPER1DES, three celebrated nymphs 
daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus men- 
tions four, Mg\e, Erythia, Vesta, and Are- 
thusa ; and Diodorus confounds them with 
the Atiantides, and supposes that they were 
the same number. They were appointed to 
guard the golden apples which Juno gave 
to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials ; and 
the place of their residence, placed beyond 
the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally 
believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, 
according to Apollodorus. This celebrated 
place or garden abounded with fruits of 
the most delicious kind, and was carefully 
guarded by a dreadful dragon which never 
slept. It was one of the labours of Her- 
cules to procure some of the golden aples 
of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of 
the situation cf this celebrated garden, ap- 
plied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood 
of the Po for information, and was told that 
Nereus, the god of the sea, if properly 
managed, [Fide Nereus,] would direct him 
in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as 
he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to 
escape from his grasp, answered all th* 3 
questions which he proposed. Some say 
that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, 
and that from him he received all his in- 
formation. When Hercules came into 
Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded 
of him three of the golden apples. Atlas 
unloaded himself and placed the burden of 
the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, 



ward the hero's services; and Hercules, in- while he went in quest of the apples. At 
tensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and | his return Hercules expressed his wish to 



HES-HET 



303 



HEU— HIE 



ease his burden by putting- something 1 on 
his head, and, when Atlas assisted him to 
remove his inconvenience, Hercules art- 
fully left the burden, and seized the apples, 
which Atlas had thrown on the ground. 
According to other accounts, Hercules ga- 
thered the apples himself, without the as- 
sistance of Atlas, and he previously killed 
the watchful dragon which kept the tree. 
These apples were brought to Eurystheus, 
and afterwards carried back by Minerva 
into the garden of the Hesperides, as they 
could be preserved in no other place. Her- 
cules is sometimes represented gathering 
the apples, and the dragon which guarded 
the tree appears bowing down his head, as 
having received a mortal wound. This 
monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring 
of Typhon, and it had a hundred heads and 
as many voices. This number, however, is 
reduced by some to only one head. Those 
that attempt to explain mythology, observe, 
that the Hesperides were certain persoi.s 
who had an immense number of flocks, and 
that the ambiguous word melon, which sig- 
nifies an apple and a sheep, ga\e rise to the 
fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. 
-Di. A.—Ov. Me. 4, 637, &c. i. 9, 90.— Hy. 
fa. 30.— Apol. 3,5.— Hes. Theog. 215, &c. 

HESPER1S, [Vide Hesperus.] A town 

of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where 
most authors have placed the garden of the 
Hesperides. 

H ESPERITIS, a country of Africa.—/)/;. 4. 

HESPERUS, a son of Japetus, brother to 
Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country 
received the name of Hesperia from him, 
according to some accounts. He had a 
daughter called Hesperis, who married 
Atlas, and became mother of seven daugh- 
ters, called Atlan tides or Hesperides.— Di. 4. 

The name of Hesperus was also applied 

to the planet Venus, when it appeared after 
the setting of the sun. It was called Phos- 
phorus or Lucifer when it preceded the 
sun — Ci. Nat. D. 2, 2.— Sen. Hip. 749. Id. 

HESTIA, one of the Hesperides. [M. 71. 

HESTIiEA, a town of Eubcea. 

HESUS, a deitv among the Gauls, the 
same as the Mars of the Romans.— Lu.\, 445. 

HESYCHIA.adaughterofThespius. Apol. 

HES YCHIUS, the author of a Greek lex- 
icon in the beginning of tne 3d century, a 
valuable work, which has been learnedly 
edited by Albert. 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 1746. 

HETRICU LU M, now Lattarico, a town 
in the country of the Brutii.— Li. 30, 19. 

HETRURIA & ETRURIA, a celebrated 
country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. 
It orginally contained twelve different na- 
tions, which had each their respective mon- 
arch, called Lucumon. Their names were 
Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, 
Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, 
Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Caeretani. 
The inhabitants were particularly famous 
f^r their superstition, and great confidence 
iu omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all 
proved powerful and resolute enemies to the 
rising empire of the Romans, and were con- 
quered only after much effusion of blood. 
t-J*L 3 G.-Sir. b.-Piu. R. M' . 2, c. 4. 



HEURIPPA, a surname of Diana. 
HEXAPYLUM, agate at Syracuse.' The 
adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore 
the same name.— Di. 11 & 14.— Li. 24, 21, 
1. 25 24 1. 32 39. 

' HIARBAS or IARBAS, a king of Geetulia. 
[Vide larbas.] 

HIBER, a name applied to a Spaniard, as 
living near the river Hiberus, or Iberus.— 
{Vide Iberus.] 

HIBERNIA & HYBERNIA, a large is- 
land at the west of Britain, now called Ire- 
land. Some of the ancients have called it 
Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia,lver- 
nia. — Juv. 2, 160.— Sir. A.—Orp.—Aris. 

HIBRILDES, an Athenian general.— Dio. 
H. 7. 

HICETAON, a son of Laomedon, brother 
to Priam, the father of Menalippus.— H. II. 

3. The father of Thymcetes, who came to 

Italy with jEneas.— V. JEn. 10, 123. 

HICETAS, a philosopher of Syracuse,who 
believed that the earth moved, and that ail 
the heavenly bodies were stationary .—Diog. 

Ph. A tyrant of Syracuse. [Vide Icetas.] 

HIEMPSAL, a king of N umidia, Scc.-Plu. 
HlERA,awoman who married Telephus, 
king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass 

Helen in beauty. The mother of Panda- 

rus and Bitias, by Alcanor. — V. Mn. 9, 673. 

One of the Lipari islands, called also 

Theresia, now Vulcano. — Pa. 10, 11. 
H1ERAPOLIS, a town of Syria, near .he 

Euphrates. Another of Phrygia, fa nous 

for hot baths, now Bambuhkalasi. Ano- 
ther of Crete. 

HIERAX, a youth who awoke Argus to 
inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. 
Mercury killed him, and changed him into 

a bird of prey.— Apol. 2, 1. Antiochus 

king of Syria, and brother to Seleucus, re- 
ceived the surname of Hierax. —Ju. 37, 3. 

An Egyptian philosopher in the third 

century. 

HIERICHUS (untis), the name of Jericho 
in the Holy Land, called the City of Palm- 
trees, from its abounding in dates.— PI. 5, 
14.— Ta. H. 5, 6. 

HIERO I., a king of Syracuse, after his 
brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious 
in the beginning of his reign by his cruelly 
and avarice. He made war against Theron, 
the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. 
He obtained three different crowns at the 
Olympic games, two iir horse-races, and 
one at a chariot- race. Pindar has cele- 
brated him as being victorious at Olympia. 
In the latter part of his reign the conver- 
sation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, 
&c, softened in some measure the rough- 
ness of his morals and the severity of his 
government, and rendered him the patron 
of learning, genius, and merit. He died, 
after a reign of 18 years, B. C. 467, leaving 
the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who 
disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. 

Di. 11. The second of that name king 

of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. 
He was unanimously elected king by all 
the states of the island of Sicily, and ap 
pointed to carry on the war against tho 
I Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in 



HIE — HIE 



304 



HIE — HIM 



besieging Messana, which had surrendered 
to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius 
Claudius, the Roman consul, and obliged 
to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon 
blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory 
lost, he made peace with the Romans, and 
proved so faithful to his engagements during 
the fifty-nine years of his reign, that tiie 
Romans never had a more firm, or more 
attached ally. He died iu the 94th year of 
his age, about 225 years before the Christian 
era. He was universally regretted, and all 
the Sicilians showed by "their lamentations 
that they had lost a common father and a 
friend. "He liberally patronized the learned, 
and employed the talents of Archimedes for 
the good of his country. He wrote a book 
on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded 
bv Hieronvmus.— £1. V. H. 4, S.—Ju. 23, 
4,— Fl. 2, 2.— Li. 16. An Athenian, inti- 
mate with Ts'icias the general.— Plu. Nic. 
• A Parthian, 6cc.—Ta. 

H I ERO C i£S A R E A , a town of Lydia.-7a. 
A. 2, 47, I. 3, 62. [Cvprus. 

HIEROCEPIA, an island nearPaphosin 

HIEROCLES, a persecutor of the Chris- 
tians under Dioclesian, who pretended to 
find inconsistences in scripture, and pre- 
ferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of 
Christ. His writings were refuted by Lac- 
tantius and Eusebiu~s. A Platonic philo- 
sopher, who taught at Alexandria, and 
wrote a book on providence and fate, frag- 
ments of which are preserved by Photius ; 
a commentary on the golden verses of Py- 
thagoras ; and facetious moral verses. He 
flourished A. D. 485. The best edition is 
that of Asheton and "Warren, 8vo. London, 
1742. A general in the interest of Deme- 
trius. — Poly. 5. A governor of Bithynia 

and Alexandria, under Dioclesian. An 

officer. Vide Heliogabalus. 

HIERODULUM, a town of Lvbia. 

HIERONICA LEX, by Hiero', tyrant of 
Sicily, to settle the qua'ntity of co'rn, the 
price and time of receiving it, between ihe 
farmers of Sicily, and the collector of the 
corn tax at Rome. This law, on account 
of its justice and candour, was continued 
bv the Romans when thev became masters 
of Sicilv. 

HIERONVMUS, a tyrant of Sicily who 
succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, 
when only fifteen \ears old. He rendered 
himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, 
and debauchery. ' He adjure,! the alliance 
of Rome, which Hiero had observed with 
so much honour and advantage. He was 
assassinated, and all his family was over- 
whelmed in his fall, and totally "extirpated, 

B.C. 214. An historian of Rhodes, who 

wrote an account of the actions of Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes, bv w hom he was appoint- 
ed over Boeotia, B. C. 254.— Plu. Dem. 

An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon 

went to the king of Persia. A Christian 

writer commonly called St. Jerome, born 
in Pannonia, and" distinguished for his zeal 
against heretics. He w'rote commentaries 
on the prophets, St. Matthew's gospel, &c. 
i Latin version known by the name of 
Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an ac- 



count of ecclesiastical writers before him. 
Of his works, w hich are replete with lively 
animation, sublimity, and erudition, the 
best edition is that of Vallirsius, fol. Ve- 
ronae, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died 
A. D. 420, in his 80th year. 

HIEROPHILUS, a Greek physician. He 
instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art 
of midwifery, &tc. Vide Agnodice. 

HIEROSOLYMA, a celebrated city of 
Palestine, the capital of Judeea, taken by 
Pompey, who, on that account, is sur- 
named HierosoLymarius. Titus also took 
it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, 
A. D. 70, according to .Tosephus 2177 years 
after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 
! 10,000 persons are said to have perished, 
and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, 
and afterwards either sold for slaves, or 
wantonly exposed for the sport of their in- 
solent victors to the fury of wild beasts. 
Jos. B. J. 7, 16, Sec— Ci. At. 2, e. 2, Flac. 28. 

HIGNATIA VIA, a large road, which 
led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont^ 
across Macedonia, about 530 miles.— Str. 7. 

HILARIA, a daughter of Leucippus and 
Philodice. As she and her sister Phoebe 
were going to marry their cousins Lynceus 
and Idas, they were carried away by Castor 
( and Pollux, "who married them. Hilaria 
j had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well 
as her sister," obtained after death the 
honours which were generally paid to he- 
roes. Apol.3.—Prop. 1, e. 2, 16.— Pa. 2, 

22, 1. 3, 19. Festivals at Rome in honour 

of the mother of the gods. 

HILARIUS, a bishop of- Poictiers, in 
France, who wrote several treatises, the 
most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 
twelve books. The only edition is that of 
the Benedictine monks, fol. Paris, 1693. 
Hilary died A. D. 372, in his 80th year. 

HILLEVIONES, a people of Scandinavia. 
— PI. 4, 13. 

HIMELLA, now Aia, a small river in 
the countrv of the Sabines. — V. £n.l,l\A. 

HIMERA, a city of Sicily built by the 
people of Zancle, and destroyed by the" Car- 
thaginians 240 years after.— Str. 6. There 

were two rivers of Sicily of the same name : 
the one, now Fiumi de Termini, falling at 
the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sta, 
with a town of the same name at its month, 
and also celebrated baths.— Ci. V. 4, 33. 
The other, now Fiume Salso, running in a 
southern direction, and dividing the island 

in almost two parts.— Li. 24, 6, 1. 25, 49. 

The ancient name of the Eurotas. — Str. 6. 
-Me. 2, l.-Pol. 

HIMILCO, a Carthaginian, sent to ex- 
plore the w estern parts of Europe.— /a. Av. 

A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his 

father in the command of the Carthaginian 
armies in Siciiy. He died, with his army, 
bv a plague, B. C. 398. — Ju. 19, 2. 

"HIPPAGORAS, a man who wrote an ac- 
count of the republic of Carthasre.— Ath. m. 

HIPPALCIMUS, a son of ' Pelops and 
Hippodamia, who was among theArgonauts. 

HIPPALUS, the first who sailed in open 
sea from Arabia to India.— Arr. Per. 
HIPPARCHIA, a woman iu Alexander's 



HIP-HIP 



303 



HIP-HIP 



age, who became enamoured of Crates, the 
Cvnic philosopher, because she heard him 
discourse. She married him, though he at 
first disdained her addresses, and repre- 
sented his poverty and meanness. She was 
so attached to him that she was his constant 
companion, and was not ashamed publicly 
to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote 
some thing's, now lost. Vide Crates.— Diog. 
6.—SuL 

HIPPARCHUS, a son of Pisistratus, who 
succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, 
with his brother Hippias. He patronised 
some of the learned men of the age, and 
distinguished himself by his fondness for 
literature. The seduction of a sister of 
Harmodius raised him many enemies, and 
he was at last assassinated "by a desperate 
band of conspirators, with Harmodius and 
Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before 

Christ. Ml. V. H. 8, 2. One of Antony's 

freed men. The first person who was 

Vanished by ostracism at Athens. The 

lather of Asclepiades. A mathematician 

and astronomer of Nicsea. He first dis- 
covered that the interval between the ver- 
nal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, 
,eeven days longer than between the au- 
tumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccen- 
tricity of the earth's orbit. He divided the 
heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the 
ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the 
southern hemisphere, and gave names to 
all the stars. He makes no mention of 
comets. From viewing a tree on a plain 
from different situations, which changed 
its apparent position, he was led to the 
discovery of the parallax of the planets, or 
the distance between their real or apparent 
position, viewed from the centre, and from 
the surface of the earth. He determined 
longitude and latitude, and fixed the first 
degree of longitude at the Canaries. He 
likewise laid the first foundations of trigo- 
nometry, so essential to facilitate astrono- 
mical studies. He was the first who, after 
Thales and Sulpicius Gall us, found out the 
exact time of eclipses, of which he made a 
calculation for 600 years. After a life of 
labour in the service of science and astro- 
nomy, and after publishing several trea- 
tises, and valuable observations on the ap- 

earance of the heavens, he died 125 years 
efore the Christian era.— Plin. 2, c. 26, 

&c. An Athenian who conspired against 

Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, 
Sec—Poly. 5. 

H1PPARINUS, a son of Dionvsius, who 
ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized 
the sovereign power for twentv-seven years. 
—Poly. 5. The father of Dion. 

H1PPARION, one of Dion's sons. 

HIPPASUS, a son of Cyex, who assisted 

Hercules against Eurytus. -Apol. 2, 7. A 

pupil of Pythagora9,"born at Metapontum. 
He supposed that every thing was produced 

from fire.— Diog. A centaur, killed at 

the nuptials of Pirithous.— Ov. Me. 12, 352. 
An illegitimate son of Priam.-f/ye'.fa.9o. 

HIPPEUS, a son of Hercules by Procris, 
eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius.— 
Apol. 2, 7. 



HIPPI, four small islands near Erythse. ■■ 

HIPPIA, a lascivious woman, kc.—Juv. 

6, v. 82. A surname of Minerva, and also 

of Juno.— Pa. 5, c. 15. 

HIPPIAS, a philosopher of Elis, who 
maintained that virtue consisted in not being 
in want of the assistance of men. At the 
Olympic games, he boasted that he was 
master of all the liberal and mechanical arts, 
and he said that the ring upon his finger, 
the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then 
wore, were all the work of his own hands. 

— Ci. de Or. 3, 32. A son of Pisistratus, 

who became tyrant of Athens after the death 
of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. 
He was willing to revenge the death of his 
brother, who had been assassinated, and for 
this violent measure he was driven from his 
country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, 
and was killed at the battle of Marathon, 
fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. 
He had five children by Myrrhine, the 
daughter of Cal lias.— Her. Q.—Th. 7. 

H I PPIS,an historian aud poet of Rhegium, 
in the reign of Xerxes.— Ml. 8, H. An. c.33. 

HIPPI US, a surname of Neptune, from 
his having raised a horse {ipposj from the 
earth in his contest with Minerva concerning 
the giving a name to Athens. 

HIPPO, a daughter of Scedasus, who, 
upon being ravished by the ambassadors of 
Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that 

gave birth to such men.— Pa. 9, 13." A 

celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediter- 
ranean.— It. 3, 252. Sir. 17, says that 

there are two of the same name in Africa, 
one of which by way of distinction is called 
Regius.— Fl. 5, 3, 1. 9, 8.— Me. 1,7.— Li. 29, 

3 & 32. Also a town of Spain.— Li. 39, 30. 

of the Brutii. 

HIPPOBO 1 ES, a large meadow near the 
Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. 

HIPPOBOTUS, a Greek historian, who 
composed a treatise on philosophers. — 
Diog. Py. 

HIPPOCENTAURI, a race of monsters 
who dwelt in Thessaly.— Vide Centauri. 

HIPPOCOON, a son of CEbalus, brother 
to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Her- 
cules, because he had driven his brother from 
the kingdom of Lacedsemon. He was at the 
chase of the Calydonian boar.-X>i. 4.— Apol. 

2, &c.l. 3, 10.— Pa. La.—Ov. Me.8, 314. A 

friend of jEneas, son of Hyrtacus, who dis- 
tinguished himself in the. funeral games of 
Sicilv — V. Mn. 3, 492, &c. 

HfPPOCORYSTES, a son of JEgyptus, 
of Hippocoon.— Apol. [Apol. 

HIPPOCRA I E, a daughter of Thespius.— 

HIPPOCRATES, a celebrated physician of 
Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, 
in which his grandfather Nebrus was so 
eminently distinguished ; and he improved 
himself by reading the tablets in the temple* 
of the gods, where each individual had 
written down the diseases under which he 
had laboured, and the means by which he 
had recovered. He delivered Athens from a 
dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the 
Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly re- 
warded with a golden crown, the privileges 
of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at 



HIP-HIP HIP-HIP 
the grand festivals. Skilful aud diligent in 
his profession, he openly declared the mea- 
sures which he had taken to cure a disease, 
and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients 
which were entrusted to his care, only 17 
had recovered, and the rest had fallen a 
prey to the distemper in spite of his medical 
applications. He devoted all his time for 
the service of his country ; and when Ar- 
taxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, 
to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and 
modestly answered, that he was born to 
serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. 
He enjoyed the rewards which his well- 
directed "labours claimed, and while he lived 
in the greatest popularity, he was carefully 
employed in observing the symptoms and 
the growth of every disorder," and from his 
judicious remarks," succeeding physicians 
have received the most valuable advantages. 
The experiments which he had tried upon 
the human frame increased his knowledge, 
and from his consummate observations, he 
Knew how to moderate his own life as well 
as to prescribe to 'others. He died in the 
93th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all 
disorders of the mind and body ; and after 
death he received, with the name of Great, 
the same honours which were paid to Her- 
cules. His writings, few of which remain, 
have procured him the epithet of divine, 
and show that he was the Homer of his pro- 
fession. According to Galen, his opinion 
is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. 
He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice 
of Demoscritus, though he was a Dorian. 
His memory is slill venerated at Cos, and 
the present inhabitants of the island show 
a small house, which Hippocrates, as they 
mention, once inhabited. The best editions 
of his works are that of Faesius, Genev. fol. 
1657 ; of Linden, 2 vols. Svo. Amst. 1665; 
and that of Mackius, 2 vols. fol. Vieunae, 
1743. His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, 
have bepn published separately — PL 7, 37. 

— Ci. Or. 3. An Athenian general in the 

Peloponnesian war. — Plu. A mathema- 
tician. An officer of Chalcedon, killed by 

Alcibiades.— Plu. Ale. A Syracusan de- 
feated by Marcellus. The fatherof Pisis- 

tratus.— — A tyrant of Gela. 

H1PPOCRATIA, a festival in honour of of Glaucus also bore the same name.— H. 
Neptune in Arcadia. //. 6, 119. A son of Antimachus, slain 

H1PPOCRENE, a fountain of Boeotia, in the Trojan war.— Id. 11, 128. 
near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. HIPPOLYTE, a queen of the Amazons, 
It first rose from the ground, when struck given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, 
by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence who had conquered her, and taken away 
the name "ipou crene,"the horse's fountain, her srirdle by order of Eurystheus. [Vide 
— Or. 5.— Mc. 256. [of Priam.— Apol. Hercules.] She had a son bv Theseus, 

HIPPODAMAS, a sen of the Acheious called Hiupolvtus.— Plu. Th. — Pro. 4, e. 3. 

HIPPODAME& HIPPODAMIA,adaugh- The wife' of Acastus, who fell in love with 
ter of CEnomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who Peleus, who was in exile at her husband's 
married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her fa- court. She accused him of incontinence, 
ther, who was either enamoured of her and of attempts upon her virtue, before 
himself, or afraid lest 'he should perish bv Acastus, only because he refused to gratifv 
one of his daughter's children, according her desires. She is also called Astyochia. 

to an oracle, refused to marry her, except [Fide Acastus.] A daughter of Cretheus. 

to him who could overcome him in a ch*- —Apol. 

riot race. As the beauty of Hippodamia HIPPOLYTUS, a son of Theseus and 
was greatly celebrated, many courted her, ! Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his 
and accepted her father's conditions ihough ; misfortunes. His step-mother Phoedra fell 
death attended a defeat. Thirteen had al-1 in love with him, and when he refused to 



ready been conquered, and forfeited their 
lives, when Pelops came from Lvdia and 
entered the lists. Pelops preuou-iv bribed 
Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus, and 
insured himself the victory. In the race, 
CEnomaus, mounted on a "broken chariot, 
which the corrupted Myrtnus had pur- 
posely provided for him, was easilv over- 
come, and was killed in the course ; and 
Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged 
the death of (Enomaus, by throwing into 
the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed 
for the reward of his treachery, the favout 
which Hippodamia could grant only to her 
husband. Hippodamia became mother of 
Atreus and Thyesles, and it is said that she 
died of grief "for the death of her father, 
which her guilty correspondence with Pe- 
lops and Mvrtilus had occasioned.— Virg. 
G. 3, l.—Hyg. fa. 64 & 253.— Po. 5, 14, &e. 

—D>. 4.— Or. Her. 8 & 17. A daughter 

of Adrastus, king of Argos, who married 
Pirithous, king of the Lapith<e. The festi- 
vity which prevailed on the day of her mar- 
riage was interrupted by the attempts of 
Eurytus to offer her violence. [Vide Piri- 
thous.] She is called Ischomache by some, 
and Deidamia by others.— Ov. Me. \i.—Plu. 

Th. A daughter of Danaus. — Apol. 

A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises. 

A daughter of Anchises, who married 

Alcathous.— H. II. 13, 429. 

HIPPODAMUS, a man of Miletus, who 
settled a republic without any previous 
knowledge of government.— Arislot. 2, P. 
A Pythagorean philosopher. An Athe- 
nian who gave his house to his country 
when he knew such a concession would im- 
prove the port of the Piraeus. An Athe- 
nian archon. A man famous for his vo- 
racious appetite. 

HIPPODlCE.oneoftheDanaides.— Apol. 

H IPPODRoMLS, a son of Hercules.— Id. 

A Thessalian, who succeeded in a 

school at Athens, in the age of M. Antony. 

—Phil. A place where horse-races were 

exhibited.— Mart. 12, e. 50. [3, 25. 

HfPPOLA,a town of Peloponnesus.— Pa. 

HIPPOLOCHUS, a son of Bellerophon, 
father to Glaucus, who commanded the 
Lycians during the Trojan war. A son 



HIP — HIP 307 
pollute his father's bed, she accused him of 
bfieiing violence to her person before 
Theseus. Her accusation was readily be- 
rieved, and Theseus entreated Neptune 
severely to punish the incontinence of his 
son. Hippolvtus fled from the resentment 
of his father, and as he pursued his way 
along the sea-shore, his horses were so 
frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which 
Neptune had purposely sent there, that 
they ran among the rocks till his chariot 
was broken and his body torn to pieces. 
Temples were raised to his memory, par- 
ticularly at Trcezene, where he received 
divine honours. According to some ac- 
counts, Diana restored him to life.— Or. F. 

3, 266.— Me. 15, 469.— V. Mn. 7,761,&c 

A son of Ropalus, king of Sicvon, grearlv 
Deloved by Apollo.— P/w. N.- — A giant, 

killed bv Mercurv. A son of jEgyptus.— 

Apol. 1 & 2. A christian writer in the 

third centnrv, whose works have been edited 
bv Fabricius", Hamb. fol. 1716. 

HIPPOMACHUS, a musician, who se- 
verely rebuked one of his pupils because he 
was praised by the multitude, and observed 
that it was the greatest proof of his igno- 
rance.-^. 2, V. H. 6. 

HIPPOMEDON, a son of Nisimachus 
and MythiiJiee, who was one of the seven 
chiefs who went against Thebes. He was 
killed by fsmarus, son of Acastus. — Apol. 3, 
8.— Pa. 2 36. [Apol. 

HI PPO MEDUSA, a daughter of Danaus. 

HIPPOMENES, an Athenian archon,who 
exposed his daughter Limone to be devour- 
ed by horses, because guilty of adultery.— 

Ov. lb. 459. A son of Macareus and Me- 

rope, who married Atalanta, [Vide Atalan- 
ta,j with the assistance of Venus. These 
two fond lovers were changed into lions by 
Cyhele, whose temple they had profaned in 
their impatience to consummate their nup- 
tial-. -Or. Me. 10. 5fi5, &c. The father 

of Megareus. 

HIPPOMOLGI,apeople of Scythia, who, 
as the name implies, lived upon the milk of 
horses. — Dion. Per. 

HIPPON& HIPPO, a town of Africa. 

HIPPONA, a goddess who presided over 
horses. Her statues were placed in horses' 
stables.— Juv 8, 157. 

HIPPONAX,aGreek poet, born at Ephe- 
sus, 540 years before the Christian era. He 
cultivated the same satirical poetry as Ar- 
ciiilochtis, and was not inferior to him in 
the beauty or vigour of his lines. H 
tirical raillery obliged him to fly from 
Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, 
two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, 
made a statue of him, which, by the de- 
formity of its features, expose d the poet to 
universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to 
avenge the injury, and he » rote such bitter 
invectives and satirical lampoons against 
them, that they hanged themselves in de- 
spair.— Ci. fa. 7. e. 24. [the Brutii. 

HIPPON'IATKS, a bay in the country of 

HIPPO-MUM, a city in the country of" the 
Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Str. 

HIPPONOUS, the father of Peribcea and 
Capaneus. He was killed *7 th? thunder 



HIP — HIS 

bolts cf Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. 

—Apol. 1,8,1.3, 1, The first name of 

Bellerophon. A son of Priam. 

HIPPOPODES, a people of Scythia, who 
have horses 7 feet.— Dion. Per. 
HIPPOSTRATUS, a favourite of Lais. 
H1PPOTADES, the patronymic of Mollis, 
grandson of Hippotas, by Segesta, as also 
of Amastrus, his son, who was killed in the 
Rululian war.— V. Mn. 11,674.— Of. Me. 11. 

HIPPOTAS or HIPPOTES, a Trojan 
prince, changed into a river. [Vide Crini- 

sus.j The father of ./Eolus, who from 

thence is called Hippotades.— H. Od. 10, 2. 
—Ov. Her. 18, 46.— Me. 14, 224. 

HIPPOTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and 
Lysidice, carried away to the islands called 
Echinades, by Neptune, by whom she had 

a son named Taphius. — Apol. 2, 4. One 

of the Nereides.— Id. 1, 2. A daughter of 

Pelias.— Id. 

HIPPOTHOON, a son of Neptune and 
Alope, daughter of Cercyon, exposed in 
the woods by his mother, that her amours 
with the god might be concealed from her 
father. Her shame was discovered, and her 
father ordered her to be put to death. Nep- 
tune changed her into a fountain, and the 
child was preserved by mares, whence his 
name, and when grown up, he was placed on 
his grandfather's throne bv the friendship of 
Theseus.— Hyg. fa. 1&7.— Pa. 1, 38. 

H1PPOTHOONTIS, one of the 12 Athe 
nian tribes, which received its name from 
Hippothoon. 
H1PPOTHOUS, a son of Lethus killed by 

Ajax in the Trojan war.— H. II. 2 & 17. 

A son of Priim. — Apol. 3, 12. A son of 

iEgyptus.— Id. One of the hunters of the 

Cah (Ionian boar.— Of. Me. I, 307. 

HIPPOTION, a prince who assisted the 
Trojans and was killed by Meriou.— H. II. 
13 & 14. 

HIPPURIS, oneof the Cyclades.— Me.2,7. 
HIPPUS, a river falling into the Phasis. 
H1PSIDES, a Macedonian, &c. Curt. 7, 7. 
HIRA, amaritime town of Peloponnesus. 
— H. II. 12. [8, 570. 

HlRPIN[,a people of the Samnites.— Si. 
HIRPINUS, Q. a Roman, to whom Ho- 
race dedicated his 2 od. 11, and also 1, ep. 16. 

HIRTUS, a debauched fellow, &c— Juv. 
10, 222. 

HIRTIA LEX de magistrates, by A. 
Hirtius. It required thai none of Pompey's 
adherents should be raise'd to any office or 
dignity in the state. 

HIRTIUS, AULUS, a consul with Pansa, 
who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mu- 
tinaby Antonv. Thev defeated Antony, but 
were both killed in battle, B. C. 43.— Sue. 

Aug. 10. An historian to whom the eighth 

book of Caesar's history of the Gallic war*, 
as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish 
wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to 
that of Caesar's Commentaries. The author, 
who was Caesar's friend, and Cicero's pu- 
pil, is supposed to be no other than the con- 
sul of that name. 

H1SBON, a Rutilian, killed by Pallas. 
HISPALIS, an ancient town of Spain, 
now called Seville. PI. 3, 3.C<es.Fa.\o,e.32. 



HIS— HOM Z 

HIS PAN I A or HISPANlvE, called by the 
poets, Hjeria, Hesperia,^ Hesperia Ultima, 
a large country of Europe, separated from 
Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bound- 
ed on evferv other side by tbe sea. Spain was 
firstknown'to the merchants of Phcenicia,and 
from tliem passed to the Carthaginians, to 
whose power it continued long in subjec- 
tion. The Romans became sole masters of 
it at the end of the second Punic war, and 
divided it at first into citerior and ulterior, 
which last was afterwards separated into 
Bcetica and Lusitania by Augustus. The 
Hispania citerior was also called Tarracon- 
ensis. The inhabitants were naturally war- 
like, and they often destroyed a life which 
was become useless, and even burdensome 
bv its infirmities. Spain was famous for its 
rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 
workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans 
no less than 20,000* drachms. These have 
long since failed, though in the flourishing 
times of Rome, Spain was said to contain 
more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the 
rest of the world. It gave birth to Quin- 
tilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, 
&c— Ju. 44. Str. 3. Me. 2, 6. PI. 3, 1 8c 20. 

HISPANUS, a native of Spain. The word 
Hispaniensis was also used, but generally 
applied to a person living in Spain and not 
born there.— Marl. 12, prce. 

HIPSELLUM, a town of Umbria. 

HISPO, a noted debauchee, &c. — Juv. 2, 
V, 50. [5, V. 74. 

HISPULLA, a lascivious woman.— Juv. 

HISTASPES, a relation of Darius III., 
killed in a battle, he— Curt. 4, c. 4. 

H1STER. a river.— [Fide Ister.] 

HISTER PACUVlUS,a man distinguished 
as much by his vices as his immense riches. 
Juv. 2. 58." 

HISTIjEA, a city of Eubcea, anciently 
called Talantia. It was near the promon- 
tory called Ceneum.— H. II. 2. 

HISTIiEOTIS, a country of Thessaly, si- 
tuate below mount Olympus and mount 
O&sa, anciently called Doris, from Dorns, 
the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the 
Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the 
country by the Cadmeans, and these last 
were also dispossessed by the Perhsebeans, 
who gave to their newly-acquired posses- 
sions the name of Histiaeotis, or Estiaeotis, 
from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a town of Eubcea, 
which they had then lately destroyed, and 
whose inhabitants they had carried to Thes- 
saly with them. — Str.' Her. 4. A small 

country of Eubcea, of which Histiaea, or Es- 
tiaea, was the capital. 

HISTI^EUS, a tyrant of Miletus, who 
excited the Greeks to take up arms against 
Persia. — Her. 5, &c. An historian of Mi- 
letus. 

HISTRIA. [Vide Tstria.] 

HOD I US, a herald in the Trojan war. 

HOLOCRON, a mountain of Macedon. 

HOMEROMASTIX, a surname given to 
Zoilus the critic. 

HOMERUS, a celebrated Greek poet, tbe 
most ancient of all the profane writers. 
The age in which he lived is not known, 
though some suppose it to be about 168 



m HOM— hoe: 

years after the Trojan war, or, according 
to others, 160 years before the foundation 
of Rome. According to Patercules, he 
flourished 968 years before the Christian era, 
or 884, according to Herodotus, who sup- 
posed him to be contemporary with Hesiod. 
The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 
years before Christ, and make him also con- 
temporary with Hesiod. This diversity of 
opinions proves the antiquity of Homer ; 
and the uncertainty prevails also concern- 
ing the place of his nativity. No less than 
seven illustrious cities disputed the right of 
having given birth to the greatest of poets, 
as it is well expressed in these lines : 
Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, 

Argns, Athenee, 
Orbis de patria cerlat, Homerc, tua. 

He was called Melesigenes, because sup- 
posed to be born on the borders of the river 
Meles. There prevailed a report that he 
had established a school at Chios in the lat- 
ter part of his life, and indeed, this opinion 
is favoured by the present inhabitants of the 
island, who still glory in showing to travel- 
lers the seats where the venerable master 
and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, 
at the distance of about four miles from 
the modern capital of the island. These 
difficulties and doubts have not been re- 
moved, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Pin- 
tarch, and others, have employed their pen 
in writing his life. In his two celebrated 
poems called the Iliad and Odyssey, Ho- 
mer has displayed the most consummate 
knowledge of human nature, and rendered 
himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, 
sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He 
deserves a greater degree of admiration 
when we consider he wrote without a model, 
and that none of his poetical imitators have 
been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal 
their great master. If there are any faults 
found in his poetry, they are to be attri- 
buted to the as:e in which he lived, and not 
to him; and we must observe that the 
world is indebted to Homer for his happy 
successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has 
described the resentment of Achilles, and 
its fatal consequences in the Grecian army 
before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, 
the poet has chosen for his subject the return 
of Ulysses into his country, with the many 
misfortunes which attended his voyage after 
the fall of Troy. These two poems are each 
divided into 24 books, the same number as 
the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though 
the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority 
over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the 
same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though 
divested of its most powerful fire ; and Ldn- 
ginus, the most refined of critics, beautifully 
compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the 
Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, 
that the latter still preserves its original 
splendour and majesty, though deprived or 
its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer 
was so universally admired, that, in ancient 
tim»s, every man* of learning could repeat 
with facility any passage in the Iliad or 
Odyssey ; a"nd, indeed, it was a strfficient 



HOM—HOM 



309 



BOM — HO It 



authority to settle disputed boundaries, or 
to support any argument. The poems of | 
Homer are the compositions of a man who 
travelled and examined with the most cri- 
tical accuracy whatever deserved notice 
and claimed attention. Modern travellers 
are astonished to see the different scenes 
which the pen of Homer described about 
3000 years ago, still existing- in the same 
unvaried form ; and the sailor who steers 
his course along- the iEgean, sees all the 
promontories and rocks which appeared to 
Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned 
victorious from the Trojan war. The 
ancierts had such veneration for Homer, 
that f cy not only raised temples and altars 
to hir , but offered sacrifices, and worship- 
ped h hi as a god. The inhabitants of" Chios 
celebrated festivals every fifth year in his 
honour, and medals were struck, which re- 

{>resenled him sitting- on a throne, holding 
lis Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his 
memory was consecrated by Ptoiemy Phi- 
lopater, who erected a magnificent temple, 
within which was placed a statue of the 
poet beautifully surrounded with a repre- 
sentation of the seven cities which con- 
tended for the honour of his birth. The in- 
habitants of Cos,one of the Sporades,boasted 
that Homer was buried in their island ; 
and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, 
and said he was born of Themisto, a fe- 
male native of Cyprus. Alexander was so 
fond of Homer, that he generally placed his 
compositions under his pillow, with his 
sword ; and he carefully deposited the 
Iliad in one of the richest and most valua- 
ble caskets of Darius, observing, that the 
most perfect work of human genius ought 
to be preserved in a box the most valuable 
and precious in the world. It is said, that 
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, was the first 
who collected and arranged the Iliad and 
Odyssey in the manner in which they now 
appear to us ; and that it is to the well-di- 
rected pursuits of Lycurgus that we are in- 
debted for their preservation. Many of the 
ancients have written the life of Homer, 
yet their inquiries and labours have not 
much contributed to prove the native place, 
the patronage, and connections, of a man 
whom some have represented as deprived of 
sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Ho- 
mer wrote, according to the opinion of some 
authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus's expe- 
dition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, 
™ Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epici- 
chlidts, and the Batrachomyomachia, and 
many hymns to some of the gods. The 
merit of originality is taken very impro- 
perly, perhaps, from Homer, bv those who 
suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6'Strom. that 
he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, ac- 
cording- to Suidas (voce Corinnus) he took 
lus plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic 
poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the 
very time the Greeks besieged that famed 
city. Agathon, an ancient painter, accord- 
Jug to ./Elian, represented the merit of the 
poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. 
Homer was represented as vomiting, and all 
other poets as swallowing wh< t he ejected. 



Of the numerous commentaries published on 
Homer, that of Eustathius, bishop of Thes- 
salonica, is by far the most extensive and 
erudite. The best editions of Homer's Iliad 
and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be 
by Barnes, 2 vols, 4to. Cantab, nil ; that 
of Glasgow, 2 vols. fol. 1758 ; that of Ber- 
glerus, 2 vols. 12mo. Amst. 1707; that of 
Dr. Clark, of the Iliad, 2 vols. 4to. 1729, and 
of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Oxford, 
5 vols. 8vo. 1780, containing the Scholia, 
Hymns, and an index.— Her.'2,53.—T/?eo. 16. 
—Avis. Po.-Str.—Dio. Ch. S3.— Or.— Pa. 
2, 9, \0.—Hel. 2— ML V. H. 13.— Fa. Ma. 
8.—Quin. 1, 8, 10, 12.— Pat. 1, o.—Dio. H. 

—Piu. Al. Src. One of the Greek poets 

called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 

2f>3. He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost. 

There were seven other poets, of inferior 
note, who bore the name of Homer. 

HOMOLE, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, 
once the residence" of the Centaurs.— V. 
Mn. 7, 675. 

HOMO LEA, a mountain of Magnesia. 

HOMOLIPPUS, a son of Hercules and 
Xanthis.— Apol. 

HOMOLOIDES, one of the seven gatei 
of Thebes.— St. Th. 7, 252. 

HOMONADENSES, a people of Cilicia. 

HONOR, a virtue worshipped at Rome 
Her first temple was erected by Scipio Afri- 
canus, and another was afterwards built b> 
Claud. Marceilus.— Ci. Nat. D. 2, c. 23. 

HONORIUS, an emperor of the western 
empire of Rome, who succeeded his father 
Theodosius the Great, with his brother Ar- 
cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, 
but he was of a modest and timid disposition, 
unfit for enterprise and fearful of danger. 
He conquered his enemies by means of his 
generals, and suffered himself and his people 
to be governed by ministers who took ad- 
vantage of their imperial master's indo- 
lence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy 
in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, 
A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he 
married two wives. Under him and his bro- 
ther the Roman power was divided into 
two different empires. The successors of 
Honorius, who fixed their residence at 
Rome, were called the emperors of the 
west, and the successors of Arcadius, who 
sat on the throne of Constantinople, were 
distinguished by the name of emperors of 
the eastern Roman empire. This division 
of power proved fatal to both empires, and 
they soon looked upon one another with in- 
difference, contempt, and jealousy. 

HORA, a goddess at Rome, supposed to 
be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She 
was said to preside over beauty.— Ov. Me. 
14, 851. 

HORACIT/E, a people near Illyrieum. 

HORA POLLO, a Greek writer, whose age 
is unknown. His Hhroglyphiea,^ curious 
and entertaining book, has been edited by 
Corn, de Pauw. 4to. Ultraj. 17/7. 

HOR/E, three sisters, daughters of Ju- 
piter and Themis, according to Hesl d 
called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. 'I hey 
were the same as the seasons who presided 
over the soring, summer, and winter, and 



ttOR-HOR 



310 



HOR— HOR 



were represented by the poets as opening 
the gates of heaven and of Olvmpus. — H. It. 
5, 749.— Pa. 5, \1.—Hes. Th." 902. 

HORATIA, the sister of the Horatii, killed 
by her brother for mourning' the death of 
the Curiatii.— Ci. In. 2, 20. 

HORATIUS COCLES. Vide Cocles. 

Q. FLACCUS, a celebrated poet, born at 
Venusia. His father was a freed-man, and 
though poor in his circumstances, he liber- 
rally educated his son, and sent him to 
learn philosophy at Athens, after he had 
received the lessons of the best masters 
at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from 
Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed 
at the battle of Philippi so effectually dis- 
couraged him, that he for ever abandoned 
the profession of arms, and, at his return to 
Home, he applied himself to cultivate 
poetry. His rising talents claimed the at- 
tentio'n of Virgil and Varius, who recom- 
mended him to the care of Mecaenas and 
Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of 
literature. Under the fostering patronage 
of the emperor and of his minister, Horace 
gave himself up to indolence and refined 
pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, 
and while he liberally indulged his appe- 
tites, he neglected the calls of ambition, 
never suffered himself to be carried away 
by the tide of popularity or public employ- 
ments. He even refused to become the se- 
cretary of Augustus, and the emperor was 
not offended at his refusal. He lived at the 
table of his illustrious patrons as if he 
were in his own house ; and Augustus, 
while sitting at his meals with Virgil at his 
right hand, and Horace at his left, often 
ridiculed the short breath of the former, 
and the watery eyes of the latter, by ob- 
serving that he sat between tears and 
sighs, Ego sum inter suspiria et lacry- 
mas. Horace was warm in his friend- 
ship, and, if ever any ill-judged reflection 
had caused offence "the poet immediately 
made every concession which could effect 
a reconciliation, and not destroy the good 
purposes of friendly society. Horace died 
in the 57th year of his age, B. C. 8. His 
gayety was suitable to the liveliness and dis- 
sipation of a court ; and his familiar inti- 
macy with Mecaenas has induced some to be- 
lieve that the death of Horace was violent, 
and that he hastened himself out of the 
world to accompany his friend. The 17th 
ode of his second book, which was written 
during the last- illness of Mecaenas, is too 
serious to be considered as a poetical rhap- 
sody, or unmeaning effusion, and indeed, 
the' poet survived the patron only three 
weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried 
near those of his friend. He left all his 
possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Ho- 
race, so much commended for its elegance 
and sweetness, is deservedly censured for 
the licentious expressions and indelicate 
thoughts which he too frequently introduces. 
In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Ana- 
creon ; and if he has confessed himself to be 
inferior to the former, he has shown that he 
bears the palm over the latter by his more 
ingenious and refined sentiments, by the 



ease and melody of his expressions, and by 
the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his 
satires and epistles, Horace displays much 
wit, and much satirical humour, without 
much poetry, and his style, simple and una- 
dorned, differs little from prosaical compo- 
sition. In his art of poetry he has shown 
much taste and judgment, and has rendered 
in Latin hexameters, what Aristotle had, 
some years before, delivered to his pupils hi 
Greek prose. The poet gives judicious 
rules and useful precepts to the most power- 
ful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in 
the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished 
to cultivate poetry aud court the muses. 
The best editions of Horace will be found 
to be that of Basil, fol. 1580, illustrated by 
eighty commentators ; that of Baxter's, 
edited bv Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1752 ; and that 
of Glasgow, i2mo. 1744.— Sue. Au.—Ov. Tr. 

e. 10, 49. Three brave Romans, born at 

the same birth, who fought against the three 
Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. 
This celebrated fight was fought between 
the hostile camps of the people of Alba and 
Rome, and on their success depended the 
victory. In the first attack two of the Ho- 
ratii were killed, and the onlv surviving 
brother, by joining artifice, to valour, ob- 
tained an honourable trophy. By pretend- 
ing to fly from the field of battle, he easily 
separated his antagonists, and, in attacking 
them, one by one, he was enabled to con- 
quer them all. As he returned victorious to 
Rome, his sister reproached him with the 
murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she 
was promised in marriage. He was incensed 
at the rebuke, and Lilled his sister. This 
violence raised the indignation of the peo- 
ple ; he was tried and capitally condemned. 
His eminent services, however, pleaded in 
his favour ; the sentence of death was ex- 
changed for a more moderate b^t more 
ignominious punishment, and he was only 
compelled to pass under the yoke. A 
trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on 
which he suspended the spoils of the con- 
quered Curiatii.— Ci. In. 2, 26.— Li. 1, 24, 

&c — Bio. H. 3. 3. A Roman consul, 

who defeated the Sabines. A consul, 

who dedicated the temple of Jupiter 
Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was 
informed of the death of his son, but he did 
not forget the sacred character he then 
bore for the feelings of a parent, and con- 
tinued the dedication after ordering the 
bodv to be buried. — Li. 2. 

HORCIAS, the general of 3000 Macedo- 
nians, who revolted from Antigonusin Cap- 
padocia.— Poly. 4. 

HORMISDAS, a name which some of the 
Persian kings bore in the reign of the Ro- 
man emperors. 

HOREST1, a people of Britain, supposed 
to be the inhabitants of Eskdale, now ir 
Scotland.— To. Ag. 38. 

HORRAT US, a Macedonian soldier, whe 
fought with another private soldier in sigh 
of the whole army of Alexander.— Curt. 9,7. 

HORTENSIA, a celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of the orator Hortensius, whos«- 
eloquence she had inherited in the most 



HOR-HOS SI J HOS -HYA 



eminent degree. When the triumvirs had 
obliged 14,000 wpraen to give upon oath 
an account of their possessions, to defray 
the expenses of the state, Hortensia un- 
deFtook to plead their cause, and was so 
successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her 
female fellow-sufferers escaped from the 
avarice of the triumvirate.— Fa. Ma. 8, 3. 

HORTENSIA LEX. by Q. Hortensius, the 
dictator, A. U. C. 667. It ordered the 
whole body of the Roman people to pay 
implicit obedience to whatever was enacted 
by the commons. The nobility, before this 
law was enacted, had claimed an absolute 
exemption. 

HORTA, a divinity among- the Romans, 
who presided over youth, and patronized 
ail exhc nations to virtue and honourable 
deeds. She is the same as Hersilia. 

HORTA, or HORTINUM, a town of the 
Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar and 
tiie Tiber.— F. Mn. 7, 716. 

Q. HORTENSIUS, a celebrated orator, 
who began to distinguish himself by his 
eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age 
of nineteen. His friend and successor, 
Cicero, speaks with great eulogium of his 
oratorical powers, and mentions the un- 
common extent of his memory. The affect- 
ed actions of Hortensius at the bar pro- 
cured him the ridiculous surname of Dio- 
nysia, a celebrated stage dancer at the 
time. He was praetor and consul, and died 
fifty years before Christ, in his 63rd year. 
His orations are not extant. Quintilian 
mentions them as undeserving the great 
commendations which Cicero had so libe- 
rally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was 
very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of 
Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after 
his death. He had written pieces of amor- 
ous poetry, and annals, all lost.— Ci. Br. 

At. Or. kc.-Var. It. R. 3, 5. CORBIO, 

a grandson of the orator of the same name, 

famous for his lasciviousness. A rich 

Roman who asked the elder Cato for his 
wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his 
wife to his friend, and took her again after 
his death. This behaviour of Cato was 
highly censured at Rome, and it was ob- 
served, that Cato's wife had entered the 
house of Hortensius very poor, but that she 
returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest 

opulence.— Plu. C. A Roman, slain bv 

Antony on his brother's tomb.— Id. A 

praetor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. 

—Id. One of Sylla's lieutenants. — Id. 

A Roman, the first who introduced the 

eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at 
the feast he gave when he was created 
augur. 

HORTONA, a town of Italy, on the con- 
fines of the £Lqui.— Li. 3, 30. 

HORUS, a son of lsis, one of the deities 
of the Egyptians. A king of Assyria. 

HOSF1TALIS, a surname of Jupiter, 
among the Romans, as the god of hospitality. 

HOSTILIA LEX was enacted A. U. C. 
583. By it such as were among the ene- 
mies ot the republic, or absent when the 
state required their assistance, were guilty 
of rapine. 



HOSTILIA, a large town on the Po.~ 
Ta. An. 2, 40.— PI. 21, 12. 

HOSTIUS HOSTILIUS, a warlike Ro- 
man, presented with a crown of boughs by 
Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in & 

battle.— Dio. H. A consul. A La'.ig 

poet in the age of J. Caesar, who ccm'-> 
posed a poem on the wars of Istria.— M ic. 
S. 6, 3 & 5. 

HUNNI, a people of Sarmatia, who in- 
vaded the empire of Rome in the fifth cen- 
tury, and settled in Pannonia, to which 
they gave the name of Hungary. 

HYAC1NTHIA, an annual solemnity at 
Amyclae, in Laconia, in honour of Hya- 
cinthus and Apollo. It continued for three 
days, during which time the grief of the 
people was so great for the death of Hva- 
cinthus, that they did not adorn their hair 
with garlands during tneir festivals, aor 
eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeits. 
They did not even sing paeans in honour of 
Apoilo, or observe any of the solemnities 
which were usual at other sacrifices. On 
the second day of the festival there were a 
number of different exhibitions. Youihs, 
with their garments girt about them, en- 
tertained the spectators, by playing some- 
times upon the flute, or upon the harp, 
and by singing anapestic songs, in loud 
echoing voices, in honour of Apollo. Others 
passed across the theatre mounted upon 
horses, richly adorned, and at the same 
time, choirs of young men came upon the 
stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, 
and accompanied by persons who danced 
at the sound of vocal and instrumental 
music, according to the ancient custom. 
Some virgins were also introduced in cha- 
riots of wood, covered at the top and mag- 
nificently adorned. Others appeared in 
race chariots. The city began then to be 
filled with joy, and immense numbers of 
victims were o'ff'ered on the altars of Apollo, 
and the votaries liberally entertained their 
friends and slaves. During this latter part 
of the festivity, all were eager to be pre- 
sent at the games, and the city was almost 
left without inhabitants.— Ath. 4.— Of. Me. 
10, 219.— Pa. 3, 1 & 19. 

HYACINTH US, a son of Amyclas and 
Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and 
Zephyrus. He returned the former's love, 
and Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and 
indifference, resolved to -punish his rival. 
As Apollo, who was entrusted with the edu- 
cation of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit 
with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as 
soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the 
head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with 
the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at 
the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed 
his blood into a flower, which bore his 
name, and placed his body among the 
constellations. The Spartans also esta- 
blished yearly festivals in honour of the 
nephew of their king. [Fide Hyacinthia.] 
Pa. 3, e. 19. Ov. M. 10, 165, 6cc.—Apo!, 3,&c. 

HYADES, five daughters of Atlas, king 
of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at 
the death of their brother Hyas, who ha*! 
been killed by a wild boar, that thev pitic*: 



HYA—HYD 



312 



HIP— HIP 



ftway and died. They became stars * ter 
death, and were placed near Taurus, one 
of the twelve signs of the Zodiac. They 
received the name of Hyades from their 
brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, 
Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. 
To these some have added Thione and 
Prodice, and they maintained, that they 
were daughters of Hyas and iEthra, one 
of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them 
daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients 
supposed that the rising and setting of the 
Hyades was always attended with much 
rain, whence the name (wo pluo).—Ov. F. 
5, 165.— Hyg. fa. 182.— Eur. I. 

HYAGN1S, a Phrygian, father of Mar- 
syus. He invented the flute.— Plu. M. 

HYALA, a city at the mouth of the In- 
dus, where the government is the same as 

at Sparta. One of Diana's attendant 

nymphs.— Ov. 

HYAMPOLIS, a city of Phocis, on the 
Cephisus, founded by the Hyanthes.— Her.S. 

HYANTHES, the ancient name of the 
inhabitants of Boeotia, from king Hyas. 
Cadmus is sometimes called Hyanthius, 
because he was king of Boeotia.-Oi. 37.3, 147. 

HYANTIS, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

HYARBITA, a man who endeavoured to 
imitate Timogenes, kc.—Hor. I, e. 19, 15. 

HYAS, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
.ffthra. His extreme fondness for shooting 
proved fatal to him, and, in his attempts to 
rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed 
by the enraged animal. Some say that he 
died by the bite of a serpent, and others 
that he" was killed by a wild boar. His sis- 
ters mourned his death with such constant 
lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion 
for their sorrow, changed them into stars. 
[Vide Hyades.]— Hvg. la. 192.— Or. F. 5,170. 

HYBLA, a mountain in Sicily, called 
afterwards Megara, where thyme and odo- 
riferous flowers of all sorts grew in abun- 
dance. It is famous for its honey. There 
is, at the foot of the mountain, a town of 
the same name. There is also another near 
mount ./Etna, clos=e to Catana.— Pa. 5, 23. 
— Str. 6.— Hie. 2, J.—Cic. V. 3, 43, 1. 5, 25. 
—Si. 14, 26.— St. 14, £01. A city of At- 
tica bears also the name of Hybla. 

H YBREAS,an orator of Cari'a, lkc.-Str.\Z. 

HYBRIANES, a people near Thrace. 

HYCCARON, (plur. a,) a town of Sicily, 
the native place of Lais. 

HYDA & HYDE, a town of Lydia, under 
mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be 
the same as Sardes. 

HYDARA, a town of Armenia.— Str. 12. 

HYDARN ES, one of the seven noble Per- 
sians who conspired to destroy the usurper 
Smerdis, 6tc.—Her. 3, & 6.— Str. I!. 

HYDASPES, a river of Asia, flowing by 

Susa.— Virg. G. 4, 211. Another in India, 

now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of 
Alexander's conquests in the east. It falls 
into the Indus. — Curt. 5, 2. — Luc. 8, 2*27.— 

Nor. 1,0. 22, T.—Str. 15. A friend of 

iEneas, killed in the Rutulian war. — V. 
in. 10, 747. 

HYDRA, a celebrated monster, which in- 
fested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna 



in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echid- 
na's union with Typhon. It had an hundred 
heads, according to Diodorus ; fifty, ac- 
cording to Simonides; and nine, according 
to the more received opinion of Apollo- 
dorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one oi 
these heads was cut off, two immediately 
grew up, if the wound was not stopped by 
fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules 
to destroy this dreadful monster, and this 
he easily effected with the assistance oi 
lolas, who applied a burning iron to the 
wounds as soon as one head was cut off. 
While Hercules was destroying the Hydra, 
Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea crab 
to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon 
dispatched; and Juno, unable to succeed in 
her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, 
placed the crab among the constellations, 
where it is now called the Cancer. The 
conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall 01 
the Hydra, and, from that circumstance, all 
the wounds which he gave proved incurable 
and mortal.— Hes. Th.—Apol. 2, 5.— Pa.i, 
17.— Or. Me. 9, 69.— Hot. 4, o. 4, 61.— V. 
£n. 6, 276, 1. 7, 658. [Alexander. 

H YDRAOTES, a river of India, crossed by 

HYDROPHORIA, a festival observed at 
Athens,called "apo tou phorein udor," from 
carrying water. It was celebrated in com- 
memoration of those who perished in the 
deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges. 

HYDRUNTUM & HYDRUS, a city of 
Calabria, 50 miles south of brundusium. 
As the distance from thence to Greece was 
only 60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards 
Varro, Pompey's lieutenant, meditated die 
building here a bridge across the Adriatic. 
Though so favourably situated, Hydrus, 
no* called Otranto, is but an insignificant 
town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants.— 
PL 3, U.-Ci. \b.-At. 21, I. 16, e.b.-Lvc. 5,375. 

HYDRUSA, a town of Attica.— Str. 9. 
. HYELA, a town of Lucania.— Sir. 6. 

HYEMPSAL, a son of Micipsa, brother 
to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, alter 
the death of his father.— Sal. J. B. 

HYETTUS, a town of Ficeoiia.— Pa. 9,24. 

HYGEIA or HYGIEA, the goddess of 
health, daughter of ^Esculapius, held in 
great veneration among the ancients. Her 
statues represented her with a veil, and the 
matrons usually consecrated their locks to 
her. She was also represented on monu- 
ments as a young woman holding a serpent 
in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of 
which the serpent sometimes drank. Ac- 
cording to someauthors, Hygeia isthesarti^ 
as Minerva, who received that name from 
Pericles, who erected her a statue, because 
in a dream she had told him the means of 
curing an architect, whose assistance he 
wanted to build a temple.- Plu.Per.-Pa.l, 23. 

HYGIANA, a town of Peloponnesus. 

HYGINUS C. JUL., a grammarian, on«* 
of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a 
native of Alexandria; or, according to some, 
he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. 
He was appointed librarian to the library ot 
mount Palatine, and he was able to main- 
tain himself by the liberalityof C. Lucinius. 
He wrote a mythological history, which he 



HYL— HYM £ 
called fables, and Poeticon Astronomieon, 
besides treatises on the cities of Italy, on 
such Roman families as were descended 
from the Trojans, a book on agriculture , 
commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great 
men, &c. now lost. The best edition of 
Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Ainst. 1681. These compositions have been 
greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness 
and their had Latinity have induced some 
to suppose that thev are spurious.- -Sue. Gr. 

HYLA <k HYLAS, a river of Mysia, 
where Hylas was drowned.— Virg. G. 3, 6. 

A colony of Phocis. 

HYLACTOR, one of Action's dogs, from 
his barking.— Ov. Me. 3. 
HYLM, a small town of Bceotia.— PI. 74. 
HYLjEUS, a name given to some cen- 
taurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules 

on mount Pholoe. — V. JEn. 8, 294 

Another by Theseus, at the nuptials of Piri- 

thous.— SZ. Th.l, 267. -Ov. Me. 12, 378 

Another killed by Bacchus.— St. Th. 6, 530. 

—Virg. G. 2. 457. A fourth killed by 

Atalanta.-y4jooZ. 3.— One of Actaeon's dogs. 

HYLAS, a son of Thiodamus, king- of j ty the matrons who had been enslaved, pro- 
Mysia and Menedice, stolen away by Her- ' vided he was allowed to marry one among 
cules, and carried on board the ship Argo ! them who was the object of his passion 
to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argo- j The Athenians consented, and Hymenaeus 
nauts landed to take a supply of fresh I experienced so much felicity in ins mar- 
water, and Hylas, following the example of riage state, that the people of Athens insti 
his companions, went to the fountain with ! tuted festivals in his honour, and solemnly 
a pitcher, and fell into the water and was \ invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins 
drowned. The poets have embellished this \ did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally 
tragical story, by saying, that the nymphs i represented as crowned with flowers, chief- 
of the river, enamoured of the beautiful I ly with marjoram or ros s, and holding a 



13 HYM— HYP 

marriage among the Greeks, was son of 
Bacchus and Venus, or according to others, 
of Apollo and one of the muses. Hyme- 
naeus, according to the more received opi- 
nions, was a young Athenian of extraordi- 
nary beauty, but ignoble origin. He be- 
came enamoured of the daughter of one of 
the richest and noblest of his countrymen, 
and, as the rank and elevation of his mis- 
tress removed him from her presence and 
conversation, he contented himself to follow 
her wherever she went. In a certain pro- 
cession, in which all the matrons of Athens 
went to Eleusis, Hymenaeus, to accompany 
his mistress, disguised himself in woman's 
clothes, and joined the religious troop. His 
youth, and the fairness of his features, 
favoured his disguise. A great part of the 
procession was seized by the sudden arrival 
of some pirates; and Hymenasus, who 
shared the captivy of his mistress, encourag- 
ed his female companions, and assassinated 
their ravishers while they were asleep. 
Immediately after this, Hymenaeus repaired 
to Athens, and promised to restore to liber- 



Hylas, carried him away ; and that Her- 
cules, disconsolate at the loss of his fa- 
vourite youth, filled the woods and moun- 
tains with his complaints, ana, at last, 
abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go 
and seek him. — Apol. I, 9. — Hyg. fa. 14, 
271.— V. Eel. 6.— Pro. l, e. 20. — -A river 
of Bithynia.— PI. 5, 32. 

HYLaX, a dog mentioned in V. Eel. 8. 

HYL1AS, a river of Magna Graecia. 

HYLLA1CUS, a part of Peloponnesus, 
near Messenia. 

HYLLUS, a son of Hercules and De- 
janira, who, soon after his father's death, 
married Iole. He, as well as his father, 
was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, 
and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. 
The Athenians gave a kind reception to 
Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidae, and 
marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus ob- 
tained a victory over his enemies, and killed 
with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent 
his head to Alcmena, his grandmother. 
Some time after he attempted to recover 
the Peloponnesus, with the Heraclidae, and 
was killed in single combat by Echemus, 
king of Arcadia. {Vide Heraclidae, Her- 
cules.]— Her. 7, &c. 2Q\.~Str. 9.—JJi. 4.— 

Ov. Me. 9, 279. A river of Lydia, (lowing 

into the Hermus. It is called also Phryx. 
—Li. 37, 38.— Her 1, 180. 

HYLONOME, the wife of Cyllaras, who 
killed herself the moment her husband was 
murdered by the Lapithae. — Ov. Me. 12, 405. 

HYLOPHAGI, a people of jEthiopia.-Z>i. 

HYMENjEUS & HYMEN, the god of 



burning torch in one hand, and in the other 
a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed 
that he always attended at nuptials; for, if 
not, matrimonial connections were fatal, 
and ended in the most dreadful calamities ; 
ant) hence people ran about calling aloud, 
Hymen! Hymen! &c— Ov. Me. 12, 215. 
V. JEn. 1 ike.— Cat. e. 62. 

H YMETTUS, a mountain of Attica, about 
22 miles in circumference, and about two 
miles from Athens, still famous for its bees 
and excellent honey. There was also a 
quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there 
a temple ; whence he is called Hymettius. 
—Sir. 9.— It. 2, 228, I. 14, 200.— PI. 36, 3. 
—Hor. 2, o. 18, 3, 1. 2.— S. 2, 15.— Ci. 2, 
fin. 34. 

HYPjEPA or I PEPjE, now Bcrhi, a town 
of Lydia, sacred to Venus', between mount 
Tmolus and the Caystrus.— Sir. \3.—Ov. 
Me. II, 152. 

HYPiESIA, a country of Peloponnesus. 

HYPANIS, a river of European Scythia, 
now called Bog, which falls into the Borys- 
thenes, and with it into the Euxine. — Her. 

4, 52, 6cc.—Ov. Me. 15, 285. A river of 

India. Another of Pontus.— Ci. Tn. 2 

39. A Trojan who joined himself to 

./Eneas, and was killed by his own people, 
who took him for one of the enemy in the 
night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. 
— V. JEn. 2, 428. 

H V PERI N US, a son of Dion, who reigned 
at Syracuse for two years alter his father. 
- — The father of Dion. [rina.— It. 14,1. 

HY PATES, a river of Sicily, near Cama- 



HYP— HYP 314 
HYPATHA,atownofThessaly.Z,i.4l,25. 
HYPaTIA, a native of Alexandria, cele- 
brated for her beauty, her virtues, and her 
trreat erudition. She was assassinated 4J 5 
A.D. 

HYPENOR, a Trojan killed bv Diomedes 
at Troy. H. It. 5. 144. [B.C. 224. 

HYPERBITUS, a pretor of the Achsens, 

HYPfiRBIUS, a son of Mgyptas.—Apol. 

H YPERBOREI, a nation in the northern 
parts of Europe and Asia, who were said to 
live to an incredible ag-e, even to a thou- 
sand vears, and in the enjoyment of all pos- 
sible felicity. The sun was' said to rise and 
set to them but once a year, and therefore 
perhaps they are placed* by Virgil ander the 
north pole." The word signifies people icho 
inhabit beyond the icind Boreas. Thrace 
was the residence of Boreas, according- to 
the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans 
made offering's, they always sent them to- 
wards the south, and the people of Dodona 
were the first of the Greeks who received 
them. The word Hyperboreans is applied, 
in general, to all those who inhabit any 
cold climate.— PI. 4, 12, 1. 6, 17.— Me. 3, 5. 
—Virg. G. 1, 240, 1. 3, 169 6c 36].— Her. 4, 
13, 6cc.—Ci. N. D. 3, 23, I. 4, 12. 

HYPEREA & HYPERIA, a fountain of 
Thessalv, with a town of the same name.— 
Sir. 9. Another in Messenia, in Pelo- 
ponnesus.— Flac. 1, 375. 

H YPERESIA, a town of Achaia.— Str. 8. 

HYPER1DES, an Athenian orator, disci- 
ple to Piato and Socrates, and long the rival 
of Demosthenes. His father's name was 
Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by 
his eloquence and the active part which he 
took in the management of the Athenian 



HYP— HYP 



ceus returned to Argos with an army, and 
that he conquered and put to dtath his 
father-in-law, and usurped his crown. [Vide 
Danaides.]— Pa. 2, c. 19.— Apol.l,c. l.—Ov. 

HeroAi. A daughter ofThestius. — Apol. 

HYPEROCHUS, a man who wrote a po- 
etical history of Cuma.— Pa. 10, 12. 

HYPHiEUS, a mountain of Campania.— 
Plu. Sy. 

HYPSA, now Belicii, a river of Sicily, 
falling into the Crinisus, and then into the 
Mediterranean near Selinus. — //. 14, 228. 

HYPSEA, a Roman matron, of the family 
of the Plautii. She was blind, according to 
Horace ; or, perhaps, was partial to some 
lover, who was recommended neither by 
personal or mental excellence. Hor. 1 , 2, 91 . 

HYPSENOR, a priest of the Scamander, 
killed during the Trojan war. — H. II. 5. 
HYPSEUS, a son of the river Peneus. 

A pleader at the Roman bar before the 

age of Cicero.— Ci. Or. 1, 36. 

HYPSICRATEA, the wife of Mithridates, 
who accompanied her husband in man's 
clothes, when he fled before Pompey. — Plu. 
Pom. 

H YPS I CRATES, a Phceniciai., who wrote 
an history of his country, in the Phoenician 
language. This history was saved f rom the 
flames of Carthase, wi en that city was taken 
bv Scipio, and translated into Greek. 
"H YPSIPIDES, a Macedonian in Alexan- 
der's army, famous for his friendship for 
Menedemus, &c — Curt. 7, 7. 

HYPSIPYLE, a queen of Lemnos, daugh- 
ter of Thoas and Myrine. During her 
reign, Venus, whose altars had been uni- 
versally slighted, punished the Lemniau 
en, and rendered their mouths and 



Tepublic. After the unfortunate battle of ; breath so extremely offensive to the smell, 
Cranon, he was taken alive, and that he j that their husbands abondoned them and 



might not be compelled to betray the secrets 
of his country, he cut off his tongue. He j 
was put to death by order of Antipater, 
B.C. 322. Only one of his numerous ora- 



; gave themselves up to some female 
| slaves, whom they had taken in a war 
j against Thrace. This contempt was highly 
_ resented by all the women of Lemnos, and 
tions remains/admired for the sweetness ; they resolved on revenge, and all unani- 
and elegance of his style. It is said that moiisly put to death their male relations, 



Hyrepide: 



defended the courtezan j Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the 



Pliryne, who was accused of impiety, and < 
that, when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, 
he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon 
which the judges, influenced by the sight of 
her beauty, acquitted her. — Plu. Dem. — 
Ci. 1, Stc.—Quin. 10, &c. 
HYPERION, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 



life of her father Thoas. Soon after this 
cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lem- 
nos, and they remained for some time in 
the island. During their stay the Argonauts 
rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and 
Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedi 
ii, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his depar- 



who married Thea, by whom he had Au- 1 ture, and promised her eternal fidelity, 
rora, the sun and moon. Hyperion is often Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Ne- 



taken by the poets for the sun itself. - 



Hes. bropho'nus, whom some have called Deiphi- 
lus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and 
promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate 
queen was soon alter forced to leave her 
kingdom by the Lemnian women, who con- 



Th.—Apol. I, e. 1 & 2.— Horn. hy. Ap.- 
A son of Priam.— Apol. I, c. 2. 

HYPERMN ESTRA,oneof the fifty daugh- 
ters of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son , 

of ^gyptus. She disobeyed her father's 1 spired against her life, still mindful that 
bloody commands, who had ordered her to | Thoas had been preserved by means of his 
murder her husband the first night of her ' daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was 
nuptials, and suffered Lvnceus to escape I seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus, 
uniiurt from the bridal bed. Her father | king of Nemaea. She was intrusted with 
summoned her to appear before a trib.mal ; the care of Archemorus, the son of Lycur- 
for her disobedience, but the people ac- i grus ; and w hen the Arrives marched against 
quitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to j Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged 
her and her husband, to whom he left his ( her to show them a fouu'tain, where tney 
kingdom at bis death. Some 6ay that Lyu- ' might quench tbeir thirst. To do this more 



HYR — HYS 315 

expeditiously, she laid down the child on 
the grass, and, in her absence, he was killed 
by a c serpent.— Lycurgus attempted to re- 
venge the death of his son, but Hypsipvle 
was^screened from his resentment by Adras- 
tus the leaJer of the Argives.— Ov. Her. 6. 
— Apol. I.— Si. 5. Th.—Fiac. 2 — Aval. 1, 
9, 1. 3, 6.—Hyg. fa. 15, 74, &c. [Fide Ar- 
chemorus.l 

HYRCANTA, a large country of Asia, at 
the north of Parthia, and at the west of 
Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, 
&c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for 
drawing a cavalry in order of battle.— V. 
Mn. 4, 3Ql.—Ci.'Tu. 1, Ao.—Str. 2 & 11. 
A town of Lydia, destroyed by a vio- 
lent earthquake in the age o'f Tiberius.— 
Li. 37, 38. 

HYRCANUM MARE, a large sea, called 
also Caspian. [Vide Caspium Mare.] 

HYRCANUS, a name common to some 
of the high priests of Judea.— Jos. 

HYRfA,a country of Bceotia, near Aulis. 
with a lake, river, and town of the same 
name, it is more probably situate near 
Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, 
a woman, who wept so much for the loss of 
her son, that she was changed into a foun 

tain.— Of. Me. 7, 372.— Her. 7, 170. A 

town of Isaurta, on the Calycadnus. 

HYRIEUS & HYRETJS, a peasant, or. as 
some say, a prince of Tanasrra, son of Nep- 
tune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when tra- 
velling over Bceotia. Being childless, he 
usked of the gods to give him a son without 
his marrying-, as he promised his wife, who 
was lately dead,and whom he tenderly loved, 
that he 'never would marry again. The 
gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, 
made water in the hide of a bull, which had 
been sacrificed the day before to their di- 
vinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up 
and bury it in the ground for nine months 
At the expiration of the nine months, Hy 
reus opened the earth, and found a beauti 
ful child in the bull's hide, whom he called 
Orion. [Vide Orion.] [uesus. — Sir. 8 
HYRMlNA, a town of Elis, in Pelopon 
HYRNETO & HYRN ETHO, a daughter 
of Temenus, king of Argos, who married 
Deyphon, son of Cdeus. She was the fa- 
vourite of her father, who greatly enriched 
her husband.— Apol. 2. 6.— Pa. 2, c. 19. 

HYRN ITHIUM, a plain of Argos, near 
Epidaurus, fertile in olives.— Sir. 6. 

HYR T AC US, a Trojan at mount Ida, fa- 
ther to Nisus, one of the companions of 
£.neas.— V. JEn. 9, 177 & 406. Hence the 
patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to 
Nisus. It is also appled to Hippocoon.— 
Id. 5, 492. 

HYSIA, a town of Bceotia, built bv Nvc 
teus, Antiope's father. A village of Ar- 
gos. A city of Arcadia. The royal re- 
sidence of the king of Parthia. 
H YS PA, a river of Sicily. — /i. 24, 228, 
HYSSUS & HYSSI, a port and river of 
Cappadocia on the Euxine sea. 

HYSTASPES, a noble Persian, of the fa 
mily of the Achaemenides. His father': 
name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned 



HYS— IAN 
Persia after the murder of the usurper 
Smerdis. It is said, by Ctesias, that he 
shed to be carried to see the royal monu- 
ment which his son had built between two 
mountains. The priests, who carried him 
as reported, slipped the cord with which 
he was suspended in ascending the moun- 
tain, and he died of the fall. Hystasp.* 
was the first who introduced the learning 
and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans intc 
Persia", and to his researches in India rl* 
sciences were ereatly indebted, particularly 
in Persia. Darius is called Hystmpes, or son 
of Hvtaspes, to distinguish him from his 
roval'successors of the same name.— Her. 1, 
209, I. 5, VS.— Ctesias Fragm. 
HYSTIEUS. [Vide Histiaeus.] 



I. 

IA, the daughter of Midas, who married 
Atvs, &c. 

IACCHUS, a surname of Bacchus, ab 
iachein, from the noise and shafts which the 
bacchanals raised at the festivals of thi-* 
deity.— V. Eel. 6, G. 1, 166.— Of. Me. 4, 15. 

Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres; 

because in the celebration of the Eleusiniai; 
mvsteries, the word lacchus was frequentlj 
repeated.— Her. 8, 65.— Pa. 1, 2. 
IADER, a river of Dalmatia. 
IALEMUS, a wretched singer, son of the 
muse Calliope.— Ath. 14. 

IALMENUS, a son of Mars and Astyo- 
che, who went to the Trojan war with his 
brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the 
head of the inhabitants of Orchomenns 
and Aspledon, in Bceotia.— Pa. 2, 37.— H. 
11. 2, 19. 

IALYSUS, a town of Rhodes, built by 
Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was making a 
beautiful painting when Demetrius Polior- 
cetes took Rhodes. The Telchines were 
born there.— Of. Me. 7, fa. 9.— PL 35, 6.— 
Ci. 2, At. e. 21.— Plu. Do.— Ail. 12,5. 

IA M BE, a servant maid of Metanira, wife 
of Celeus king of Eleusis, who tried to ex- 
hilarate Ceres, when she travelled over At- 
tica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. 
From the jokes and stories which she made 
use of, free and satirical verses have been 
called Iambics. — Apol. I, 5. 

IAMBLICUS, a Greek author who wrote 
the life of Pythagoras, and the history of 
his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, 
a treatise against Pophyry's letter on the 
mysteries of the Egyptians, kc. He was ;t 
great favourite with the emperor Julian, 
and died A. 363. 

1 AMEN US, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. 
—H. IL 12, 139 & 193. 

IAMIDtE, certain prophets among the 
Greeks, descended from lamus, a son of 
Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy 
from his father, which remained among his 
posterity— Pa. 6, 2. 
IANTRA, one of the Nereides. 
IANTHE, a girl of Crete, who married 
Iphis. [Fide Iphis.]-Or . Me. 9, 714, 4c. 
I IANTHEA, one of the Oceanides.— — 



IAP— IAX 3.6 

One of the Nereides.— Pa. 4, 30.— H. 11. 
fe, 47. 

IAPYDIA, a district of Illvrieum, now 
Carniola.—Li. 43, c. 5.— Tib'. 4, 109.— Ci. 
Ba. 14. 

IAPYGIA, a country on the confines of 
Italy, situated in the" peninsula, between 
Tarenturn and Brnndusium. It is called by 
some Mes^apia, Peucetia, and Salentinum. 
— Pi. 3, II.— Str. 6. 

I APYX, a son of Daedalus, who conquered 
a part of Italy, which he called Iapygia.— 

Ov. Me. 14, '458. A wind winch blows 

from Apulia, and is favourable to such as 
sailed from Italy towards Greece. It was 
nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. 1 
—Hor. I, o. 3, 4, I. 3, o. 7, 20. 

IARBAS, a son of Jupiter and Garaman- 
tis, king of Gaetulia, from whom Dido 
bought laud to build Carthage. He courted 
Dido, but the arrival of iEneas prevented 
his success, and the queen, rather than 
marry larbas, destroyed herself. [Vide 
DidoJ— V.£7\. 4, 3d, ace— Ju. IS, 6.— Of. I 
F. 3, 552. 

IARCHAS & JARCHAS, a celebrated 
Indian philosopher. His seven rings are fa- i 
mous for their power of restoring old \ 
Jsien to the bloom and vigour of youth, ac- 
*ording to the tradition of Phil. Ap. 

IARDANUS, aLydian, father of Omphale, 

he mistress of Hercules.— Her. 1, 7. 

Ariver of Arcadia. Another in Crete. H.Il. 

IASIDES, a patronymic given to Pali- 
nurus, as descended from a person of the 

name of .Tasius — V. £n. 5, 843. Also of 

Jasus.— Id. 12, 392. 

IASION & IASIUS, a son of Jupiter and 
Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned 
over part of Arcadia, where he diligently 
applied himself to agriculture. He married 
the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the 
gods were present at the celebration of his 
nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Phil- 
omelus and Plutus," to whom some have 
added a third, Coyabas, who introduced 
the worship and mysteries of his mother 
in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, 
whom he exposed as soon as born, say- 
ing that he would raise only male children. 
The child, who was suckled by a she-bear 
and preserved, rendered herse'if famous af- 
terwards under the name of Atalanta. Ja- 
sion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupi- 
ter, and ranked among the gods after death, 
by the inhabitants of Arcadia. — Hes. Th. 
973.— V. JEn. 3, 168.— Hyg. Poet. 2, 4. 

IASIS, a name given to Atalanta, daugh- 
ter of Iasius. 

IASIUS, a son of Abas, king of Argof. 
A son of Jupiter. [Vide lasion.] 

IASUS, a king of Argos, who succeeded 

his father Triopas. — Pa. 2, 16. A son of 

Argus, father of Agenor. A son of Argus 

and lomena. A son of Lycurgus of Arca- 
dia. An island with a town of the same 

name on the coast of Caria. The bay ad- 
joining was called lasius sinus.— PI. 5, 26. 
—Li. 32, 33, I. 37, 17. 

IAXARTES, now Sir or Sihon, a river of 
Sogrdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the 
Taiiais. It falls into' the east of the Cas- 



IAZ-ICA 

-PL 



16.— Arr. 



pian sea.— Curt. 6 
4, 15. 

IAZIGES, a people ou the borders of th~ 
Palus Maeotis.— Ta. A. 12, 29.— Of. Tr. 2, 
191.— Po. 4, e. 7, 9. 

IBERIA, a country of Asia, between Col- 
chis on the west, and Albania on the east, 
governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and 
made greatslaughter of the inhabitants, and 
obliged them to surrender by setting- fire to 
the w oods where they had fled for safety. 1 1 
is now called Georgia'.— Flu.Lu.A.kc.-'-Dio. 

36.— Fl. 3.—Flar. 5, \66.—App. Par. An 

ancient name of Spain, derived from the 
river Ibent>.— Luc. 6, 258.— Hor. 4, o. 14,50. 

IbERUS, a river of Spain, now called 
Ebro, which, after the conclusion of the Pu- 
nic war, separated the Roman from the 
Carthaginian possessions in that country. — 
Luc. 4, 335.— PL 3, 3.— Hor. 4, o. 14," 50. 

A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from 

mount Caucasus into the Cyrus*— Sir. 3. 

A fabulous king of Spain. 
IBI, an Indian nation. 
IBIS, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in 
which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of 
his pupil, the poet Apollonius. Ovid has 
also w ritten a poem w hich bears the same 
name, and w hich, in the same satirical lan- 
guage, seems, according to the opinion of 
some, to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus, 
the supposed hero of the composition. — Sui. 

IBYCUS, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 
340 ytars before .Christ. He was murdered 
by robbers, and at the moment of death he 
implored the assistance of some cranesw Inch 
at that moment flew over his head. Some 
time after, as the murderers were in the 
market-piace, one of them observed some 
cranes in the air, and said to his compa- 
nions, " ai Ibubou ehdihoi pareisin," there 
are the birds that areconscious of thedeath of 
Ibycus. These words and the recent mur- 
der of Ibycus raided suspicions in the people; 
the assassins were -eized and tortured, and 
thev confessed their guilt. — Ci. Tu. 4, 43. — 

Ml. V. H. The husband of Chloris, 

whom Horace ridicules, 3, o. 15. 

ICAD IliS, a robber killed bv a stone, &c. 
-Ci. Fa. 3. 

lCARIA, a small island in the .£gean sea, 
between Chio, ?>amos, and Myconus, w here 
the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, 
and buried bv Hercules.— Plot. 5, 2.— Me. 
2, c. 7.— Str. 10 & J 4. 

1CARIS St ICARIOTIS, a name given to 
Penelope as daughter of Icarius. 

1CARIU.M MARE, a part of the £!gean 
sea near the islands of M y cone and Gyaros. 
[Vide Icarus.] 

ICARIUS, an Athenian, father of Erigone. 
He gave wine to some peasants, who drank 
it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its 
intoxicating nature. They were soon de- 
prived of their reason, and the fury and re- 
sentment of their friends and neighbours 
were immediately turned upon Icarius, w ho 
perished by their hands. After death he 
was honoured with public festivals, and his 
daughter was led to discover the place of 
his buriai by means of his faithful dog Mocra. 
Erigone hiing herself in dispair, and was 



TCA-ICI 



317 



ICI-IDA 



changed into a constellation called Virgo, 
lcarius was changed into the star Bootes, 
and the dog Mce'ra into the star Canis.— 

Hyg. fa. 130.— Apol. 3, L4. A son of 

lEbalus of Lacedaemon. He gave his daugh- 
ter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king 
of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached 
to her, that he wished her husband to settle 
at Lacedaemon. Ulysses refused, and when 
lie saw the earnest petitions of lcarius, he 
told Penelope, as they were going to em- 
bark, that she might choose freely either to 
follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with 
her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest 
silence, and covered her head with her veil, 
lcarius upon this permitted his daughter to 
go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a 
temple to the goddess of modesty, on the 
spot where Penelope had covered her 
blushes with her veil.— H. Od. 16, 435. 

ICARUS, a son of Daedalus, who with his 
father flew with win»s from Crete to escape 
the resentment of Minos. His flight being 
too high, proved fatal to him, the sun melted 
the wax which cemented his wings, and he 
fell into that part of the iEgean sea which 
was called after his name. [Vide Daedalus.] 
— Ov.A/e.8.178,&c. A mountain of Attica. 

ICCI US, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. 
Horace writes to him, l, o. 29, and ridicules 
him for abandoning the pursuits of philo- 
sophy and the muses for military employ- 
ments. One of the Rhemi in Gaul, am- 
bassador to Caesar.— Cce. B. G. 2, 3. 

ICELOS, one of the sons of Somnus, who 
changed himself into all sorts of animals, 
whence the name (."ei/de/tw," similis.)—Ov. 
Me. 1 1 , 640. 

ICEN I, a people of Britain who submitted 
to the Roman power. They inhabited the 
modern countries of Suffolk," Norfolk, Cam- 
bridge, ike— Ta. An. 12,31.— O. G. 5, 21. 

ICETAS, a man who obtained the su- 
preme power at Syracuse after the death of 
Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timo- 
leon, for which he was conquered, &c. B. 
C 340.— C. Ne. T. 

ICHNiE, a town of Macedonia, whence 
Themis and Nemesisarecalledlchnae./Z.^jo. 

1CHNUSA, an ancient name of Sardinia, 
which it received from its likeness to a hu 
man foot.— Pa. 10, M.—It. 12, 358.— PL 3, 7. 

ICHONUPH YS, a priest of Heliopolis, at 
whose house Eudoxus resided when he vi- 
sited Egypt with Plato.— Diog. 

ICHTH YOPHAG1, a people of ^Ethiopia, 
who received this name from their eating 
fishes. There was also an Indian nation of 
the same name who made their houses with 
the bones of fishes.— Di. 3.—Str. 2 & 15.— 
PL 6, 23, 1. 15, 7. [Sir. 11. 

ICHTH YS,a promontory of Elis in Achaia. 
ICILIUS, L. a tribune of the people who 
made a law, A. U. C. 397, by which mount 
Avenline was given to the Roman people to 

build houses upon.— Li. 3, 54. A tribune 

who made a law, A. U. C. 261, that forbad 
any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune 
while he was speaking in an assembly. — 
Li. 2, 58. A tribune who signalized him- 
self by his inveterate enmity against the 
Reman senate. He took an active part in 



the management of affairs after the murder 
of Virginia, &c. 

1C1US, a harbour in Gaul, near the straits 
of Dover, from which Caesar crossed into 
Britain. 

ICONIUM, the capital of Lycaonia, now 
Koniech.—Pl. 5, 27. 

I COS, a small island near Eubiea.— Sir. 9. 

ICTINUS, a celebrated architect, 430 be- 
fore Christ. He built a famous temple to 
Minerva at Athens, &c. 

1CTUMULORUM VIBUS,aplaee at the 
foot of the Alps abounding in gold mines. 

ICULISMA, a town of Ga.i., nowAngon- 
lesme, on the Charente. 

IDA, a nymph of Crete who went into 
Phrygia, where she gave her name to a 
mountain of that country.— V. JEn. 8, 177. 
The mother of Mino9 II. A cele- 
brated mountain, or more properly a ridge 
of mountains inTroas, chiefly in the neigh- 
bourhood of Troy. The abundance of its 
waters became the source of many rivers, 
and particularly of the Simios, Scamander, 
^Esepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount 
Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the 
prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It 
was covered with green wood, and the ele- 
vation of its top opened a fine and extensive 
view of the Hellespont and the adjacent 
countries, from which reason the poets sav 
that it was frequented by the gods during 
the Trojan war.— Str. 13.— Me. 1, 18.—//. 
II. 14, 2S3.— V. JEn. 3, 5, SiC.—Ov. F. 4, 79. 

— Hot. 3, o. II. A mountain of Crete, 

the highest in the island, where it was re- 
ported that Jupiter was educated by the Co- 
rybantes, who on that account were called 
Idaei.— Sir. 10. 

IDiE, the surname of Cybele, because 
she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lit.2,611. 

IDiEUS, a surname of Jupiter. An 

armbearer and charioteer of king Priam, 
killed during the Trojan war.— V. JEn. 6, 

487. One of the attendants of Ascanius. 

— Id. 9, 500. [Luc. 3, 204. 

IDALIS, the country round mount Ida. 

IDALUS, a mountain of Cyprus, at the 
foot of which is Idalium, a town with a 
grove sacred to Venus, who was called Ida- 
tea.— V. JEn. 1, 685.— Cat. 37 & 62.— Prop. 
2, e. 13. 

IDANTHRYSUS, a powerful king of Scy- 
thia, who refused to give his daughter hi 
marriage to Darius I., king of Persia. This 
refusal was the cause of a war between the 
two nations, and Darius marched against 
Idanthyrsus at the head of 700,000 men. He 
was defeated and retired to Persia, after an 
inglorious compaign.— Str. 13. 

1DARNES, an officer of Darius, by whose 
negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. 
—Cart. 4, 5. 

IDAS, a son of Apharews and Arane, fa- 
mous for his valour and military glory. He 
was among the Argonauts, and married 
Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of 
./Etolia Marpessa was carried away by 
Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife's ravisher 
with bows and arrows, and obliged him to 
restore her. [Vide .Marpessa.] According 
to Apollodorus, Idas with his brother Lyn* 



IDE— IDO 



318 



IDO— ILE 



eus associated with Pollux and Castor 
o carry away some Mocks ; but when they 
had obtained" a sufficient quantity of plun- 
der, they refused to dnide it into equal 
shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. 
Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to 
revenge his brother's death, immediately 
killed Castor, and in his turn perished by 
the hand of Pollux. According - to Ovid 
and Pausanias, the quarrel between the 
sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose 
from a more tender cause : Idas and Lyn- 
ceus, as they say, were { oing to celebrate 
their nuptia'ls with Phoebe and Hilaira, the 
two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor 
and Pollux, who had been invited to par- 
take the common festivity, offered violence 
to the brides, and carried' them away. Idas 
and Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover 
their wives.— H. 11. 9.—Hyg. fa. 14, loo, 
&c.—Ov. F. 5, 700. — Apol. 1 6i 3.— Pa. 4, 2, 
& 1. 5, 18. A son of iEgyptus. A Tro- 
jan killed bv Turnus.— V. Mn. 9, 575. 

IDEA or IDjEA, adaughterof Dardanus, 
who became the second wife of Phineus, 
king of Bithynia, and abused die confidence 
reposed in her by her husband. [Vide Phi- 
neus.] — The mother of Teucer by Scaman- 
der.— Apol. 

I DESSA, a town of Iberia on the confines 
of Colchis.— Sir. 11. 

1DEX, a small river of Italy, now Mice, 
near Bononia. 

IDISTAVISUS, a plain, now Hastenbach, 
where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near 
Oldendorp on the Weser in Westphalia.— 
Ta. A. 2, 16. 

IDMON, son of Apollo and Asteria,oras 
some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the 
Argonauts. He was killed in hunting: a 
wild boar in Bithynia, where his body re- 
ceived a magnificent funeral. He had pre- 
dicted the time and manner of his own 
death.— Apol. \,2.—Orph. A dyer of Co- 
lophon, father to Arachne.— Ov. 'Me. 6, 8. 

A man of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, 

kc.—Flac. 3. — -A son of iEgyptus killed 
bv his wife. [Vide Danaides.j " 

IDOMENE, a daughter of Pheres, who 
married Amvthaon.— Apol. 1, 9. 

IDOMENEUS, succeeded his father Deu- 
calion on the throne of Crete, and accom- 
panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with 
a fleet of yo ships. During this celebrated 
war he rendered himself famous by his va- 
lour, and slaughtered many of the" enemy. 
At his return he made a vow to Neptune in 
a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped 
from the fury of the sea and storms he 
would offer to the god, whatever living 
creature first presented itself to his eye on 
the Cretan shore. This was no other than 
his son, who came to congratulate his 
father upon his safe return. Idomeneus 
performed his promise to the god, and the 
inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice 
rendered him so odious in the eyes of his 
subjects, that he left Crete, and migraU d 
in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, 
and founded a city on the coast of Calabria, 
which he called Selenium. He died in an 
extreme old age, after he had had the sa- 



tisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flou 
rish, and his subjects happy. According to 
the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 1217, 
Idomeneus, during his absence in the Tro- 
jan war, entrusred the management of his 
kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised 
his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his 
return. Leucos at first governed with mo- 
deration ; but he was persuaded by Nau- 
plius,king of Eubcea, to put to death'Meda, 
the wife of his master, with her daughter 
Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. After 
these violent measures, he strengthened 
himself on the throne of Crete; and Ido- 
meneus, at his return, found it impossible to 
expel the usurper.— Ov. Me. 13, 35d. — Hyg. 
92.— H. II. II, ike— Od. \9.^Pa. 5, 25.— V. 

Mn. 3, 122. A son of Priam. A Greek 

historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epi- 
curus. He wrote an history of Samothrace, 
the life of Socrates, &c. 

IDOTHEA, a daughter of Prcetus, king 
of Argos. She was restored to her senses 
with her sisters by Melampus. [Vide Prce- 
tides.]— H. Od. 11. A daughter of Pro- 
teus, the god who told Menelaus how he 
could return to his country in safety.—//. 
Od. 4, 363. One of the nymphs who edu- 
cated Jupiter. 

IDRIEUS, the son of Euromus of Caria, 
brother to Artemisia, who succeeded to 
Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus.— Di. 16. — 
Poly. 7. 

IDCBEDA, a river and mountain of 
Spain.— Str. 3. 

IDUME & IDUiWEA, a country of Syria, 
famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, 
where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he 
was going to Egypt.— Luc. 3, 216.— Si. 5, 
600.— Virg. G. 3, 12. 

IDYA,~one of the Oceanides, who mar- 
ried iEetes king of Colchis, by whem she had 
Medea, kc.—Hyg.—Hes.-Ci. Nat. D. 3. 

1 GEN I, a people of Britain. —Ta. \2,&An. 

IGILIUM, now Ciglio, an island of the 
Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany. — 
Me. 2, l.—Cce. A C. 1, 34. 

IGNATIUS, an officer of Crassus, in his 

Parthian expedition. A bishop of An- 

tioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre, 
at Rome, by lions, during a persecution, 
A.D. 107. His writings were letters to the 
Ephesians, Romans, &c. and he supported 
the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of 
the episcopal order, as superior to priests 
and deacons. The best edition of his work 
is that of Oxon, in 8vo. 1708. 

1GUVIUM, a town of Umbria, on the Via 
Flaminia, now Gubio.—Ci. At. 7, e. 13.— Si. 
8, 469. 

ILAIRA, a daughter of Leucippus, car- 
ried away with her sister Phoebe, by the sons 
of Leda, as she was going to be married, &c. 

ILBA, more properly Ilva, an island of 
the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the con- 
tinent.— V. Mn. 10, 173. 

ILECAONES & ILECAONENSES, a peo- 
ple of Spain.— Li. 22, 21. 

ILERDA, now Lerida, a town of Spain, 
the capital of the llergetes, on an eminence 
on the right banks of the river Sicoris in 
Catalonia.— Li. 21, 23, 1. 22, 21.— Luc. 4, 13. 



ILE — ILI 



319 



ILI— IMA 



1LERGETES. [Fide Ilerda.] 
ILIA or RHEA, a daughter of Numitor, 
king- of Alba, consecrated by her uncle 
Amulius to the service of Vesta, which re- 
quired perpetual chastity, that she might 
not become a mother to dispossess him of 
his crown. He was however disappointed ; 
violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought 
forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the 
usurper from his throne, and restored the 
crown to their grandfather Numitor, its 
lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by 
Amulius, for violating the laws of Vesta ; 
and because her tomb was near the Tiber, 
some suppose that she married the god of 
hat river.- Hor. 1, o. '2.—V. JEn. 1, 277.— 

Ov. F. 2, 598. A wife of Svlla. 

ILIACI LUDl, games instituted by Au- 
gustus, in commemoration of the victory he 
had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. 
They are supposed to be" the same as the 
Trojani ludi and the Actio, ; and Virgil 
says, they were celebrated by iEneas, not 
only because they were instituted at the 
time when he wrote his poem, but because 
he wished to compliment Augustus, by 
making the founder of Lavinium solemnize 
games on the very spot which was, many 
centuries after, to be immortalized by the 
trophies of his patron. During these games, 
were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic 
exercises.— F. JEn. 3, 280. 

JLIACUS, an epithet applied to such as 
belong to Troy.— V. JEn. l, 101. 
1LIADES, a surname given to Romulus, 

as son of Ilia. — Ov. A name given to the 

Trojan women.— V. JEn. 1, 464. 

I LIAS, a celebrated poem composed by 
Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates 
the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities 
which befell the Greeks, from the refusal 
of that hero to appear in the field of battle. 
It finishes at the death of Hector, whom 
Achilles had sacrificed to the shades of his 
friend Patrocius. It is divided into 24 

books. [Vide Homerus.] A surname of 

Minerva, from a temple which she had at 
Daulis in Phocis. 

I LI ENSES, a people of Sardinia.— Li. 43, 
19, 1. 40, 6 & 12. [Vide Ilium. 

ILION, a town of Macedonia.— Li. 31, 27. 
I LION E, the eldest daughter of Priam, 
who married Polymnestor, king of Thrace. 
— V. JEn. 1, 657. 

ILIONEUS, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. 
He came into Italy with ^Eneus.— V. JEn. 1, 

525. A son of Artabanus, made prisoner 

by Parmenio, near Damascus.— Cur. 3, 13. 

One of Niobe's sons.— Ov. Me. 6, fa. 6. 

ILI PA. a town of Baetica.— Li. 35, l. 
ILISSUS, a small river of Attica, falling 
into the sea near the Piraeus. There was 
a temple on its banks, sacred to the muses. 
— St. Th. 4, 52. 

1LITHYIA, a goddess called also Juno 
Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same 
as Diana. She presided over the travails 
of women ; and in her temple, at Rome, it 
was usual to carry a small piece of money 
as an offering. This custom was first esta- 
blished by Servius Tullius, who. ny enforc- 
ing it, was enabled to know the exact num- 



ber of the Roman people.— He.i. Th. 450.— 
H. II,. il,o. i9.—Apoi.l&c2.—Hor. c. /.— 
Ov. Me. 9, 283. 

ILIUM or ILION, a citadel of Troy built 
by llus, one of the Trojan kings, from 
whom it received its name. It is generally 
taken for Troy itself ; and some have sup- 
posed that the town was called Ilium, and 
the adjacent country Troja. [Vide Troja.] 
Li. 35, 43, 1. 37, 9 & 37-— V. JEn. I, &c— 
Stra. 13.— Ov. Me. 13, 505.— Hor. 3,o. 3.— 
Ju. 11, 5, 1. 31, 8. 

ILLIBERIS, a town of Gaul, through 
which Hannibal passed, as he marched into 
Italy. 

1LLICE, now Elrhe, a town of Spain 
with a harbour and bay, Shins <§■ Partus 
Illicitanus, now Alicant.— Pl. 3, 3. 

ILLIPULA, two towns of Spain, one of 
which is called Major, and the other Minor. 

ILL1TURGIS,ILI ITJRGUS,or ILIRGIA, 
a city of Spain, near the modern Andujar 
on the river Baetis, destroyed by Scipio, for 
having revolted to the Carthaginians.— Li. 
23, 49, 1. 24, 41, 1. 26, 17. [PI. 3, 3, 

ILORCIS, now Lorca, a town of Spain.— 

1LLYRICUM, ILLYR1S,& ILLYRI A, a 
country bordering on the Adriatic sea, 
opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been 
different at different times. It became a 
Roman province after Gentius its king- had 
been conquered by the praetor Anicius; 
and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, 
and Sclavonia.— Sir. 2 & 7.— Pa. 4, 35.— 
Me. 2, 2, kc Fl. 1, 2, &c. 

ILLYRICUS SINUS, that part of the 
Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyricum. 

1LLYRIUS, a son of Cadmus and Her- 
mione, from whom Illyricum received its 
name. — Apol. 

ILUA, now Elba, an island in the T\r- 
rhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, cele- 
brated for its iron mine's. The people are 
called Iluates.—Li. 30, 39.— V. JEn. 10, 173. 
— PI. 3, 6, 1. 34, 14. [in France. 

ILURO, now Oleron, a town of Gaseony 

ILUS, the fourth king of Troy, was son of 
Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice, 
the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had 
Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon 
the father of Priam. He built, or rather em- 
bellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy 
from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the 
Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva,, 
and promised that, as long as it remained in 
Troy, so Ions would the town remain im- 
pregnable. When the temple of Minerva 
was in flames, llus rushed into the middle 
of the fire to save the Palladium, for which 
action he was deprived of his sight by the 
goddess; though he recovered it some time 
after.—//. II.— Sir. Vi.—Apol. 3, 12.— Oi\ 

F. 4, 33, 1. 6, 419. A name of Ascanius, 

while he was at Troy.— V. JEn. 1, 272. 

A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas.— V. 
Mn. 10, 400. [now Jlora.—Pol. 

ILYRGIS, a town of Hispatvia Batica, 
I MA N U ENTIUS,a king of pan of Britain 
killed by Cassivelaunus,, &c— Cos. B. G. 5. 

IMAUS, a large mountain of Scythia, 
which is part of mount Taurus. It divides 
1 Scythia, which is generally called Intra 



1MB — IN A 



320 



IN A—I NO 



Imaum, and Extra Imuum. Ii extends, 
according - to some, as far as the boundaries 
of the eastern ocean.— PI. 6, c. ll.—Str. i. 

IMBARUS, a part of mount Taurus in 
Armenia. 

I M BR AC IDES, a patronymic given to 
Asius, as son of lmbracus.— V. Mn. 10, 123. 

I M BRAS IDES, a patronymic given to 
Glaucus and Lades, as sous of Imbrasus. — 
V. Mn. 12, 343. 

IMBRASUS, or Parthenius, a river of 
Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on the 
banks, received the surname of Imbrasia. 

—Pa. 7, 4. The father of Pirns, the 

leader of the Thracians during the Trojan 
war.— V. £n. 10 & 12.— H. It. 4, 520. 

IMBREUS, one of the Centaurs, killed by 
Dryas, at the nuptials of Pirithous. — Ov. 
Me. 12, 310. [cinias. 

IMBREX, C. Licini ,s, a poet. [Vide Li- 

IMBRIUS, a Tiojan killed by Teucerson 
of Mentor. He bad married Medesicaste, 
Priam's daughter.— H. II. 13. 

1MBRIVTUM, a place ofSamnium. 

I M BROS, now Embro, an island of the 
^gean sea, near Thra-.e, 32 miles from Sa- 
uiothrace, with a small river and town of 
the same name. Imbros was governed for 
some time by its own laws, but afterwards 
subjected to "the power of Persia, Athens, 
Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It 
afterwards became a Roman province. The 
divinities particularly worshipped there 
were Ceres and Mercurv.— Th. 8.—PL 4,12. 
— H. lUS.—Str. 2.— Me. 2, l.—Ov.T. 10, 18. 

INACHl, a name given to the Greeks, 
particularly the Argives, from king Inachus. 

INACH1A, a name given to Peloponne- 
sus, from the river Inachus. A festival in 

Jrete in honour of Inachus ; or according to 

others of Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan 

in the age of Horace. — Epo. 12. 

INACHIDiE, the name of the eight first 
successors of Inachus, on the throne of 
Argos. 

1NACHIDES, a patronymic of Epaphus, 

as grandson of Inachus.— Ov. Me. l, 704. 

Also of Perseus, descendedifrom Inachus.— 
Id. 4, 11. 

INACHIS, a patronymic of Io, as daugh- 
ter of Inachus.— Of. P. I, 454. 

INACHIUM, a town of Peloponnesus.- 

INACHUS, a son of Oceanusand Tethys, 
father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and 
jEgialeus. He founded the kingdom of 
Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, 
B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of 
Argos, of which he became the tutelar deitv. 
He reigned 60 years. — Virg.G.d,\b\.—Ap6l. 

2, c. 3.— Pa. 2, 15. A river of Argos. 

Another in Epirus. 

INAMAMES, a river in the east of Asia, 
as far as which Semiramis extended her em- 
pire.— Poly. 8. 

INARIME, an island near Campania, with 
a mountain, under which Jupiter confined 
the giant Typhoeus. It is now called Ischia, 
and is remarakable for its fertility and po[: il- 
lation. There was formerly a volcano in 
the middle of the island.— V, #n. 9, 716. 

1NARUS, a town of Esynt, in whose 
neighbourhood the town of k Naucralis was 



built by the Milesians. A tyrant of EgyoT, 

who died B.C. 456. 

INCITATUS, a horse of the emperor Ca- 
ligula, made high priest. 
INDATH YRSUS. [Vide Idanthyrsus.] 
INDIA, the most celebrated and opulent 
of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one 
side by the Indus, from which it derives its 
name. It is situate at the south of the king- 
doms of Persia, Parthia, &c. along the ma- 
ritime coasts. It has always been reckoned 
famous for the riches it contains ; and so 
persuaded were the ancients of its wealth, 
that they supposed that its very sands were 
gold. It contained 9000 different nations, 
and 5000 remarkable cities, according to 
geographers. Bacchus was the first who 
conquered it. I n .more recent ages, part of 
it was tributary to the power of Persia. 
Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was 
checked by the valour of Porus, one of the 
kings of the country, and the Macedonian 
was unwilling or afraid to engage another. 
Semiramis also extended her empire far in 
India. The Romans knew little of the 
country, yet their power was so universally 
dreaded, "that the Indians paid homage by 
their ambassadors to the emperors Autonius, 
Trajan, &c. India is divided into several 
provinces. There is an India extra Gang-em, 
an India intra Gangem, and an India pro- 
pria ; but these divisions are not particularly 
noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age 
of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to 
the ./Ethiopian nations.— Di. l.—Str. 1, $c. 
—Me. 3, 7.— PI. 5, 23.— Curt. 8, 10.— Ju. I, 
2. 1, 12, 7. [to Albutius. 

IN DIB I LIS, a princess of Spain, betrothed 
IND1GETES, a name given to those 
deities who were worshipped only in some 
particular places, or who were become gods 
from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some 
derive the word from inde geniti, born 
at the same place where they received their 
worship.— Virg. G. 1, 498.— Ov. Me. 14,608. 
INDIGETI, a people of Spain. 
INDUS, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, 
from which the adjacent country has received 
the name of India. It falls into the Indian 
ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, 
it was larger than the Nile ; and Pliny says 
that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, 
before it falls into the sea.— Ci. N. D. 2, 52. 
— Str. 15.— Curt. 8, 9.—DL 2.— Ov. F. 3, 720. 

— PI. 6, 20. A river of Caria.— Li. 38, 14. 

INDUTIOMARUS, a Gaul conquered by 
Csesar, Sec— Cats. B. G. 
INFERUM MARE, the Tuscan sea. 
INO, a daughter of Cadmus and Harnio- 
nia,who nursed Bacchus. She married Atha- 
mas, king of Thebes, after he had divorced 
Nephele, bv whom he had two children 
Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of 
Melicerta and Leajchus, and soon conceived 
an implacable hatred against the children o 
Nephele, because they Were to ascend the 
throne in preference to her own. Phryxus 
and Helle were informed of Ino's machina- 
tions,and thev escaped to Colchis on a golden 
ram. [Vide Phryxus.l Juno, jealous of Ino's 
prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace; 
and more' particularly, because she was o 



INO-INT 

the descendants of her greatest enemy, 
Venus. Tisiphone was sent, by order of the 
goddess, to the house of Athamas ; and she 
filled the whole palace with such fury, that 
Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her 
children whelps, pursued her, and dashed 
her son Learchus against a wall. Ino es- 
caped from the fury of her husband, and 
from a high rock she threw herself into the 
sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods 
pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea 
deity, which was afterwards called Leuco- 
thoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, 
known bv the name of Palsemon.— H.Vd.o. 
—Ci. Tn. Nat. D. 3, 48.— Pin. Sym. b.—Ov. 
Me. 4, f. 13, &c— Pa. 1, 2, 6iC.—Apol. 2,4. 
—Hyg. fa. 12, 14 & 15. 

INOA, festivals in memory of Ino, cele- 
brated yearly with sports and sacrifices at 
Corinth. An" anniversary sacrifice was also 
offered to Ino at Megara, where she was 
first worshipped, under the name of Leuco- 

thoe. Another in Laconia, in honour of 

the same. It was usual at the celebration 
to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, 
if they sunk, were presages of prosperity ; 
but if they swam on the surface of the waters, 
they were inauspicious and very unlucky. 

INOUS, a patronymic given to the "god 
Paaemon, as son of Ino.— V. /En. 5, 823. 

INOPUS, a river of Delos, which the in- 
habitants suppose to be the Nile, coming 
from E=rypt under the sea. It was near its 
banks that Apollo and Diana were born.— 
PI. 2,101.— Flac. 5, 105.— Str. 6.— Pa. 2, 4. 

INSUBRES, the inhabitants of Insubria, a 
country near the Po, supposed to be of 
Gallic origin. They were conquered by the 
.Romans, and their country became a pro- 
vince, where the modern towns or' Milan 
and Pavia were built.— Str. b.— Ta. A. 11, 
23.— PI. 3, \1.—Li. 5, 3A.— Ptol. 3, 1. 

INTAPHERNES, one of the seven Per- 
sian noblemen who conspired against Smer- 
dis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He 
was so disappointed in not obtaining the 
ciown, that he fomented seditions against 
Darius, who had been raised to the throne 
after the death of the usurper. When the 
king had ordered him and all his family to 
be put to death, his wife, by frequently visit- 
ing the palace, excited the compassion of 
Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted 
her to redeem from death any one of her 
relations whom she pleased. "She obtained 
her brother ; and when the king expressed 
his astonishment, because she preferred him 
to her husband and children, she replied 
that she could procure another husband, and 
children likewise; but that she could neter 
have another brother, as her father and 
mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to 
death.—//?r. 3. 

1NTEMELWM, a town at the west of Li- 
guria, on the sea shore.— Ci. JJi. 8, 14. 

1NTERAMNA, an ancient city of Umbria, 
the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and 
of the emperor of the same name. It is 
situate between two branches of the Nar, 
(inter amnes) whence its name. — Var.,L. L. 

4, o.—Ta. Hist. 2, 6-i. A colony on the 

confines of Samnium on the Liris. 



INT— IOB 

1NTER0ATIA, a town of Spain. 

INTERREX, a supreme magistrate at 
Rome, who was intrusted with the care of 
the government after the death of a king, 
till the election of another. This office was 
exercised by the senators alone, and none 
continued in power longer than five days, 
or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. 
The first inWrex mentioned in Roman 
history, is after thedeath of Romulus, when 
the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines 
concerning the choice of a king. There 
was sometimes an interrex during the con- 
sular government ; but this happened only 
to hold assemblies in the absence of the ma- 
gistrates, or when the election of any of the 
acting officers was disputed.— Li. 1, 17. — 
Dion. 2, 15. 

iNUI CASTRUM. [Vide Castrum Inui.] 
It received its name from Inuus, a divinity 
supposed to be the same as the Faunus of 
the Latins, and worshipped in this city. 

INYCUS, a city of Sicily.— i?<?r. 

10, daughter of lnachus, or, according 
to others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess 
of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became ena- 
moured of her ; "but Juno, .jealous of his in- 
trigues, discovered the object of his affec- 
tions, and surprisea him in the company of 
lo, though he had shrouded himself in all 
the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. 
Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful 
heifer ; and the goddess, who well knew the 
fraud, obtained from her husband the animal, 
whose beauty she had condescended to com- 
mend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed 
Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, 
anxious for the situation of Io, sent Mer- 
cary to destroy Argus, and to restore her 
to liberty. [Vide Argus.] Io, freed from 
the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted 
by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or 
rather a malicious insect, to torment her. 
She wandered over the greatest part of the 
earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last 
she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still 
exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's 
insect. Here she intreated Jupiter to re- 
store her to her ancient form ; and when 
the 2fod had changed her fr m a heifer into 
a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. 
Afterwards she married Telegonus king of 
Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and 
she treated her subjects with such mildness 
and humanity, that, after death, she received 
divine honours, and was worshipped under 
the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, 
Io was carried away by Phoenician mer- 
chants, who wished to make reprisals for 
Europa, who had been stolen from them by 
the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never 
came to Egypt. She is sometimes called 
Phoronis, from her brother I'horom us.— 
Ov. Me. 1, 74-.— Pa. 1, 25, 1. 3, lfi.— Mos.— 
Apol. 2, 1.— V. JEn. 7, 789.— Hyg. fa. 145. 

I O BATES &c JOBATES, a king oi Lycia, 
father of Stenoboea, the wite of Proems, kin? 
of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne 
by Bellerophon, to whom he had given 0:1 1 
of his daughters, called Philone, in mar- 
riage. [Vide Bellerophon.]— Apol. 2 
Hyg. fa. 57 



10B— iON 

TOEES, a son of Hercules by a daughter 
of Thespius. He died in his \oath.-Apol.2,7. 

IOLAIA, a festival at Thebes, the same 
as that called Heracleia. It was instituted 
in honour of Hercules and his friend [olas, 
who assisted him in conquering the hydra, 
t continued during several days, on the 
first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. 
The next day norse-races and athletic exer- 
cises were exhibited. The following day 
was set apart for wrestling ; the victors 
were crowned with garlands of myrtles 
generally used at funeral solemnities. They 
were sometimes rewarded with tripods o'f 
Vass. The place where the exercises were 
exhibited was called Iolaion, where there 
^ere to be seen the monument of Amphi- 
tryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was 
buried in Sardinia. These monuments were 
strewed with garlands and flowers on the 
dav of the festival. 

IOLAS or IOLAUS, a son of Iphiclus, 
king cf Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in 
conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot 
iron the place where the heads had been cut 
off", to prevent the growth of others. [Vide 
Hydra.] He was restored to his youth and 
vigour by Hebe, at the request of his friend 
Hercules. Some lime afterwards, tolas as- 
sisted the Heraclidae against Eurystheus, 
and killed the tyrant with his own hand. 
According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monu- 
ment in Bceotia and Phocis, where lovers 
used to go and bind themsebes by the most 
solemn 'oaths of fidelity, considering the 
place as sacred to love and friendship. Ac- 
cording to Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas 
died and was buried in Sardinia, where he 
had gone to make a settlement at the head 
of the sons of Hercules bv the fifty daughters 
of Thespius.-Oy. Me. 9, 399.— Apol. 2, 4.— 

Pa. 10, 17. A compiler of a Phoenician 

history. A friend of iEneas, killed by Ca 

tillus in the Rutulian wars.— V. j£n. 11, v. 

640. A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to 

Alexander.— Plu. 

IOLCHOS, a town of Magnesia, above 
Demetrias, where Jason was born. It was 
founded by Cretheus, son of iEolus and 
Enaretta. "Mela mentions it as some dis- 
tance from the sea, though all the other an- 
cient geographers place it on the sea-shore. 
Pa. 4,2. Apol. 1,9. Str.S. Me. 2,3. Luc. 3,192. 

IOI.E, a daughter of Eurytus, king of 
(Echalia. Her father promised her in mar- 
riage to Hercules, but he refused to per- 
Jorm his engagements, and f ole was carried 
away by force.' [Vide Eurytus.] It was to 
extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole, 
tl:at Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic, 
which caused his death. [Vide Hercules & 
Dejanira.] After the death of Hercules, 
ole married his son Hvllus by Dejanira.— 
Apol. 2, l.—Ov. Me. 9, "279. 

ION, a son of Xuthus and Creusa, daugh- 
ter of Erectheus, who married Helice, the 
daughter of Selinus, king of TEgiale. He 
succeeded on the throne of his fatber-in-laiv, 
and built a city, which he called Helice, on 
account of his wife. His subjects from him 
received the name of lonians, and the coun- J 
try that of Ionia. {Vide lones and Ionia.] I 



ION-iON 
—Apol. 1, 7.—Fa. 7, J. — Str. l.—Her.l, 94, 

I. 8, 44. A tragic poet of Chios, who>e 

tragedies, when represented at Athens, met 
with universal appiause. He is mentioned 
and greatly commended by Aristophanes and 

Athenaeus, &c. — Ath. 10, &c. -A native of 

Epheseus, introduced in Plato's dialogues 
as reasoning with Socrates. 
I ONE, one of the Nereides. 
IONES, a name originally given to the 
subjects of Ion, who dwelt "at Helice. In 
the age of Ion the Athenians made a war 
against the people of Eleusis, and implored 
his aid against their enemies. Ion con- 
quered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who 
was at their head ; and the Athenians, sen- 
sible of his services, invited him to come 
and settle among them ; and the more 
strongly to show their affection, they as- 
sumed* the name of lonians. Some suppose 
that, after this victory, Ion passed into A-ia 
Minor, at the head of a colony. When the 
Achaeans were driven from Peloponnesus by 
the Heraclidae, eighty years after the Trojan 
war, they came to settle among the lonians, 
who were then masters of iEgialus. They 
were soon dispossessed of their territories 
by the Achaeans, and went to Attica, where 
they met with a cordial reception. Their 
migration from Greece to Asia Minor was 
about 60 years after the return of the Hera- 
clidae, B.C. 1044, and 80 years after the de- 
parture of the ^Eolians ; "and they therefore 
finally settled themselves, after a wandering 
life of about 3o years. 

IONTA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded 
on the north by iEolia, on the west by the 
/Egean and Icarian seas, on the south by 
Garia, and on the east by Lydia and part or 
Caria. It was founded by colonies from 
Greece, and particularly Attica, by the lo- 
nians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was di- 
vided into twelve small states, which formed 
a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned 
by the ancients. These twelve states were 
Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomeme, 
Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocaea, Erythrae, 
Smyrna,and the capitals of Samos and"Chi" S . 
The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, 
which they called Pan Ionium, from the 
concourse of people that flocked there from 
every part of Ionia. Afier they had en- 
joyed for some time their freedom and in- 
dependence, they were made tributary to the 
power of Lydia by Croesus. The Athenians 
assisted them to shake off the slavery of the 
Asiatic monarcbs ; but they soon forgot 
their duty and relation to their native cour- 
try, and joined Xerxes when he invaded 
Greece. They were delivered from the Per- 
sian yoke by" Alexander, and restored to 
their original independence. They were 
reduced by the Romans under the dictator 
Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated 
for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitful- 
ness of the ground, and the genius of its in- 
habitants.— Her. 1,6 & 28.— Str. 14.— Me. I, 

5, Sec. — Pa. 7, 1. An ancient name givi n 

to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some 
time the residence of the lonians. 

IONIUM MARE, a part of the Mediter. 
ranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic 



32'J 



IGP— IPH 



823 



IPH— IPH 



ly ing' between Sicily and Greece. That part 
c*. the ./Fgean sea which lies on the coasts 
of Ionia/in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, 
and not the Ionian sea. According to some 
authors, the Ionian sea receives its name 
irom lo, who swam across there, after she 
had been metamorphosed into a heifer.— 
Sir. 7, &c. —Dion. Per. 

IOPAS, a king of Africa,among the suit- 
ors of Dido. He was an excellent musi- 
cian, poet, and philosopher, and he exhi- 
bited his superior abilitiee at the entertain- 
ment which Dido gave to ./Eneas. V.JEn. 1 ,744. 

IOPE ic JOPPA, now Jasa, a famous town 
of Phoenicia, more ancient than the deluge, 
according to some traditions. it wa6 
about forty miles from the capital of Judaea, 
and was remarkable for a seaport much 
frequented though very dangerous, on ac- 
count of the great rocks that lie before it.— 
Str. 16, Ike— Pro. 2, e. 28, 51. A daugh- 
ter of Iphicles, who married Theseus.— Plu. 

IOPHON, a son of Sophocles, who ac- 
cused his father of imprudence in the ma- 
nagement of his affairs, &c— Lu. Mac 

A poet of Gnossus, in Crete.— Pa. 1, 34. 

I OS, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoan 
sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as 
some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the 
birth of his mother.— PI. 4, 12. 

IPH1ANASSA, a daughter of Prtftusking 
of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and 
Lysirpe, ridiculed Juno,&c. {Vide Proetides.] 
--" — The wife of Endymion. 

IPHICLUS, or IPHICLES, a son of Am- 
phitryon and Alcmena, born at the same 
birth with Hercules. As these two children 
were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous 
of Hercules, sent two large serpents to de- 
stroy him. At the sight of the serpents, 
Iphicles alarmed the house ; but Hercules, 
though not a year old, boldly seized them, 
one in each hand, and squeezed them to 

death.— Apol. 2, A.—Theo. A kingof Phy- 

lace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Cly- 
mene. He had bulls famous for their big- 
riess, and the monster which kept them. 
Melampus, at the request of his brother, 
[Vide Melampus,] attempted to steal them 
away, but he was caught in the fact, and im- 
prisoned. Iphicico soon received some ad- 
vantages from the prophetical knowledge of 
his prisoner, and not only restored him to 
liberty, but also presented him with the 
oxen. Iphicles, who was childless, learned 
from the soothsayer how to become a father. 
He had married Automedusa, and afterwards 
a daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. He 
was father to Podaree and Protesilaus. — H. 
Od. ll. II. \3.—Apol. 1, c. 9.— Pa. 4, 33. 

■ A son of Thestius, king of Pleuron.— 

Apol. 2, 1. 

IPHICRATES, a celebrated general of 
Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, 
rose from the lowest station to the highest 
offices in the state. He made war against 
the Thracians, obtained some victories over 
the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king 
against Egypt. He changed the dress and 
arms of his soldiers, and rendered them 
more alert and expeditious in using their 
weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys, 



king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called 
Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he 
was once reproached with the meanness of 
his origiu, he observed, that he wouid be 
the first of his family, but that nis detractor 
would be the last of his own.- C. Nep. Ip, 

■ A sculptor of Athens. An Athenian, 

sent to Darius the Third, kin^ of Persia, 
kc.—Curt. 3, 13. 

IPHIDAMUS,ason of Anterior and The- 
ano. killed bv Agamemnon.—/..//, n. 

1PHIDEMIA, a Thessalian woman, ra- 
vished by the Naxians, &c. 

IPHIGENIA, a daughter of Agamemnon 
and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, go- 
ing to* the Trojan war, were detained by 
contrary winds at Aulis, they v» ere informed 
by one of the soothsayers, tba to appease 
the gods, they must sacrifice Ip, .igenia, Aga- 
memnon's daughter, to Diana. —[Vide Aga- 
memnon.] The father, who h-td provoked 
the goddess by killing her favourite stag, 
heard this with the greatest horror and in- 
dignation, and rather than sh«:d the blood 
of his daughter, he commandei one of his 
heralds, as chief of the G redan forces, to 
order all the assembly to depart each to his 
respective home. Ulysses and the other ge- 
nerals interfered, and Agamemnon con- 
sented to immolate his daughter for the 
common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia 
was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks 
sent for her, on pretence of giving her in 
marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly 
permitted her departure, and Iphigenia 
came to Aulis : here she saw the bloody pre- 
parations for the sacrifice ; 6he implored the 
forgiveness and protection of her father, 
but tears and intreaties were unavailing. 
Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as 
he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphi- 
genia suddeniy disappeared, and a goat of 
uncommon size and beauty was found in 
her place for the sacrifice. This super- 
natural change animated the Greeks, the 
wind suddenly became favourable, and the 
combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Iphige- 
nia's innocence had raised the compassion 
of the goddess ou whose altar she was going 
to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Tau- 
rica, where she entrusted her with the care 
of her temple. In this sacred office Iphi- 
genia was obliged, by the command of Di- 
ana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came 
into that country. Many had already been 
offered as victims on the bloody alta^, when 
Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their 
mutual and unparalleled friendship [Vide 
Pylades & Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia 
that one of the strangers whom she was 
going to sacrifice was her brother ; and 
upon this she conspired with the two friende 
to fly from the barbarous country, and carry 
away the statue of the goddess. They suc- 
cessfully effected their enterprise and mur- 
dered Thoas, who enforced the human sa- 
crifices. According *o some authors, tlie 
Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis, wa3 
not a daughter or Agamemnon, but a daugh- 
ter of Helen, by Theseus. Homer does not 
speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though 
very minute hi the description of the Gre- 



IPH— IPH 

r.an forces, adventures, Sec. 



Diana, which Iphisrenia brought away 
afterwards placed in the srrove of Aricia, in 
Italv.— Pa. 2, 22, I. 3. 116.— Ov. Mc. 12,31. 
—V 2, 1 16.— &sc.-> Bur. 

1 PHI MEDIA, a daughter of Triopas who 
married the giant Aloeus. She fled from 
her husband, and had two sons, Otus and 
Epliial.es, by Neptune, her father's father. 
—H. Od. 11, 124.— Pa. 9, '12.— Apol. 1, 7. 

1PHIMEDON, a son of Eurystheus, killed 
ir a war against tiie Athenians and Hera- 
clidae. — Apol. 

I PHI MEDUSA, one of the daughters of 
Danaus, who married Euchenor. [FicteDa- 
naides.] 

IPHINOE, one of the principal won en 
of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy ail the 
males of the island after their return from 

a Thracian expedition. — Flac. 2, 163 

One of the daughters of Prcetus. She died 
of a disease while under the care of Melaru- 
pus. I Vide Proetides.] 

I PH I NOUS, one of the centaurs.— Ov. 

I PHIS, son of Alector, succeeded his fa- 
ther on the throne of Argos. He advised 
Polvnices, who wished to engage Amphia- 
rus"in the Theban war to bribe his wife 
Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of 
Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle 
betrajed her husband.— Apol. Flac. 1, 3, & 
7. "A beautiful youth of Salamis, of igno- 
ble birth. He Decame enamoured of Anax- 
arete, and the coldness and contempt he met 
with rendered him so desperate that he hung 
himself. Anaxaretesaw him carried to the 
grave without emotion, and was instantly 

changed into a stone.— Of. Me. M, 7o3. 

A daughter of Thespius. — Apol. A mis- 
tress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. — 

H. II. 9. A daughter of Ligdusand Tele- 

thusa, of Crete. When TeletliiW was preg- 
nant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child 
if it proved a daughter, because his poverty 
coula not afford to maintain a useless charge. 
The severe orders of her husband alarmed 
Teletliusa, and she would have obeyed, had 
not Isis commanded her in a dream" to spare 
the life of her child. Telethusa brought 
forth a daughter, which w as given to a nurse, 
and passed for a boy, under the name oi 
Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the de- 
ceit, and when Iphis was come to the years 
of puberty, her father resolved to give her 
in marriage to lanthe, the beautiful daugh- 
ter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nup- 
tials was appointed, but Telethusa and her 
daughter were equally anxious to put off the 
marriage ; and, when all was unavailing, 
they implored the assistance of Isis, by 
whose advice the life of Iphis had been pre- 
served. The goddess was moved, she changed 
the sex of Iphis, and on the morrow, the 
nuptials were consummated with the greatest 
rejoicings. — Or. Me. 9, 666, Sec. 

IPHlTlON, an ally of the Trojans, son of 
Otrvutheus and Naisj killed by Achilles.— 
H. II. 20, 382. 

IPhTTLS,a son of Eurytus, king of CEcha- 
lia. When his father had promised his da"gh- 
ter lole to him who could overcome him or 



324 IPH— IRE 

The statue of j cepted the challenge, and came off victori- 



es sous in drawing the bow Hercules ac- { the inhabitants of Cyrene.— Her. 4, 158, &c" 



ous. Eurytus refused his daughter to the 
conqueror, <bserv;ng that Hercules had 
killed one of his wives in a fury, and that 
lole miarht perhaps share the same fate. 
Som - time after, Aiit"»lycus stole away the 
oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected 
oft e theft, iphitus was sent in quest of the 
oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, 
whose good favours he had gained by advising 
Eurytus to give lole to the conqueror. Her- 
cules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost ani- 
mals; but when he recollected the ingratitude 
of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him 
down "from the walls of Tirynthus.— H. Od. 

21. — Apot. 2, 6. A Trojan, who survived 

the ruin of his country, and fled with yEneas 

to Italy.— V. Mn. 2, 3 JO, &c. A king oi 

El s, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycur- 
gus. He re-established the Olympic games 
^38 years after their institution by Hercules, 
or about Sb4 years before the Christian era. 
This epoch is famous in chronological his- 
tory, as every thing previous to it seems in- 
volved in fabulous^ obscurity .—Pat. J, 8.— . 
Pa. b, 4. 

IPHTHIME, a sister of Penelope, who 
married Eumelus. She appeared, by the 
power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, 
to comfort her in the absence of her son 
Telemachus.— H. Od. 4. [17, 2J2. 

IPSEA, the mother of Medea.— Or. Her. 
IPSUS, a place of Phrysria, celebrated 
for a battle which was fought there about 
301 years before the Christian era, between 
Antigonus and his son, and Seleucu>, Pto- 
lemy, Lysimachus, and Cassauder. The 
former led into the field an army of above 
7o,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, with 75 ele- 
phants. The hitter's forces consisted of 
64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 
elephants, and"l20 armed chariots. Antigo- 
nus and his son were defeated.— Phi. Be. 

IRA, a city of Messenia, which Agamem- 
non promised to Achilles, if he would re- 
sume his arms to tight against the Trojans. 
Tnis place is famous in history, as having 
supported a siege of eleven years asiaiust the 
Lacedaemonians. Its capture, B.C. 761 put 
an end to the second Messenian war.—//. 
II. 9. ISO Sc 292.- Str. 7. 

IRENjEUS, a native of Greece, disciple 
of Holycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. 
He wrote on different subjects ; but, as what 
remains is in Latin, some suppose that he 
composed in that language, and not in the 
Gre^k. Fragments of his works in Greek 
are however preserved, which prove that 
his style was simple, though clear and often 
animated His opinions concerning the soul 
aie curious. He suffered martyrdom, A.D. 
202. The best edition of his works is that 
of Grabe, Oxon. fol. i702. 
IRENE, a daughter ofCratinus the painter. 

PI. 35, li. One of the seasons among the 

Greeks, called by the moderns Horee. Her 
two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all 
daughters of Jupiter and Themis.— ApolA, 3. 

IRESUS, a delightful spot of Libya, near 
Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. 
The Egyptians were once defeated there by 



ill 1— ISA 



ISA— 1ST 



IRIS, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, 
one of the Oceanides, messenger of the 
gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her 
office was to cut the thread which seemed 
to detain the soul in the body of those that 
were expiring. She is the same as the rain- 
bow, and, from that circumstance, she is re- 
presented with wings, with all the variegated 
and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and 
appears sitting behind Juno ready to exe- 
cute her commands. She is likewise de- 
scribed as supplying the clouds with water 
to deluge the world.— Hes. Th. 266.— Ov. 

Me. 1, 271 4- seq.—V. JEn. 4, 694. A 

river of Asia Minor, "rising in Cappadocia, 
and falling into the Euxine sea.— Flac. 5, 121. 

A river of Pontus. 

IRUS, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed 
the commissions of Penelope's suitors. When 
Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beg- 
gar's dress, lrus hindered him from enter- 
ing the gates, and even challenged him 
Ulysses brought him to the ground with a 
blow, and dragged him out of the house. 
From his poverty originates the proverb Iro 
pauperior.—H. Od. 8. 1 & 35.— Ov. Tr. 8, 

e. 7, 42. A mountain of India. 

IS, a small river falling into the Euphrates. 
Us waters abound with bitumen.— Her. 1, 

J 79. A small town on the river of the 

*ame name. — Id. ib. 

IS'ADAS, a Spartan, who upon seeing the 
Thebans entering the city, stripped himself 
naked, and with appear and sword engaged 
the tneniy. He was rewarded with a crown 
for his valour. — Plu. 
IS/EA, one of the Nereides. 
IS/EUS, an orator of Chalcis, in Euboea, 
who came to Athens, and became there the 
pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master 
of Demosthenes. Son e suppose that he re- 
formed the dissipation and imprudence of 
his early years by frugality and temperance. 
Demosthenes imitated him in preference to 
Isoerates, because he studied force and en- 
ergy of expression rather than floridness of 
style. Ten of his sixty-four orations are 
t-xtant.— Juv. 3, 74.— Plu. 10 Or.— Bern.- 
Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, 
A. D. 17. He is greatly recommended by 
Pliny the younger, who observes, that he 
always spoke extempore, and wrote with ele- 
gance, unlabored ease, and great correctness. 
ISAMUS, a river of India. 
ISANDER, a son of Bellerophon, killed 
in the war which his father made against 
the Solymi.— II. 6. 
ISA' PIS, a river of Umbria.— Luc. 2, 406. 
ISAR Si ISARA, the Isore, a river of Gaul t 
where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It 
rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the 
Rhone near Valence.— PL 3, 4.— Luc. 1 

599. Another called theOyse, which fall 

into the Seine below Paris. [Str, 4 

ISAR &i ISjEUS, a river of Vindelicia.- 
ISARCHUS, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424. 
ISAURIA, a country of Asia Minor, near 
mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were boid 
and warlike. The Roman emperors, parti- 
cularly Probus and Gallus, made war agains 
them and conquered them.— Ft 2, C— Str, 
~Ci. Voyfa. 2. 



ISAURIA, (a, or orum,') the chief town of 
sauria. — PL 5, 'i7. 
ISAU RICUS, a surname of P. Serviiius, 
from his conquests over the Isaurians.— Ov. 
1. F. 594.— Ci. 5, At. 21. 
1SAURUS, a river of Umbria, fallinginto 

.he Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. 

— Luc. 2, 406. 

ISCHENIA,an annual festival at Olympia, 
in honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mer- 
cury and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, 
devoted himself to his country, and was 
honoured with a monument near Olympia. 

ISCHOLAUS, a brave and prudent gene- 
ral of Sparta.— Poly. 

ISCHOM'ACHUS, a noble athlete of Cro- 
tona, about the consulship of M. Valerius 
and P. Posthumius. 

ISCHO'POUS, a town of Pontus. 
ISCIA. [Vide (Enotrides.] 
ISDKGERDES, a king of Persia, appoint- 
ed, by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Fheo- 
dosius the second. He died in his 3 1 st year, 
' D. 408. 

ISIA, certain festivals observed in honour 
of Isis, which continued nine days. It was 
usual to carry vessels full Of wheat and bar- 
ley, as the goddess was supposed to be the 
first who taught mankind the use of corn. 
These festivals were adopted by the Romans,, 
among whom they soon degenerated into k 
centiousness. They were abolished by a de- 
cree of the senate, A. U. C. 696. They were 
introduced again, about 200 years after, by 
Co m mod us. 

ISIACO'RUM PORTUS, a harbour on the 
shore of the Euxine, near Dacia. 

lSIDO'RUS,a native of Charax,in the age 
of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some histori- 
cal treatises, besides a description of Parthia. 

Adisciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiola, 

from his living in Eijypt. Of his epistles 
2012 remain, written in'Greek, with concise- 
ness and elegance. The best edition is that 

of Paris, fol. 1638. A Christian Greek 

writer,who nourished in the 7th century. He 
is surnamed Hispalensis. His works have 
been edited, fol de Breul, Paris, 1601. 

ISIS, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according 
to Diodorus of Sicily. Sonic suppose her to 
be the same as Io, who was changed into a 
cow, and restored to her human form in 
Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and 
governed thepeoplewith mildnessand equity, 
for which reason she received divine honours 
after death. According to some traditions 
mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married het 
brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him 
even before she had left her mother's womb. 
These two ancient deities, as some authors 
observe, comprehended all nature, and all 
the gods of the heathens. Isis was the 
Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, 
the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of 
Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana 
of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &c. 
Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt ; 
but the Rebellion of Tvphon, the brother of 
Osiris, proved fatal to this sovereign. [ Vide 
Osiris & Typhon.] The ox and cow were the 
symbols ot Osiris and Isis, because thto'' 



ISM — ISM S 

deities, while on earth, had diligently applied 
themselves in cultivating the earth, [fide 
Apis.] As I sis was supposed to be the moon, 
and Osiris the sun, she was represented as 
bolding a globe in her hand, with a vessel 
bill of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed 
that the yearly and regular inundations of 
the Nile proceeded from the abundant rears 
which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom 
Tvphon had basely murdered. The word 
Isis, according to some, signifies ancient, 
and, on that account, the inscriptions on the 
statues of the goddess were often in these 
words : / am all that has been, that shall he, 
and none among mortals has hitherto taken 
off my veil. The worship of Isis was uni- 
versal in Egypt ; the priests were obliged to 
observe perpetual chastity, their head was 
closely shaved, and they always walked bare- 
footed, and clothed themselves in linen gar- 
ments. They never eat onions, they abstained 
from salt with their meat, and" were for- 
bidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. 
During the night they were employed in 
continual devotion near the statue of the 
goddess. Cleopatra, the beautiful queen of 
Egypt, was wont to dress herself like this 
goddess, and affected to be called a second 
Isis.— Ci. Di. \.— Ptn.Fs.$Os.—Di. \.-Dio. 
H. I. —Her. 2, 59. — Luc. I, B31. 

IS'MARDS, (ISMARA, plnr.) a rugged 
mountain of Thrace covered with \ines and 
olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the 
same name. Its wines are excellent. The 
word Istnarius is indiscriminately used for 
Thracian.- JET. Od. d.—Firp. G. 2, 71.— £n. 

to, 351. A Tbeban, son of Astacus. A 

son of Euniolpus. —Apol. A Lydian who 

accompanied /Eneas to Italy, and fought 
with great vigour against the Rutuli.— V. 
Jin. in, 139. 

ISME'XE, a daughter of (Edipus and Jo- 
caste, who, when her sister Antigone had 
beers condemned to be buried alive by 
Creon, for giving burial to her brother 
Folynices against the tyrant's positive or- 
ders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, 
and insisted upon being equally punished 
with her. This instance of generosity was 
strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished 
not to see her sister involved in her cala- 
mities. — Soph. An. — Apol. 3,5. A daugh- 
ter of the river Asopus, who married the 
hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had 
Jasus.— Apol. 2, 1. 

ISME'Nl AS, a celebrated musician of 
Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by 
the Scythians, Atheas, the king of the 
country, observed, that he liked the music 
of Ismenias, better than the braying of an 

ass.— Plu. Ap. A Tlieban, bribed by 

Timoc rates of Rhodes, that he might use 
his influence to prevent the Athenians and I 
some other Grecian states from assisting | 
L-.'.cedaemon, against which Xerxes was j 

engaged in war. — Pa. 3, 9. A Theban 

general, sent to Persia with an embassy by 
his countrymen. As none were admitted 
into the king's presence without prostra- 
ting themselves at his feet, Ismenias had 
recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action 
winch would have proved disgraceful to 



!♦? ISM— ISO 

his country. When he was introduced he 
dropped his ring, and the motion he made 
to recover it from the ground was mistaken 
for the most submissive homage, and Isme- 
nias had a satisfactory audience of the 

monarch. A river of Bceotia, falling into 

the Eur i pus, where Apollo had a temple, 
from which he was called Ismenius. A 
youth was yearly chosen by the Boeotian* 
to ho. tbs priest of the god, an office to 
which Hercules was once appointed. — Pa. 
9, 10. -Or. Me. 2.—Str. 9. 

ISMENTDES, an epithet applied to the 
Theban women, as being near the Ismenus, 
a river of Bceotia.— Ov. Me. 4, 31. 

ISME'Nl US, a surname of Apollo, at 
Thebes, where he had a temple on the bor- 
ders of the Ismeneius. 

ISM E'N IIS, a son of Apollo and Melia, 
one of the Nereides, who gave his name to 
the Ladon, a river of Bceotia, near Thebes, 
falling into the Asopus, and thence into the 

Euripus. — Pa. 9, 10. A son of Asopus 

and .Metope. — Apol. 3, 12. A son of 

Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. — Id. 
3, 5.— Ov. Me. 6, 6. 

ISOC'RATES, a celebrated orator.son of 
Theodorus, a rich musical instrument ma- 
ker at Athens. He was taught in the 
schools of Gorgias and Prodicus, but his 
oratorical abilities were never displayed in 
public, and Isocrates was prevented by an 
unconquerable timidity from speaking in 
the popular assemblies. He opened a school 
of eloquence at Athens, where he distin- 
guished himself by the number, character, 
and fame of his pupils, and by the immense 
riches which he amassed. He was intimate 
with Piiilip of Maceclon, and regularly 
corresponded with him ; and to his famili- 
arity with that monarch the Athenians were 
inde'hted for some of the few peaceful years 
w hich they passed. The aspiring ambition 
of Phillip, however, displeased Isocrates, 
and the defeat of the Athenians at Chero- 
naea had such an effect upon his spirits, that 
he did not survive the disgrace of his coun- 
try, but died, after he had been four days 
without taking any aliment, in the 99th 
year of his age, about 338 years before 
Christ. Isocrates has always been much 
admired for the sweetness 'and graceful 
simplicity of his style, for the harmony ol 
his expressions, and the dignity of * his 
language. The remains of his orations ex- 
tant inspire the world with the highest 
veneration for his abilities, as a moralist, 
an orator, and above all, as a man. His 
merit, ho* ever, is lessened by those who 
accuse him of plagiarism from the works 
of Thucydides, Ly'sias, and others, seen 
particularly in his panegyric. He was so 
studious of correctness, that his lines are 
sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of 
the Athenians against Socrates highly dis- 
pleased him, and, in spite of all the "unde- 
served unpopularity of that great philoso- 
pher, he put on mourning the day of his 
death. About thirty-one of his orations are 
extant. Isocrates was honoured after death 
with a brazen statue by Timotneus, one of 
his pupils, and Aphareiis his adopted eon 



ISS 1ST S 
— Plu. 10, Or. kc.—Ct. Or. 20 In. 2,126, Br. 

15. O?-. 2, 6.— Qm£». 2, 6iC.—Pa. 1, 16. 

One of tiie officers of the Peloponnesian 

fleet, Scc.—Th. One of the disciples of 

lsocrafes. A rhetorician of Syria, enemy 

to the Romans, &c. 

ISSA, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic 

sea, on the coast of Dalniatia. A town of 

Ulyricum. Me. 2, 7. Str, 1, &c. Mar. 26, 25. 

ISSE, a daughter of Macareus, the son of 
Lycaon. Slie was heloved by Apollo, who 
to obtain her confidence changed himself 
into the form of a shepherd to whom she 
was attached. This inetamorphosisof Apoilo 
was represented on the web of Arachne.— 
Ov. Me. 6, 124. 

ISSUS, now Aisse. a town of Cilicia, on 
the confines of Syria, famous for a battle 
fought there between Alexander the Great 
and the Persians under Darius their king-, 
in October, B. C. 333, in consequence of 
which it was called Nicopolis. In this 
battle the Persians lost, in the field of bat- 
tle, 100,000 foot and 10,0 ,0 horse, and the 
Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, 
according to Diodorus Siculus. The Per- 
sian army, according to Justin, consisted 
of -100,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 
of the former and io,oo0ofthe lattter,were 
.eft dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken 
prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as 
lie farther adds, was no more than uo foot 
and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the 
Persian slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 
10,000 horse ; and those of Alexander to 32 
foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. 
This spot is likewise famous for the defeat 
of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194.— Plu. Al.— 
Ju. 11, 9.— Curt. 3, l.—Arr.—Di. n.—Ci.5, 
At- 20. fa. 2, e. 10. 

ISTER k ISTRUS, an historian, disciple 

of Callimachus.— Diog. A large river of 

Europe, falling- into the Euxine sea, called 

also the Danube. [Vide Danubius.] A 

son of iEgyptus.— Apol. 

ISTHM1A, sacred games among the 
Greeks, which received their name from the 
isthmus of Corinth, where thev were ob- 
served. They were celebrated in com- 
memoration of Melicerta, who was changed 
into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had 
thrown herself into the sea with him in her 
arms. The body of Melicerta, according 
to some traditions, when cast upon the sea- 
shore, received an honourable burial, in 
memory of which the Isthmian games were 
instituted, B. C. 1326. Thev were inter- 
rupted after they had been celebrated with 
great regularity during some years, and 
Theseus at last re-instituted them in honour 
of Neptune, whom he publickly called his 
father. These games were observed every 
third, or rather fifth, year, and held so sa- 
cred and invioiabie, tliat even a public cala- 
Jnitycouldnotpreventthecelebration. When 
Corinth was destroyed by Mummius, the Ro- 
man general, they we.e observed with the 
usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were 
intrusted with the superintendence, which 
had been before one of the privileges of the 
ruined Corinthians. Combat? of every kind 
were exhibited, and the victors we're re- 



i27 1ST - ITA 

warded with garlands of pine leaves. Some 
time after the custom was changed, and 
the victor received a crown of drv and 
withered parsley. The years were reckoned 
by the celebration of the Isthmian games, 
as among the Romans, from the consular 
government.— Pa. 1, 44. 2, 1 Sc u.—Pi. 4. 5. 
— Plu. Th. 

ISTHMI US, a kingof Messenia,&c.Pff.4,3. 
ISTHMUS, a small neck of laud which 
joins one country to another, and prevents 
the sea from making them separate, such as 
that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by 
way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus 
to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across, 
and make a communication between the 
two seas, but in vain. It is now called 
Hexamili.—Str. \.—Me. 2, 2.— PL. 4, 4.— 
Luc. I, 101. 

1ST I £OT IS, a country of Greece, near 
Ossa [Vide Histigeotis.] 

ISTRIA, a province at the west of 1 1 1 v 
ricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose 
inhabitants were originally pirates, and 
lived on plunder. They were not subjected 
to Rome till six centuries after the founda- 
tion of that city.— Str. 1.— Me. 2, 3.— Li.10, 

foe PI, 3 19, Ju. 9 2. 

ISTROP'OLIS, a city of Thrace, nea 'the 
mouth of the lster, founded by a Milesian 
colony.— PI. 4, 11. 

ISUS & ANTIPHUS, sons of Priam, the 
latter by Hecub.i, and the former by a con- 
cubine. They were seized by Achilles, as 
they fed their father's flocks o'n mount Ida; 
they were redeemed by Priam, and fought 
against the Greeks. They were both killed 

by Agamemnon.—//. II. 11. A city of 

Boeotia.— Sir. 9. 

ITALIA, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, 
and by the Alpine mountains. " It has been 
compared, and with some similitude, to a 
man's leg. It has borne, at different periods, 
the different names of Satnrnia, CEnotria, 
Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it 
received the name of Italy either from I talus, 
a king of the country, or from Italos, a 
Greek word which signifies an ox, an 
animal very common in that part of Europe. 
The boundaries of I taly appear to have been 
formed by nature itself, which seems to have 
been particularly careful in supplying this 
country with whatever may contribute not 
only to the support, but also to the pleasures 
and" luxuries or life. It has been called the 
garden of Europe; and tfie panegyrics which 
Pliny bestows upon it seem not in any de- 
gree exaggerated. The ancientinhabitants 
called themselves Aborigines, offspring of 
the soil, and the country was soon after 
peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pe- 
lasgi and the Arcadians made settlements 
there, and the whole country was divided 
into as many different governments as there 
were towns, till the rapid increase of the 
Roman power [Fide Roma] changed the 
face of Italy, and united all itsstates in sup- 
port of one" common cause. Italy has been 
the mother of arts as well as of arms, and 
the immortal monuments which remain rtf 
the eloquence and poetical abilities of its iu- 



ITA— ITO 



328 



ITU-IXI 



Habitants are universally known. It was calion, who first invented the manner o. 
divided into eleven small provinces or polishing metals.— Lh.-\ 6, 402. 
regions by Augustus, though sometimes ! ITUN A, a river of Britain, now Eden in 
known under the three greater divisions of' Cumberland. 

Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properly so called, j ITUR.EA, a country of Palestine, whose 
and Magna Green. The sea" above was | inhabitants were verv skilful in drawing 
called Superum, and that at the south In- the bow.— Luc. 7, 230 & 51*.— Yirg. G. 2, 



f erum.—Ptol. 3, I.— Dio. H.— Di. A.—JuA, 
kc.—C. Kep. Di. Al. &C—Li. I, 2, &c.— 
Varro ft.fi. 2, I, & 5.— V. JEn.\, Sec— Pol. 
2.—FL 2.—JEI. V. H. 1, 16.— Luc. 2, 397, 
&C— PI. 3, 5, & 8. 

ITALICA, a town of Italy, called also 
Corsinium. A town of" Spain, now Sevil- 
le la Vieja, built by Scipio for the accom- 
modation of his wounded soldiers. — Gel. 16, 
13.— App. His. 

ITA L1C US, a poet. [FiaVSilius.l 

I TALUS, a son of Telegonus. — Hy%. fa. 

127. An Arcadian prince, who ^ame to 

Italy, where he established a kingdom, 
called after him. It is supposed that he re- 
ceived divine honours after death, as ^Eneas 
calls upon him among the deities to whom 
he paid his adoration, when he entered Italy. 

V. JEn. 7, v. 178. A prince, whose 

daughter Roma, by his wife LeucarU,is said 
to have married iEneas or Ascanius. — ?lu. 
if.— A king of the Cherusci, Jtc.-ra.4n. I, !6. 

ITaRGRIS, a river of Germany. 

I PEA, a daughter of Danaus.-f/j/g.fa. 170. 

ITE MALES, an old man who exposed 
(Edipus,on mount Cithaeron, kc.-Hyg.(a..65. 

ITH'ACA, a celebrated island in the Io- 
nian sea, on the western parts of Greece, 
with a city of the same name, famous for 
being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Iti: 
very rocky and mountainous, measures about 
25 miles in circumference, and is now 
known bv the name of hola del Compare, 
or Thiacki — H. II. 2, 139.— Od. 1, 186, 1.4, 
601, I. 9. 20.— Stt. I 6c 8. — Me. 2, 7. 

ITHACESIjE, three islands opposite 

Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii. Baiae 

was called also Ithacesix, because built 
bv Bajus, the pilot of Ulvsses. — Si. 8, 540. 
L 12, 113. 

ITHOB'ALUS, a king of Tvre, who died 
B.C. 595.— Jos. 

(THOME, a town of Phthiotis.— H. II. 2. 

Another of Messenia, which surrendered, 

alter ten years' siege, to Lacedatmon, 724 
years before the christian era. Jupiterwas 
called Ithomates, from a temple which he 
had there, where games were also celebrated, 
and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken 
crown.— Pa. 4, 32.— St. Th. 4, 179.— Sir. 6. 

lTHOMAIA,a festival in which musicians 
contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of 
Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs 
Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave 
her name to a city, and the latter to a 
river. 

ITHYPHALLUS, an obscene name of 
Priapus.- Col. 10.— Di. I. 

ITI US PORTUS, a town of Gaul, now 
Wetsaud, or Boulogne in Picardy. Caesar 
set sail from thence on his passage into 
Britain.— C<es. G. 4, 21, I. 5, 2\5." 

ITO'NIA, a surname of Minerva, from a 
place in Bceoiia, where she was worshipped. 

ITO'xNUS, a king of Thessaly, son of Oeu- 



448.— Sir. 17. 

ITU'RUM, a town of Umbria. 
1'TYLUS, a son of Zetheus and JfLdon, 
killed bv his mother. [Vide JEdon.]—H. 
Od. 29, 462. [Ituraea. 
17 YKjEI, a people of Palestine. [Fide 
ITYS, a son of Tereus, kin? of Thrace, 
by Procne, daughter of Pandion, king of 
A thens. He was killed by his mother when 
he was about six years bid, and served up 
as meat before his father. He was changed 
into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, 
and his father into an owl. [Vide Philo- 
mela.]— Ov. Me. 6, 620. — Am. 2, e. 14, 29.— 

Hor. 4, o. 12. A Trojan who came to 

Italv with jEneas, and was killed by Turnus. 
— V. 9, 574. 

IXIBATiE, a people of Pontus. 
IX'ION, a king of Thessaly, son ot Phle 
gas, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, 
or according- to Diodorii-, of Antion by Pe 
rimela daughter of Amythaon. He married 
Dia, daughter of Eioneusor Deioneus, am. 
promised his father-in-law a valuable pre- 
sent for the choice he had made of him t«t 
be his daughter's husband. His unwilling- 
ness, however, to fulfil his promises,obliged 
Deioneus to have recourse to violence to 
obtain it, and he stole away some of his 
horses. Ixion concealed his resentment 
under the mask of friendship; he invited 
his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the 
capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus 
was come according to the appointment, he 
threw him into a pit which he had previously 
filled with wood and burning coals. This 
premeditated treachery so irritated the 
neighbouring princes that all cf them re- 
fused to perform the usual ceremony, by 
which a man was then purified of murder, 
and Ixion was shunned and despised by all 
mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon 
him, and he carried him to heaven, and in- 
troduced him at the tables of the gods. Such 
a favour, which ought to have awakened 
gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame 
his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, 
and attempted to seduce her. Juno was 
willing to gratify the passion of Ixion, 
though according* to others she informed Ju- 
piter of the attempts which had been made 
upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in 
the shape of Juno, and carried it to the 
p. ace where Ixion had appointed to meet 
Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare, and 
from his emb^ce with" the cloud, he had the 
Centaurs, or according toothers Centaurus. 
[Vide Centauri.] Jupiter, displeased with 
the insolence of Ixion, banished him from 
heaven ; but when he heard that he had 
seduced Juno, the god struck him with his 
thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him tc 
a wheel in hell which continually whirls 
round. The wheel was perpetually in mo- 
tion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was 



IXI— JAN G 
eternal.— Di. 4.— Hyg. iz.62.-Pin.2.-Py.2. 
—Fire. G. 4, ISA.—Jtv. 6, 601.— Op. Me. 12. 

21(1 & 338.— PAi/, Ic. 2, 3.— La:. Th. 2. 

One of the Heraclidae w ho reigned at Corinth 
for V7 or :;7 years. He was son of Alethes. 

IXIOMDES, the patronymic of Piri- 
thous, son of Ixion.— Pro. 2, el. 1, v. 3, S. 



JANICULUM & Janicularius "\Ion«, one 
of the seven hills at Rome, joined to the 
city by Ancus ]Martius, and made a kind of 
citadel, to protect the place against an in- 
vasion. This hill [Vide Janus], which was 
;>n the opposite shore of the Tiber, was 
joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, 
the first ever built across that river, and 
perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than 
the other parts'of the city, on account of 
the grossne»s of the air, "though from its! V. Mn.'l 

top, the eye could have a commanding view ! l. A street at Rome near the tempie of 

of the whole city. It is famous for the bu- J Janus. It was generally frequented by 
rial of king Niima and the poet Italicus. i usurers and money-brokers, and bookseller* 
Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitched his camp 1 also kept their shops there.— Hor. I, e. 1. 



1) JAN-JAS 
war, and shut in time of peace. He was 
chiefly worshipped among the Roman*, 
wliet.i he had many temples, some erected 
to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadri 
frons. The temples of QuaririfYons were 
built with four equal sides, with a c'.ooraHd 
three windows on each side. The four doors 
were the emblems of the four seasons of the 
year, and the three windows in each of the 
sides the three months in each season, and 
all together, the twelve months of the year. 
Janus was generally represented in statues 
as a young 1 man. After death Janus was 
ranked among the gods, for his popularity, 
and the civilization w hich he had introduced 
among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His 
temple, which was always open in times of 
war, was shut only three times during 
above TOO years, uiider Numa, 234 B. C. 
and under "Augustus ; and during that long 
period of time, the Romans were continu- 
al I \ employed in war.— Of. F. 1, 65, -Vc — 
. 607.— Far. L. L. \.—Mac. St. 



on mount Janiculum, and the senators took 
refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the 
resentment of Octavius. — Li. I, 33, Sec— 
JJio. 47.— Or. I, Fast. v. 246.— Virg. 8, 35S. 
—Mart. 4, e. 64, 1, 7, ep. 16. 
J A'N US, the most ancient kins: who reign- 



JAPE TIDES, a musician at the nuptials 
of Perseus and Andromeda.— 0». Me. 5, 111. 

JAP'ETUS, a son of Coelus or Titan, by 
Terra, who married Asia, or, according to 
others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, 
Menoetius, Prometneus, and Ej imetheus. 



i Italy. He was a native of The^saly, and [The Greeks looked upon him as the father 
son of Apollo, according: to some. He came of all mankind, and therefore, from his au- 



to Italy, where he planted a colony and 
built a "small tow n on the r.ier Tiber, which 
ie called Janiculum. Some authors make 
nim son of Coelus and Hecate; and others 
make him a native of Athens. During his 
reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his 
son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus 
received him with much hospitality, and 
made him his colleague on the 



lity, old men were frequently called Ja- 
peti. His sons received the patronymic of 
Iapetionidfs.—Ov. Me. A, 63\.—H'es. Th. 
136 & 50S.— Apol. I, 1. 

JA'SON, a celebrated hero, son of Alci- 
mede, daughter of Phylacus, by iEson, the 
son of Cretheus and Tyro, the'daughter of 
Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connection 
th Cretheus, the son of Mollis, had two 



Janus is represented with two faces, be- j sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. iEson 



cause he was acquainted with the past and 
the future ; or, according to others, because 
he was taken for the sun, who opens the day 
at his rising, and shuts it at his setting". 



was kins: of lolchos, and at his death the 
throne was usurped by Pelias, and ^Eson, 
the lawful successor, was driven to retire- 
ment and obscurity. The education of 



Some statues represented Janus with four | young Jason was intrusted to the care of the 
heads. He sometimes appeared with a j centaur Chiron, and he was removed from 



beard, and sometimes without. In reii^iou: 
ceremonies, his name was always invoked 
Ihe first, because he presides over all gates 
and avenues, and it is through him only 
that prayers can reach the immortal gods. 
From that circumstance he often appears 
with a key in his right hand, and a rod in 
his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 
300 in one hand, and in Ihe other 6-5, to 
shew that he presides over the year, of 
which the fir^t month bears his name. Some 
suppose that he is the same as the world, 
or Coelus: and from that circumstance they 
call him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the 
revolution of the heavens He was called 
by different names, such as Consivivs a 
consereiido, because he presided over gene- 
ration ; Qttirinus, or Martialis, because he 
presided over war. He is also called Pa- 
iuteius and Clauciiu, because the gates of 
Ilia temples were open during the time of 



the presence of the usurper, who had been 
informed by an oracle that one of the de- 
scendants "of jEolus would dethrone him. 
After he had made the most rapid progress 
in every branch of science, Jason left the 
country, and by his advice went to consult 
the oracle. He was ordered to go to 
lolchos, his native cotintrv, covered with 
the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the 
garments of a magnesian. In his journey 
he was stopped by the inundation of the 
river Evanus or Eiiipeus, over which he was 
carried by Juno, who had changed herself 
into an old woman. In crossing 1 the streams, 
he lo<t one of ids sandals, and at his arri- 
val at lolchos, the singularity of his dress 
and the fairness of his complexion, attracted 
the notice of the people-, and drew a crowd 
around him in the market-place. Pelias 
came to see him with the rest, and as he 
had been warmd by the oracle to beware' 6< 



JAS— JAS 

a man who should appear at lolchos with 
one foot bare, and the other shod, the ap- 
pearance of Jason, who had lost one of his 
sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were 
goon after augmented. Jason, accompanied 
by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pe- 
lias, and boldly demanded the kingdom 
which he had unjustly usurped. The bold- 
ness and popularity of Jason intimidated 
Felias ; he was unwilling to abdicate the 
crown, and yet he feared the resentment of 
his adversary. As Jason was young and 
ambitious of gl< ry, Pelias, at once to re- 
move his immediate claims to the crown, 
reminded him that CEetes, king of Colchis, 
had severely treated and inhumanly mur- 
dered their common relation Phryxus. He 
observed that such a treatment called aloud 
for punishment, and that the undertaking 
would be accompanied with much glory and 
fame. He farther added, that his old age 
had prevented him from avenging the death 
of Phryxus, and that if Jason would under- 
take the expedition, he would re>ign to him 
the crown of lolchos when he returned vic- 
torious from Colchis. Jason readily ac- 
cepted a proposal which seemed to promise 
such military fame. His intended expedi- 
tion was made known in every part of 
Greece, and the youngest and bravest of the 
Greeks assembled to accompany him, and 
share his toils and glory. They embarked 
on board a ship called Argo, and after a 
series of adventures they arrived at Colchis. 
[Vide Argonaut*.] ^Eetes promised to re- 
store the golden fleece, which was the cause 
of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage 
or" the Argonauts, provided they submitted 
to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls 
which breathed Haines, and who had feet 
and horns of brass, and to plough with them 
a field sacred to Mars. After this he was 
to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent 
from which armed men would arise, whose 
fury would be converted against him who 
ploughed the field. He was also to kill a 
monstrous dragon which watched night and 
day at the foot of the tree on which the 
golden fleece was suspended. All were con- 
cerned for the fate of the Argonauts ; but 
Juno, who watched with an anxious eye 
over the safety of Jason, extricated them 
from all these difficulties. Medea, the king's 
daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her 
know ledge of herbs, enchantments, and in- 
cantations was uncommon, she pledged her- 
self to deliver her lover from all his dan- 
gers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Ja- 
son, not insensible to her charms and to her 
promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the tem- 
ple of Hecate, and received from Medea 
w hatever instruments and herbs could pro- 
tect him against the approaching dangers. 
He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed 
the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, 
and sowed the dragon's teeth. Imme- 
diately an army of men sprang from the 
field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a 
stone among them, and they fell one upon 
the other till all were totally destroyed. 
The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to 
sleep by the power of heros, and Jaaoi' took 



JAS— J AS 
from the tree the celebrated golden fleece , 
which was the sole object of his voyage. 
These actions were all performed in the 
presence of jEetes and his people, w ho wen- 
all equally astonished at the boldness and 
success of Jason. After this celebrated con- 
quest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe 
with Medea, who had been so instrumental 
in his preservation. Upon this JEetes, de- 
sirous to revenge the perfidy of his daugh- 
ter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue 
the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, 
and strewed his limbs in her father's way, 
that she might more easily escape, while he 
was employed in collecting the mangled 
body of his son. [Vide Absyrtus.] There- 
turn of the Argonauts in Thessaly was cele- 
brated with universal festivity ; "but jEsoo, 
Jason's father, was unable to attend on ac- 
count of the infirmities of old age. This 
obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the 
request of her husband, restored ;Eson to 
the vigour and sprightliness of youth. [Vide 
jEsoii.] Pelias, the usurper of the crown 
of lolchos, wished also to see himself re- 
stored to the flow er of youth, and his daugh- 
ters, per>uaded by Medea, who wished to 
avenge her husband's wrongs, cut his body 
to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron 
of boiling water. Their credulity was se- 
verely punished. Medea suffered the flesh 
to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias 
was never restored to life. This inhuman 
action drew the resentment of the populace 
upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with 
her husband Jason, where they lived in per- 
fect union and love during ten successive 
years. Jason's partiality for Glauce, the 
daughter of the king of the country, after- 
wards disturbed their matrimonial happ:« 
ness, and Medea was divorced that Jason 
might more freely indulge his amourous 
propensities. This infidelity was severely 
revenged by Medea, [Vide G'lauce], who de- 
stroyed her children in the presence of her 
father. [Vide Medea.]. Alter his separa- 
tion from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled 
and melancholy life. As he was one day 
reposing himself by the side of the ship 
which had carried him to Colchis,a beam fell 
upon his head, and he was crushed to death. 
This tragical event had been predicted to 
him before by Medea, according to the re- 
lation of some authors. Some say that he af- 
terwards returned to Colclis, where he seized 
the kimrdom,and reigned in great security.— 
Eur.M. Ov.Me. 7, f. 2, 3, &c. Di. 4. Pa. 2 tc 
S.Apol. \, 9.Ci. Nat.3.0v. Tr. 3, 1. 9.Str. 7. 
Apol.—Flac.—Hyg. 5. cXC— Pin. 3, Nem. — 
Ju. 42. c. 2, <xc— Se?i'. M.—Tzet. ad Lyc. 

175, &c— Alh.VA. A native of Argos, who 

wrote an history of Greece in four books, 
which ended at the death of Alexander. 

He lived in the age of Adrian. A tyrant 

of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the 
Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of 

Timotheus. Trailianus, a man who wrote 

tragedies, and gained the esteem of the 
kings of Parthia.— Pol. 7. 
JENISUS, a town of Svria.— Her. 3, 5. 
J ERA, one of the Nereides.— H. It. 18- 
JERICHO, a city of Palestine, besieged 



b3t 



JER-JOS 331 JOV— JUD 



and taken bv the Romans, under Vespasian 
and Titus.— Pi. 5, 14.— Str. 

JERNE, a name of Ireland.— Str. 1. 

JERO'MUS & JERON'YMUS, a Greek of 
Cardia, who wrote an history of Alexander. 

. A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, 

of whose compositions some few historical 
fragments remain. — Dio. H. 1. 

JERUSALEM, the capital of Judea. [Vide 
Hierosolyma.] 

JOCASTA, a daughter of Menoeceus, who 
married Laius, king- of Thebes, by whom 
she had CEdipus. She afterwards married 
her son (Edipus, without knowing 1 who he 
was, and had by hun iUeocles, Polynices, 
kc.—[Vide Laius tEdipuaj. When she dis- 
covered that airui t»a*i marrifeu iii;.- own son, 
and had been ?«ii€y of iui.e»4, »Uc hanged 
herself in despr : ~. Sus iu» cailcU Epicasta 
by some my tholo- ,*Y. f\ m 6> 42 — Sen. 

Soph. (Iid.—dpoi,. I. .:. ».— // t. 66, , 
kc.—H. Od. 11. 

JORDANES, a river of Judssa illustrious 
in sacred history. It rise9 near mom- ih:i- 
nus, and after running through lake Sa - 
niachonitis.and thatof l*.berias,lu.; « after a 
courseof 150 mites into the Dead Sea-. «*-.16. 

JORNANDES, an historian who wiotf a 
bonk on the Goths. He died A. D. 552. 

JOSE'PHUS, FLAVIUS, a celebrated Jew, 
born in Jerusalem, who signalized his mili- 
tary abilities in supporting a siege of forty- 
seven days against Vespasian and Titus, in 
a small town of Judaea. When the city sur- 
rendered, there were not found less than 
40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives 
amounted to 1,200. Josephus saved his life 
by flying into a cave, where 40 of his coun- 
trymen had also taken refuge. He dissuaded 
them from committing suicide, and when 
they had ail drawn lots to kill one another, 
Josephus fortunately remained the last, and 
surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained 
the conqueror's esteem, by fortelling that he 
would become one day the master of the 
Roman empire. Josephus was present at the 
siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received 
all the sacred books which it contained from 
the conqueror's hands. He came to Rome 
with Titus, where he was honoured with the 
name and privileges of a Roman citizen. 
Here he made himself esteemed by the em- 
perors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated 
his time to study. He wrote the history of 
the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and 
afterwards translated it into Greek. This 
composition so pleased Titus, that he au- 
thenticated it by placing his signature upon 
it, and by preserving it in one of the public 
libraries. He finished another work, which 
he divided into 20 books, containing the his- 
tory of the Jewish antiquities, in some places 
subversive of the authority and miracles 
mentioned in the scriptures. He also wrote 
two books to defend the Jews against Apion, 
their greatest enemy ; besides an account of 
his own life, &c. Josephus has been ad- 
mired for his lively and animated style, the 
bold propriety of his expressions, the exact- 
ness of his descriptions, and the persuasive 
eloquence of his orations. He has been called 
the Livy of the Greeks. Though in some 



cases .iiimical to the Christians, yet he haa 
commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. 
Jerome calls him a Christian writer. Jo-e- 
phus died A. D. 9:i, in the 56th year of his 
age. The best editions of his works are 
Hudson's, 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1720, and Haver- 
camp's, 2 vols, .ol. Amst. 1726.— Suet. V. &c. 

JOVIA'NUS, Flavius Claudius, a native of 
Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the 
soldiers after the death of Julian. He at 
iirst refused to be invested with the imperial 
purple, because his subjects followed the 
religious principles of the late emperor; 
but they removed his groundless apprehen- 
sions, and, when they assured him that thev 
were warm for Christianity, he accepted the 
crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty 
with the Persians, against whom Julian was 
marching with a victorious army. Jovian 
died seven months and twenty days afterhis 
ascension, and was found in his bed suffo- 
cated by the vapours of charcoal, which had 
beei lighted in the room, A. D. 364. Some 
attritu tf his death to intemperance, and say 
that *,» the son of a baker. He burned 
i a ceiH:ra-» • library at Antioch. — Mar. 

JUBA, a King 1 of Numidia and Mauritania, 
who so* t«-£i;ed Ids father Hiempsal, and fa- 
vo ured the cat^e of Pompey against J. Cae- 
sar. He defeated Curio, whom Caesar had 
sent to Africa, and after the battle of Phar- 
salia he joined his forces to those of Scipio. 
He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, 
and totally abandoned by his subjects. He 
killed himself with Petreus, who had shared 
his good fortune and his adversity. His 
kingdom became a Roman province, of 
which Sallust was the first governor. — Phi. 
Pom. Sr Cces.—VL 4, 12.— Sue. C<£. 35.— Di. 
41.— Me. 1, 6.— Luc. 3, Scc.—Cees. b. c. 2.— 

Pat. 2, 54. The second of that name was 

the son of Juba the first. He was led among 
the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph 
of Caesar. His captivity was the source of 
the greatest honours, and his application to 
study procured him more glory than he 
could have obtained from the inheritance of 
a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the 
Romans by the courteousness of his manners, 
and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by giving 
him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of 
Antony, and conferring upon him the title 
of king, and making him master of all the 
territories which his father once possessed. 
His popularity was so great, that the Mauri- 
taidans rewarded his benevolence, by mak- 
ing him one of their gods. The Athenians 
raised him a statue, and the ^Ethiopians wor- 
shipped him as a deity. Juba wrote an his- 
tory of Rome in Greek, which is often 
quoted and commended by the ancients, but 
of which only a few fragments remain. He 
also wrote on the history of Arabia, and the 
antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from 
Berosus. Besides these, he composed some 
treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, 
the nature of animals, painting, grammar, 
&c. now lost.— Str. \7.—Sue. Cat. 26.— PL 
5, 25 & 32.— Di. 51, &C. 

J UDACIL'IUS, a native of Asculum, cele» 
brated for his patriotism, in the ag« o' 
Pompey, <icc. 



JUD - JUL 332 JUL— J U L 

JUDjEA, a famous country of Assyria, ! they were honoured with a triumph bv the 
bouuded by Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the J senate ; that no supreme commander should 
Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The | go out of his province, enter any domi- 



inhabitants, whose history is best collected 
from the Holy Scripture*, were chiefly go- 
verned, after the Babylonish captivity, by 
the high priests, who raised themselves to 
the rank of princes, B. C. 153, and continu- 
ed in the enjovment of re<ral power till the 
aye of Augustus.— Plu. Os.—Str. 16.— Di. 
Jo.— Ta. Hist. 5, 6.— Luc. 2, 59:5. 

JUGA'LIS, a surname of Juno, because 
she presided over marriage. — Fe. V. S. 

JUG ANTES, a people of Britain.— Ta. 
An. 12, 32. [Capitol. 

JUGA'RIUS, a street in Rome, below the 

JUGITRTHA, the illegitimate son of Ma- 
nastabal, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa 
and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa, 
King of Nnmidia. Micipsa, who had inhe- 
rited his father's kingdom, educated his 
nephew with his two "sons, Adherbal and 
Hiempsal ; but, as he w as of an aspiring dis- 
position, he sent him with a body of troops 
to the assistance of Scipio, who was besieg- 
ing Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose 
ambition seemed to threaten the" tranquillity 
of his children. His hopes were frustrated. 
Ju?urtha showed himself brave and active, 
and endeared himself to the Roman general. 
Micipsa appointed him successor to his king- 
dom with his two sons, but the kindness of 
the father proved fatal to the children. Ju- 
gurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped 
Adherbal of his possessions, and obliged him 
to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans 
listened to the well-grounded complaints of 
Adherbal, but Jugurtha's gold prevailed 
among the senators, and the suppliant mo- 
narch, forsaken in his distress, perished by 
the snares of his enemy. Coecilius Metellu* 
was at last sent against Juguriha, and 



nions, lead an army, or engage in "a war, 
without the previous approbation and com- 
mand of the Roman senate and people. 

Another, de sumptibus, in the age of Au- 
gustus. It limited the expense of provisions 
on the dies profesli, or days appointed for 
the transaction of business, "to 200 sesterces ; 
on common calendar festivals, to 300 ; and, 
on allextraordinary occasions, such as mar- 

riages,births,&c.to" 1000. Another, de pro- 

v'mciis, by J. Caesar, Dictator. It ordained 
that no pretoriau province should be held 
more than one year, and a consular pro- 
vince more than two years. Another, 

called also Campana agraria, by the same, 
A.U.C. 691. It required that all the lands 
of Campania, formerly rented according to 
the estimation of the state, should be di- 
vided among the plebeians, and that all the 
members of the senate should bind them- 
selves by an oath to establish, confirm, and 

protect that law. Another, decivitaie, bv 

L. J.Cttsar, A.U.C. 654. It rewarded with 
the name and privileges of citizens ot 
Rome, all such as, during the civil wars, 
had remained the constant friends of the 
republican liberty. When that civil wai 
was at an end, all the Italians were ad 
mitted as free denizens, and composed eight 

new tribes. Another, dejudicibus, by J. 

Caesar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in 
a certain manner, requiring the judges to 
be chosen from the richest people in every 
century, allowing the senators and knights 
in the number, and excluding the tribuni 

teiurii. Another, de ambitu, by Augustus. 

It restrained the ilicit measures used at 
elections, and restored to the comitia their 
ancient privileges, which had been destroyed 



firmness and success soon reduced the crafty I by the ambition and bribery of J. Caesar.- 
Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his | Another, by Augustus, de adulterio el pru- 
savage neighbours tor support. Marius and \ dicilia. It punished adultery with death. 
Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with It was afterwards confirmed and enforced 
equal success. Jugurtha was at last betray- by Domitian. — Jut. S. 2, 30, alludes to it. 



ed by his father-in-law Bocclms, from whom 



Another, called also, Papia, or Papia 



he claimed assistance, and he was delivered I Poppeea, which was the same as the follow 
into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a 
war of five years. "He was exposed to the 
view of the "Roman people, and dragged in 
chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He 
was afterwards put in a prison, where he died 
six days after of hunger, B. C. 109. The 
name and the wars of Jugurtha have been 
immortalized bv the pen of Sallust.— Sal. J. 
—Fl. 3, l.— Pat. 2, 10, dec— Flu. Ma. St St/. 
—Put. 4, 3. 

JU'LIA LEX, prima de provinciis, by J. 
Caesar, A. U. C. 691. It confirmed the free- 
dom of all Greece ; it ordained that the Ro- 
man magistrates should act there as judges, 
and that the towns and villages through 
w hich the Roman magistrates "and ambas- 
sadors passed should maintain them during 
their stay ; that the governors, at the expi- 
ration of their office, should leave a scheme 
of their accounts in two cities of their pro- 
vince, and deliver a copy of it at the public 
treasury ; that the provincial governors 
shouid not accept of a golden crown unless | 



ing, only enlarged by the consuls Papius 

and Poppa&us, A. U. C. 762. Another, de 

maritanais ordinibus, by Augustus. It pro- 
posed rewards to such as engaged in matri- 
mony, of a particular description. It in- 
flicted punishment on celibacy, and per- 
mitted the patricians, the senators and sons 
of senators excepted, to intermarry with 
the libertini, or children of those ttiat had 
been liberti, or servants manumitted. Ho- 
race alludes to it when he speaks of lex 

marita. Another, de maje&tate, by J. 

Caesar. It punished with aquce et ignis 
interdictio ali such as were found guilty of 
the crimen majeslatis, or treason against 
the state. 

JULIA, a daughter of J. Caesar, by Cor- 
nelia, famous for her personal charms and 
for her virtues. She married Corn. Caepio, 
whom her father obliged her to divorce to 
marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable 
disposition more strongly cemented the 
friendship of the father and of the son in 



JUL— JUL 
.aw; but her suddeu death in child-bed, 
B.C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and re- 
lationship, and soon produced a civil war-- - 

Pit.. The mother of M. Antony, whose 

humanity is greatly celebrated in saving 
her brother-in-law J. Caesar from the cruel 

prosecutions of her son. An aunt of J. 

Caesar, who married C. Marius. Her fune- 
ral oration was publicly pronouuced by her 
nephew. The only daughter of the em- 
peror Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, 
genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly 
loved by her father, who gave her in mar- 
riage to* Marcellus ; after whose death she 
was given to Agrippa, by whom she had 
five children. She became a second time a 
widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her 
lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted 
her husband, that he retired from the court 
of the emperor; and Augustus, informed of 
her lustful propensities and infamy, banished 
her from his sight, and confined her in a 
small island on the coast of Campania. She 
was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of 
Tiberius, who had succeeded to Augustus 

as emperor of Rome.— Phi. A daughter 

of the emperor Titus,who prostituted herself 

to her brother Domitian. A daughter of 

Julia, the wife of Agrippa, who married Le- 
pidus, and was banished for her licentious- 
ness. A daughter of Germanicns and 

Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos. 
A.D. 17. She married a senator called M. 
Vinueius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the 
most unbounded favours in the court of her 
brother Caligula, who is accused of being 
her first seducer. She was banished by Ca- 
ligula, on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius 
recalled her; but she was soon afterwards 
banished by the powerful intrigues of Mes- 
salina, and put to death about the 24th year 
of her age. She was no stranger to the de- 
baucheries of the age, and she prostituted 
he'self as freely to the meanest of the peo- 
ple as to the nobler companions of her bro- 
ther's extravagance. Seneca, as some sup- 
pose, was banished to Corsica for having 

seduced her. A celebrated woman, born 

in Phoenicia. She is also called Donina. 
She applied herself to the study of geome- 
try and philosophy, &c. and rendered her- 
self conspicuous, as much by her mental as 
by her personal charms. She'came to Rome, 
where her learning recommended her to 
all the literati of the age. She married 
Septimius Severus, who, twenty years after 
this matrimonial connection, was invested 
with the imperial purple. Severus was 
guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, 
but he was blind to her foibles, and often 
punished with the greatest severity those 
vices w hich were enormous in the empress. 
She is even said to have conspired against 
the emperor, but she resolved to blot out, 
by patronizing literature, the spots which 
her debauchery and extravagance had ren- 
dered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her 
influence, after the death of Severus, was 
for some time productive of tranquillity and 
cordial union between his two sons and 
successors. Geta, at last, however, fell a 
sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia 



333 JUL — JUL 

was even wounded in thearm while she at 
tempted to screen her favourite son from 
his brother's dagger. According - to some, 
Julia committed incest with hef son Cara- 
calla, and publicly married him. She 
starved herself when her ambitious views 
were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to 
the empire in preference to her, after the 

death of Caracalla. A town of Gal ha 

Togata. [Juliers. 
JULIACUM, a town of Germany, now 
JUUA'NUS, a son of Julius Constantius, 
the brother of Constantine the Great, born 
at Constantinople. The massacre which at- 
tended the elevation of the sons of Constan- 
tine the Great to the throne, nearly proved 
fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. 
The two brothers were privately educated 
together, and taught the doctrines of the 
Christian religion, and exhorted to be 
modest, temperate, and to despise the gra- 
tification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus 
received the instructions of his pious 
teachers with deference and submission, but 
Julian showed his dislike for Christianity 
by secretly cherishing a desire to become 
one of the votaries of Paganism. He gave 
sufficient proofs of this propensity when he 
went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, 
where he applied himself to the study of 
magic and astrology. He was some time 
after appointed over Gaul, with the title o* 
Caesar, by Constans, and there he showed 
himself worthy of the imperial dignity by 
his prudence,' valour, and the numerous 
victories he obtained over the enemies 
of Rome in Gaul and Germany. His mild- 
ness as well as his condescension gained 
him the hearts of his soldiers ; and when 
Constans, to whom Julian was become sus- 
pected, ordered him to send him part of 
his forces to go into the east, the army im- 
mediately mutinied, and promised immortal 
fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey 
the orders of Constans. They even com- 
pelled Julian, by threats and intreaties, to 
accept of the title of independent emperor 
and of Augustus ; and the death of Constans, 
which soon after happened, left him soie 
master of the Roman empire, A.D. 36 1. 
Julian then disclosed his religious senti- 
ments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines 
of Christianity, and offered solemn sacri- 
fices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This 
change of religious opinion was attributed 
to the austerity with which he received the 
precepts of Christianity, or, according to 
others, to the literary conversation and 
persuasive eloquence of some of the Athe- 
nian philosophers. From this circumstance, 
therefore, Julian has been called Apostate. 
After he had made his public entry at Con- 
stantinople, he determined to continue the 
Persian war, and check those barbarian.-, 
ho had for sixty years derided the indo- 
lence of the Roman empeiors. When he 
had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, 
and advanced with boldness into the 
nemy's country. His march was that of ;i 
conqueror: he met with no opposition from 
a weak and indigent encmv ; but the coun- 
try of Assyria had been left desolate by the 



JUL— JUL 



334 



JUL— JUL 



Persians, and Julian, without corn or pro- 
visions, was obliged to retire. As he could 
not convey his fleet again over the streams 
or the Tigris, he took the resolution of 
marching up the sources of the river, and 
imitate the bold return of the ten thousand 
Greeks. As he advanced through the coun- 
try he defeated the officers of Sapor, the 
king of Persia ; but an engagement proved 
fatal to him, and he received a deadly 
wound as he animated his soldiers to battle. 
He expired the following night, the 27th of 
June A.D. S63, in the 33d year of his age. 
His last moments were spent in a conver- 
sation with a philosopher about the im- 
mortality of the soul, and he breathed his 
last without expressing the least sorrow 
for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. 
Julian's character has been admired by 
some, and censured by others, but the 
malevolence of his enemies arises from his 
apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he 
demands our warmest commendations ; but 
we must blar^e his idolatry , and despise his 
bigoted principles. He was moderate in his 
successes, merciful to his enemies, and 
amiable in his character. He abolished the 
luxuries which reigned in the court of 
Constantinople,and dismissed with contempt 
the numerous officers who waited upon Con- 
stantius, to anoint his head or perfume his 
body. He was frugal in his meals, and 
slept little, reposing himself on a skin 
spread on the ground. He awoke at mid- 
night, and spent the rest of the night in 
reading or writing, and issued early from 
his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards \ 
around the camp. He was not fond of 
public amusements, but rather dedicated his 
time to study and solitude. When he 
parsed through Antioch in his Persian ex- j 
pedition, the inhabitants of the place, 
offended at his religious sentiments, ridi- 
culed his person and lampooned him in 
satirical verses. The emperor made use of 
the same arms for his defence, and rather j 
than destroy his enemies by the sword, he 
condescended to expose them to derision, 
and unveii their follies and debaucheries in 
an humorous work, which he called Miso- 1 
pogon, or beard hater. He imitated the j 
virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, ; 
and laid no temptation for his virtue by 
visiting some female captives that had fallen 
into his hands. In his matrimonial con- 1 
nections, Julian rattier consulted policy I 
than inclination, and his marriage with the 
sister of Constantius arose from his unwil- | 
lingness to offend his benefactor, rather 
than to obey the laws of nature. He was 
buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body 
was conveyed to Constantinople. He dis- 
tinguished" himself by his writings, as well 
as by his military character, besides his 
Aliso'pogon, he wrote the history of Ganl. 
He also wrote two letters to the Athenians ; 
and, besides, there are now extant sixty- 
four of his letters on various subjects. His 
Caesars is the most famous of all his com- 
positions, being a satire upon all the Roman 
. mperors from J. Caesar to Constantino. I* 



is written in the form of a dialogue, in 
which the author severely attacks ih« 
venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom 
he had proposed to himself as a pattern, 
and speaks in a scurrilous and abusive lan- 
guage of his relation Constantine. It has 
been observed of Julian, that, like Ctesar, 
he could employ at the same time his hand 
to write, his ear to listen, his eyes to read, 
and his mind to dictate. The best edition 
of his works is that of Spanheim, fol. Lips. 
1696; and of the Caesars, that of HeusingCr, 
Svo. Gothae, 1741.— Jid.—Soc— Eut.— Aw. 

—Lib. 6rc. A son of Consrantine. A 

maternal uncle of the emperor Julian. A 

Roman emperor. [Vide Didius.] A Ro- 
man, who proclaimed himself emperor in 
Italy during the reign of Diocletian, Sec. 

A governor of Africa. A counsellor 

of the emperor Adrian. A general in 

Daeia, in Domitian's reign. 

JU'LII, a family of Alba, brought to 
Rome by Romulus^ where they 6oon rose 
to the highest honours of the state. J. 
Caesar and Augustus were of this family ; 
and it was said, perhaps through flattery', 
that they were lineally descended from 
itneas, the founder of Lavinium. 

JU'LlOMAGUS,a citv of Gaul, now An- 
gers in Anjou. 

JULIOP'OLIS, a town of Rithynia, sup- 
posed by some to be the same as Tarsus of 
Cilicia. 

JU'LIS, a town of the island of Cos,which 
gave birth to Simonides, 6cc. The walls of 
this city were all marble, and there are 
now some pieces remaining entire above 
twelve feet in height, as the monuments of 
its ancient splendour.— PL 4, 12. 

JU'LIUS,Cj£SAR, {Vide Caesar] — AGRf- 
COLA, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, w ho 
first discovered that Britain was an island 
by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the 
historian Tacitus, has written an account 

of his life.— Ta. Ag. OBSEQUENS* a 

Latin writer, who flourished A. D. 21-4. . 

S. a praetor, dec— Ci. Her. 2, 13. AGRIP- 

PA, banished from Rome by Nero, after the 
discovery of the Pisonian conspiracv.— Ta. 

An. 15, 71. SO LIN US, a writer. * {Vide 

Solinus.] TIT1ANUS, a writer in the 

age of Diocletian. His son became famous 
for his oratorical powers, and was made 
preceptor in the family of Maximinus. 
Julius wrote a history of "all the provinces 
of the Roman empire, greatly commended 
by the ancients. He also wrote some letters, 
in which he happily imitated the style and 
elegance of Cicero, for which he was called 

Ike ape of his age. AFRICANTS, a 

chronologer, who flourished A. D. 220.— 
CONSTANTINUS, the father of the em- 
peror Julian, was killed at the accession of 
the sons of Constantine to the throne, and 

his son nearly shared his fate. POLLUX, 

a grammarian of Naupactus, in Egypt 

[Fide Pollux.] CAN US, a ceiebrafd 

Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. 
He bore the undeserved punishment inflic- 
ted on him with the greatest resignation 
and even pleasure.. ^-i'ROCULUS, a Ro» 



.TUN — J UN 



525 



J UN— JUN 



man, who solemnly declared, to his coun- 
trymen, after Romulus had disappeared, 
tnat he had seen him above an human 
hape, and that he had ordered him to tell 
the Romans to honour him asagod. Julius 

was believed.-PZ*t. R.—Ov. FLORUS, 

\Vidc Florus.] L. CAESAR, a Roman con- 
sul, uncle to Antony the triumvir, the father 
of Caesar the dictator. He died as he was 

putting on his shoes. CEL'SUS, a tribune 

imprisoned for conspiring against Tiberius. 

— Ta. An. 6, 14. MAX1MTNUS, a Thra- 

cian, who, from a shepherd, became an 
emperor of Rome. [Vide Maximinus.J 

JUNTA LEX Sacrata, by J.. Junius Bru- 
tus, the first tribune or the people, A.U.C. 
280. Jt ordained that the person of the 
tribune should be held sacred and inviolable ; 
that an appeal might be made from the 
consuls to the tribune ; and that no senator 
should be able to exercise the office of a 
tribune. Another, A.U.C. 627, which ex- 
cluded all foreigners from enjoying the 
privileges or names of Roman citizens. 

JU'NTA, a niece of Cato of Utica, who 
married Cassius, and died 64 years after 
her husband had killed himself at the bat- 
tle of Philippi. CALVIN A, a beautiful 

Roman lady, accused of incest with her 
brother Silanus. She was descended from 
Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, 
and recalled by Nero.— 7a. An. 2,4. 

JUNIUS BL'iESUS, a proconsul of Africa 
under the emperors. — Ta. An. 3, 35.— 
LUPUS, a senator who accused Vitellius 
aspiring to the sovereignty, kc.—Ta. An. 

12, 42. D. SILANUS, "a Roman who 

committed adultery with Julia, the grand- 
da u?hter of Augustus, &c. — Ta,An. 4, 

BRUTUS. [Vide Brutus.] 

JU'NO, a celebrated deity among the an- 
cients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She 
was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, 
Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, ac- 
cording to others, in samos, and was en- 
trusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as 
Homer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and 
Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis 
supposed that she had been brought up by 
the three daughters of the river Asterion ; 
and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, 
maintained, that she had been educated un- 
der the care of Temenus, the son of Pelas- 
gus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, accord- 
ing to some mycologists ; and, according 
to Apollodorus, she was again restored to 



tials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated 
with the greatest solemnity ; the gods, all 
mankind, and all the brute creation attended. 
Chelone, a young woman, was the only one 
who refused to come, and who derided the 
ceremony. For this impiety, Mercutv 
changed her into a tortoise, and condemned 
her to perpetual silence; from which cir- 
cumstance the tortoise has always been used 
as a symbol of silence among the ancients. 
By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became 
the queen of all the gods, and mistress of 
heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, 
however, was frequently disturbed by the 
numerous amours of "her husband, and 
she showed herself jealous and inexorable 
in the highest degree. Her severity to the 
mistresses and illegitimate children of her 
husband was unparalleled. She persecuted 
Hercules and his descendants with the most 
inveterate fury; and her resentment against 
Paris, who had given the golden apple to 
Venus in preference to herself, was the 
cause of the Trojan war, and of all the mi- 
series which happened to the unfortunate 
house of Priam. Her seventies to Alcmena, 
Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c, are also well 
known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. 
According to Hesiod, she was mother of 
Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or Lucina ; and 
besides these, she brought forth Vulcan, 
without having any commerce with the other 
sex, but only bv smelling a certain plant. 
This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had 
produced Minerva from his brain. Accord- 
ing to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, 
or Hebe, whom she brought forth in this 
manner, and this was after eating some 
lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily 
and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at 
last provoked Juno to such a degree, that 
she retired to Euboea, and resolved forever 
to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a re- 
conciliation, after he had applied to Cithae- 
ron for advice, and after he had obtained 
forgiveness by fraud and artifice.— [Vide 
Dasdala.] This reconciliation, however 
cordial it might appear, was soon dissolved 
by new offences ; and, to stop the com- 
plaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had of- 
ten recourse to violence and blows. He even 
punished the cruelties she had exercised 
upon his son Hercules, by suspending her 
from the heavens by a golden chain, and 
tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan 
was punished for assisting his mother in 



the world by means of a potion which Metis , this degrading situation, and he was kicked 
gave to Saturn, to make him give up the down from heaven by his father, and broke 
stone which his wife had given him to swal- ! his leg by the fall. This p'unishment rather 
low instead of Jupiter. [Vide Saturnus.] j irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved 
Jupiter was not insensible to the charms to revenge it, and she engaged some of the 
of his sister; and the more powerfully to I gods to conspire against Jupiter and to im- 
gain her confidence, he changed himself into I prison him, but Thetis delivered him from 
a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and this conspiracy, by bringing: to his assistance 
aiade the air unusually chill and cold. Un- the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune 
der this form he went to the goddess, all were banished from heaven for joining in 
shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took the conspiracy, though some attribute their 
him into her bosom. When Jupiter had ! exile to different causes. The worship of 
gained these advantages, he resumed his ! Juno was universal, and even more than that 
original form, and obtained the gratification ! of Jupiter, according to some authors. Her 
of his desires, after he had made a solemn sacrilices were offered with the greatest so- 
nromise of marriage to his sister. The nup- lemnitv. She was particularly worsnipped at 



J UN— JUN 



JUN-JUP 



Ar^os, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at . 
Home. The ancients generally offered on 
tier altars an ewe lamb and a sow the first ! 
day of every month. No cows were ever I 
immolated to her, because she assumed the 
nature of that animal when the gods fled into 
Egypt in their war with the giants. Among 
the birds, the hawk, the goose, and par- 
ticularly the peacock, often called Junonia 
avis [Vide Argus], were sacred to her. The 
dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her 
favourite flowers. The latter 'flower was 
originally of the colour of the crocus ; but, 
when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts 
of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell 
down upon the earth, and changed the co- 
1 ur of the lilies from purple to a beautiful 
white. Some of the milk also dropped in 
that part of the heavens, which from its 
whiteness still retains the name of the 
milky way, laclea via. A> Juno's power was 
extended over all the gods, she often made 
use of the goddess Minerva as her messen- 
ger, and even had the privilege of hurling 
the thunder of Jupiter when' she pleased. 
Her temples were numerous, the most fa- 
mous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. 
At Rome no woman of debauched charac- 
ter was permitted to enter her temple, or 
even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are 
various : they are derived either from the 
function or things over which she presided, 
or from the piaces where her worship was 
established. She was the queen of the hea- 
vens ; she protected cleanliness, and pre- 
sided over marriage and child-birth, and 
particularly patronised the most faithful and 
virtuous of the sex, and severely punished 
incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She 
was the goddess of all power and empire, 
a ud she was also the patroness of riches. 
She is represented sitting on a throne with 
a diadem on her head, and a golden sceptre 
in her right hand. Some peacocks gene- 
rally sat by her, and a cuckoo often 
perched on "her sceptre, while Iris behind 
her displayed the thousand colours of her 
beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes car- 
ried through the air in a rich chariot drawn 
by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when 
they entered upon office, were always ob- 
liged to offer her a solemn sacrifice." The 
Juno of the Romans was called Matronaor 
Romana. She was generally represented as 
veiled from head to foot, "and the Roman 
matrons always imitated this manner of 
dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent 
in any married woman to leave any part of 
her body but her face uncovered. She has 
received the surname of Olympia, Samia, 
Lacedaemonia, Argiva,Telchi'nia, Candrena, 
Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Ci- 
thaeronia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, An- 
thea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, 
Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyper- 
emia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Fronuba, Ca- 
^rotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, 
Moneta, Curis, Domiduca. Februa, Opige- 
nia, Scc.—Ci. Nat. I). 2.- Pa. 2, 6cc.—Apol. 
1, 2, Z.—Apolton. \,Ar.—H.Il. I, kc.—V. 
sEn. 1, Ike— Her. 1, 2, 4, &c— St. l.—Dio. 
H. \.—L't. 23, 24, 27, Hc.-Ov. 



F. a.—Plu. Q. R.-Tib. 4, e. 13.-^. 15. 
— PI. 3J.- 

JUNONA'LIA & JUNO'NIA, festivals at 
Rome iu honour of Juno, the same as the 
Hereex of the Greeks. [Vide Heraea.]— 
Li. 27, 37. 

JUNO'NES, a name of the protecting ge- 
nii of the women among the Romans. 
They generally swore by them, as the men 
by their genii. There were altars often 
erected to their honou r.— P 1.2,1. —Sen.e. 1 1 0. 
JUNO'NIA, two islands, supposed to be 

among the Fortunate Islands. A name 

which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he 
went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it. 

JUNONIGE'NA, a surname of Vulcan as 
son of Juno.— Or. Me. 4, 173. 

JUNO'NIS PROMONTORIUM, a pro- 
montory of Peloponnesus. LACI'NIiE 

T EM PLUM, a temple of Juno in Italy, be- 
tween Crotonaand the Lacinian promontory. 

JU'PITER, the most powerful of all tHe 
gods of the ancients. According to Varro, 
there were no less than 300 persons of that 
name ; Diodorus mentions two ; and Cicero 
three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. 
To that of Crete, who passed for the son ot 
Saturn and Ops, the actions of the rest have 
been attributed. According to the opinion 
of the my thologists, Jupiter was saved from 
destruction by his mother, and entrusted to 
the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who 
had received the kingdom of the world from 
his brother Titan, on condition of not raising 
male children, devoured all his sons as soon 
as born ; butOps, offended at her husband's 
cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave a stone 
to Saturn, which he devoured on the suppo- 
sition that it was a male child. Jupiter was 
educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, 
and fed upon the milk of the goat Amal- 
thaea, or upon honey, according to others. 
He received the name of Jupiter, quasi ju- 
vans pater. His cries were drowned by the 
noise of cymbals and drums, which the Cory- 
bantes beat at the express command of Ops, 
[Vide Corybantes. 1 As soon as he was a 
year old, Jupiter found himself sufficiently 
strong to make war against the Titans, who 
had imprisoned his father because he had 
brought up male children. The Titans were 
conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the 
hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon 
after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, 
conspired against his life, and was for this 
treachery driven from his kingdom, and ob- 
liged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, 
now become the sole master of the empire 
of the world, divided it with his brothers. 
He reserved for himself the kingdom of hea- 
ven, and gave the empire of the sea to Nep- 
tune, and that of the infernal regions to 
Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign 
was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the 
giants, who were sons of the earth, and 
who wished to revenge the death of their 
relations, the Titans. They were so power- 
ful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up 
mountains upon monutains, to scale heaven, 
so that all the gods, to avoid their fury, fled 
to Egypt, where they escaped the danger 
by assuming the form of different animals. 



j U P - J U P 337 ju R_j r; v 



./upiter, however, animated theiu ; and by 
the assistance of Hercules, he totally over- 
powered the gigantic raee,which hud proved 
such tremendous enemies. [Vide Gigautes.] 
J upiter, now freed from every apprehension, 
crave himself up to the pursuit of pleasures. 
He married Metis, Themis, Euronyme, 
Ceres, Mnemosvne, Latona, and Juno. 
[Vide Juno.] He became a Proteus to gra- 
tify his passions. He introduced himself to 
Danae in a shower of gold. He corrupted 
Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in 
the form of a swan ; he became a bull to se- 
duce Europa, and he enjoyed the company 
of iEgina in the form of a flame of fire. He 
assumed the habitof Diana to corrupt Callis- 
to.and became Amphitryon to gain the affec- 
tions of Alcmena. His children were aLso nu- 
merous as well as his mistresses. According 
t> Apollodorus, l, c. 3, he was father of the 
Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, 
Lachesis, and Atropos, by Themis ; of Ve 
nus, by Dione ; of the Graces, Aglaia, Eu 
phrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome, the 
daughter of Oceanus ; of Proserpine, by 
Stvx ; of the nine Muses, by Mnemosvne, 
&c. [Vide Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Pro- 
togenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c] The 
worship of Jupiter was universal; he was 
the Amnion of the Africans, the Belus of 
Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His sur- 
names were numerous, many of which he 
received from the place or function over 
which he presided. He was severally called 
Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capi- 
tolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, 
Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olym- 
piiis, Fluvialis, &c. The worship of Jupiter 
surpassed that of the other gods in solem- 
nity. His altars were not like those of Sa- 
turn and Diana, stained with the blood of 
human victims, but he was delighted with 
the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. 
The oak was sacred to him, because he first 
taught mankind to live upon acorns. He 
is generally represented as sitting upon a 
golden or ivory throne, holding, in one 
hand, thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, 
and in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His 
looks express majesty, his beard flows long 
and neglected, and the eagle stands with 
expanded wings at his feet. He is some- 
times reDresented with the upper parts of 
his body naked, and those below the waist 
carefully covered, as if to show that he is 
visible to the gods above, but that he is con- 
cealed from the sight of the inhabitants of 
the earth. Jupiter had several oracles, the 
most celebrated of which were at Dodona 
and Amnion, in Libya. As Jupiter was 
the king and father of gods and men, his 
power was extended over the deities, and 
every thing was subservient to his will ex- 
cept the Fates. From him mankind received 
their blessings and their miseries, and they 
looked upon him as acquainted with every 
thing past, present, and future. He was 
represented at Olympia with a crown like 
olive branches, his mantle was variegated 
with different flowers, particularly by the 
lily, and the eagle perched on the top of 
'he sceptre which he held in his hand. The 



Cretans repres nted Jupiter without ears, 
to signify that the sovereign master of the 
world ought not to give a partial ear to 
any particular person, but be equally can- 
did and propitious to all. At Lacedkmon 
he appeared with four heads, that he might 
seem to hear with greater readiness the dif- 
ferent prayers and solicitations which were 
daily poured to him from every part of the 
earth. It is said that Minerva came ail 
armed from his brains when he ordered 
Vulcan to open his head.— Pa. l, •> &c— 
Li. i, 4, 5, &c— Di. 1 & 3.— H. 11. 1, 5, 
kc.—Od. 1, 4, kc.—Hy. J.—Orp.—CaL- 
Jov. — Pin. 0. 1, 3, b.—Apol. 1, &c.—Hes. 
Th. Sc. H.—Lyc. Ca.—V. JEn. 1, 2, &e. G. 
3.—Ov. Me. I, f. l, &c— Hor. 3, o. J, &c. 

JURA, a high ridge of mountains sepa- 
rating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or 
Switzerland, from Burgundy.— Cas.G. 1, 2. 

JUSTI'NUS, M. J ON IAN US, a Latin his- 
torian in the age of Antoninus, who epi- 
tomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. 
This epitome, according to some traditions, 
was the cause that the comprehensive work 
of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the 
history of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, 
Macedonian, and Roman empires, &c. in a 
neat and elegant style. It is replete with 
many judicious reflections and animated 
harangues ; but the author is often too cre- 
dulous, and sometimes examines events too 
minutely, whileothers are related onlyin a few 
words, too often obscure. The indecency of 
many of his expressions is deservedly cen- 
sured. MARTYR, a Greek father, for- 
merly a Platonic philosopher, born in Pales- 
tine. He died in Egypt, and wrote two 
apologies for the Christians, besides his 
dialogue with a Jew, two treatises, ice. in 

a plain and unadorned style. An emperor 

of the east, who reigned nine years, and 

died A.D. 526. Another, who died A.D. 

564, after a reign of 38 years. Another, 

who died 577 A.D. after a reign of 13 years. 

JUTUR'NA, a sister of Turnus, king of the 
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- 
dresses of J*upiter, or according to others, 
she was not unfavourable to his pas-ion, so 
that the god rewarded her love with im- 
mortality. She was afterwards changed 
into a fountain of the same name, near the 
Numicus, falling into the Tiber. Tne wa- 
ters of that fountain were used in sacrifices, 
and particularly in those of Vesta. They 
had the power to heal diseases.— Var. L. L' 
1, 10.— Ov. F. 1, 708, 1. 2, 585.— V. JEn. 12, 
139.— Ci. CI. 36. 

JU VENA'LIS, Decius Junius, a poet born 
at Aquinura in Italy. He came early to 
Rome, and passed some time in declaim- 
ing ; after which be applied himself to 
write satires, 16 of which are extant. He 
spoke with virulence against the partiality 
of Nero for the pantomime Paris, anil 
though all his satire and declamation were 
pointed against, this ruling favourite of the 
emperor, yet Juvenal lived in security dur- 
ing the reign of Nero. After the death of 
Nero, the effects of the resentment of Paris 
were severely felt, and the satirist wassvbt 
by Domician" as governor on the frontien 



JUV — LAB 3 
cf Egyp'. Juvenal was then in the 80th 
vpar of his age, and he suffered much from 
x>e. trouble which attended his office, or ra- 
ttier his exile. He returned, however, to 
Rome after the death of Paris, and died in 
the reign of Trajan, A. D. 12S. His wri- 
tings are fiery and animated, and they 
abound with humour. He is particularly se- 
'•pre upon the vice and dissipation of the 
nge he lived in : but the gross and indecent 
manner in which he exposes to ridicule the 
follies of mankind, rather encourages than 
disarms the debauched and licentious. He 
w rote w ith acrimony against all his adver- 
saries, and whatever displeased or of/ended 
him was exposed to his severest censure. 
It is to be acknowledged, that Juvenal is 
far more correct than his contemporaries, 
a circumstance, which some have attributed 
to his judgment and experience, which 
were uncommonly mature, as his satires 
were the productions of oh! agv. He may 
be called, and with reason perhaps, the last 
of the Roman poets. After him poetry de- 
cayeJ, and nothing more claims our atten- 
tion as a perfect poetical composition. 

JUVEVTASor JUVENTUS, a goddess 
at Rome, who presided over youth and vi- 
gour. She is the same as the Hebe of the 
Greeks, and represented as a beautiful 
D v in ph ar raved in variega ted ga rm en ts. — LL 
5* -54, 1. 21, 62, L 36, 36.— Of. Pou. I, e.9,12. 

JUVER'NA, or HIBER'NIA, an island at 
the west of Britain, now called Ireland. — 
Jul: 2, 160. 



L. 

LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nico- 
crates, tyrant of Cvrene, «\:c. — Polu. 8. 

LA ARCH US, the guardian of Battue; of 
Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power 
for some time, and endeavoured to marry 
the mother of Battus, the better to establish 
his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly 
invitation, 'and caused him to be assassinat- 
ed, and restored the power to Battue.— Poly. 

LAB'ARIS, a king of Egypt aft>r Sesostns. 

LABDA, a daughter oi Amphion, one of 
the Bacchiadae, born lame. She married 
Ection, by whom she had a son whom she 
called Cvpselus, because she saved his life 
in a coffer. [Vide Cypselus.] This coffer 
was preserved at Oiympia.— Her. 5, 92.— 
Arts. P. 5. 

LAB'DACiDES, a name given to CEdi- 
pus, as descended from Labdacus. 

LAB'DACUS, a son of Polydorus by Nyc- 
teis, the daughter of Nycteus, ki'ng of 
Thebes. His father and mother died dur- 
ing his childhood, and he was left to the 
care of Nycteus, who at his death left his 
kingdom in the hands of Lycus, w ith orders 
to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. 
He was father to Laius. It is unknown 
whether he ever sat on the throne of 
Thebes. According to Statius, his father's 
name was Phoenix. His descendants were 
called Labdaciden.—St. Th. 6, 43).— A'joI. 
3, 5.— Pa. 2, 6, 1.9, 5. 



533 LAE — LAB 

LABDALON, a promontory of Sicilv, 
near Syracuse.— Di. 13. 

LA'BEA LIS, a lake in Darnatia, now Scu- 
tari, of which the neighbouring inhabitants 
were called Labeates.— Li. 44, 31, I. 45, 26. 

LABE'O, Antistius, a celebrated lawvei 
in the age of Augustus, whose views he op- 
posed, and whose offers of the consulship 
he refused. His works are lost. He was 
wont to enjoy the company and conversa- 
tion of the learned for six months, and the 
rest of the year was spent in writing and 
composing. His father, of the same name, 
was one of Caesar's murderers. He killed 
himself at the battle of Philippi. Hor. 1, 
S. 3, 82, has unjustly taxed him with insa- 
nity, because no doubt he inveighed a^ain^t 
his patrons.— App. Al. 4.— Sue. Au. 45.— 
A Tribune of the people at Rome, who con- 
demned the censor Metellus to be thrown 
down from the Tarpeiin Rock, because 
he had expelled him from the senate. This 
rigorous senience was stopped bv the in- 
terference of another cf the tribunes. 

Q. FAB I US, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 5G9, 
who obtained a naval victory over the fleet 
of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in 
composing his comedies, according to some. 
ACTIUS, an obscure poet who recom- 
mended himself to the favour of Nero by an in- 
correct translation of Homer into Latin. This 
work is lost, and only tins curious line is pre- 
served by an old scholiast, Per. 1,4. Crudum 
mandncus Priumum, Priamique Pisinrws. 

LABERTUSj J.Decimus, a Roman knig-ht, 
famous for his poetical talents in writing 
pantomimes. J. Caesar compelled him to 
act one of his characters on the stage. 
The poet consented with great reluctance, 
but he showed his resentment during the 
acting of the piece, bv throwing severe as- 
persions upon J. Caesar, by warnin? the 
audience against his tyranny, and bv draw- 
ing upon bun the eyes of the w hole theatre. 
Caesar, however, restored him to the rank 
of knight, which he had lost bv appearing 
on the stage; but to his mortification when 
he went to take his seat among the knights, 
no one offered to make room for him, and 
even his friend Cicero said, ficcepissetn te 
nisi angusle sederem. Laberius was offend- 
ed at the affectation and insolence of Ci- 
cero, and reflected upon his unsettled and 
pusillanimous behaviour during the chil 
wars of Caesar and Pompey, by the repiy 
of Mirum si anguste scdes, qui soles duabu's 
seWs sedere. Laberius died ten months after 
tiie murder of J. Caesar. Some fragments 
remain of his poetn .— Mac. s. 2, 2, 6i 7. 
Hor. I, s. \Q.—Sen.'Con. 18.— Sue. C . c9. 

Q. DDRDS,a tribune of the sold.ers in 

Csesar'sjegions,killedinBritain.— Cms. B.C. 

LABI'CUM, now Colonna, a town rt 
Italy, called also Lavicum, betwe n Gah'.i 
and Tusculum, which became a R<tman co- 
lony about four ceuturies B. C— .Mn, 7, 
796.- -Li. 2, 39, 1. 4, 47. 

LABIE'NUS, an officer of Caesarin the 
wars of Gaul. He deserted to I'ompe*,. 
and was killed at the battle of Munda.-- 
Cces. B. G. 6, irc.—Luc. 5,346. — A Ron.B: 
who followed the interest of Brutus a. . 



LAB — LAB 



339 



LAC — LAO 



Cassius, and became general ot the Par- 
thians against Rome. He was conquered 
by the officers of Augustus.— Str. 12 & 14.— 

jJio. 48. TITUS, an historian and orator 

at Rome in the age of Augustus, who ad- 
mired his own compositions with all the 
pride of superior genius and incomparable 
excellence. The senate ordered nis papers 
to be burnt on account of their seditious 
contents ; and Labienus, unable to survive 
the loss of his writings, destroyed himself. 
— Sue. Cat. \Q.—Sen. 

LABINE'TUS or LABYNE'TUSj a king 
of Babylon, Sic—Her. 1, 74. 

LABOTAS, a river near Antioch in Sy- 
ria.— Str, 16. A son of Echestratus, who 

made war against Argos, &c. 

LABRADEUS, a surname of Jupiter in 
Caria. The word is derived from labrys, 
;vhich in the language of the country sig- 
nifies an hatchet, which Jupiter's statue held 
in its hand.— Ptu. 

LABRON, a part of Italy on the Mediter- 
ranean, supposed to be Leghorn. Ci. '2,fra.Q 

LABYRINTHUS, a building whose nu- 
merous passages and perplexing windings 
render the escape from it difficult, and al- 
most impracticable. There were four very 
famous among the ancients : one near the 
city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another 
Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in 
Italy, built hy Porsenna. That of Egypt 
was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who 
*vw it, declares that the beauty and the art 
t»f the building were almost beyond belief. 
It was bnilt by twelve kings who at one 
time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended 
for the place of their burial, and to com- 
memorate the actions of their reign. It 
was divided into 12 halls, or according to 
Pliny, into 16, or as Strabo mentions, into 
27. The halls were vaulted according to 
the relation of Herodotus. They had each 
six doors, opening to the north, and the 
same number to the south, all surround- 
ed by one wall. The edifice contained 
3000 chamibers, 1500 in the upper part, and 
the same number below. The chambers 
above were seen by Herodotus, and astonish- 
ed him beyond conception, but he was not 
permitted to see those below, where were 
buried the holy crocodiles and the monarchs 
whose munilicence had raised the edifice. 
The roofs and walls were encrusted with 
marble, and adorned with sculptured figures. 
The halls were surrounded with stately and 
polished pillars of white stone, and accord- 
ing to some authors, the opening of the 
doors was artfully attended with a terrible 
noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth 
of Crete was built by Dasdalus, in imitation 
of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous 
of all in classical history. It was the place 
of confinement for Daedalus himself, and 
the prison of the Minotaur. According to 
Pliny, the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed 
the others in grandeur and magnificence. 
It was supported by forty columns of uncom- 
mon height and thickness, and equally ad- 
mirable for their beauty and splendour. 
Modern travellers are still astonished at the 
noble and magnificent ruins which appear 



of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of 
the lake Mceris, about 30 miles from tlif 
ruins of Arsinoe.— Me. 1, 9.— PI. 36, 13.— 
Str. 10.— Di. \ .—Her. 2, 148.— F. Mu. 5,588. 

LACUNA, an epithet applied to a female 
native of Laconia, and among others, to 
Helen.— V. JF.n. 6, 511. 

LACEDjEMON, a son of Jupiter andTay- 
geta, the daughter of Atlas, who married 
Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he 
had Amyclasand Eurydice the wife of Acri- 
sius. He was the first who intrduced the 
worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who 
first built them a temple. From Lacedaemon 
and his wife, the capital of Laconia was 
called Lacedaemon and Sparta.— Apol. 3, i(). 

—Hyg. fa. 155.— Pa, 3, 1. A noble city 

of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, 
called also Sparta, and now known by the 
name of Misatra. It has been severally 
known bv the name of Lelegia, from the 
Leleges the first inhabitants of the country, or 
from" Lelex one of their kings ; and (Ebalia 
from (Ebalus the sixth king from Eurotas. 
It was also called Hecatompolis, from the 
hundred cities which the whole province 
once contained. Lelex is supposed to have 
been the first king. His descendants, 13 in 
number, reigned successively after him, till 
the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the 
Heraclidse recovered the Peloponnesus, 
about 80 years after the Trojan war. Procles 
and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the He- 
raclidae, enjoyed the crown together, and 
after tnem it was decreed that the two fa- 
milies should always sit on the throne toge- 
ther. [Vide Eurysthenes.] These two bro- 
thers began to reign B. C. 1102. Their suc- 
cessors in the family of Procles were called 
Proclida, and afterwards Eurypontidce, 
and those of Eurysthenes, Enrysthtnidce, and 
afteryvards Agidce. The successors of Procles 
on the throne began to reign in the follow- 
ing order: Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father 
had reigned 42 years : Eurypon. 1028: Prv- 
tanis, 1021 : Eunomns, 986 : Polydectes, 9u*7: 
Lycura-us, 898 : Charilaus, 873 : Nicander, 
809 : Theopompus, 770 : Zeuxidaruas, 723 : 
Anaxidamus, C90 : Archidamus, 651 : Agasi- 
cles, 605 : Ariston, 564 : Demaratus, 526 : 
Leotychides, 491 : Archidamus, 469 : Agis, 
427 : Agesilaus, 397 : Archidamus, 361 : Agis 
2d, 338 V Eudamidas, 330 : Archidamus, 295 : 
Eudamidas 2d, 2o8 : Agis, 244 : Archidamus, 
230 : Euclidus, 225 : Lycurgus, 219.— The suc- 
cessors of Eurysthehe- were Agis, 1059 ; 
Echestratus, 1058 : Labotas, 1023: Dorvssus, 
986 : Agesilaus, 937 : Archelaus, 913 : 'Tele- 
clus, 853: Alcamenes, 813: Polydorus, 776: 
Eurycrates, 724 : Anander, 687 : Eurycrates, 
2d, 644 : Leon, 607 : Anaxandrides, 563 : 
Cieomenes, 530: Leonidas, 491 : Plistarchus, 
under guardianship of Pausanias, 480 : Plis- 
toanax, 466 : Pausanias, 408: Agesipolis, 
397 : Cleombrotus, 380 : Agesipolis 2d, 371 : 
Cieomenes 2d, 370 : Aretus or Areus, 309 : 
Acrotatus, 265 : Areus 2d, 264 : Leonidas, 
257: Cleombrotus, 243 : Leonidas restored, 
241 : Cieomenes, 235: Agesipolis, 219. Under 
the two last kin^s, Lycurgus and Agesipo- 
lis, the monarchial power yvas abolished, 
though Machanidas the tyrant made him- 



LAC— LAC 



340 



LAC— LAC 



self absolute, B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 
it years. In the year 191, B.C., Lacedae 
mo'n joined the Achaean league, and about 
three years after the walls were demolished 
by order of Philopcemen. The territories of 
L'aconia shared the fate of the Achaean con- 
federacy, and the whole was conquered by 
Mummius, 147 B. C, and converted into a 
R~man province. The inhabitants of Lace- 
darmon have rendered themselves illustri- 
ous for their courage and intrepidity, for 
their love of honour and liberty, and for 
their aversion to sloth and luxury. They 
were inured from their youth to labour, and 
their laws commanded 'them to make war 
their profession. They never applied them- 
selves to any trade, but their only employ- 
ment was arms, and they left every thing 
else to the care of their slaves. [Vide He- 
lotae.] They hardened their body by stripes 
and other manly exercises ; and accustomed 
themselves to undergo hardships, and even 
to die without fear or regret. From their 
valour in the field, and their moderation 
and temperance at home, they were courted 
and revered by all the neighbouring- princes, 
and their assistance was severally implored 
to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thra- 
eians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were 
forbiddeuby the law s of their country," [Vide 
Lycurgus] "to visit foreign states, lest their 
morals should be corrupted by an intercourse 
with effeminate nations. The austere man- 
ner in which their children were educated, 
rendered them undaunted in the field of 
battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas 
with a small band was enabled to resist the 
millions of the army of Xerxes at Ther- 
mopylae. The women were as courageous as 
the men, and many a mother has celebrated 
with festivals the death of her son who had 
lallen in battle, or has coolly puthim todeath, 

«f, by a shameful flight or' loss of his arms, 
ne brought disgrace upon his country. As 
to domestic manners, the Lacedaemonians as 
widely differed from their neighbours as in 
political concerns, and their noblest women 
were not ashamed to appear on the stage 
Vired for money. In the affairs of Greece, 
me interest of the Lacedaemonians w as often 
powerful, and obtained the superiority for 
500 years. Their jealousy of the pow er and 
greatness of the Athenians is well known. 
The authority of their monarcbs was checked 
by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had 
the power of imprisoning the kings them- 
selves, if guilty of misdemeanours. [Vide 
Ephori.] The Lacedaemonians are remarka- 
ble for their honour and reverence which 
they paid to old age. The names of Lace- 
dx'mon and Sparta are promiscuously ap- 
plied to the capital of Laconia, and often 
confounded together. The latter was ap- 
plied to the metropolis, and the former 
was served for the inhabitants of the 
suburbs, or rather of the country contiguous 
to the walls of the city. This propriety of 

listinction was originally observed, but in 
process of time it wa6 totally lost, and both 
appellatives were soon synonymous, and in- 
discriminately applied to the city and coun- 
try. [Vide Sparta, Laconia.J 1 ne p. ace 



where the city stood is now called Paleo 
Chori, {the oi'd town), and the new one 
erected on its ruins at some distance on the 
west is called Misatra.—Li. 34, 33, I. 4.5, 2f« 
—Sir. 8. — Th. l.—Pa. 3. — fit. 2, 3, kc— Ih v. 

1, &c. — Phi. Lyc. &c. Di.—Me. 2. There 

were some festivals celebrated at Lacedaj- 
mon, the names of which are not known. 
It was customary for the women to drag all 
the old bachelors round the altars, and beat 
them with their fists, that the shame and 
ignominy to which they were exposed might 
induce them to marrv. &c. — Ath. 13. 

LACEDiE'MONIl "&. LACEDAE 'MONES; 
the inhabitants of Lacedaemon. [Vide La- 
cedaemon.] 

LACEDjE'MONTITS, a son of Cimon by 
Clitoria. He received this name from his 
father's regard for the Lacedaemonians. Phi. 

LACER'TA, a soothsayer in Domitian's 
age, who acquired immense riches bv his 
art.— Juv.lt 1 1 4. [Spain.— Li. 2 1 , 23. 

LAC ETA NT A, a district at the north of 

LA'CHARES, a man who seized the su- 
preme power at Athens when the city was 
in discord, and was banished B. C. 296.— 

Poly. 4. An Athenian three times taken 

prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and 

escaped, &c.—/rf. 3. A son of Mithridatt s 

king of Bosphorus. He was received into 
alliance by Lucullus. A robber condem- 
ned by M." Antony. An Egyptian buried 

in the labyrinth near Arsinoe". 

LACHES, an Athenian general in the age 

of Epaminondas. — Di. 12. An Athenian 

sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in the 
first expedition undertaken against Sicily 

in the Peloponnesian war.— Ju. 4,3. An 

artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. 

LACHESIS', one of the Farcae, whose 
name is derived from " lachein," to measure 
out by lot. She presided over futurity, and 
was represented as spinning the thread of 
life, or according to others, holding the 
spindie. She generally appeared covered 
with a garment variegated with stars, and 
holding spindles in her hand. [Vide Parcae. 1 
— St. Th. 2, 249.— Mart. 4, ep. 54. 

LAC1DAS, a Greek philosopher of Cv- 
rene, who flourished B. C. 241. His father's 
name was Alexander. He w as a disciple of 
Arcesilaus, whom he succeeded in the go- 
vernment of the second academy. He was 
greatly esteemed by king Attalus, who srave 
him a "garden w here he spent his hours in 
study. He taught his disciples to suspend 
their judgment, and never speak decisively. 
He disgraced himself by the magnificent 
funeral with which he honoured a favourite 
goose. He died through excess of drinking. 
— Diog. 4. 

LACI'DES, a village near Athens, which 
derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian 
hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here 
Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and 
likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. — 
Pa. 1,3. 

LAC'INTA, a surname of Juno, from her 
temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Cro- 
tonians held in great veneration, and where 
there was a famous statue of Helen by 
Zeusis. [Vide Zeuxis.] On an altar near 



LAC -LAD 
the door were ashes which the wind could 
not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away 
a niarbie piece from this sacred place; to 
finish a temple that he was building- at 
Rome to Fortuna Equestris ; and it is said, 
that tor this sacrilege, he afterwards led a 
miserable life, and died in the greatest 
agonies.— Str. 6.— Or. 15. Me. 12 & 702.— 
Li. 42, 3.— Va. Ma. 1, 1. 

LACIN'IENSES, a people of Liburnia. 

LAC1NTUM, a promontory of xMagna 
Graecia, now cape Colonna, the southern 
boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno 
Lar-inia had a temple held in great venera- 
tion. It received its name from Lacinius, a 
famous robber killed there bv Hercules.— 
Li. 24, 3, I. 27, 5, 1. 30, 20. — V. JEn. 3, 522. 

LACHMON, a part of mount Pindus 
where the Inachus flows.— Her. 9, 93. 

LACO, a favourite of Galba, mean and 
cowardly in hi? ciiaracter. He was put to 
death. — — An inhabitant of Laconia or La- 
cc daemon. 

LACOBRIGA, a city of Spain, where 
Sertorius was besieged bv iMetelius. 

LACO'NIA, LACO'MCA, & LACED.E- 
MON, a country on the southern parts of 
Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia 
on the north, Messenia on the west, the 
Mediterranean on the south, and the bay 
of Argos at the east. Its extent from north 
to south was about 50 miles. It is watered 
by the river Eurotas. The capital is called 
Sparta, or Lacedaemon. The inhabitants 
never went on an expedition or engagen 
an enemy but at the full moon. [Vide Lace- 
daemon.] The brevity with which they al- 
ways expressed themselves is now become 
proverbial, and by the epithet of Laconic 
we understand whatever is concise and not 
loaded with unnecessary words. The word 
Laconi.r%nn is applied to some hot baths used 
among the ancients, and first invented at 
Laceda.-mon.-Ci. 4, At. 10.— Str. l.—Ptol. 
3, 16.— Me. 2, 3. 

LAC RATE S, a Theban general of a de- 
tachment sent by Artaxerxes to the assist- 
ance of the Egyptians.— Di. 16. 

LAC'RINES, a Lacedaemonian ambassa- 
dor to Cvnis.— Her. I, 152. 

LACTANTIUS, a celebrated Christian 
writer, whose principal works are de ira 
divina, de Dei operibus, and his divine in- 
stitutions, in seven books, in which he 
proves the truth of the Christian religion, 
refutes objections, and attacks the illusions 
and absurdities of Paganism. The expres- 
sive, purity, elegance, and energy, of his 
style, have gained him the. name of the 
Christian Cicero. He died A. U. 325. 

LACTER, a promontory of the isla d of 
Cos. 

LACY'DES, aphilosopher.[F?7ZeLacidas.] 
. LACV'DUS,an effeminate king of Argos. 

LADAS, a celebrated courier of Alexan- 
der, born at Sicyon. He was honoured with 
a brazen statue, and obtained a crown at 
Olympia.— Mart. 10, e. 10.— Juv. 13,97. 

LADE, an island of the iEgean sea, on 
the eoa^t of Asia Minor, where was a naval 
battle between the Persians and lonians. — 
Her. 6, 7.— fa. 1, 35.— Str. 17 



341 LAD — LAE 

LVDES, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Tur- 
nus.— V. JEn. 12, 343. 
LADO'CEA, a village of Arcadia.— Pa. 
LA'DON 7 , a river of Arcadia, falling into 
the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne 
into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, hap- 
pened near its banks'.— Sir. l.— Me. 2, 3.— 

Fa. 8, 25.— Ov. Me. 1, 659. An Arcadian 

who followed /Eneas into Italy, where he 
was killed.— V. Mn. 10, 413. — -One of Ae- 
taeon's dogs.— Of. Me. 3, 216. 

LiELAPS, one of Act-aeon's dogs.— Or. 

Me. 3. The dog of Cephalus given him 

by Procris. [Vide Laeiaps, &c.]— Id. Me. 7. 
LCELIA, a vestal virgin. 
LcELIA'NUS, a general, proclaimed em- 
peror in Gaul by His soldiers, A.D. 268, af- 
ter the death of Gallienus. His triumph 
was short ; he was conquered and put to 
death after a few months' reign by another 
general called Posthumus, who a'spired to 
the imperial purple as well as himself. 

LiELICS, C.,"a Roman consul, A. U.C. 
612, surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with 
African us the younger, that Cicero repre- 
sents him in Ins treatise De Amicitia, as ex- 
plaining the real nature of friendship, with 
its attendant pleasures. He made war with 
success against Viriathus. It is said that he 
assisted Terence in the composition of hi* 
comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the 
manner in which he patronized letters, are as 
celebrated as his greatness of mind and in- 
tegrity in the character of a statesman.— Ci. 

Or. Another consul, who accompanied 

Scipio Afrieanus the elder in his campaigns 

in Spain ar.d Africa. Archelaus, a famous 

grammarian. — Sue. 

LiENA & LE.EXA, the mistress of Har- 
modius and Aristogiton. Being tortured 
because she refu-ed to discover the conspi- 
rators, she bit off her tongue, totally to 
frustrate the violent efforts of her execu- 
tioners. A man who was acquainted with 

the conspiracy formed against Caesar. 

L.ENAS, a" surname of the Popilii at 
Rome. 

L.ENEUS, a river of Crete, where Jupiter 
brou glit the ravished Europa.— Str. 
LiEPA MAGNA, a townof Spain. Me. 3,1. 
LAER'TES, a king of Ithaca, son ot Ar- 
cesus and Chalcomedusa, who married An- 
ticlea, the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea 
was pregnant by Sisyphus when she mar- 
ried Laertes, and eight months after her 
union with the king of Ithaca, she brought 
forth a son, called Ulysses.— [Vide Anticlea.] 
Ulysses was treated with paternal care by 
Laertes, though not really his son, and La- 
ertes ceded to him his crown and retired 
into the country, where he spent his time in 
gardening. He was found in this mean em- 
ployment by his son at his return from the 
Trojan war, after 20 years' absence, and 
Ulysses, at the sight o"f his father, whose 
dress and old age declared his sorrow, long 
hesitated whether he should suddenly intro- 
duce himself as his son, or whether he 
should, as a stranger, gradually awaken 
the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had 
believed that his son was no more. This 
last measure was preferred, and whei? I.aer- 
2 G 3 



LAE — LAG 



842 



LAG— LAI 



tes had burst into tears at the mention 
which was made, of his son, Ulysses threw 
himself on his neck, exclaiming-, " Oh, fa- 
ther, I am he whom you iveep." This 
welcome declaration was followed by a re- 
cital of all the hardships which Ulysses had 
suffered, and immediately after the father 
and son repaired to the palace of Penelope, 
the wife of Ulysses, whence all the suitors 
who daily importuned the princess were 
forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the 
Argonauts, according- to Apol. 1, 9. — H. Od. 

II & 24.— Ov. Me. 13, 32.— Her. I, 98. A 

city of Cilicia which gave birth to Dio- 
genes, surnamed Latrtius from the place 
of his birth. 

LAERTIUS DIOGENES, a writer born 
at Laertes. [Vide Diogenes.] 

L/ESTRYGONES, the most ancient in- 
habitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to 
be the same as the people of Leontium, and 
to have been neighbours to the Cyc.ops. 
They fed on human flesh, and when Ulysses 
came on their coasts, they sunk his ships 
and devoured his companions. [Vide Anti- 
phates.] They were of a gigantic stature, 
according to Homer, who, however, does 
not mention their country, but only speaks 
of Lamus as their capital. A colony of 
them, as some suppose, passed over "into 
Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they 
built the town of Formi<e, whence 'he epi- 
thet of Leestrygonia is often u>ed for that 
of Formiana.—Pl. 3, 5.— Ov. Me. 14, 233, 
&c. — F. 4, Pont. 4, e. 10.— Tz. Ly.\. 662 & 
618. — H. Od. 10, 81.— Si. 7, 276. 

L./ETA, the wife of the emperor Gratian, 
celebrated for her humanity and generous 
sentiments. 

LiETORIA LEX, ordered that proper 
persons should be appointed to provide for 
the security and the possessions of such as 
were insane, or squandered away their es- 
tates. It made it a high crime to abuse the 
weakness of persons under such circum- 
stances.— Ci. Off. 3. 

L^ETUS, a Roman whom Commodus con- 
demned to be put to death. This violence 
raised Laetus against Commodus; he con- 
spired against him, and raised Pertinax to 

the throne. A general of the emperor 

Severus, put to death for his treachery to 
the emperor ; or, according to others, on 
account of his popularity. 

L^EVI, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia 
Transpadana. 

LEVTNUS, a Roman consul sent against 
Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 472. He informed the mo- 
narch that the Romans would not accept 
him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren- 
tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He 

was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. VAL. a man 

despised at Ro"me, because he was distin- 
guished by no good quality. — Hoi: 1. S.6, 12. 
LAG ARIA, a town of Lucania. 
LAGIA, a name of the island Delos. 
[Vide Delos.] 

LA'GIDES. [Vide La<rus.] 
LAGIN1A, a town of Caria. 
LAGUS, a Macedonian of mean extrac- 
tion. He received in marriage Arsinoe, the 
daughter of Meleager, who was then pj 



naut of king Philip, and being willing to 
hide the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the 
child in tne woods. An eagle preserved the 
life o' the infant, fed him with her prey, 
and she tered him with her wings against the 
inclemency of the air. This uncommon 
preservation was divulged by Lagus, who 
adopted the child as his own, and called him 
Ptolemy, conjecturing that, as his life had 
been so miraculously preserved, his days 
would be spent in grandeur and affluence. 
This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after 
the death of Alexander. According to other 
accounts, Arsinoe was nearly related to 
Philip king of Macedonia, and her marriage 
with Lagus was not considered as disho- 
nourable, because he was opulent and pow- 
erful. The first of the Ptolemies is called 
Lagus, to distinguish him from his succes- 
sors of the same name. Ptolemy, the first 
of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished it 
to be believed that he was the legitimate son 
of Lagus, and he preferred the name of La- 
gides to all other appellations. It is even 
said, that he established a military order in 
Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The 
surname of Lagides was transmitted to all 
his descendants on the Egyptian throne till 
the reign of Cleopatra, Antony's mistress. 
Plutarch mentions an anecdote, which serves 
io show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy 
was believed in his age. A pedantic gram- 
marian, says the historian, once displaying 
his great knowledge of antiquity in the pre- 
sence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly inter 
rupted him with the question of, " Pray, 
tell me, sir, w ho was the father of Peleus I" 
" Tell me," replied the grammarian, with- 
out hesitation, " tell me, if you can, O 
king ! who the father of Lagus was V This 
reflection on the meanness of the monarch's 
birth did not in the least irritate his resent- 
ment, though the courtiers all glowed with 
indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour 
of the grammarian, and showed his mode- 
ration and the mildness of his temper, by 
taking him under his patronage.— Pa. At. 
—Ju. \i.—Curt. 4.— Pin. ir. co.—Luc. 1, 

684.—//. 1, 196. A Rutulian killed by 

Pallas, son of Evander. — V. Mn. to, 381. 
LAGU'SA, an island in the Pamphylian 

sea. Another near Crete.— Sir. io.— 

PI. 5, 31. 

LAGY'RA, acity of Taurica Chersonesus. 

LA FADES, a patronymic of (Edipus. son 
of Laius.— Ov. Me. 6, F. 18. 

LAIAS, a king of Arcadia who succeeded 

his father Cypselus, &c. — Pa. 8, 5. A king 

of Elis, Sec. 

LAIS, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of 
Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born 
at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away 
from her native country into Greece, when 
Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. 
She first be^an to sell her favours at Corinth, 
for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense num- 
ber of princes, noblemen, philosophers 
orators, and plebeians who courted her em 
braces, show how much commendation i 
owed to her personal charms. The expense 
which attended her pleasures, gate rise t 
the proverb of Noncuivis homini cantingi 



LAI- LAI 



34 i 



LAL-LAM 



adirc Corinthum. Even Demosthenes him- 
self visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but 
when lie was informed by the courtezan, 
that admittance to her bed was to be bought 
at the enormous sum of about 2001. English 
monev, the orator departed, and observed, 
that lie would not buy repentance at so dear 
a price. The charms which had attracted 
Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence 
upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the phi- 
losopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited 
his house herself ; but there she had no 
reason to boast of the licentiousness or easy 
submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the 
cynic was one of her warmest admirers, 
and though filthy in his dress and manners, 
yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her 
most unbounded favours. The sculptor My- 
con also solicited the favours of Lais, but 
he met with coldness; he, however, attri- 
buted the cause of his ill reception to the 
whiteness of his bar. , and dyed it of a brown 
coiour, but to no purpose : " Fool that thou 
art," said the courtezan, " to ask what I re- 
fused yesterday to thy father." Lais ridi- 
culed the austerity of philosophers, and 
aughed at the weakness of those who pre- 
tend to have gained a superiority over their 
passions, by observing that the" sases and 
philosophers of the aee were not above the 
rest of mankind, for she found them at her 
door as often as the rest of the Athenians. 
The success which her debaucheries met at 
Corinth, encouraged Lais to pass into Thes- 
saly, and more particularly to enjoy the 
company of a favourite youth called Hippo- 
stratus. She was, however, disappointed : 
the women of the place, jealous of her 
charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting 
the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated 
her in the'temple of Venus, about 340 years 
before the Christian era. Some suppose 
that there were two persons of this name, 
a mother and daughter.— Ci. Fa.9.e. 26.— 
Ov. A. \, e. 5,—Plu. Al.—Pa. 2, 2. 

LA'IUS, a son of Labdacus, who suc- 
ceeded to the throne of Thebes, which his 
grandfather Nycteus had left to the care 
of his brother Lycus, till his grandson came 
of age. He was* driven from his kingdom 
by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed 
against Lycus for the indignities which An- 
tiope had'suffered. He was afterwards re- 
stored, and married Jocasta the daughter 
of Creon. An oracle informed him that he 
should perish by the hand of his son, and in 
consequence ot this dreadful intelligence he 
resolved never to approach his wife. A day 
spent in debauch and intoxication made him 
violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth 
a sou. The child as soon as born was <riven 
to a servant, with orders to put him to 
death. The servant was moved with com- 
passion, and only exposed him on mount 
Cithseron, where his life was preserved 
by a shepherd. The child, called (Edi- 
pus, was educated in the court of Holy 
bus, and an unfortunate meeting with his 
lather in a narrow road proved his ruin. 
(Edipus ordered his father to make way for 
him without knowing who he was ; Laius 
refused and was instantly murdered by his 



irritated son. His arm-bearer or charioteer 
shared his fate. [Fide (Edipus.]— So/?/*. 
(Ed.—Hyg. 9 & 66.— Di. 4, Apol. 3. 5.— Pa. 

9, 5 & 26.—Plu. Cart. 5. 

LA'LAGF,, one of Horace's favourite mis 

tresses.— Hor. 1, o. 22, Sec— Pro. 4,7. 

A woman censured for her cruelty.— Mar 

LALASSIS, a river of Isauria. [2, e. 66. 

LAM'ACHUS, a son of Xenophanes, sent 
into Sicily with Licias. He was killed B.C. 
414, before Syracuse, where he displayed 
much courage and intrepidity. — Phi. Al. 

A governor of Heracleain Pontus, who 

betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he 
had invited all the inhabitants to a sump- 
tuous feast. [opia. 

LA MALM ON, a large mountain of iEthi- 

LAMBRA'N I, a people of Italy near the 
Lambrus.— Sue. C<e. [ing into the Po. 

LAMBRUS, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, fall- 

LAMl'A,a town of Thessaly at the bot- 
tom of the Sinus Maliachus or Lamiachus, 
and north of the river Sperchius, famous for 
a siege it supported after Alexander's death. 
[Vide Lamiacum.] Di. 16, dec— Pa. 7, Q. 

A river of Greece opposite mount (Eta. 

A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hie- 

rophile, an ancient Sybil, by Jupiter.— Pa. 

10, 12. A famous courtezan, mistress to 

Demetrius Poliorcetes.— Plu. De.—Alh. 
\1.-JEl. V. H. 13, 9. 

LAMI'A and AUXESIA, two deities of 
Crete, whose worship was the same as at 
Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two 
statues of an olive tree given them by the 
Athenians, provided they came to offer a sa- 
crifice to Minerva at Athens.— Pa. 2, 30, &c. 

LA'MIACUM BELLUM happened after 
the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, 
and particularly the Athenians, incited by 
their orators, resolved to free Greece from 
the garrisons of the Macedonians. Leos- 
thenes was appointed commander of a nu- 
merous force, and marched against Antipa- 
ter, who then presided over Macedonia. 
Antipater entered Thessaly at the head of 
13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten, 
by the superior force of the Athenians and 
of their Greek confederate-. Antipater after 
this blow fled to Lamia, B. C. 323, where he 
resolved, with all the courage and sagacity 
of a careful general, to maintain a siege 
with about the 8 or 9000 men that had es- 
caped from the field of battle. Leostheues, 
unable to take the city by storm, began to 
make a regular siege. His operations w ere 
delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; 
and Leosthenes being killed by the blow of 
a stone, Antipater made his escape out of 
Lamia, and soon after, -with the assistance 
of the army of Craterus brought from Asia, 
he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon, 
and" though only 500 of their men were slain, 
yet they became so dispirited, that they 
sued for peace from the "conqueror. Anti- 
pater at lasi with difficulty consented, pro- 
vided thev raised taxes in the usual manner, 
received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed 
the expenses of the war, and lastly delivered 
into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, 
the two orators w hose prevailing 1 eloquence 
had excited their countrymen against him. 



LAM— LAM 3- 
»"hese disadvantageous terms were accepted 
by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time 
lo escape and poison himself. Hyperides 
was carried before Anti pater, who ordered 
his tongue to be cut off , and afterwards put 
him to death.— Phi. Dei7i. Di.M .—Ju.u , &c. 

LAMl'iE, small islands of the vEgean, op- 
posite Troas.— PI. 5, 31. A celebrated 

family at Rome, descended f-om Lamus. 

Certain monsters of Africa, o ho had the face 
and breast of a woman, and the rest of the 
body like that of a serpent. They allured 
strangers to come to them that they might 
devour them, and though they were not en- 
dowed with the faculty of speech, yet their 
hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some 
believed them to be witches, or rather evil 
spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful 
woman, enticed young children and de- 
voured them. According to some, the fable 
of the Lamiae is derived from the amours of 
Jupiter with a certain beautiful woman call- 
ed Laruiae, whom the jealousy of Juno ren- 
dered deformed, and whose* children she 
destroyed ; upon which Lamiae became in- 
sane, and so desperate that she eat up all 
the children that came in her way. They 
are also called Lemures. [Vide Lemures."] 
— Phil. Ap. Hnr.A. P. 340.— Phi. Cur.—Di. 

LAM PAS MELIUS, a go^ernor of Syria 
under Tiberius. He was honoured with a 
public funeral by the senate ; and as having 
been a respectable and useful citizen, Ho- 
race has dedicated his 26 o. lib. I, to his 

praises, as also 3 o. M.—Ta. An. 6, 27. 

Another during the reign of Domitian, put 
to death, &c. 

LAM LRUS, a son of Hercules by Iole. 

LAMPEDO, a woman of Lacedaemon, 
who was daughter, wife, sister, and mother 
of a king. She lived in the age of Alci- 
biades. Agrippina, the mother of Claudius, 
could boast the same honours.— Ta. An. 12, 
22 .V 37.— Put. Ag.-Plat. 1, Ale— PL 
7,41. 

LAMPETI'A, a daughter of Apollo and 
Neaera. She with her sister Phaetusa guard- 
ed her father's flocks in Sicily when Ulvsses 
arrived on the coasts of that "island. These 
flocks were fourteen in number, seven herds 
of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting 
each of fifty. They fed by night as well 



4 LAM— LAM 

was changed into a poplar tree at the death 
of her brother Phaeton. 

LAMPETO k LAMPEDO, a queen of the 
Amazons, who boasted herself to be the 
daughter of Mars. She grained manv con- 
quests in Asia, where she founded Several 
cities. She was surprised afterward* by a 
band of barbarians, and destroyed with her 
female attendants. — Ju. 2, 4. 

LAMPEUS & LAM PI A, a mountain of 
Arcadia. — St. 8. 

LAM PON, LAMPOS, or LAMPUS, one 

of the horses of Diomedes. Of Hector. 

Of Aurora.—//. //. e, O. 23. A son 

of Laomedon father of Doiops. A sooth- 
sayer of Athens in the age of Socrates.— 
Phi. Per. 

LAMPO'NIA & LAM POM UM, a city of 

Troas.— Her. 5, 2-5. An island on 'the 

coast of Thrace.— Str. 13. 

LAMPONIUS, an Athenian general, sent 
by his countrymen to attempt the conouest 
of Sicilv.— Ju. 4, 3. 

LAMPRIDIUS vELIUS, a Latin historian 
in the fourth century, who wrote the lives 
of some of the Roman emperors. His stvle 
is inelegant, and his arrangement injudi- 
cious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, 
Alexander Severus, sec. is still extant, and 
to be found in the works of the Historue 
Augusta: Script ores. 

LAM PR US, a celebrated musician, &c. — 
C. Nep. Ep. 

LAMP'SACUS & LAMP'SACUM, now 
Lamsaki, a town of Asia Minor on the bor- 
ders of the Propontis at the north of Abydos. 
Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of 
which he was reckoned by some the founder. 
His temple there was the asylum of lewd- 
ness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes 
of the most unnatural lust, and hence the 
epithet Lampsacius is used to. express im- 
modesty and wantonness. Alexander re- 
solved to destroy the city on account of the 
vices of its inhabitant*, and more probably 
for its firm adherence to the interest of 
Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin 
by the artifice of Anaximenes. [Fide Anaxi- 
nienes.] It was formerly called Pityusa, 
and received the name of Lampsacus, from 
Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king 
f Phrygia, who gave information to some 



by day, and it was deemed unlawful and I Phocians who dwelt there, that the rest of 



sacrilegious to touch them. The companions 
of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no re- 
gard to their sanctity, or to the threats and 
intreaties of their chief; but they carried 
away and killed some of the oxen. The 
watchful keepers complained to their father, 
and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, pu- 
nished the offence of the Greeks. The hides 
of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh 
which was roasting by the fire began to bel- 
low, and nothing was heard but dreadful 
noises and loud lowlings. The companions 
of Ulysses embarked on board their ship>, 
but here the resentment of Jupiter followed 
them. A storm arose, and they all perished 
except Ulysses, who saved himself on the 
broken piece of a mast.—//. Od. 12, 119.— 

Pro. 3, e. 12. According to Ov. Me. 2, 

349, Lampetia is one of the Hcliades, who 



the inhabitants had conspired against their 
life. This timely information saved them 
from destruction^ The city afterwards bore 
the name of their preserver. The wine of 
Lampsacus was famous, and therefore a tri- 
bute of wine was gr imed from the city by 
Xerxes to maintain the table of Themisto- 
cles — Me. 1, 19.— Sir. IS.— Pa. 9, 31.— Her. 
5, 117.— C. Hep. Th. 10.— Of. l, TV. 9, 26, 
F. S, 345.— Li. 33, 38, I. 35, 42.— Mar. 11, e. 
17, 52. [Li. 37, 31. 

LAMPTERA, a town of Phocaeain Ionia. 
LA M PTE R I A, a festival at Pellece in 
Acftaia, in honour of Bacchus, who was sur- 
named Lampter from "lampein," lo shine, 
becan-e, during this solemnity, which was 
observed in the night, the worshippers went 
to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted 
torches in their hands. It was also ensta- 



LAM— LAO 845 LAO— LAO 



mary to place vessels full of w ine in several 
parts of every street in the city. — Pa. 4, 21. 

LA MP US, a son of iEgyptns. A man 

of Elis. A son of Prolans. 

LAM'US.a king of the Laestrygones. who 
is supposed by some to have founded For- 
miae in Italy. The family of the Lamise at 
Rome was, according - to the opinion of some, 

descended from him.— Hot. 3, o. 17. A 

son of Hercules and Omphale, who suc- 
ceeded his mother on the throne of Lydia. 

— Ov. Her. 9, 54. A Latin chief killed by 

Nisus.— V. A river of Bceotia. 

— Pa. 9, 31. A Spartan general hired by 

Nectanebus king- of Egypt.— Di. 16. A 

vity of Cilicia. A town near Formiae, 

juilt bv the Laestrygones. 

LAM'YRUS, buffoon, a surname of one of 

the Ptolemies. One of the auxiliaries of 

Turnus, killed bv Nisus.— V. JEn. 9, 334. 

LANASSA, a daughter of Cleodeeus, who 
married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by 
whom she had eight children.— Plu. Pyr. 

—Ju. 17, c 3. A daughter of Agathocles, 

who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after 
forsook for Demetrius.— Pi??. 

LANCE' A, a fountain &c— Pa. 

LANCIA, a town of Lusitania.— Fl. 4, 12. 

LANDI, a people of Germany conquered 
by Caesar, [into the bay of Corinth. 

LANGIA, a river of Peloponnesus, falling 

LANGOBARDI, a warlike nation of Ger- 
many, along the Sprhe, called improperly 
Lombards bv some.— To. An. 2, 45, G. 40. 

LANGROBRIGA, a town of Lusitania. 

LA'NUVUM, a town of Latium, about 16 
miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno 
had there a celebrated temple which was 
frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, and 
particularly by the Romans, whose consuls, 
on first entering upon office, offered sacri- 
fices to the goddess. The statue of the god- 
dess was covered with a goat's skin, and 
armed with a buckler and spear, and wore 
shoes which were turned upwards in the 
form of a cone.— Ci. Mu. Nat. D. 1, c. 29, 
Mi. 10.— Li. 8, 14.— .ft. 13, 364. 

LAOBOTAS or LA'BOTAS, a Spartan 
king, of the family of the Agidae, who suc- 
ceeded his father "Echestratus, B. C. 1023. 
During his reign war was declared against 
Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 
37 year, and was succeded by Doryssus his 
son.— Pa. 3, 2. 

LAOCOON, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
or according to others, of Antenor, or of 
Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was 
commissioned by the Trojans to offer a 
bullock to Neptune to render him propi- 
tious. During the sacrifice two enormous 
serpents issued from the sea, and attacked 
Lacoon's two sons who stood next to the 
altar. The father immediately attempted to 
defend his sons, but the serpents falling 
upon him squeezed him in their compli- 
cated wreaths, so that he died in the great- 
est agonies. This punishment was inflicted 
upon him for his temerity in dissuading the 
Trojans to bring into the city the fatal 
wooden hor^e which the Greeks had con- 
secrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety 
in hurling a javelin against the sides of the 



horse as it entered within the walls, Hy- 
ginus attributes this to his marriage against 
the consent of Apollo, or according to 
others, for his polluting the temple, by his 
commerce with his wife Antiope, before the 
statue of the god.— V. £n. 2, 41 & 201.— 
Hyg. fa. 135. 

LAOD'AMAS, a son of Aicinous, king of 
the Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle with 
Ulysses, while at his father's court. Ulysses, 
mindful of the hospitality of Aicinous, re- 
fused the challenge of Laodamas. — H. Od. 

7, 170. A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. 

—Pa. 9, 15. 

LAODAMl'A, a daughter of Acastus and 
Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the 
son of Iphiclus, king of a part of Thessaly. 
The departure of her husband for the Tro- 
jan war was the source of grief to her, but 
when she heard that he had fallen by the 
hand of Hector, her sorrow was increased. 
To keep alive the memory of a husband 
whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered 
a wooden statue to be made and regularly 
placed in her bed. This was seen by one of 
her servants, who informed Iphiclus that 
his daughter's bed was daily defiled by an 
unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his 
daughter, and when he found that the intel- 
ligence was false, he ordered the wooden 
image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating 
his daughter's grief. He did not succeed. 
Laodamia threw herself into the flames of the 
image and perished. This circumstance has 
given occasion to fabulous traditions related 
by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus 
was restored to life, and to Laodamia for 
three hours, and that when he was obliged 
to return to the infernal regions, he per- 
suaded his wife to accompany him.— V. JEn. 
6, 447.— Ov. Her. e. 13, Hyg. fa. 104.— Pro. I , 

19, A daughter of Bellerophon by Ache- 

mone the daughter of king Iobates. She 
had a son by J upiter, called Sarpedon. She 
dedicated herself to the service of Diana, 
and hunted with her, but her haughtiness 
proved fatal to her, and she perished by the 
arrows of the goddess.— fl. 11. 6, 12 6c 16. 

A daughter of Alexander, king of Epi- 

rus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. 
She was assassinated iu the temple of Diana, 
where she had fled for safety during a sedi- 
tion. Her murderer, called Milo, soon after 
turned his dagger against his own breast, 
and killed himself.— Ju. 28, 3. 

LA'ODICE, a daughter of Priam and He- 
cuba, who became enamoured of Acamas, 
son of Theseus, when he came with Dio- 
medes from the Greeks to Troy with an em- 
bassy to demand the restoration of Helen. 
She obtained an interview and the gratifi- 
cation of her desires at the house of Philebia, 
the wife of a governor of a small town of 
Tioas, which the Greek aniba-sador had 
visited. She had a son by Acamas, whom 
she called Munitus. She afterwards mar- 
ried Helicaon, son of Antenor, and Telephus 
king of Mysia. Some call her Atyoche. 
According to the Greek scholiast of Lyco- 
phron, Loadice threw herself down from 
the top of a tower, and was killed, when 
Troy was sacked by the Greeks.— Die. Cr. I* 



LAO— LAO 

-Va. 13, 26.— H. 11. 3 & 6. One of tlie 

Oceanides. A daughter of Cinyras, by 

whom Elati s had some children. — Apol. 3, 

14. A daughter of Agamemnon, called 

also Electra.— H. II. 9. A sister of Mith- 

ridates who married Ariarathes king of 
Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother 
Mithridates. During the secret absence of 
Mithridates, she prostituted herself to her 
servants, in hopes that her husband was 
dead ; but when she saw her expectations 
frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithri- 
dates, for which she was put to death. 

A queen of Cappadocia, put to death by her 
subjects for poisoning five of her children. 

A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She 

put to death Berenice, whom her husband 
had married. {Vide Antiochus II.] She 
was murdered bv order of Ptolemv Everge- 
tcs, B. C. 246.— —A daughter of Demetrius, 
shamefully put to deatli by Ammonius the 
tyrannical minister of the vicious Alexander 

Bala, king of Syria. A daughter of Seleu- 

cus. The mother of Seleucus. Nine 

months before she brought forth she dreamt 
that Apollo had introduced himself into her 
bed, and had presented her with a precious 
stone, on which was engraved the figure 
of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it 
to her son as soon as born. This dream 
appeared the more wonderful, when in the 
morning s he discovered in her bed a ring 
answering the same description. Not onlv 
the son that she brought forth, called Seleu- 
cus, but also all his successors of the house 
of the Seleiicidar, had the mark of an 
anchor upon the th\<zh.— Jus.— App. .Sy. 
mentions this anchor, though in a differmt 



manner. 

La'ODICE'A, now Ladik, a city of Asia, 
on the borders of Caria, Phrygia,a*nd Lydia, 
celebrated for its commerce, and the" fine 
soft and black wool of its sheep. It was 
originally called Diospolis, and afterwards 
R/toas ; and received the name of Laodicea, 
in honour of Laodice, the wife of Antiochus. 
— Pi. 5, 29.— Si r. 12.— Me. I, 12.— Ci. 5, At. 

"iz,pro Flac. Another in Media, destroyed 

by an earthquake in the age of Nero.- — 
Another in Syria, called by way of dis- 
tinction Laodicea Cubiosa, of ad Libanum. 
Another on the borders of Ccelosvria. Sir. 

LA'ODICE'N E, a province of Syria, which 
receives its name from Laodicea,"its capital. 

LAOD'OCHUS, a son of Antenor, whose 
form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus 
to break the treatv w hich subsisted between 

the Greeks and Trojans.—//. Tl. 4. An 

attendant of Antilochus. A son of Priam. 

—Apol. 3, 12. A son of A polio and Phthia. 

— Id. 1 , 7. 

LAOGO'NUS, a son of Bias brother to 
Dardanus, killed by Achilles at the siege of 

Troy.— H. 11. 20, 46 1 . A priest of J upiter, 

killed bv Meriou in the Trojan war.—//. 
//. 16, 604. 

LAG'ORAS, a king of the Dryopes, who 
accustomed his subjects to become robbers. 
He plundered the temple of Apollo at Del- 
phi, and was killed bv Hercules.— Apol. 2. 
l.—Di. 4. 

LAOG'ORE a daughter of Cinvras and 



346 LAO— LAO 

Metiiarme, daughter of Pygmalion. She 
died in Egvpt. — Apol. 3, 14. 

LAOMEDON, son of Ilus king of Troy, 
married Strynio, called by some Placia, or 
Leucippe, by w hom he hail Podarces, after- 
wards known by the name of Priam, and 
Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and 
was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom 
Jupiter had banished from heaven and con- 
demned to be subservient to the will of 
Laomedon for one year. When the walls 
were finished, Laomedon refused to reward 
the labours of the gods, and soon after his 
territories w ere laid waste by the god of the 
sea, and his subjects were visited by a pes- 
tilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were 
offered to the offended divinities, but the 
calamities of the Trojans increased, and 
nothing could appease the gods, according 
to the words of the oracle, but annually to 
expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. 
Whenever the monster appeared the mar- 
riageable maidens were assembled, and the 
lot decided which of them was doomed to 
death for the good of her country. When 
this calamity had continued for five or six 
years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon's 
daughter. The king was unwilling to part 
with a daughter whom he loved with un- 
common tenderness, but his refusal would 
irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. 
In the midst of his "fears and hesitation-, 
Hercules came and offered to deliver the 
Trojans from this public calamity, if Laome- 
don promised to reward him with a numbt r 
of fine horses. The king consented, but 
when the monster was destroyed, he re- 
fused to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules 
was obliged to besiege Troy and take it ty 
force of arms. Laomedon was put to death 
after a reign of 29 years, his daughter He- 
sione was given in marriage to Telamon, 
one of the conqueror's attendants, and Po- 
darces was ransomed by the Trojans and 
placed upon his father's throne. According 
to Hvgiuus, the w rath of Neptune and Apollo 
was kindled against Laomedon, because he 
refused to offer on their altars, as a sacri- 
fice, all the first born of his cattle, accord- 
ing to a vow which he had made.—//. //. 
21.— V. JEn. 2& 9.— Or. Me. 1 1, f. 6.— Apol. 
2, 5.— Pa. 7, 20.— Hor. 3, o. Z.—Hyg. 89. 

A demagogue of Messina in Sicily 

A satrap of Phoenicia, Sec.— Curt. 10, lb. 

An Athenian, \c. — Plu. An Orchome- 

nian. — Id. 

LA'OMEDONTEUS, an epithet applied to 
the Trojans from their king Laomedon.— V. 

JEn. 4, 542, 1. 7, 105, 1. 8, 18. 

LA'OMEDONTIAD/E,apatronymic given 
to the Trojans from Laomedon their king. 
— V. E.n. 3, 246. 

LAONOME, the wife of Polyphemus, one 
of the Argonauts. 

LAONOME'NE, a daughter of The^pius, 
bv whom Hercules had two sons, Teles and 
Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice 
and S tendedice.— Apol. 2, 7. 

LAOTHOE, a daughter of Aires, a kin:; 
of the Leleges, who married Priam, and 
became mother of Lvcaon and Polvdorus.— 
H. II. 21, 85. One of the daughters o. 



LAO— LAR :l 
Thespius, mother of Antidus, by Hercules. 
—Apol. 2, 7. 

LAO US, a river of Laced jemon. 

LAP ATHU3, a citv of Cyprus. 

LAPHR1A, a surname or' Diana at Patrse 
in Achaia, where she had a temple with a 
latue of gold and ivory, which represented j 
Her in the habit of a huntress. The statue ! 
was made by Menechmus and Soidas, two 
artists of celebrity. This name was given 
to the goddess from Laphrius, the son of 
Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her. 
There was a festival of the goddess there 
called also Laphria, of which Pa. 7,18, gives 
an account. 

LAPHYSTIUM, a mountain in Bceotia, 
where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was 
called Laphystius. It was here that Atha- 
mas prepared to immolate Phryxus and 
Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them 
a golden rain, whence the surname and the 
homage paid to the god.— Pa. 9, 34. 

LA Pi DE US, a surname of J upiter among 
the Romans. [Lapithus. 

LAPTTHyE, a people of Thessaly. Vide 

LAP'ITHO, a city of Cyprus. 

LAP'ITHUS, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. 
He was brother to Centaurus, and married 
Orsiuome, daughter of Euronymus, by 
whom he. had Phorbas and Periphas. The 
name of Lnpiihce was given to the numer- 
ous children of Phorbas and Periphas, or 
rather to the inhabitants of the country of 
which they had obtained the sovereignty. 
The chief of the Lapit'nse assembled to cele- 
brate the nuptials of Pirithous, one oftheir 
number, and among them were Theseus,Dry- 
ag,Hopleus,Mopsus, Phalerus,Exadius, Prb- 
loclius, Titaresius, 6cc. The Centaurs were 
also invited to partake the common festivity, 
and the amusements would have been harm- 
less and innocent had not one of the in- 
toxicated Centaurs offered violence to Hip- 
podamia, the wife of Pirithous. The La- 
pithae resented the injury, and the Centaurs 
supported their companions, upon which the 
Quarrel became universal, and ended in 
blows and slaughter. Many of the Cen- 
taurs were slain, and they at last were 
obliged to retire. Theseus among the La- 
pithae showed himself brave and intrepid in 
supporting the cause of his friends, and 
Nestor also was not less active in the pro- 
tection of chastity and innocence. This 
quarrel arose from* the resentment of Mars, 
whom Pirithous forgot or neglected to in- 
vite among the other £od.<, at the celebra- 
tion of his nuptials, and therefore the di- 
vinity punished the insult by sowing dis- 
sension among the festive assembly. IVide 
Centauri.] Hesiod has described the battle 
of the Centaurs and Lapithae, as also Ovid 
in a more copious manner. The invention 
of bits and bridles for horses is attributed to 
tiie Lapithae. -Virg. G. 3, 115. -JEn. 6, 601, 1.7, 
S05. -Ov. Me. 12, .530, 1. 14, 670.— ties. Sc. 
— Di.-Pin. 2. Py.—Str. 9. -St. Th. 7, 304. 

LA PI THyEUM,atow nof Arcadia.-/ J a.3,20. 
^ LARA or LARANDA, one of the Naiads, 
daughter of the river Almon in Latium, 
famous for her beauty and her loquacity, 
which her parents long endeavoured to 



LAR— LAK 

correct, but in vain. She revealed to June 
the amonrsof her husband Jupiter with J u- 
turna, for which the god out off her tongue, 
and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the 
infernal regions. The messenger of the 
gods tell in love with her by the way, and 
gratified his passion. Lara 'became mother 
of two children, to whom the Romans have 
paid divine honours according to the opinion 
of some, under the name of Lares.-Oy. F.599. 

LAR^NTIA & LAURENT1A, a courtezan 
in the first ages of Rome. Vide Acca. 

LARES, gods of inferior power at Rome 
who presided over houses and families. 
Thev were two in number, sons of Mercury 
by Lara. [Tide Lara.] In process of time 
their power was extended not only over 
houses, but also over the country and the 
sea, and we find Lares Urbani to preside 
over the cities, Familiares, over houses, 
Rustici over the country, Compitales over 
cross roads, Marini over the sea, ViaUs 
over the roads, Patellarii, 6cc. According 
to the opinion of some, the worship or the 
gods Lares, who are supposed to be the 
same as the Manes, arises from the ancient 
custom among the Romans and other 
nations of burying their dead in their houses, 
and from their belief that their spirits con- 
tinually hovered over the houses, for the 
protection of its inhabitants. The statues 
of the Lares resembling monkeys, and 
covered with the skin of a dog, were placed 
in a niche, behind the doors of the houses, 
or around the hearths. At the feet of the 
Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to 
intimate their care and vigilance. Incense 
was burnt on their altars, and a sow was 
also offered on particular days. Their fes- 
tivals were observed at Rome in the month 
of May, when their statues were crowned 
with garlands of flowers, and offerings of 
fruit presented. The word Lares seems to 
be derived from the Etruscan word Lares, 
which signifies conductor or leader.— Of. F. 
5, 129.— Juv. 8, K.—Plu. Q. R.— Var. L.L. 
4, 10.— Hor. 3, o. -23.— Plait. A. $ C. 

LARGa, a well-known prostitute in Ju- 
venal's age.— Juv. 4, 25. 

LAiiGUS, a Latin poet who wrote a poem 
on the arrival of Antenorin Italy, where he 
built the town of Padua. He composed 
wirhease and elegance.— Ov.Pon. 4, e. 16,17. 

LARIOES, a son of Daucus or Daunus, 
who assisted Turnus against /Eneas, and 
had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas 
the son of Evander.— V. Mn. lo, 391. 

LARINA, a virgin of Ita:y, who accom- 
panied Camilla in her war against Alueas. 
— V. Mn. ll , 655. 

LAR1NUM or LARINA, now Larino, a 
town of the Frentanion the Tifernus before 
it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants 
were called Larinates.—Jt. 15, 565. — Ci. CI. 
63, 4. At. 12, 1. 7, e. 13.— Li. 22, 18, 1. 27, 
40.— C<es. G. 1, 23. 

LAR1SSA. a daughter of Pelasgus, who 
gave her name to some cities in Oreece. — 
Pa. 2, 23. — — A city between Palestine and 
Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and 

buried according to "some accounts. A 

large cicy on the banks of the Tigris. It 



LAR— LAS 



3-18 



LAS-LAT 



nad a small pyramid near it, greatly infe- 
rior to those of Egypt. A city of Asia 

Minor, on the southern confines'of Troas. 

-Sir. 13. Another in iEolia, 70 stadia 

from Cyme. It is surnamed Phriconis bv 
Strabo, by way of distinction.— Slr.l3.—H. 

II. 2, 640. Another near Ephesus. 

■ Anotlier on the borders of the Peneus 

in Thessaly, also called Cremasle from its 
situation, (Pensilis~) the most famous of all 
the cities of that name. It was here that 
Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his 
grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a fa- 
mous temple, on account of which he is 
called Larissaus. The same epithet is also 
•applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It 
is still extant, and bears the same name. — 
Ov. Me. 2, 542.— V. £n. 2, 197.— Luc. 6.-Lz. 

31, 45, 1. 42, 56. A ciatdel of Argos built 

bv Danaus. 
LARISSjEUS. [Vide arissa.] 
LARISSUS, a river of Peloponnesus flo* 
ing between Elis and Aehaia. — Sir. 6. — Li. 
27, 31.— Pa. 8, 43. 

LARIUS, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, 
through which the Addua runs in its way 
into the Po, above Cremona. — Virg.G. 2,159. 

LARNOS, a small deso ate island on the 
coast of Thrace. [nal's age.— Juv. 2, 86. 
LARONIA.a shameless courtezan in.Tuve- 
LARS TOVUMNIUS, a king of the Vei- 
entes conquered bv the Romans, and put 
to death, A. U. C. 329.— Li. 4, 17 & 19. 

LARTIUS FLORUS.T., a consul, who ap- 
peased a sedition raised by the poorer citi- 
zens, and was the first dictator ever chosen 
at Rome, B. C. 498. He made Spurius 

Cassius his master of horse.— Li. 2, 18. 

SPURIUS, oneor the threeRomans who alone 
withstood the fury of Porsenua's army at 
the head of a bridge while the communica- 
tion was cutting do«n behind them. His 
companions were Codes and Herminius. 
[Vide Codes.]— I.?. 2, 10 and 18.— Dio. H. 

Va. Ma. 3, 2. The name of Lartitis has 

been common to many R.omans. 
LA RTOL/ETANT, a people of Spain. 
LARViE, a name given to the wicked spi- 
rits and apparitions which, according to the 
notions of the Romans, issued from their 
graves in the night and came to terrify the 
world. As the word larva signifies a mask, 
whose horrid and uncouth appearance often 
serves to frighten children, that name has 
been given to the ghosts or spectres which 
superstition believes to hover around the 
graves of the dead. Some call them Le- 
mures.— Serviusin Virg. 2En. 5. 64, 1. 152. 

LARYMN A, atownof'Boeotia, where Bac- 
chus had a temple and a statue. Another 

in Caria.— Sir. 9 & 16.— Me. 1, 16, 1. 2, 3. 

LARYSIUM, a mountain of Lacouia.— 
Pa. 3, 22. 

LASS I A, an ancient name of Andros. 
LASSUS or LASUS, a dithy iambic poet 
born at Hermiens in Peloponnesus, about 
500 years before Christ, and reckoned among 
tiie wise men of Greece by some. He is par 
ticularly known by the answer he gave to a 
man who asked him what could best render 
life pleasant and comfortable ! Experience. 
He was acquainted with music. Some frug- 



mentb of his poetry are to be found in Athe- 
naeus. He wrote an ode upon the Centaurs 
and an hymn to Ceres, without inserting the 
letter S in the composition. — Ath. 10. 
LAS'THENES, a governor of Olynthus 

corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia 

A Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus 

the Roman general. A Cruel minister at 

the court of the Seleucidie, kings of Syria. 

LASTH EN I'A,a woman who disguisedher- 
self to come and hear Plato's lessons.— Diog. 

LAT'AGUS, a king of Pontus who assisted 
iEetes against the Argonauts, and was killed 

by Darapes.— Flac. 5, 584. One of the 

companions of jEneas, killed bv Mezentius. 
— V. Mn. 10, 697. 

LATERA'NUS PLAUTUS, a Roman con- 
sul elect A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso 
against the emperor Nero proved fatal to 
him. He was led to execution, where he 
refused to confess the associates of the con- 
spiracy, and did not even frown at the exe- 
cutioner, who was as guilty as himself, but 
when a first blow could no't sever his head 
from his body, he looked at the executioner 
and shaking his head he returned it to the 
hatchet with the greatest composure, and 
it was cut off. There exists now a cele- 
brated palace at Rome which derives its uame 
from its ancient possessors the Laterani. 

LATE'RIUM, the villa of Q. Cicero at 
Arpinum near the Liris. — Ci. At. 10, e. 1 1. 
4, e. 7,/r. 3, e. ].— Pi. 15, 15. 

LATIA'LIS, a surname of Jupiter, who 
was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium 
upon mount Albanus at stated times. The 
festivals, which were at first instituted by 
Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 davs.— Li. 21. 
Vide Feriae Latinse. [Latium. 
LATl'NT, the inhabitants of Latium. Vide 
LATI'NT US LATIARIS, a celebrated in- 
former, Sec. — Ta. 

LATl'NUS, a son of Faunus by Marica, 
king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from 
him were called Latiui. He married Amata, 
by whom he had a sou and a daughter. The 
son died in his infancy, and the daughter, 
called Lavinia, was secretly promised in 
marriage by her mother to Turnus king of 
the Rutuli,"one of her most powerful ad- 
mirers. The gods opposed this union, and 
the oracles declared that Lavinia must be- 
come the wife of a foreign prince. The 
arrival of iEneas in Italy seemed favourable 
to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering 1 
his daughter to the foreign prince and mak- 
ing him his friend and ally, seemed to have 
fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Tur- 
nus however disapproved of the conduct of 
Latinus : he claimed Lavinia as his la -vful 
wife, and prepared to support his cans*, by 
arms. ./Eneas took up arms in his own de- 
fence, and Latium was the seat of the war. 
After mutual losses it was agreed, that the 
quarrei should be decided by the two 
rivals, and Latinus promised his daugh- 
ter to the conqueror. ./Eneas obtained the 
victory, and married Lavinia. Latinus soon 
after died, and was succeeded by his son-in- 
law.— V. Mn. 9, &c— Ov. Me. 13, &c— F. 2, 
&c— Dio. H. 1, 13.— Lit. 1, l,&c— Ju. 43, 
1. A son of Sylvius £neas, surnamed also 



LAT - LAT 



349 



LAT— LaO 



Sylvius. He was the fifth kinsr of the Latins 
aiul succeeded Ins father. He was father to 
Alba his successor.— Dion. 1, 15. — Li. 2, 3. 

A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore 

this name. 

LA'TIUM, a country F of Italy near the 
river Tiber. It was originally very circum- 
scribed, extending' only from the Tiber to 
Cireeii, but afterwards "it comprehended the 
territories of the Volsci, iEqui, Hernici, 
Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first in- 
habitants were called Aborigines, and re- 
ceived the name of Latini from Latinus their 
king - . According - to others the word is de- 
rived from 'Hateo," to conceal, because Saturn 
concealed himself there when flying the re- 
sentment of his son Jupiter. "Laurentum 
was the capital of the country in the reign 
of Latinus, Lavinium under iEneas, and 
Alba under Ascanius. {Vide Alba.] The La- 
tins, though originally known only among 
their neighbours, soon rose in consequence 
when Romulus had founded thecitv of Rome 
in their countrv. — V. Mn. 7,38, l" 8, 322.— 
Str. b.—Dio. H.-Ju. 20, \.—Plu. R.~ 
Pi. 3, \2.—Ta. 4.— An. 5. 

LATIUS, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. 
— St. 5.— Si/. 2, 392. 

LATMUS, a mountain of Caria near 
Miletus. It is famous for the residence of 
Kndymion, whom the moon regularly visited 
in the night, whence he is often called Lat- 
mins Heros. [ Vide End vmion.]— A7e. l,e. 17. 
— Ov. Tr. 2, 299.-4. A. 3, 83.— Pit. 5, 29.— 
Str. 14.— Ci. I, Tu. 28. 

LATOBIUS, the god of health among the 
Corinthians. 

LATOBRIGI, a people of Belgic Gaul. 

LATO'IS, a name of Diana, as being the 

daughter of Latona. A country house 

near Ephesus. 

LATOM\M. [Vide Latumise.] 

LATO'NA, a daughter of Cceus the Titan 
and Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of 
Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, 
and celebrated for the favours which she 
granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of 
her husband's amours, made "Latona the 
object of her vengeance, and sent the ser- 
pent Python to disturb her peace and per- 
secute her. Latona wandered from place 
to place in the time of her pregnancy, con- 
tinually alarmed for fear of Python. She 
was driven from heaven, and" Terra, in- 
fluenced by Juno, refused to give her a 
place where she might find rest and bring 
forth. Neptune, moved with compassion, 
struck with his trident, and made immove- 
able the island of Delos, which before 
wandered in the /Egean, and appeared 
sometimes above, and sometimes below, the 
surface of the sea. Latona, changed into 
a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, where 
she resumed her original shape, and gave 
birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against 
a palm-tree or an olive. Her repose was 
of short duration. Juno discovered the 
place of her retreat, and obliged her to 
fly from Delos. She wandered over the 
greatest part of the world, and in Caria, 
where her fatigue compelled her to stop, 
she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of 



whom she asked for water, while thev were 
weeding a marsh. Their refusal and inso- 
lence provoked her, and she intreated Jupi- 
ter to punish their barbarity. Thev were all 
changed into frogs. She was exposed to 
repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted her 
self greater than the mother of Apollo and 
Diana, and ridiculed the presents - which 
the piety of her neighbours had offered to 
Latona. [Vide Niobe.] Her beauty proved 
fatal to the giant Tityus, whom' Apollo 
and Diana put to death." [Vide Tityus.] At 
last, Latona, though persecuted "and ex- 
posed to the resentment of Juno, became a 
powerful deity, and saw her children re- 
ceive divine "honours. Her worship was 
generally established where her children 
received' adoration, particularly at Argos, 
Delos, &c, where she had temples. She had 
an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true 
decisive answers which it <rave.-D£. b.-Her. 
2, 155.— Pa. 2 6c 3.—H. II. 21. Hy. Ap S, 
Bi.—Ues. Th.—Apol. 3, 5 & 10.— v. Me. 6, 
160.— Hyg. fa. 140. 

JLATOP OLIS, a city of Egypt.— Stra. 

LATOUS, a name given to Apollo as son 
of Latona.— Or. Me. 6, f. 9. 

LATREUS, one of the Centaurs, who, 
after killing Halesus, was himself slain by 
Cseneus. -Ov. Me. 12, 463. 

LAUDAMI'A, a daughter of Alexander 
king of Epirus and Oiympias, daughter of 
Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the 

enraged populace. — Ju. 28, 3. The wife 

of Prote-ilaus. [Vide Laodamia.] 

LA U DICE. [Vide Laodice.] 

LAUFtLLA, a wanton woman, &cc.—Juv. 
6, 319. 

LAURX, a place near Alexandria in 
Egypt. 

LAUREACUM, a town at the confluence 
of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. 

LAUR ENTA'LIA, certain festivals cele- 
brated at Rome in honour of Laurentia, on 
the last aay of April and the twenty- third of 
December. They were, in process of time, 
part of ioe Saturnalia. — Ov. F. 3, 57. 

LAUb ENTES AGRI, the country in the 
neighbourhood of Laurentum. -Tib.2,e. 5,41. 

LAURENTIA. [Vide Acca.] 

LAUKENTI'NI, the inhabitants of La- 
tium. 'i hey received this name from the 
great number of laurels which grew in tne 
country. King Latinus found one of un- 
common largeness and beauty, when he 
was going to build a temple to Apollo, and 
the tret was consecrated to the god, and 
preserved with the most religious ceremo- 
nies.— V. Mn. 7, 59. 

LAURENTIUS, belonging to Laurentum 
or Lad urn. — V. Mn. 10, 709. 

LAURENTUM, now Palerno, the capital 
of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of 
Latinus. It is on tne sea coast east of the 
Tiber. [Vide Laurentiui.]— Sir. 5.— Me. 2, 
4.— Li. 1, l.— V. Mn. 7, 171. 

LAURION, a place of Attica, where were 
gold mines, from which the Athenians 
drew considerable revenues, and with which 
they built their fleets by the advice of Tlie- 
mis"rocles. These mines failed before the age 
of Strabo.-77i. 2.-/>«. I, I.— Str. 9. 
2 H 



LAU— LEA 350 LEB— LEG 



HURON, a town of Spain, where Pom- 
pev's son was conquered by Caesar's army. 

tiAl'S, now Laino, a town on a river of 
the same name, which forms the southern 
cvjundarv of Lucania. — Str. 6. 

LAUS"POMPEIA,a town of Italy, found- 
ed by a colony sent thither by Ponipey. 

LAUSUS, a son of Nurnitor, and brotlier 
of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle 
Amulius, who usurped his father's throne. 

— Of. F. 4, 54. A son of Mezentius, king 

of the Tyrrhenians, kilied by iEneas in the 
war which his father and Turnus made 
against the Trojans.— V. S.n. 7, 649. I. 10, 
LAUTILM, a citv of Latium. [426, tec. 
LA0TDM1£ or LATOMliE, a prison at 
Syracuse, cut out of the solid rock by 
Diouysius, and now converted into a sub- 
terraneous garden filled with numerous 
Kiiriibs, flourishing in luxuriant varietj.— 
Ci. Ver. 5, 27.— Li. 26, 27, I. 32, 25 

LAVnRNA, the goddess of thieves and 
dishonest persons at Rome. She did not 
only preside over robbers, called from her 
Laierniones, but she protected such as de- 
ceived others or formed their secret machi- 
nations in obscurity and silence. Her 
worship was very po'pular, and the Romans 
laised her an altar near one of the gates of" 
the citv, which, from that circumstance, 
was cailed the gate of Laverua. She was 
generally represented bv a head without a 

body.— Bor. !, e. 16. 6o.'— Va. L. L. 4. 

A place mentioned bv Plv. be. 

LAVERNltJM. a 'temple of Laverna, 
near Formiae. — Ci. 7. At. 8. 

LAV! AN A. a province of Armenia Minor. 
LAV 1 VI A, a daughtei of king Latinus 
and Amata. She was betrothed to her re- 
lation king Turnus, but because the oracle 
ordered her father to marry her to a foreign 
prince, she was given to &neas after the 
death of Turnus. [Vide Latinus.] At her 
husband's death she was left pregnant, and 
being fearful of the tyranny of Ascauius her 
son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where 
she brought forth a son called iEneas Svl- 
Aius.— Dio. H. l.—V. jEu. 6 & 7.— Or. Me. 
1 1, 507. — Li. 1,1. 

LAVIV1UM or LAVI'MJM, a town of 
Italy, built by Aineas, and called by that 
name in honour of Lavinia, the founder's 
wife. It was the capital of Latium du- 
ring the reign of ./Eneas. — V. JEn, 262. — 
Sir. 5.— Din. H. 1. — Li. 1, 2.—Ju. i3, 2. 

LEADES, a son of Astacus, who killed 
Eieo?lus.— Apol. [donia. 
{-EiEl, a nation of Paeonia, near Mace- 
LE5LNA,an Athenian harlot. [Vide Laeua.] 
LEAN DER, a youth of Abydos, famous 
tor his amours with Hero. [Vide Hero.] 

A Milesian who wrote an historical 

commentary upon his country. 

LEANDRE, a daughter of'Amycias, who 
married Areas. — Apol. 

LEANDRIAS, a Lacedaemonian refugee 
of Thebes, who declared, according to an 
ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the 
superiority over Greece when conquered by 
riie Thebahs at Leuctra.-D/. 15. [Leandre. 
LEAN IRA, a daughter of Amyclas. [Vide 
.'EARCHUS a son of Athamas and Ino 



crushed to death against a wall by his 
father, in a fit of madness. [Vide Athamas-^ 
—Ov. F. 6, ino. 

LEBADE'A,now Lioadias,^to vn of Bceo- 
tia, near mount Helicon. It received this 
name from the mother of Aspledon, and 
became famous for the oracle and cave of 
Trophonius. No moles could live there, ac- 
cording to Plinv.— Str. 9.-PI. 16,36.-Pa.9,59. 

LEB'EDUS or LEB'EDOS,atownof Ionia, 
at the north of Colophon, where festivals 
were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, 
and where Traphonius had a cave and a 
temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and 
carried part' of the inhabitants' to Ephesus, 
It had been founded by an Athenian colonv, 
under one of the sons'of Codrus. — Sir. 14. 
—Hor. ) e.11,7.— Her. l, 142.— Ci.l, Z>/.33. 

LEBE'NA, a commercial town of Crete, 
with a temple sacred to.^sculapius.-Pa.2,26. 

LEBINTHOS& LEB VN' l'HOS,an island 
in the jEgean sea, near Patruos. — Str. 10. — 
Me. 2, 7.— Of. Me. 8, 222. 

LECHiKPM, now Felago, a port of Co. 
rintl. in the bay of Corinth.— St. The. 2,331. 
— Li. 32, 23. ' 

LECTUM, a promontory now cape Bnba, 
separating Troas frmi iEo'lia. — Li. 37, 37. 

LECYTHOS, a town of Eubcea. 

LEDA, a daughter of king Thespius and 
. Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king 
of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the 
river Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was 
some few days advanced in her pn gnancv, 
and the god, struck with her beauty, resolved 
to decehe her. He persuaded Venus to 
change herself into an eagle, w hilt he as- 
sumed the form of a swan ; and, after this 
metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the 
tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled ( 
through the air into the arms of Leda, who 
willingly sheltered the tremblingswan from 
the assaults of his superior enemy. The ca- 
resses with which the naked Leda received 
the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself 
of his situation, and nine months- after this 
adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought 
forth two eggs, of one of which sprang 
Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor 
and Clytemnestra. The two former were 
deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the 
others claimed T\ndarus for their father. 
Some mythologrists attribute this amour to 
Nemesis', and hot to Leda ; and thev further 
mention, that Leda was entrusted with the 
education of the children which sprang 
from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. 
[Vide Helena.] To reconcile this diversity 
i f opinions, others maintain that Leda re- 
ceived the name of Nemesis after death. 
Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the 
metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, 
whence some have imagined that the fable 
was unknown to these two ancient poets, 
and probably invented since their age.— 
Apol. 1, 8, 1.3, 10.— Or. Me. 6, 109.— HesAl, 
oi.—Hyg. fa. 77.— ft. H.—H. Od. 11.— Eur. 
H.—A famous dancer in the age oUuv. 6, 63. 

LEO.EA, an epithet givtu to Hermione, 
Sec. as related to Leda.— F . Mn. 3, 328. 

LFDUS, now Lez, a river of Gaul near 
the modern Montpelier.— Me. 2, 5. 



LEG— LEG 



351 



LEI— LEM 



l.F.GIO, a corps of soldiers in tne Roman 
armies, whose numbers have been different 
af different times. The legion under Ro- 
mulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, 
and was soon after augmented to 4000, 
after the admission of the Sabines into the 
city. When Annibal was in Italy it con- 
sisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it de- 
creased to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it 
consist of G200, besides 700 horse. This was 
the period of its greatness in numbers. 
Livy speaks of ten, and even eighteen, 
legions kept at Rome. During the consu- 
lar government it was usual to levy and fit 
up four legions, which were divided be- 
tween the two consuls. This number was 
however often increased, as time and oc- 
casion required. Augustus maintained a 
standing army of twenty-three or twenty- 
five legions, and this number was seldom 
diminished. In the reign of Tiberius there 
were 21 legions, and the peace establishment 
of Adrian maintained no less than SO of thest 
formidable brigades. They were distributed 
over the Roman empire, and their stations 
were settled and permanent. The peace of 
Britain was protected by three legions; 
sixteen were stationed on the banks of the 
Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and 
three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, 
one in Rheetia, three in Mcesia, four 
in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight 
were stationed on the Euphrates, six of 
which remained in Syria, and two in Cap- 

Eadocia, while the remote provinces of 
igypt, Africa, and Spain, were guarded 
each by a single legion. Besides these, the 
tranquillity of Rome was preserved by 
20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles of city 
cohorts and of praetorian guards, watched 
over the safety of the monarch and of the 
capital. The legions were distinguished by 
different appellations, and generally bor- 
rowed their name from the order itfwhich 
they were first raised, as prima, secunda, 
tcrtia, qnarta, &c. Besides this distinction, 
another more expressive was generally 
added, from the name of the emperor who 
embodied them, as Azignsta ,Claudiana,Gal- 
biana, Flavia, Ufpia, Trajana, Antoniana, 
&c. ; from the provinces or quarters where 
they were stationed, as Britannica, Cyren- 
tacci, Gallica, 6cc. ; from the provinces which 
had been subdued by their valour, as Par- 
thica, Scythira,Arabica,Africana,)kc. ; from 
the names of the deities whom their gene- 
rals particularly worshipped, as Minervia, 
Apollinaris, &c. ; or from more trifling ac- 
cidents, as Mnrtia, Fulminatrix, Rapax, 
Adjutrix, &c. Each legion was divided into 
ten cohorts, each cohort into three mani- 
pnli, and every manipulus into three cen- 
turies, or ordines. The chief commander of 
the legion was called legatus, lieutenant. 
The standards borne by the legions were 
various. In the first ages of P v ome a wolf 
was the standard, in honour of Romulus; 
after that a hog, because that animal was 
generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a 
treaty, and therefore it indicated that war 
is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. 
A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to 



intimate the secrecy with which the gene- 
ral was to act, in commemoration of the 
labyrinth. Sometimes a horse or boar was 
used, till the age of Marius, who changed 
all these for the eagle_ being a representa- 
tion of that bird in silver, holding some- 
times a thunderbolt in its claws. The Ro- 
man eagle ever after remained in use, though 
Trajan made use of the dragon. 

LEITUS, or LETUS, a commander of the 
Boeotians at the siege of Troy. He was saved 
from the victorious hand of Hector and 
from death by Idomeneus. — H. II. 2, 6 & 17. 

One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. — 

Apol. 2, c. 9. 

LELAPS, a dog that never failed to seize 
and conquer whatever animal he was ordered 
to pursue. It was given to Procris by Di- 
ana, and Procris reconciled herself to her 
husband by presenting him with that vain 
able present. According to some, Procris 
had received it from Minos, as a reward for 
the dangerous wounds of which she had cured 
him.— Hyg. fa. 128.— Ov. Mc 7, 111.— Pa, 9, 

19. One of Actseon's dogs.-Oi\ Me. 3, 21 1 

LEL'EGES, (a " lego," to gather) a wan 
dering people, composed of different uncon- 
nected nations. They were originally in- 
habitants of Caria, and went to the Trojan 
war with Altes their king. Achilles piun 
dered their country, and obliged them to 
retire to the neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, 
where they fixed their habitation. The in- 
habitants of Laconia and Megara bore this 
name for some time, from Lelex, one o 
their kings.— Str. 7 & 8.— H. 11. 21, 85.— PI. 
4, 7, 1. 5, 30.— V. JEn. 8, 125.— Pa. 3, 1. 

LELEGEIS, a name applied to Miletus, 
because once possessed by the Leleges. — 
PI. 5, 29. 

LECEX, an Egyptian, who came with a 
colony to Megara, where he reigned about 
200 years before the Trojan war. His sub- 
jects were called from him Leleges, and the 

place Lelegea mvenia — Pa. 3, 1. A Greek, 

who was the first king of Laconia in Pelo- 
ponnesus. His subjects were also called 
Leleges, and the country where he reigned 
Lelegia. — Id. 

LEMANIS, a place in Britain, where Cae- 
sar is supposed to have first landed, and 
therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent. 

LEMANNUS, a lake in the country of the 
Allobroges, through which the Rhone flows 
by Geneva. It is now called the lake of 
Geneva or Lausanne.-r-Z?er. i,39ti. — Me. 2,5. 

LEM N OS, an island in the Mgean sea i e- 
tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Saniothrace. 
It was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pa- 
ter, who fell there when kicked down from 
heaven by Jupiter. [Vide Vulcanns.] It 
was celebrated for two horrible massacres, 
that of the Lemniar women n urdering their 
husbands [Vide Hipsipvle], and that of the 
Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the chil- 
dren they had had by some Athenian wo- 
men, whom they had carried away to be- 
come their wives. These two acts of cru- 
elty have given rise to the proverbs of Lem- 
nian actions, which is applied to all bar- 
barous and inhuman deeds. The first inhabi- 
tants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, orrather 
2 H 2 



LEM-LEN 



352 



LEO— LEO 



the Thracians, who were murdered by their 
wives. After them came the children of the 
Lemnian widows oy the Argonauts, whose 
descendants were at last expelled bv the 
Pelasgi, abont 1100 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Lemnos is" about 112 miles in cir- 
cumference, according to Pliny, who says 
that it is often shadowed by mount Atho's, 
though at the distance of 87 miles. It has 
been called Hypsipyle, from queen Hypsi- 
pyle. It is famous for a certain kind of 
earth or chalk, called terra Lemnia, or 
terra sigillata, from the seal or impression 
which it can bear. As the inhabitants were 
blacksmiths, the poets have taken occasion 
to lix the forges of Vulcan in that island, 
and to consecrate the whole country to his 
divinity. Lemnos is also celebrated for a 
labyrinth, which, according to some tradi- 
tions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. 
Some remains of it were still visible in the 
age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now 
called Stalhnene, was reduced under the 
power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Ca- 
rians, who then inhabited it, obliged to emi- 
grate. — V. Mn. 8, 454.—//. //. 1, 593.— C. 
Nep. M.—Str. 1, 2, & 7.— Her. 6, 140.— Me. 

2, c. l.—Apol. l,Arg.—Fluc. 2,76.— Ov.A. 

3, 672.— St. Th. 274. 

LEMOVTCES, a people of Gaul, now Le- 
vwusin h Limogis. — Cces. G. 7, G. 4. 

LEMOV 1 1, a nation of Germany.— Ta. Ge. 

LEM'URES, the manes of the dead. The 
ancients supposed that the souls, after 
death, wandered all over the world, and 
disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. The 
good spirits were called Lares familiarcs, 
and the evil ones were known by the name 
of Larva:, or Le mures. They terrified the 
good, and continually haunted the wicked 
and impious ; and the Romans had the su- 
perstition to celebrate festivals in their ho- 
nour, called Lemuria, or Lemur ialia, in 
the month of May. They were first insti- 
tuted by Romulus to appease the manes of 
his brother Remus, from whom they were 
called Remuria, and, by corruption, Lejnu- 
ria. These solemnities continued three 
nights, during which the temples of the gods 
were shut, and marriages prohibited. It 
was usual for the people to throw black 
beans on the graves of the deceased, or to 
burn them, as the smell was supposed to be 
insupportable to them. They also muttered 
magical words, and by beating kettles and 
drums, they believed that the ghosts would 
depart, and no longer come to terrify their 
relations upon earth.— Oy. F. 5, 421, &c. — 
Hor. 2, e. 2, 209.— Per. 5, 185. [mures. 

LEMU'RIA& LEMURA'LIA. [Vide Le- 

LENZEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from 
" lenos, n a wine press. There was a festival 
called Lenaa, celebrated in his honour, in 
which the ceremonies observed at the other 
festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There 
were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. — 
Pa.— Fir g. G. 2, v. v. 4. Mn. 4, v. 207.— Ov. 
Me. 4, 14. A learned grammarian, or- 
dered by Pompey to translate into Latin 
some of the physical manuscripts of Mithri- 
dates, king of Pontus. 

LENTULUS, a celebrated family at Rome, 



which produced many great men in the 
commonwealth. The most illustrious were 
L. Corn. Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 428, 
who dispersed some robbers who infested 

Umbria. BATIATUS LENTULUS, a man 

who trained up some gladiators at Capua, 

which escaped from his school. CORN. 

LEN TULUS, surnamed Sura. He joined 
in Catiline's conspiracy, and assisted in 
corrupting the Aliobroges. He was con- 
victed in full senate by Cicero, and put 

in prison, and afterwards executed. A 

consul who triumphed over the Samnites. 

CN. LENTULUS, surnamed Gcelnlicus, 

was made consul, A.D. 26, and was, some 
time after, put to death by Tiberius, who 
was jealous of his great popularity. He 
| wrote an history, mentioned by Suetonius, 
j and attempted also poetry. L. LENTU- 
LUS, a friend of Pompe'v, put to death in 

I Africa. P. CORN. LENTULUS, a pne- 

tor, defeated bv the rebellious slaves in Si- 
cily. LENTULUS SPINTHER, a sena- 

! tor, kindly used by J. Caesar, &c. A tri- 

1 bune at the battle of Cannae. P. LEN- 

jTlTLUS, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by 
Cicero (de. Or. l, 48,) as a great and con- 

' summate statesman. Besides these, there 

are a few others, whose name is only men- 
tioned in history, and whose life was not 
: marked by any uncommon event. The con- 
sulship was in the family of the Lentuli in 
t the years of Rome 428, 477, 515, 516, 551, 
594,596, kc.—Ta.An.-Li.-Fl.-Pl.-P/u.-Eut. 

LEO, a native of Byzantium, who flou- 
rished 350 years before the Christian era. 
His philosophical and political talents en- 
deared him to his countrymen, and he was 
always sent upon every important occasion 
as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of 
Philip king of Macedonia. This monarch, 
well acquainted wun the abilities of Leo, 
was sensible that his views and claims to 
Byzantium would never succeed while it 
was protected by the vigilance of such a 
patriotic citizen. To remove him he had 
recourse to artifice and perfidy. A letter 
was forged, in which Leo made solemn pro- 
mises of betraying his country to the king 
of Macedonia for money. This was no 
sooner known than the people ran enraged 
to the house of Leo, and the philosopher, t/t 
avoid their fury, and without attempting 
Jiis justification, strangled himself. He had 
written some treatises upon physic, and 
also the history of his country, and the wars 
of Philip, in seven books, which have been 

lost.Plu. A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c— 

A king of Sparta. A son o'f Eurycrates. 

Ath.\2.l J hil. An emperor of the east, sur- 
named the Thracian. He reigned 17 years 
and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo 
II. for ten months, and afterwards by Zeno. 

LEOCORION, a monument and temple 
erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, The- 
ope, and Eubule, daughters of Leos, who 
immolated themselves when an oracle had 
ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, 
some of the blood of the citizens must be 
shed.— Ml. (2, 28.— Cic. N. D. 3, 19. 

LEOCRATES, an Athenian general, who 
flourished B.C. 460, kc.—Di. U. 



LEO — LEO 

LEOD'AMUS, a son of Eteocles, one of 
the seven Theban chiefs who defended the 
city against the Arrives. He killed JEg]&- 

leus,and was himself killed by Alcmaeon. 

A son of Hector and Andromache. — Die. Cr. 

LEOD'OCUS,oneofthe Argonauts. Flac. 

JLEOG'ORAS, an Athenian debauchee,who 
maintained the courtezan Mvrrhina. 

LEON, a king of Sparta.— Her. 7, -204. 

A town of Sicily, near Syracuse.— Li. 24, 25. 

LEONA, a courtezan, called also Laena. 
[Fide Lama.] 

LEON'ATUS, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals. His father's name was Eunus. He 
distinguished himself in Alexander's con- 
quest of Asia, and once saved the king's life 
in a dangerous battle. After the death of 
Alexander, at the general division of the 
provinces, he received for his portion that 
part of Phrygia which borders on the Helles- 
pont. He was empowered by Perdiccas to 
assist Eumenes in making himself master of 
the province of Cappadocia, which had been 
allotted to him. Like the rest of the gene- 
rals of Alexander, he was ambitious of 
power and dominion. He aspired to the 
sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly 
communicated to Eumenes the different 
plans he meant to pursue to execute his 
designs. He passed from Asia into Europe 
to assist Antipater against the Athenians, 
and was killed in a battle which was fought 
soon after his arrival. Historians have men- 
tioned, as an instance of the luxury of Leo- 
natus, that he employed a number of camels 
to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle 
upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed better 
calculated for that purpose.— Pin. Al. — 
Curt. 3, 12, 1. 6, 8.—Ju. 13, l.—Di. 18.— 

C. Nep. Eu. A Macedonian withPyrrhus 

in Italy against the Romans. 

LEON'l DAS, a celebrated king of Lacedee- 
mon, of the family of the Eurysthenidse, 
sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes, 
king of Persia, who had invaded Greece 
with about five millions of souls. He was 
offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, 
if he would not oppose his views ; but Leo- 
nidas heard the pioposal with indignation, 
and observed that he preferred death for his 
country, to an unjust though extensive do- 
minion over it. Before the engagement 
Leonidas exhorted his soldiers and told 
them all to dine heartily, as they were to 
sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was 
fought at Thermopylae, and the 300 Spartans 
who alone had refused to abandon the scene 
of action, withstood the enemy with such 
vigour, that they were obliged to retire, 
. wearied and conquered during three succes- 
sive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had 
the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Per- 
sians by a secret path up the mountains, 
whence they suddenly fell upon the rear of 
the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. 
Only one escaped of the 300 : he returned 
home, where he was treated with insult and 
.reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a 
battle in which his brave companions, with 
their royal leader, had perished. This cele- 
brated battle, which happened 480 years be- 
fore the Christian era, taught the Greeks 



LEO LEO 
to despise the number of the Persians, and 
to rely upon their own strength and intre- 
pidity. Temples were raised' to the fallen 
hero, and festivals, called Leonidea, yearly 
celebrated at Sparta, in which free-born 
youths contended. Leonidas, as hedepatt- 
ed for the battle from Lacedsemon, gave no 
other injunction to his wife, but, after his 
death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, 
to raise from her children deserving of the 
name and greatness of her first husband. — 
Her. 7, 120, Sec.— C. Nep. Tk.—Jn. 2.— Fa. 

Ma. I, 6.— Pa. 3, A.— Flu. Lyc. C. A 

king of Sparta after A reus II. 257 years be- 
fore Christ. He was driven from his king- 
dom by Cleombrotus, his son'in-law, and 

afterwards re-established. A preceptor to 

Alexander the Great. A friend of Par- 

menio, appointed commander, by Alexan- 
der, of the soldiers who lamented the death 
of Parmenio, and who formed a separate 

cohort. — Curt. 7, 2. A learned man of 

Rhodes, greatly commended bv Strabo, &c. 

LEONTIUM & LEONTf'NI,a town of Si- 
cily about five miles distant from the sea-shore. 
It "was built by a colony from Chalcis, in 
Eubcea, and was,according to some accounts, 
once the habitation of the Laestrygones, for 
which reason the neighbouring fields are 
often called Lcestryponii campi. The coun- 
try was extremely fruitful, whence Cicero 
calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The 
wine which it produced was the best of the 
island. The people of Leontium implored 
the assistance of the Athenians against the 
Svracusans, B. C. 427.— Th. fi.— Pol. l.—Ov. 
F. 4, 467.— It. 14, 126.— Ci. Ver. 5. 

LEONTIUM, a celebrated courtezan of 
Athens, who studied philosophy under Epi- 
curus, and became one of his most renowned 
pupils. She prostituted herself to the phi- 
losopher's scholars, and even to Epicurus 
himself, if we believe the reports which 
were raised by some of his enemies. [Vide 
Epicurus.] Metrodorus shared her favours 
in the most unbounded manner, and by him 
she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so 
partial, that lie recommended him to his 
executors on his dying bed. Leontium not 
only professed herself a warm admirer and 
follower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but 
she even wrote a book in support of them 
against Theophrastus. This book was val- 
uable, if we believe the testimony and cri- 
ticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and 
elegance of its style, and the truly Attic 
turn of the expressions. Leontium had also 
a daughter called Danae, who married So- 
phron.— Ci. Nat. D. 1,'33. 

LEONTOCEPH'A LUS , a strongly forti- 
fied city of Phrygia. — Plu. 

LEON TON or LEONTOP'OLiS, a town 
of Egypt where lions were worshipped.— 
ML H. An. \2,7.—Pl. 5, 10. 

LEONTYCHI DES. [Fide Leotychides.] 
LEOS, a son of Orpheus, who immolated 
his three daughters for the good of Athens. 
[Fide Leocorion.] 

LEOS'TH EN ES, an Athenian general, 
who, after Alexander's death, drove Antipa- 
ter to Thessaly, where he besieged him in 
the town of Lamia. The success which lor 
1 2 H 3 



LEO— LEP 5, 
a while attended his arms was soon clnnged 
oy a fatal blow which he received from a 
stone thrown by the besieged, B. C. 323. 
The death of Leosthenes was followed by 
a total defeat of the Athenian forces. The 
funeral oration over his body was pro- 
nounced at Athens by Hyperides, in the ab- 
sence of Demosthenes, who had been lately 
banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus*. 
—[Fide Lamiacum.]— Di. 17 & Ik.- Sir. 9. 
— —Another general of Athens, condemned 
on account of the bad success which attend- 
ed his arms asrainst Peparethos. 

LEOTYCH'IDES, a king of Sparta, son 
of Menares, of the family of the Proclidae. 
He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by 
his courage and valour, he put an end to 
the Persian war at the famous battle of 
Mycale. It is said that he cheered the 
spirits of his fellow soldiers at Mycale, who 
were anxious for theircountrymeu in Greece, 
by raising a report that a Battle had been 
fought at Platita, in which the barbarians 
had been defeated. This succeeded, and 
though the information was false, yet 
a battle was fought at Plataea, in which the 
Greeks obtained the victory the same day 
that the Persian fleet was destroyed at My- 
cale. Leotychides was accused of a capital 
crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the pun- 
ishment which his guilt seemed to deserve, 
he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, 
where he perished, B. C. 469, after a reign 
of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grand- 
son Archidamus.— Pa. 3,7 Si 8.— Di. II. 

A son of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timaea. 
The legitimacy of his birth was disputed by 
some, and it was generally believed that he 
was the son of Alcibiades." He was prevent- 
ed from ascending the throne of Sparta by 
Lysander, though Agis had declared him 
upon his desth-bed his lawful son and heir, 
and Agesilaus was appointed in his place. — 
C. Nep. Ag.—Plu.-Pa. 3, 8. 

LEPH YR.IUM, a city of Cilicia. 

LEP'IDA, a noble woman, accused of at- 
tempts to poison her husband, from whom 
she had been separated for 20 years. She 
was condemned under Tiberius.— Ta. An. 3, 

c. 22. A woman who married Scipio. 

Domitia, a daughter of Drustis and Antonia, 
great niece to Augustus, and aHiit to the 
emperor Nero. She is described by Tacitus 
as a common prostitute, infamous in her 
manners, violent in her temper, and yet 
celebrated for her beauty. She was put to 
death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero's 
mother. — Ta. A wife of Gaiba the em- 
peror. A wife of Cassins, &c. 

LEP'IDUS. M. .EM I LI US, a Roman, ce- 1 
lebrated as being one of the triumvirs with | 
Augustus and Antony. He was of an illus- 
trious family, and, like the rest of his con- 
temporaries, he was remarkable for his am- 1 
bition, to which were added a narrowness of j 
mind, and a great deficiency of military 
abilities. He w as sent against Caesar's mur- | 
derers, and, some time" after, he leagued i 
with M. Antony, who had gained the heart 
of his soldiers by artifice, and ihat of their 
commander by his address. When his in- j 
tiui uce and power among the soldiers had 



4 LEP-LKIi 
made him one of the triumvirs, he shower 
his cruelty, like his colleagues, by his pro- 
scriutions and even suffered his own bro- 
ther to he sacrificed to the dagger of the 
triumvirate. He received Africa as his por- 
tion of the division of the empjre ; but his 
indolence soon rendered him dtspcable in 
the eves of Lis soldiers and his colleagues ; 
and "Augustus, who was well acquaint* d 
with the unpopularity of Lepidus, went to 
his camp and obliged him to resign the 
power to which he was entitled as being a 
triumvir. After this degrading event, he 
sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order 
of Augustus, toCerceii, a small town on the 
coast of Latium, where he ended his days 
in peace, B. C. 13, and where he was for- 
gotten as soon as out of power.— App.—Plu. 

Au. — FL 4, 6 &7. A Roman consul, ser.t 

to be the guardian of Ptolemy Epiphanes., 
w hom his father had left to the care of the 
Roman people.— Ta. An. 2, 67.— Ju. 30, 3. 

A son of Julia, the grand-daughter oi 

Augustus. He was intended by Caius as his 
successor in the Roman empire. He com- 
mitted adultery with Asrrippina when young. 

— Di. 59. An orator mentioned by Ci. Er. 

A censor, A. U. C. 734. 

LEPI'NCS, a mountain of Italy.— Col. in. 

LEPONTII, a people at the source of the 
Rhine.— PI. 3, 20. 

LEPREOS, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a 
town in Elis, which he called after his own 
name. He laid a wager that he would eat 
as much as Hercules; upon which he killed 
an ox and e*t it up. He afterwards chal- 
lenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and 
was killed. — Pavs. 5, c. 5. 

LEPRILM or LEPREOS, a town of Elis. 
—Ci. 6. At. 2.— PI. 4, 5. 

LEPTINES, a general of Demetrius, 
who ordered Cn. Octavjus, one of the Ro- 
man ambassadors, to be put to death. A 

son of Hermocrates, of Syracuse, brother to 
Dionysius. He was sent by his brother 
against the Carthaginians, and experienced 
so much success, that he sunk fifty of their 
ships. He was afterwards defeated by 
Mago, and banished by Dionysius. He 
always continued a faithful friend to the 
interests of his brother, though naturally an 
avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. 
He was killed in a battle" with the Cartha- 
ginians. — Di. 15. A famous orator at 

Athens, who endeavoured to set the peopie 
free from oppressive taxes. He was o|>- 

posed by Demosthenes. A tyrant of Apol- 

lonia, who surrendered to " Timoleon.— 
Di. 16. 

LEPTIS, the name of two cities of Africa, 
one of which, cailed Major, now Lebida, 
was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a 
Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, 
called Minor, now Lemta, was about eigh- 
teen Roman miles from Adrumetum. It 
paid every day a talent to the republic of 
Carthage,' bv way of tribute. — Luc. 2, 251. 
— PI. 5, 19.— Sal. J. 77.— Me. 1, 6— Sir. 3, 
256.— Cces, C. 2, 38. Ci. 5. Ver. 5'J. 

LER.IA, an island in the jEgean sea, on 
the coast of Caria, about eighteen miles in 
circumference,peopled by a Milesian colon v. 



5 LET — LEU 

" lethe,^ oblivion. Lethe is a river or Afrira', 
near the Syrtes, which runs under tie 
ground, and some time after rises again, 
whence the origin of the fable of the L.e- 

tliean streams of oblivion. There is also 

a river of that name in Spain. Anotl.t r 

in Boeotia, whose waters were drunk by tho»e 
w ho consulted the oracle of Trophoiiius. — 
Luc. 9, 355.— Ov. Tr. 4, e. I, M.—Virg. G. 
4, 545.— Mn. 6, 714.—//. 1, 235, 1. 10, boo.— 
Pa. 9, 39.— Hor. 4, o. 7, 27. 

LETUS, a mountain of Liguria.— Li. 
41, 18. 

LEUCA, a town of the Salentines, near a 
cape of the same name in Italy. — Luc. 5, 3?tf. 

A town of Ionia, of Crete, or 

Argolis.— Str. 6, &c. 

LEUCAS or LEUCADIA, an island of 
the Ionian sea, now called St. Maura, new 
the coast of Epirus, famous for a promon- 
tory called Leucate, Leucas, Leucates, where 
desponding lovers threw themselves into 
the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap 
to free herself from the violent passion 
which she entertained for Phaon. The word 
is derived from "/e&os," white, on account of 



LEIi — LET 3, 
ts innabitants were very dishonest.— Str. 
10.— Her. 5, 125. 

LERINA, or PLANASI A, a small island 
in the Mediterranean, on the coa*t of Gaul, 
at the east of the Rhone.— Ta. An. I, 3. 

LERNA, a country of Argolis, celebrated 
for a grove and a lake, where, according 
to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads 
of their murdered husbands. It was there 
also that Hercules killed the famous hydra. 
— V. Mn. 6 r 803, 1. 12, 517.— St r. 8.— Me. 2, 
3.— Ov. Me. 1, 597.— Luc. 5.— St. Th. 4, 

638.— Apol. 2, 15. There was a festival, 

called Lernosa, celebrated there in honour 
of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The 
Argives used to carry lire to this solemnity 
from a temple upon mount Crathis, dedi- 
cated to Diana.— Pa. 

LERO, a small island on the coast of 
Gaul, called also Lerina. 

LEROS. [Vide Leria.] 

LESBOS, a large island in the jEgean 
sea, now known by the name of Metelin, 
168 miles in circumference. It has been 
severally called Mgira, Lasia, Mthiope, Pe- 
lasgia, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was 

first peopled, Macaria from Macareus, who ' the whiteness of its'rocks. Apolio had a 
settled in it, and Lesbos from the son-in- j temple on the promontory, whence he is 
law and successor of Macareus, who bore j often called Leucadius. The island was 
the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos ' former\y joined to the continent by a nar- 
were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos was j row isthmus, which the inhabitants dug 
originally governed by king's, but they were through after the Peloponnesian war.— Ov. 
afterwards subjected to tli; neighbouring j Hero. 15, 171.— Sir. 6, &ic— It. 15, 302.— V. 

powers. The wine which ii produced was J Mn. 3,274, 1. 8,677. A town of Phoenicia. 

greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still LEUCASION, a village of Arcadia- 
is in the same repute among the moderns. ! Pa. 8, 25. 

The Lesbians were celebrated among the I LEUCASPIS, a Lycian, one of the com- 
ancients for their skill in music, and their ' panions of iEneas, "drowned in the Tyrr- 
women for their beauty ; but the general ' 
charactev of the people was so debauched 
and dissipate, that the epithet of Lesbian 
was often used to signify debauchery and 
extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to 
many illustrious persons, such as Arion, 
Terpander, &c. The best verses were by 
way of eminence often called Lesboum car- 
men, from Alcaius and Sappho, who distin- 
guished themselves for their poetical com- 
positions, and were also natives of the place. 
— Di. 5.-Str. iZ.—Virg. G. 2, 90.— Hor. 1, 
e. n.—Her. 1, 160. 

LESBDS or LESBOS, a son of Lapithas, 
grandson of vEolus, who married Methymna 
daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his 
father-in-law, and gave his name to the 
island over which he reigned. 

LESCHES, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who 
flourished B.C. 600. Some suppose him to 
be the author of the little Iliad, of which 
only few verses remain,quoted by Pa. 10, 25. 

LESTRY'GONES. Vide Lsestrygones. 

LETANUM, a town of Propontis, built 
bv the Athenians. 

"LETHiEUS, a river of Lydia flowing by 
Magnesia into the Maender.— Str. io, &c. 
Another of Macedonia, of Crete. 

LETHE, one of the rivers of hell, whose 
waters the souls of the dead drank afcer they 
had been confined for a certain space of time 
in Tarcarus. It had the power of making 
them forget whatever they had done, seen, 
or heard before m the name implies, 



bene sea.-F. Mn. 6, 334. 

LEUCATE. Vide Leucas. 

LEUCE, asmall island in the Euxine sea, 
of a triangular form, between the mouths 
of the Danube and the Boryslhenes. Ac- 
cording to the poet*, the souls of the an- 
cient heroes were placed there as in the Ely- 
sian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual 
felicity, and reaped the repose to which 
their benevolence to mankind, and their 
exploiis during life, seemed to entitle them. 
From that circumstance it has often been 
called the island of the blessed, &c. Accord- 
ing to some accounts, Achilles celebrated 
there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather 
Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place 
with the manes of Ajax, kc.—Str. 2. Me. 2, 7. 

Am. 22.— Q. Cat. 3, v. 773. One of the 

Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his 
kingdom. 

LEUCI, a people of Gaul, between the 
Moselie and the Maese. The capital is now 
called Toul.—Ces. B. G. 1, 40. Moun- 
tains on the west of Crete, appearing at 3 
distance like white clouds, whence the name. 

LEUCTPPE, one of the Oceanides. 

LEUCIP'PIDES, the daughters of Leu 
cippus. Vide Leucippus. 

LE! CIPPUS, a celebrated philosophei 
of Aodera, about 428 years before Christ, 
discple to Zeno. He was the first who in- 
vented the famous system of atoms aud of a 
vacuum, which was afterwards more fully 
explained by Democriius and Fpicunu. 



LEU— LEU 3$S LEU— LEU 



Jlany of his hypotheses have been adopted 
by the moderns with advantage. Dio?. has 

written his life. A brother of Tyndarus 

king of Sparta, who married Philodice 
daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two 
daughters, Hiiaria and Phoebe, known by 
the patronymic of Leucippides. They were 
carried away by their cousins Castor and 
Pollux, as they were going to celebrate 
their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. — Ov. 
F. 5, 701.- Apol. 3, 10, Sec— Pa. 3, 17 & 26. 

A son of Xa; thus, descended from Bel- 

lerophon. He became deeply enamoured 
of one of his sisters, and when he was una- 
ble to restrain his unnatural passion, he re- 
solved to gratify it. He acquainted his mo- 
ther with it, and threatened to murder him- 
self if she attempted to oppose his views 
or remove the object of his affection. 
The mother, rather than lose a son whom 
she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, 
and bv her consent her daughter yielded 
herself to the arms of her brother. Some 
time after the father resolved to give his 
daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. 
The" future husband was informed that the 
daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a 
lover, and he communicated the intelligence 
to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly 
watcned his daughter, and when Leucippus 
had introduced himself to her bed, the fa- 
ther, in his eagerness to discover the se- 
ducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. 
The daughter was alarmed, and as she at- 
tempted to escape she received a mortal 
wound from her father, who took her to be 
the lover. Leucippus came to her assist- 
ance, and stabbed his father in the dark, 
without knowing "ho he was. This acci- 
dental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly 
from his country. He came to Crete, where 
the inhabitants refused to give him an asy- 
lum, when acquainted with the atrociousness 
of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, 
where he died in the greatest misery and 

remorse. — Her m. Parlh. 5. A son of 

GSnomaus,wlro became enamoured of Daph- 
ne, and to obtain her conlidence disguised 
himself in a female dress and attended his 
mistress as a companion. He gained the 
affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness 
and attention, but his artilice at last proved 
fatal, through the influence and jealousy of 
his rival Apollo ; for when Daphne and her 
attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the 
sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he 
perished by the darts of the females. Par.Er. 
c. l5.Pa.8,20.— A son of Hercules, by Marse, 
one of the daughters of Thespius— Apol. 3. 7. 
LEUCO'LA, a part of Cyprus. 
LEUCON, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who 
lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. 
He was a great patron of the useful arts, and 
greatly encouraged commerce.— Str.—Di. 
14.— A son of Athamas and Themisto.— Pa. 
6,622.- A king of Pontus, kilied by his bro- 
ther, whose bed he had denied. — Ov.lb.s. 

A town of Africa near Cvrene.— Her 4, 160. 

LEUCO'NE, a daughter of Aphidas, who 
frave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. 
-Pa. S, 44. 
LEl)CO'NES,ason of Hercules.— Apol 



LEUCONOE, a daughter of Lycambes 
The Leuconoe to whom Horace address*'., 
his 1, o. 11, seems to be a fictitious name. 

LEUCOPE'TRA, a place on the isthmus 
of Corinth, where the Achgeans were de- 
feated by the consul Mummiis. A pro- 
montory six miles east from Rregium in 
Italy, where the Appennines terminate and 
sink into the sea. 

LEU'COHHliYS, a temple of Diana, with 
a city of the same name, near the. Maeander. 
The goddess was represented under the 
figure of a woman with many breasts, and 

crowned with victory. An ancient name 

of Tenedos.— Pa. 10, 14.— Sir. 13 *i 14. 

LEUCOP OLIS, a town of Caria. 

LEUCOS, a river of Macedonia near 
Pydna. A man, &c. Vide Idomenens. 

LKUCOS-IA, a small island in the Tyrr- 
hene sea. It received its name from oheof 
the companions of ./Eneas, who was drowned 
there, or from one of the Syrens, who was 
throw n there by the sea.— Sir. 5. — Ov. Me. 
15, e. 708. 

LEUCOSY'RII, a people of Asia Minor, 
called afterwards Cappadocians.— Sir. 12. 
The same name is given to the inhabitants 
of Cilicia where it borders on Cappadocia. 
~C. Nep. 14, I. 

LEU'COTKOE or LEUCOT HKa, the 
wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. 
[Vide Ino.) SJie was called Matura by the 
Romans, who raised her a temple, where all 
the people, particularly women, offered 
vows for their brothers' children. They 
did not intreat the deity to protect their 
own children, because Ino had been unfor- 
tunate in her's. No female slaves were 
permitted to enter the temple, or if their 
curiosity tempted them to tiansgress this 
rule, they were beaten away with the great- 
est severity. To this supplicating for other 
people's children, Ovid alludes in these 
lines : F. 6. [adoral, 
Non tamen kanc pro st'irpe sua pia maler 

Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens. 

A daughter of king Orchamus by Eu- 

rynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, 
and to introduce himselr to her with greater 
facility, he assumed the shape and features 
of her mother. Their happiness was com- 
plete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved 
Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with 
Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue 
to her father, who ordered his daughter to 
be buried alive. The lover, unable to save 
her from death, sprinkled nectar and am- 
brosia on her tomb, which penetrating as 
far as the ')ody changed it into a beautiful 
tree which bears the frankincense.— Or. Me. 

4, 196. An island in the Tyrrhene sea, 

near Capreae. A fountain of Samos. A 

town of Egypt, of Arabia.— Me. 2, 7. 

A part of Asia which produces frankincense. 

LEUCTRA, a village of Bceotia, between 
PlatpeaandTnespia, famous for the victory 
which Epaminondas the Theban general ob- 
tained over the superior force of Cleombro- 
tus king of Sparta, on the 8th of .Inly, B.C. 
371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans 
were killed, with their, king Cleombrctus, 
and no more than 30C Tliebans. From that 



LEU —LIB 



357 



LIB— LIB 



lin e the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, 
which thev had obtained for near 600 years. 

Plu. Pel. &r Ag.—C. Nep. Ep.—Ju. 6, 6.— 
Xen. H. Gra.—Di. 15.— Pa. La.-Ci. off. \, 
18.— Tu. 1, 46.— At. 6, e. l.-rStr. 9. 

LEUCTRUM, a town of Laconia.— Str. 8. 

LEUCUS, one of the companions of Ulys- 
ses killed before Trov by Antiphus son of 
Priam.— H. II. 4, 491.' 

LEUCYANIAS, a river of Peloponnesus, 
flowing: into the Alpheus.— Pa. 6, 21. 

LETJTYCH'IDES, a Lacedaemonian, made 
king- of Sparta on the expulsion of Dema- 
ratus.— Her. 6, c.65,&c. Vide Leotychides. 

LEVANA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over the actions of the person who 
took up from the ground a newly-born 
child, after it had been placed there 'bv the 
midwife. This was generally done bv the 
fatner, and so religiously observed was this 
ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child 
could be disputed without it. 

LEVINUS. Vide Laevinus. 

LEXO VII, a people of Gaul, at the mouth 
of the Seine, conquered with great slaugh- 
ter by a lieutenant of J. Caesar.— C<es. B. G. 

LIB'ANIUS, a celebrated sophist of Anti- 
och in the age of the emperor Julian. He 
was educated at Athens, and opened a 
school at Antioch, which produced some of 
the best and most of the literary characters 
of the age. Libanius was naturally vain 
and arrogant, and he contemptuously re- 
fused the offers of the emperor Julian, who 
wished to purchase his friendship and inti- 
macy by raising him to offices of the great- 
est splendour and affluence in the empire. 
When Julian had imprisoned the senators of 
Antioch for their impertinence, Libanius 
undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, 
and paid a visit to the emperor, in which 
he astonished him by the boldness and inde- 
pendence of his expressions, and the firm- 
ness and resolution ot his mind. Some of 
his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, 
are extant ; they discover much affectation 
and obscurity of style, and we cannot per- 
haps much regret the loss of writings which 
afforded nothing but a display of pedantry, 
and quotations from Homer. Julian sub- 
mitted his writings to the. judgment of Liba- 
nius with the greatest confidence, and the 
sophist freely rejected or approved, and 
showed that he was more attached to the 
person than the fortune and greatness of 
his prince. The time of his death is un- 
known. The best edition of Libanius 

seems to be that of Paris, fol. 1606, with a 
second volume published by Morell, 1627. 
Hisepistles have been edited by Y\'o.f,fol.!73s. 

LIBA'NUS, a high mountain of Syria, fa- 
mous for its cedars.— Str. 6. 

LIBEN ITNA, a surname of Venus, who 
haa a temple at Rome, w here the young wo- 
men used to dedicate the toys and childish 
amusements of their youth, when arrived at 
nubile years.— Var. L. L. 5, 6. 

LIBER, a surname of Bacchus, which 
signifies free. He received this name from 
his delivering some cities of Bceotia from 
slavery, or according to others, because 
wine, of which he was the patron de- 



livered mankind from their cares, and 
made them speak with freedom and un- 
concern. The word is often used for wine 
itself. — Se7i. t. a. 

LIB'ERA, a goddess, the same as Proser- 
pine.— Ci. V. 4. 48. A name given to 

Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had 
married her. — Ov. P.. 3, 513.. 

LIBERA'LIA, festivals yearly celebrated 
in honour of Bacchus, the 17th of March. 
Slaves were then permitted to speak with 
freedom, and every thing bore the appear- 
ance of independence. They are much the 
same as the Dionysia of the Greeks.— Var. 

LIBERTAS, a goddess of Rome who had 
a temple on mount Aventine, raised by T. 
Gracchus, and improved and adorned by 
Pollio with many elegant statues and 
brazen columns, and a gallery in which 
were deposited the public acts of the state. 
She was represented as a woman in a iight 
dress, holding a rod in one hand, and a cao 
in the other, both signs of independence, as 
the former was used by the magistrates in 
the manumission of slaves, and the latter 
was worn by slaves, who were soon to be 
set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed 
at her feet, as this animal was very fond of 
liberty, and inpatient when confined. — L?. 
24, 16, 1. 25, 7.— Ov. T. 3, e. 1, 72.— Plu. 
Grac.— Dio. Ca. 44. 

LI BETHRA, a fountain of Magnesia in 
Thessaiy, or of Bceotia according to some, 
sacred to the muses, who from thence are 
called Libethrides.—V. Ecl.l,2\.—Plin. 4, 
9.— Me. 2, 3.— Sir. 9, k 10. 

LIBE TH'RIDES, a name given to the 
Muses from the fountain Cibethra, or from 
mount Libethrus in Thrace. 

LIBICf, LIBECH,or LI BRI, a people ot 

Gaul who passed into Italy, A.U.C. 36-*. 

Liv. 5, 35, I. 21, 38.— PI. 3, 17.— Pol. 2. 

LIBITI'NA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over funerals. According to some, 
she is the same as Venus, or rather Pro- 
serpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a 
temple at Rome, where every thing neces- 
sary for funerals was exposed to sale, an<» 
where the registers of thedead were usual!" 
kept.— Bio. H.l.—Li. 40.19.— Va. Ma. 5, >. 
— Plv. Q. It. 

LIBO, a friend of Pompey, who watchr**. 

over the fleet, kc.—Plu. A Roma'i 

citizen, kc.—Hor. 1, e. 19. A friend of 

the first triumvirate, who killed himself and 
was condemned after death. 

LIBON, a Greek architect who built the 
famous temple of Jupiter Olympus. He 
flourished about 450 years before the 
Christian era. [country near Carthage. 

LIBOPHCEN'ICES, the inhabitants of the 

LIBliRNA, a town of Dalmatia. 

LIBURNIA, now Croatia, a country o 
Illyricum, between lstria and Dalmatia, 
whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, 
in Italy. There were at Rome a number of 
men whom the magistrates employed a* 
public heralds, who "were called Libnrni, 
probably from being originally of Ciburnian 
extraction. Some ships of a light construc- 
tion but with strong beaks were aiso called 
Libera ian.— Pro. 2, e. 11, 4" — Juv. 4, 7». 



LIB — LIU 
— Mart. I, e. 50, 33.— Hor. 1, o. ^7, 30.— 
£/>o. I, I. — Luc. 3, 534.— Pi. 6, e. 16.— Ate. 
2, 3.— Str. 1,—Ptot. 2, 17. 

LIBUR'NIDES, an island on the coast of 
Liburnia, in the Adriatic. — Sir. 5. 

LIBURNUM MARE, the sea which bor- 
ders on the coasts of Liburnia. 

LI BURN US, a mountain of Campania. 

LIBYA, a daughter of Epaphus and Cas- 
siopea, who became mother of Agenor and 
Belus by Neptune.— Apol. 2, 1, 1.3, I.— Pa. 

1,44. A name given to Africa, one of the 

three grand divisions of the ancient globe. 
Libya, properly speaking, is only a part of 
Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and 
on the west by that part called by the mo- 
derns the kingdom of Tripoli. The ancients, 
according to some traditions mentioned by 
Herodotus, and others, sailed roundAfrica,bv 
steering westward from the Red Sea, and en- 
tered the Mediterranean by the columns of 
Hercuies, al ter a per ilous navigation of three 
years. From the word Libya are derived 
the epithets of Libys. Libysta, Libysis, Li- 
bystis, Libycus, Libyslicus, Libyslinus, Li- 
hysteeiis.—V. /En. 4, 10(5, 1. 5, 37.— tic. 4.— 
Sal. &ic. 

LIB'YCUM MARE, that part of the Medi- 
terranean, which lies on the coast of Cvrene. 
—Str. 2. 

LIBYCUS & LIBYST1S. [Vide Libya.] 

LIBYS, a sailor, &c— Ov. Me. 3. 

LIBYSSA, a river of Bithynia, with a 
town or the same name, where was the tomb 
of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny. 

LICATESj a people of Vindelicia. 

LICHA, a city near Lycia. 

LICHADES, small islands near Caeneum, 
a promontorv of Eubcea, called from Li- 
ch;ts. [Vide Lichas.J— Ov. Me. 9, 155, 21S. 
— Str. 9. 

LICHAS, a servant of Hercules, who 
brought him the poisoned tunic from Deja- 
nira. He was thrown by his master into the 
sea with great violence, and changed into 
a rock in the Eu ocean sea, by the compassion 
of the g"ds. — Ov. Me. 9, 211. 

LICHES, an Arcadian, who fo ,, *?.d the 
bones of Orestes buried at IVgea, tec— Her. 

LICINIA LEX, was enacted by L- Lici- 
nius Crassus, and Q. Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 
659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy 
to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their 

respective cities. Another by C. Licinius 

Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It trans- 
ferred the right of choosing priests from the 
college to the people. It was proposed but 

did not pass. Another by C. Licinius 

Stolo the tribune. It forbad any person to 
possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 

100 head of large cattle, or 5C0 of small. 

Another by P. Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, 
to settle the day for the celebration of the 
Ludi Apollivares, which was before uncer 

tain. Another by P. Licinius Crassus 

Dives, B.C. 110. It was the same as the 
Fannian law, and farther required that no 
more than 30 asses should be spent at any 
table on the calends, nones, or nundinae, 
and only three pounds of fresh and one of 
alt meat, on ordinary days. None of *he 
fruits of the earth were forbidden. 



Lie— iau 

Another de soladWis, by M. Licinius thfc 
consul, 690. It imposed a severe penalty 
on party clubs, or societies assembled or 
frequented for election purposes, as coming 
under the definition of ambitus, and of 
offering violence in some degree to the 
freedom and independence of the people. 
Another called also JEbutia, by Lici- 
nius and iEbufius the tribunes. It enacted 
that, when any law was preferred with res- 
pect to any office or power, the person who 
proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues 
in office, his friends and relations, should be 
declared incapable of being invested with 
the said office or power. 

LICIN'IA, the wife of C. Gracchus, who 
attempted to dissuade her husband from nis 
seditions measures by a pathetic speech. 
She was deprived of her dowry after the. 

death of Cams. A vestal virgin accused 

of incontinence, but acquitted A.U.C. 636. 
Another vestal, put to death for her lasci- 

viousness under Trajan. The wife of Mce- 

cenasjdistinguished for conjugal tenderness. 
She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also 
the name of Terentia. — Her. 2, o. 12, 13. 

UCIN'IUS, C. a tribune of the people 
celebrated for the consequence of his 
family, for his intrigues and abilities. He 
was a plebeian, and was the first of that 
body who was raised to the office of a master 
of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed 
Stolo, or useless sprout, on account of the 
law which he had enacted during his tri- 
buneship. [Vide Licinia lex by Stolo.] He 
afterwards made a law which permitted the 
plebeians to share the consular dignity with 
the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the 
benefits of this law, and was one of the first 
plebeian consuls. This law was proposed 
and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at 
the instigation of his ambitious wife, who 
was jealous of her sister who had married 
a patrician, and who seemed to be of a 
liisrher dignitv in being the wife of a consul. 
— Li. 6, 34.— Pin. C. CALVUS, a cele- 
brated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. 
He distinguished himself by his eloquence 
in the forum, and his poetry, which some 
of the ancients have compared to Catullus. 
His orations are greatly commended by 
Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote 
annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnas- 
sus. He died in the 30ih Year of his age. — 

Quin.—Ci. Br. 81. MACER, a Roman 

accused by Cicero when praetor. He de- 
rided the power of his accuser, but when he 
saw himself condemned he grew so des- 

perrle that he killed himself.— Plu. P. 

CRASSUS, a Roman sent against Perseus 
king of Macedonia. He was at first de- 
feated, but afterwards repaired his losses 

and obtained a complete victory, &c. A 

consul sent against Annibal. Another 

who defeated the robbers that infested ti e 

Alps. A high priest. — CAIUS IMBREX, 

a comic poet in the age of Africanus, pre- 
ferred by some in merit to Ennius and Te- 
rence. His Ncevia and Neaera are quoted by 
ancient authors, but of all his poetry only- 
two verses are preserved. — Ant. C. A 

consul, &£.— LUCU LLUS. (Vide Lmullus.* 



35S 



359 



LIC— LIG 



CRASSUS. [Vide Crassus.] MUCIA- 

NUS, a Roman who wrote about tlie history 
and geography of the eastern countries, 
often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the 

/eign of Vespasian. P. TEGULA, a 

tomic poet of Rome about 200 years before 
Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the 
best comic poets which Rome produced. 
Few lines of his compositions are extant. 
He wrote an ode which was sung 1 all over 
the city of Rome by nine virgins during' 

the Macedonian war.— Liv. 31, c. 12. 

VARRO MURiENA , a brother of Procu- 
leius, who conspired against Augustus with 
Fannius Ceepio and suffered for his crime. 
Horace addressed his 2 od. 10, to him, and 
recommended equanimity in every situation. 

— Dio. 54. C. FLAVIUS VALERIANIC, 

a celebrated Roman emperor. His father 
was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself 
a common soldier in the Roman armies. 
His valour recommended him to the notice 
of Galerius Maximianus, who had once 
shared with him the inferior and subordi- 
nate offices of the army, and had lately been 
invested with the imperial purple by Dio- 
cletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly 
services, particularly during the Persian 
war, and he showed his reg-ard for his 
merit by taking him as a colleague in the 
empire and appointing him over the pro- 
vince of Panno'nia and Rhcetia. Constan- 
tine, who was also one of the emperors, 
courted the favour of Licinius, and made 
his intimacy more durable by giving him his 
sister Cons'tantia in marriage, A.D. 313. 
The continual successes of Licinius, par- 
ticularly against Maximinus, increased his 
pride,and rendered him jealous of the great- 
ness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions 
of the Christians, whose doctrines Constan- 
tine followed, soon caused a rupture, and 
Licinius had the mortification to lose two 
battles, one in Pannonia, and the other 
near Adrianoplis. Treaties of peace were 
made between the contending powers, but 
the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke 
them ; and after many engagements a de- 
cisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. 
Ill fortune again attended Licinius: he 
was conquered, and tied to Nicomedia, 
where soon the conqueror obliged him to 
surrender, and to resign the imperial 
purple. The tears of Constantia obtained 
forgiveness for her husband, yet Constan- 
tine knew what a turbulentand active enemy 
had fallen into his hands, therefore he or- 
dered him to be stranuled at Thessalonica, 
A. D. 324. His family was involved in his 
ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and 
cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as« 
his misfortunes. He was an enemy to 
learning,and this aversion totally proceeded 
from his ignorance of letters, and the rus- 
ticity of his education. His son bv Con- 
stantia bore also the same name. He was 
honoured with the title of Caesar when 
scarce 20 months old. He was involved in 
his father's ruin, and put to death by order 
of Constantine. 

LI CI' NDS, a barber and freed man of Au- 
gustus, raised by his master to the rank and 



dignity of a senator merely because he 
hated Pompey's familv.— Hor. A. P. 301. 

LICYMNIUS, a son of Electryon and 
brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in 
his old age, that when he walked he was 
always supported by a slave. Triptolemus, 
son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive 
to his duty, threw a stick at him, which un- 
fortunately killed Licymnius. The murderer 
fled to Rhodes.— Apol. 2, 7-— Di. 5.—H. II. 
2.— Pin. 0. 7. 

LIDE, a mountain of Caria.— Her. 1, 105. 

L1GARIUS, Q., a Roman pro-consul of 
Africa, after Considius. In the civil wars 
he followed the interest of Pompey, and 
was pardoned when Caesar had conquered 
his enemies. Caesar, however, and his ad- 
herents, were determined upon the ruin of 
Ligarius ; but Cicero, by an eloquent ora- 
tion, still extant, defeated his accusers, and 
he was pardoned. He became afterwards 
oneof Caesar'smurderers.— C'i.lig.-Plu.Cces. 

LIGEA, one of the Nereides. — Virg. G. 4. 

LIGER, a Rutulian killed by iEneas.— V. 
JEn. 10, 576. 

LIGER or LIGER IS, now La Loire, a 
large river of Gaul falling into the ocean 
near Nantes.— Sir. 4.— PI. 4, 18.— C<es. G. 
7, 55 & 75. 

LIG'ORAS, an officer of Antiochus king 
of Syria who took the town of Sardis by 
stratagem, Sec. [Vide Liguria. 

LIG'URES, the inhabitants of Liguria.— 

LIGU'RIA, a country at the west of Itaiy, 
bounded on the east by the river Macra, on 
the south by part ol the Mediterranean 
called the Lignstic sea, on the west by the 
Varus, and on the north by the Po. The 
commercial town of Genoa was anciently, 
and is now, the capital of the country. Tlie 
origin of the inhabitants is not known, 
though in their characters they are repre- 
sented as vain, unpolished, and dedicated to 
falsehood. According to some, they were 
descended from the ancient Gauls or Ger- 
mans, or, as others support, they were of 
Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the 
Ligyves mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria 
was subdued by the Romans, and its chief 
harbour now bears the name of Leghorn.— 
Luc. 1, 442.— Me. 2, 1.— Str. 4, 6lc.—To. 
Hist. 2-, 15. Pt. 2, 5, &c— Li. 5, 35, 1. 22, 
33, 1. 39, c. 6, ikc.—C. Nep.—An. Flor. 2, 8. 

LIG V RI'N US, a poet.— Mart. 3, e. 50. 

A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 4 
o. I, 33. 

LIG US, a woman who inhabited the Alps. 
She concealed her son from the pursuit of 
Otho's soldiers, &c— Ta. Hist. 2, 13. 

LIGOSTIC^: ALPES, a part of the Alps 
which borders on Liguria, sometimes called 
Maritimi. 

L1GUSTICUM MARE, the north part of 
the Tyrrhene sea, now the guiph of Genoa. 
-PL2, 47. 

LIG YES, a people of Asia who inhabited 
the country between Caucasus and the river 
Phasis. Some suppose them to be acoiony 
of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly 
called Ligures.— Her. 7, T2.-Dio. H. 1, Iia, 
— Str. 4.—Di. 4. 

LIGYRGUM, a mountain of Arcaaia. 



LI L— LIN \ 

UL/EA, a town of Acliaia near the Ce- 
-liisus.— St. 77/. 7, 348. 

LJL'YBjEUM, now Boco, a promontory 
of Sicily, with a town of the same name, 
i>ear the" jEgaies, now Marsalla. The town 
was strong and very considerable, and it 
maintained long- siege* against the Cartha- 
ginians, Romans, &c. particularly one of 
ten years against Rome in the first Punic 
war. It had a port large ami capacious, 
which the Unmans, in the wars with Car- 
thage, endeavoured to stop and fill with 
6lones, on account of its convenience and 
vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now 
remains of this once powerful city but the 
ruins of the temples and aqueducts. — V. 
.En. 3, 706.— Mel. 2, 7.— Str. Q.—Ci. Ver. 5. 
— C<c$. B. Af.—Di. 22. 

L1M/EA, a river of Lusitania.— Str. 3. 

LIMENIA, a to-vn of Cyprus.— Id. 14. 

LJMNVE, a fortified place on the bordnf 

of Laconia and Messina.— Pa. 3, 14. A 

town of the Tiiracian Chersonesus. 

LIMNA'UM, a temple of Diana at Lim- 
nae, from which the goddess was called 
Limns, and worshipped under that appel- 
lation at Sparta and Achaia. The Spartans 
wished to seize the temple in the age of 
'liherius, but the emperor interfered and 
gave it to his lawful possessors the Messe- 
uians.— Pa. 3, u, 1.7, 20.— Ta. An. 4, 43 

LIMNITI DIA, a festival in honour of 
Diana, surnamed Liimialis, from Limna.', 
a school of exercise at Tnszene, where she 
.vas worshipped, or from limnia [ponds] 
because she presi led over fishermen. 

LI M'NIACE, tue daughter of Ui C Ganges, 
mother ol Atvs.— Ov. Me. 5, 48. [U. is. 

LlMMONlA, one of the Nereides.— H. 

LI.MON, a place of Campania, between 
Neapolis and Puteoli.— St. j, St/. I. 

LIMONUM, a town of Gaul, afterwards 
Pictaru. Poictiers.— C<es. G. s, 2. 

LIMYRA, a town of Lvcia, at the mouth 
of the Limvris.— Ov. Me. 9, 645.— Ve. 2, 102. 

H££ A , sn » a people of Gaul Narboiiemds. 

UN pU.M.a colonyof Hritain t now Lincoln. 

LINDUS, a city at the soul... east part of 
Rhodes, built by Cercaphus, son of Sol and 
Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple 
to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded 
Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, 
one of the seven wise men, and to Ciiares, 
and Laches, who were employed in making 
and finishing the famous Colossusof Rhodes. 

— St*: 14.—//. II. 2.— Me. 2, 7.— PL 34 

Her. 7. 153. A grandson of Apollo.— Ci. 

Nat. D. 3. 

LIN'GONES, now Langres, a people of 
Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by 
J. Caesar. They passed into Italy, where 
they made some settlements near the Alps, 
at the head of the Adriatic— 7a. H. 4, 55. 
—Mart, u, e. 57, 9, i. 14, e. 159.— Luc. k 
398.— Cass. B. G. 1, 26. [It. 7 , 276. 

L1NTERNA FALUS, a lake of Campania. 

1 INTERNUM, a town of Campania at 
the north of the river Clam's, w here Scipio 
Africanus died and was buried. — Li. 34, 45. 
- Sil. ti, v. 654, 1. 7, v. 27S.— Ci. 10. At. 13. 
—Ov. Me. 15, 713. 

LlN US. This name is common to different 



50 LI O— LIS 

persons whose history is confused, and irln 
are often taken one for the other. One was 
son of Urania, and Amphimarus the son ot 
Neptune. Another was son of Apollo by 
Psammathe daughter of Crotopus king o'f 
Argos. Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 
I. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born 
at Thebes in Bceotia, taught music to Her- 
cules, who in a fit of auger struck him on 
the head with his lyre and killed him. He 
was son of Mercury and Urania, according 
to Diogenes, who mentions some of his phi- 
losophical compositions, in which he assert 
ed that the world had been created in an 
instant. He was killed by Apollo for pre- 
suming to compare himself to him. Apol- 
lodorus, however, and Pausanias mention 
that his ridicule of Hercules on his awk- 
wardness in holding the Ivre was fatal to 
him.— Apot. 2, A.— Ding. \.— V. Eel. 4.— 
Pa. 2, 15, I. 9, 20. A fountain in Arca- 
dia, whose waters were said to prevent 
abortion. — PI. 31, 2. 

LIODF.S, one of Penelope's suitors, killed 
by I lysses.— H. Od. '22, &C. 

LI'PARA, the largest of the /Eolian islands 
on the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. 
It had a city of the same name, which accord- 
ing to Diodorusit received from Liparusthe 
son of Anson, king of these islands, whose 
daughter Cyane was married by his successor 
Aolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants 
of this island were powerful by sea, and from 
the gteat tributes w hich they paid to Diouy- 
sius, the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be 
called veiy opulent. The island was cele- 
brated for the variety of its fruits, and its rai- 
sins are still in general repute. It had some 
convenient harbours, and a fountain whose 
waters were much frequented on account 
< f their medicinal powers. According to 
Diodorus, /Eolus reigned at Lipari before 
Liparus.— Li. 5, 26.— PL 3, 9.—//. 14, 57.— 
V. JEn. 1, 56, I. 8, 417.— Me. 2, 7.— Str. 6. 
— A town of Ltruria. 

Ll'PARIS, a river of Cilicia, whose waters 
were like oil.— PL 5, 27.— Vitr. 6, 3. 

LIPHLUM, a town of iEqui, taken by 
the Romans. 

LIPODORUS, one of the Greeks settled 
in Asia bv Alexander, &c. 

LIQULNC1 A, now Livenza, a river of 
Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic 
sea. — PL 3, 18. [Th. 4, 711 

LIRCiEUS, a fountain near Nemyea. — St. 
LiRI'OPE, one of the Oceanides, mother 
of Narcissus by the Cephisus. — Ov. Me. 3, 

311. A fountain of Bceotia on the border 

of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, 
according to some accounts. 

L1RIS, now Garigliano, a river of Cam- 
pania, which it separates from Latium. It 
falls into the Mediterranean sea. — Me. 2, 4. 

— Hor. 3, o. 17. — Lite. 2, 424. A warrior 

killed bv Camilla, &c— V. /En. 11, 670. 
LISIN'lAS, a town of Thessaly.— Li. 32,14. 
LISSA, the name of a fury which Euri- 
pides introduces on the stas-'e as conducted 
by Iris, at the command of Juno, to inspire 
Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in 
LISSON, a river of Sicily. [his death. 
LISSUS, now Alcsso.n town of .Macedonia 



LIS-LIV 



361 



L.IV—LIV 



on the confines of lllyricura.— PI. 3, 2.— Li. 

44^ io, — Luc. 5,719. A river of Thrace, 

falling- into the iEgean sea, between Thasos 
and Samothracia. It was dried up by the 
army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. 
— Sir. 7.— Her. 7, 109. 

LISTA, a town of the Sabines, whose in- 
habitants are called Listini. 

LITABRUM, now Buitagro, a town of 
Spain Tarraconensis. — Li. 32, 14, 1. 35, 22. 

LJTANIA, a wood in Gallia Togata.— Li. 
23, 24. 

LlTAV'lCUS,one of the iEdui, who assist- 
ed Caesar with 10,000 men.— C<es. B. G. 7, 37. 

LITERNUM, a town of Campania. 

LITHOB'OLIA, a festival celebrated at 
Trcezene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, 
who came from Crete, and were sacrificed 
by the fury of the seditious populace, and 
stoned to death. Hence the name of the 
solemnity, lithobolia, [lapidation]. [Str. 

LITHRUS, a town of Armenia Minor. — 

LITUBUIM,a town of Liguria.--Li.32.29. 

LITYERSAS, an illegitimate son of Mi- 
das king of Phrygia. He made strangers 
prepare his harvest, and afterwards put 
them to death. He was at last killed by 
Hercules.— Theo. Id. 10. 

LIV'IA DRUSILLA. a celebrated Roman 
lady, daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. 
She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by 
whom she had the emperor Tiberius and 
Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her 
husband to the cause of Anthony was the 
beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw 
her as she fled from the danger which 
threatened her husband, and he resolved 
to marry her, though she was then preg- 
nant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and 
with the approbation of the augurs, he ce« 
lebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now 
took advantage of the passion of Augustus, 
in the share that she enjoyed of his power 
and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus 
were adopted by the complying Emperor; 
and, that she might make the succession of 
her son Tiberius more easy, and undisputed, 
Livia is accused of secretly involving in 
one common ruin, the heirs and nearest re- 
lations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingra- 
titude are still more strongly marked, when 
she is charged with having murdered her 
own husband, to hasten the elevation of Ti- 
berius. If she was anxious for the aggran- 
dizement of her son, Tiberius proved un- 
grateful, and hated a woman to whom he 
owed his life, his elevation, and his great- 
ness. Livia died in the 86th year of her 
age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as 
undutiful after her death as before, for he 
neglected her funeral, and expressly com- 
manded that no honours, eitiier private or 
public, should be paid to her memory. — Ta. 
An. 1,3.— Sue. Au.&r Tib.—Di. Ca. An- 
other. [Vide Drusilla.} Another, called 

Horestilla, Sic. She was debauched by Gal- 
ba, as she was going to marry Piso.— Sue. 

L. 25. Another called also Ocellina. She 

was Galba's step-mother, and committed 
adultery with him.— Id. Ib. 3. 

LI'VIA LEX, de fociis, proposed to make 
aii the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of 



Rome. M. Livius Drusus, who framed it. 
was found murdered in his house before it 

passed. Another by M. Livius Drusus the 

tribune, A. TJ. C 662, which required that 
the judicial power should be lodged in the 
hands of an equal number of knights and 
senators. 

LIVINEIUS, a friend of Pompev, &c— 
Ta. An. 3, 11, &c. 

LI VILLA, a daughter of Drusus. A 

sister of Caligula, Sec. Vide Julia. 

LIVIUS ANDRON1CUS, a dramatic 
poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 
years before the Christian era. He was the 
first who turned the personal satires and 
fesceunine verses, so long the admiration 
of the Romans, into the form of a proper 
dialogue and regular play. Though the 
character of a player, so valued and ap- 
plauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and 
despicable among the Romans, Andronicus 
acted a part in his dramatic compositions, 
and engaged the attention of his audience, 
by repeating what he had laboriously form- 
ed after the manner of the Greeks. Andro- 
nicus was the freed man of M. Livius Sali- 
nator, whose children he educated. His 
poetry was grown obsolete, in the age of 
Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would 
not even recommend the reading of it. 
Some few of his verses are preserved in 

the Corpus Poetarum M. SALINATOR, 

a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. 
The success with which he finished his 
campaign, and the victory which some 
years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who 
was passing into Italy with a reinforcement 
for his brother Annibal, show how deserving 
he was to be at the head of the Roman ar- 
mies. — Liv. DRUSUS, a tribune who 

joined the patricians in opposing the ambi- 
tious views of C. Gracchus.— Plu. Gr. 

AnuncleofCatoof Utica.— Plu. TITUS, 

a native of Padua, celebrated for his wri- 
tings. He passed the greatest part of his 
life at Naples and Rome, but more particu- 
larly at the court of Augustus, who liberally 
patronized the learned, and encouraged 
the progress of literature. Few particulars 
of his life are known, yet his fame was so 
universally spread, even in his life-time, that 
an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, 
Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man 
whose writings had given him such pleasure 
and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died 
at Padua, in his 67th year, and according 
to some, on that same day, Rome was also 
deprived of another of its brightest orna- 
ments by the death of the poet Ovid, A. D. 
17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy 
to be the preceptor to young Claudius, the 
brother of Germanicus, but death prevented 
the historian from enjoying an honour to 
which he was particularly entitled by his 
learning and his universal knowledge. The 
name of Livy is rendered immortal by his 
history of the Roman empire. Besides this 
he wrote some philosophical treatises and 
dialogues, with a letter addressed to his 
son, on the merits of authors, which ought 
to be read by young men. This letter is 
greatly commended by Quintilian, who ex- 



LIV— LIX 



i62 



LOB— LON 



P '.tiates with great warmth on the judgment 
and candour of the author. His Roman his- 
tory was comprehended in 140 books, of 
which only 35 are extant. It began with 
the foundation of Rome, and was continued 
tili the death of Drusus in Germany. The 
merit of this history is well known, "and the 
high rank which Livy holds among his- 
torians will never be disputed. He is al- 
ways great, his style is clear and intelligible, 
laboured without affectation, diffusive with- 
out tediousness, and argumentative without 
pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and 
animated, and in his narrations and de- 
scriptions, he claims a decided superiority. 
He is always elegant, and though many hate 
hranded his provincial words with the 
name, of Patavinity, yet the expressions, 
or rather the orthography of w ords, w hich 
in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native 
of a province of Italy from a native of 
Rome, are not loadedwith obscurity, and 
the perfect classic is as familiarly acquain- 
ted with the one as with the other. Lity 
has been censured, and perhaps with justice", 
for being too credulous, and burdening 
his history with vulgar notions and super- 
stitious tales. He may disgust when he 
mentions that milk and blood were rained 
from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a 
woman changed her sex, yet he candidl 

confesses that he recorded only what made I were at the north of the Ozolae, and had the 
an indelible impression upon 'the minds of | bay of Malia at the east, and (Eta on the 
credulous age. His candour has also north. Thev received their name from the 



of the same name. Anteus had a pallet, 
there, and according to some accounts it 
was in the neighbourhood that Hercules 
conquered mm. — It. 2, 258. — Me. 3, 10. — Sir, 
2. A son of ZEgyptus. — Apoi. 

LOBON, a native of Argos. who wrote a 
book concerning poets.— Diag. 

LOCEUS, a man who conspired again** 
Alexander with Dymnus, &c. — Curt. 6, 7. 

LOCH A, a large city of Africa, taken and 
plundered by Scipio's soldiers. 

LOCHIAS*, a promontory and citadel of 
Egypt near Alexandria. 

LOCRI,a town of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It 
was founded by a Grecian colonv about 757 
years before the Christian era ; as some sup- 
pose. The inhabitants were cahed Locri 
or Locrenses.— V. Mn. 3, 399.— Sir.— PI. 

—Li. 22, 6, 1. 23, 30. A tow n of Locris 

in Greece. 

LOCRIS, a country of Greece, whose in- 
habitants are known by the name of Ozolx, 
Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country 
of the Ozolae, called also Epizephyrii, 
from their westerly situation, was at the 
north of the bay of Corinth, and extended 
above 12 miles northward. On the west it 
was separated from iEtolia by the Even us, 
and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city 
I was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii 



been called in question, and he has som< 
times shown himself too partial to his 
countrymen, but every where he is an in 
defatigable supporter "of the cause of justice 
and virtue. The works of Livy hat e been 
divided by some of the modern's into 14 de- 
cades, each consisting of ten books. The 
first decade comprehends the history of 460 
years. The second decade is lost, and the 
third comprehends the history of the se- 
cond Punic war, which includes about 18 
years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of 
the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, 
which contain about 23 years. For the first 
five books of the fifth decade, we are in- 
debted to the researches of the moderns. 
They were found at Worms, A. D. 1431. 
These are the books that remain of Livy's 
history, and the loss which the celebrated 
work has sustained by the ravages of time, 
has in some measure been compensated by 
the labours of J. Freinshemius, who with 
great attention and industry has made an 
epitome of the Roman history, which is 
uow incorporated with the remaining books 
of Livy. The third decade seems to be su- 
perior" to the others, yet the author has not 
scrupled to copy from his contemporaries 
and predecessors, and we find many passages 
taken word for word from Polybius,in which 
the latter has shown himself more informed 
in military affairs, and superior to his imi- 
tator. A governor of Tarentum who de- 
livered his trust to Annibal, &c. A high 

priest who devoted Decius to the Dii 

Manes. A commander of a Roman fleet 

sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont. 
LIXUS, a nver of Mauritania wiihacitv 



situation of their residence near a mountain 
called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Lo- 
crians, had the privilege of sending mem- 
beis to the council ot the Amphictyons. 
The Opuntii, who received their name from 
their chief city,cailed Opus, were situated 
on the borders of the Euripus, and near 
Phocis and Eubcea.— PI. 3, S.—Str. 6, &c— 
Ptol.—Me.—Li. 26, c. 26 I. 28, c. 6.— Pa. 
Ach. &r Pho. 

LOCUSTA, a celebrated woman at Rome 
in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Clau- 
dius and Britannicus, and at last attempted 
to destrov Nero himself, for which she was 
executed!— Ta. An. 12, 65, &c— Sue. Ner.33. 

LOCUTIUS. [Vide Aius.] 

LOLLIA PAL'LI'NA, a beautiful woman, 
who married Caius Caesar, and afterwards 
Caligula. She was divorced and put to 
death bv means of Agrippina.-r«.^lu.i2,l,&c 

LOLLIANUS SPUR1US, a senerai pro- , 
claimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and 
soon after murdered, Sec. A consul, &c. 

LOLLIUS, M., a companion and tutor of 
C. Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He 
was consul, and ofi'ended Augustus by his ra- 
pacity in the provinces. Horace has ad- 
dressed two of his epistles to him, &c. — Ta. 
An. 3. 

LONDI'NUM, the capital of Britain, 
founded, as some suppose, between the age 
of Julius Caesar and Nero. It has been 
severally called Londinivm, Lundinum,Scc. 
Ammianus calls it Vetustnm Oppidum. It 
is represented as a considerable, opulent, 
and commercial town, in the age ot Nero. 
— Ta. An. 14. 33.— Am. 

LONGARE'NUS, a man guiltv of adui- 



LON— LUC 

tery with Fausta, Sylla's daughter.— Hor. l. 
S. 2, 67. 

LONGI'MANUS.asurnameof Artaxerxes 
from his having- one hand long-er than the 
other- The Greeks called him Macrocliir.— 
C. Nep. R, 

LONGl'NUS, DIONYSIUS CASSIUS, a 
celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of 
Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek 
language, and afterwards minister, to Ze- 
nobia. the famous queen of Palmyra, and 
his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her 
cause proved at last fatal to him. When 
tiie emperor Aurelian entered victorious the 
gates of Palmyra, Long-in us was sacrificed 
to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D.273. 
At the moment of death he showed himself 
great and resolute, and with a philosophi- 
cal and unparalleled firmness of mind, 
he even repressed the tears and sighs of 
the spectators who pitied his miserable end. 
Long-in us rendered his name immortal by 
his critical remarks on ancient authors". 
His treatise on the sublime gives the world 
reason to lament the loss of his other valu- 
able compositions. The best editions of this 
author are that of Tollius, 4to. Traja. ad 
Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo. Oxon. 

1778. CASSIUS, a tribune driven out of 

the senate for favouring- the interest of J. 

Caesar, ike. A governor of Judaea. A 

proconsul. A lawyer whom, though blind 

and respected, Nero ordered to be put to 
death, because he had in his possession a 
picture of Cassitts, one of Caesar's mur- 
derers.— Jjw. 10, 16. [7a. Ge. 

LONGOBARDI, a nation of Germany.— 

LONGULA, a town of Latium on thebor- 
ders of the Volsci.— Li. 2, S3 & 39, 1. 9, 39. 

LONGUN TICA, a maritime city of Spain 
Tarraconensis. — Li. 22, 20. 

LONGUS, a Roman consul, &c. A 

Greek author who wrote a novel called the 
amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age 
in which he lived is not precisely known. 
The best editions of this pleasing- writer are 
that of Paris, 4to.l754,and that of Vilioison, 
8vo. Paris, 1778. 

LOK.DI, a people of Ulvricum. 

LOK.YMA, a town of Doris.— Li. 37, 17. 

LOTT3 or LOTOS, a beautiful nymph, 
daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her 
violence, and to save herself from his im- 
portunities she implored the gods, who 
changed her into a tree called Lotus, con- 
secrated to Venus andApollo. — Ov. Me. 9, 348. 

LOTOPH'AGl, a people on the coast of 
Africa near the Syrtes. They received this 
name from their living upon the lotus. Ulys- 
ses visited their country, at his return from 
the Trojan war.— Her. 4, m.—Slr. 17.— Me. 
J, 7.— PI. 5, 7, 1. 13, 17. [near Apollonia. 

LOUS, or AO US, a river of Macedonia, 

LUA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over things which were purified by lustra- 
tions, whence the name (a iuendo.) She 
is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea. 

LUCA, now Lucca, a city of Etruria, on 
Ihe river Auser.— Li. 21, 5*, 1. 41, 13.— Ci. 
\3,fa.Vi. 

LUCAGUS, one of the friends of Turnus 
killed bv .Eneas— V. En. 10, 575. 



LUC— LUC 

LUCA'Nl, a people of Italy, descended 
from the Samnites, or from the Brutii. 

LUCA'NIA, a country of Italy between 
the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and boun- 
ded by Pucenum, Pucetia, and the coun- 
try of the Brutii. The country was famous 
for its grapes.— Str.d.—PL. 3, b.—Me.2, c. 4. 
— Li. 8~ 17,1.9, 20, 1. 10, U.-Hor. 2, e. 2, 173. 

qUCANlUS, Q., a centurion in Caesar's 
army, ike— Cam. B. O. 5. 

LfJCA'NUS, M. ANN.EUS, a native of 
Corduba in Spain. He was early removed 
to Rome, where his rising talents, and more 
particularly his lavished praises and pane- 
gyrics, recommended him to the emperor 
Nero. This intimacy was soon productive 
of honour, and Lucan was raised to the 
dignity of an augur and quaestor before he 
had obtained the proper age. The poet had 
the imprudence to enter the lists against his 
imperial patron ; he chose for his subject 
Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story 
of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, 
but Nero became jealous of his poetical re- 
putation, and resolved upon revenge. The 
insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, 
provoked at last his resentment, and he 
joined Piso in a conspiracy against the em- 
peror. The whole was discovered, and the 
poet had nothing left but to choose the 
manner of his execution. He had his veins 
opened in a warm bath, and as he expired 
he pronounced in great energy the lines 
which, in his Pharsalia, 1. 3. v. 6:i9— G42, he 
had put into the mouth of a soldier, who 
died in the same manner as himself. Some 
have accused him of pusillanimity, at the 
moment of his death, and say that, to free 
himself from the punishment which threa- 
tened him, he accused his own mother, and 
involved her in the crime of which he was 
g-uilty. This circumstance, which throws 
an indelible blot upon the character of Lu- 
can, is not mentioned by some writers, who 
observe that he expired with all the firmness 
of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, 
A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but 
his Pharsalia remains. This poem, which 
is an account of the civil wars of Caesar and 
Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are va- 
rious as to the merit of the poetry. It pos- 
sesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the 
melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had 
lived to a greater age, his judgment and 
genius would have matured, and he might 
have claimed a more exalted rank among 
the poets of the Augustan age. His expres- 
sions, however, are bold and animated, his 
poetry entertaining, though his irregulari- 
ties are numerous, and to use the words of 
Quintilian, he is more an orator than a 
poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning 
of Rome, now lost. It is said that ids wife 
Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in 
the composition of his poem, but even cor- 
rected it after his death. Scaliger says, 
that Lucan rather barks than sings.— Quin. 
\Q.—Sne.—Ta. An. 15, ike— Mart. 7, ep. 20. 

OCELLUS or UCELLUS", an ancient 

Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is un 
known. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a 
book on the nature of the universe, which he 
2 ! 2 



.3(33 



I UC— LUC 



364 



LUC — LUC 



deemed efernal, and from it were drawn the 
systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and 
Philo Judaeus. This work was first trans- 
late!! into Latin by^Nogarola. Another book 
of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric 
dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas 
and Plato, a fragment of which has been pre- 
served by Stobaeus, of which, however, 
Ocellus is disputed to be the author. 

LUCARl'A, or LUCERl'A, festivals at 
Rome, celebrated in a large grove between 
the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the 
Romans hid themselves when besieged by 
the Gauls.— Ta. An. l,c. 77. 

LUCCEIUS, L., a celebrated historian, 
asked by Cicero to write a history of his 
consulship. He favoured the cause of Pom- 
pey, but was afterwards pardoned by J. 
Csesar.— Ci. Fa. 5, a. 12. &e. 

LUCCEIUS ALBINUS, a governor of 
Mauritania after Galba's death, <kc.—Ta. 
Hist. 2, 58. [Aticant. 

LUCENTUM (orm),a town of Spain, now 

LU CERES', a body of horse composed of 
Roman knights, first established by Romu- 
lus and Tatius. 1 1 received its name either 
from Lucxnno, an Etrurian who assisted the 
Romans against the Sabines, or from Incus, 
a grove where Romulus had erected an 
asylum, or a place of refuge for all fug-i- 
tives, slaves, homicides, &c, that he might 
people his city. The Luceres were some of 
these men, and thev were incorporated with 
the legions.— Pro. 4, e. 1, 31. 

LUCE;U'A, a town of Apulia, famous for 
wool.— Li. 9, 2 & 12, 1. 10, 35. — Hor. '3, o. 
1-5, 14. — Lnc. 2, 473. [father of light. 

LUCERIUS, a surname of Jupiter, as the 

LUCETIUS, a Rutulian, killed by Ilio- 
neus.— V. JEn. 9, 570. 

LLCIA'NUS, a celebrated writer of Sa- 
mosata. His father was poor in his circum- 
stances, and Lucian was earl v bound to one 
of his uncles, who was a sculptor. T 
employment highly displeased him, he made 
no proficiency in the art, and resolved to 
seek his livelihood by better means. A 
dream in which Learning seemed to draw 
him to her, and to promise fame and im- 
mortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he 
began to write. The artifices and unfair 
dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had 
embraced, disgusted him, and he began to 
study philosophy and eloquence. He vi- 
sited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, 
Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly 
Athens, became successively acquainted 
with the depth of his learning and the 
power of his eloquence. The emperor M. 
Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and ap- 
pointed him register to the Roman gover- 
nor of Egypt. He died, A.D. 1>>0, in his 
90th year, and some of the moderns have as- 
serted that he was torn to pieces by dogs 
for his impiety, pa-ticularly for ridiculing 
the religion of Christ. The works of Lu- 
cian, which are numerous, and written in 
the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, 
in which he introduces different characters 
with much dramatic propriety. His style 
is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, and 
he has stored his compositions with many 



lively sentiments, and much of the true 
Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and 
his manner of exposing to ridicule, not 
only the religion of his country, but also 
that of every nation, have deservedly dra wn 
upon him the censure of every age, and 
branded him w ith the appellation of atheist 
and blasphemer. He also wrote the life of 
Sostratcs, a philosopher of Bceotia, as also 
that of the philosopher Demonax. Some 
have also attributed to him, with great im- 
propriety, the life of Apollonius Thvaneus. 

LU'CI'FER, the name of the planet Venus, 
or morning star. It is called Lucifer, when 
appearing in the morning before the sun ; 
but when it follow s it, and appears some 
time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. 
According to some mycologists, Lucifer 
was son of Jupiter and Aurora. A Chris- 
tian writer whose work was edited by the 
Coleti. fol. Venet. 1778. 

LUCIFERI FAINUM, a town of Spain. 

C. LU'CILIUS, a Roman knight born at 
Aurunca, illustrious not only for the re- 
spectability of his ancestors, but more de- 
servedly for the uprightness and the inno- 
cence of his own immaculate character. 
He lived in the greatest intimacy with Sci- 
pio the first Africanus, and even attended 
him in his war against Numantia. He is 
looked upon as the founder of satire and as 
the first great satirical writer among the Ro- 
mans. He was superior to his poetical pre- 
decessors at Rome, and though he wrote 
with great roughness and inelegance, but 
with much facility, he gained many ad- 
mirers, whose praises have often been la- 
vished with too liberal a hand. Horace 
compares him to a river which rolls upon its 
waters precious sand, accompanied with 
mire and dirt. Of the thirty satires which 
he wrote, nothing but a few verses remain. 
He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his 
age, B.C. 103. His fragments have been 
collected and published with notes by Fr. 
Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 1597, and lastly by the 
Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. — Quin. 10, c. 1. — 

Ci. Or. '2.— Hor. LUCINUS, a famous 

Roman, who fled with Brutus after the bat- 
tle of Philippi. They were soon after over- 
taken by a party of horse, and Lucilius suf- 
fered himself to* be severely wounded by the 
dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was 
Brutus. He was taken and carried to the 
conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. 

— Pin. A tribune who attempted in vain 

to elect Pompey to the dictatorship. A 

centurion, &c. A governor of Asia under 

Tiberius. A friend of Tiberius. 

LUCILLA, a daughter of M. Aurelius, 
celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her 
beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At 
the age of sixteen her father sent her to 
Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was 
then employed in a war with the Parthians 
and Armenians. The conjugal virtues of 
Lucilla were great at first/but when she ' 
saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery 
and dissipation, she followed his example, 
and prostituted herself. At her return to 
Rome she saw the incestuous commerce o 
her husband with her mother, &c, and at 



LUC — LUC Hi 
last poisoned him. She afterwards mar- 
ried an old but virtuous senator, by order 
'■■{ her father, and was not ashamed soon to 
ir ratify the criminal sensualities of her bro- 
ther Commodus. The coldness and indiffe- 
rence with which Commodus treated her 
afterwards determined her on revenge, and 
she with many illustrious senators conspired 
against his life, A.D. 185. The plot was 
discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon 
after put to death by her brother, in the 
38th year of her age. 

LUCl'NA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter 
and Juno, or according to others of Latona. 
As her mother brought her into the world 
without pain, she became the goddess whom 
women in labour invoked, and she presided 
over the birth of children. She receives 
this name either from lucus, or from lux, 
as Ovid explains it ; 

(iratia Lucince, dedit hcec tibi nomine lucus ; 
Aid quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes. 
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana 
and Juno, because these two goddesses vvere 
also sometimes called Luciua, and presided 
over the labours of women. She is called 
Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous 
temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396.— Far. 
L. L. A.—Ci. Nat. D. 2, 27.— Ov. F. 2, 449. 
—Hoy. C. S. 

LUCIUS, a Roman soldier killed at the 
siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a 
man who jumped down from one of the 

walls.— Jos. A brother of M. Antony.— 

[Fide L. Antonius. 1 A Roman general, 

who defeated the Etrurians, &c. A rela- 
tion of J. Caesar. A Roman ambassador, 

murdered by the Illyrians. A consul, &c. 

A writer, called by some Saturantius 

Apuleius. He was born in Africa, on the 
borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, 
music, geometry, &c. at Athens, and warmly 
embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He 
cultivated magic, and some miracles are at- 
tributed to his knowledge of enchantments. 
He wrote in Greek and Latin with great 
ease and simplicity ; his style, however, is 
sometimes affected, though his eloquence 
was greatly celebrated in his age. Some 
fragments of his compositions are still ex- 
tant. He flourished in the reign of M. Au- 

relius. A brother of Vitellius, &c. A 

son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus. A 

man put to death for his incontinence, &c. 
The word Lucius is a praenomen com- 
mon to many Romans, of whom an account 
is given under their family names. 

LUCRE TIA, a celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarqui- 
nius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved 
fatal to her, and the praises which a num- 
ber of young nobles at Ardea, among w hom 
were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, 
bestowed upon the domestic virtues of their 
wives at home, were productive of a revo- 
lution in the stale. While every one was 
warm with the idea, it was universally 
agreed to leave the camp and to go to 
Rome, to ascertain the veracity of their re- 
spective assertions. Collatinus had the 
pleasure to see his expectations fulfilled in 
the highest degree, and, while the wives of 



5 LUC— LUC 
the other Romans were involved in the rio> 
and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was found 
at home, employed in the mid^t of her fe- 
male servants, and easing their labour by 
sharing it herself. The beauty and inno- 
cence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of 
Sextus, the son of Tarquin, who was a wit- 
ness of her virtues and industry. He che- 
rished his flame, and he secretlv retired from 
the camp, and came to the house of Lucre- 
tia, where he met with a kind reception. 
He showed himself unworthy of such a treat- 
ment, and, in the dead of night, he intro 
dticed himself to Lucretia, who refused to 
his intreaties what her fear of shame granted 
to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher 
when he threatened to murder her, and to 
slay one of her slaves, and put him in her 
bed, that this apparent adultery might seem 
to have met with the punishment it deserved. 
Lucretia in the morning sent for her hus- 
band and her father, and after she had re- 
vealed to them the indignities she had suf- 
fered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated 
them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed 
herself with a dagger which she had pre- 
viously concealed under her clothes. This 
fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The 
body of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed 
to the eyes of the senate, and the violence 
and barbarity of Sextus, joined with the un- 
popularity and oppression of his father, so 
irritated the Roman populace, that that mo- 
ment they expelled the Tarquins for ever 
from Rome. Brutus, who was present at 
the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the 
flames of rebellion, and the republican or 
consular government was established at 
Rome A.U.C. 244.— Li. 1, 57, &c. Dio. H. 4, 
15. Ov. F. 2, 741. Va. Ma.6,\. Flu. Aug. Ci. 
D. l, c. 19. The wife of Numa.— PLu. 

LUCRE'TILIS, now Libretti, a mountain 
in the country of the Sabines, hanging over 
a pleasant valley, near which the house 
and farm of Horace were situate.— Hot. l, 
o. 17, \.—Ci. 7. At. 11. 

LUCRE'TIUS CARUS, T., a celebrated 
Roman poet and philosopher, who was 
early sent to Athens, where he studied under 
Zeno and Phtedrus. The tenets of Epicurus 
and Empedocles which then prevailed a. 
Athens, were warmly embraced by Lucre- 
tius, and when united with the infinite of 
Anaximander, and the atoms of Democritus, 
they were explained and elucidated in a 
poem, in six books, which is called Be re- 
rum natura. In this poem the masterly ge- 
nius and unaffected elegance of the poet 
are every where conspicuous ; but the opi- 
nions of the philosopher are justly censured, 
who gives no existence of power to a su- 
preme being, but is the devoted advocate of 
atheism and impiety, and earnestly endea- 
vours to establish the mortality of the 
soul. This composition, which has little 
claim to be called an heroic poem, was 
written and finished while the tvoet laboured 
under a violent delirium, occasioned by a 
philtre, which the jealousy of his mistress 
or nis wife Lucilia had administered. It is 
said that he destroyed himself in the 44th 
year of his age, about 54 years B.C. Cicero, 
2 I 3 



Li UU —LUC 



after his death, revised and corrected his 
poems, which had been,, partly written in 
the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. 
Lucretius, whose poem shows that he wrote 
Latin better than any other man ever did, 
would have proved no mean rival of Virgil, 
had he lived in the polished age of Augus- 
tus.— Pat. 2, 36.— Quirt. 3, 1, 1. 10, I. 

QUINTUS, a Roman who killed himself be- 
cause the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which 
he was appointed with a garrison, seemed 
to favour the cause of J. Caesar. — Cms. b. C. 

1, c. 18. He is also called Vespillo. SP. 

TRICIPINUS, father of Lucretia, wife of 
Collatinus, was made consul after the death 
of Brutus, and soon after died himself. 
HoratiHs Pul villus succeeded him.— Li. 1, 

58. — Plu. Pub. An interex at Home. 

A consul. OSELLA,a Roman,put to death 

by Sylla because he had applied for the con- 
sulship without his permission. — Plu. 

LUCRl'NUM, a town of Apulia. 

LUCRl'NUS, a small lake of Campania, 
opposite Puteoli. Some believe that it was 
made by Hercules when he passed through 
Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded 
with excellent oysters, and was united by 
Augustus to the Avernus, and a communica- 
tion formed with the sea, near the harbour 
called Julius Portus. The Lucrine lake 
disappeared on the 30th of September 1538, 
in a violent earthquake, which raided on the 
spot a mountain 4 miles in circumference, 
and about looo feet high, with a crater in 
the middle.— Ci. 4, At. 10. Str. 5 & 6.— Me. 

2, 4.— Pro. 1, e. 11, 10.— Virg. G. 2, 161.— 
J for. 2, o. 15. 

HUCTA'TIUS CAT'ULUS, C, a Roman 
tonsul with Marius. He assisted his col- 
league in conquering the Cimbrians. [Vide 
Cimbricum bellum.] He was eloquent as 
well as valiant, and his history of his con- 
sulship, which he wrote with great veracity, 
convinces us of his literary talents. That 
history is lost.— Ci. Or.—Var. L. L.—FL 

2. C. CATULUS, a Roman consul, who 

destroved the Carthaginian fleet. Vide 
Catulus. 

LUCULLEA, a festival established by the 
Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had be- 
haved with great prudence and propriety in 
his province. — Plu. Lu. 

LUCULLI HORTI, gardens of Lucullus, 

situate near Neapolis, Stc.—Ta.An. 11,1. 

VILLA, a country seat near mount Misenus, 
where Tiberius die'd.— Ta. An. 6, 50. 

LUCULLUS, LUCIUS LICTNIUS, a Ro- 
man celebrated for his fondness of luxury 
and for his military talents. He was born 
about 115 years before the Christian era, and 
soon distinguished himself by his profi- 
ciency in the liberal arts, particularly elo- 
quence and philosophy. His first military 
campaign was in the Marsian war, where 
his valour and cool intrepidity recommen- 
ded him to public notice. His mildness and 
constancy gained him the admiration and 
confidence of Sylla, and from this connec- 
tion he derived honour, and during his 
quaestorship in Asia, and pretorship in 
Africa, he rendered himself more conspi- 
cuous by his justice, moderation, and hu- 



8flC LUC— LUC 

manity. He was raised to the consulship 
A.U.C. 678, and entrusted with the care of 
the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his 
military talents in rescuing his colleague 
Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged^ in 
Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a 
celebrated victory over the forces of With 
ridates, on the borders of the Granicus, 
and by the conquest of all Bithynia. His 
victories by sea were as great as those by 
land, and "Mithridates lost a powerful fleet 
near Lemnos. Such considerable losses 
weakened the enemy, and Mithridates re- 
tired with precipitation towards Armenia, 
to the court of king Tigranes, his father-in- 
law. His flight was perceived, and Lucul- 
lus crossed the Euphrates with great expe- 
dition, and gave battle to the numerous 
forces which Tigranes had already assem- 
bled to support the cause of his son-in-law. 
According to the exaggerated account of 
Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot, and 
near 55,000 horse, of the Armenians lost 
their lives in that celebrated battle. Al. 
this carnage was made by a Roman army 
amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of 
whom only five were killed and 100 wounded 
during the combat. The taking of Tigra- 
nocerta, the capital of Armenia, was the 
consequence of this immortal victory, and 
Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of 
the royal treasures. This continual success, 
however, was attended with serious conse- 
quences. The severity of Lucullus, and the 
haughtiness of his commands, offended his 
soldiers, and displeased his adherents at 
Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to sue 
ceed him. and to continue the Mithridatic 
war,and the interview which he had with Lu- 
cullus began with acta of mutual kindness, 
am! ended in the most inveterate reproaches 
and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted to 
retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers 
who had shared his fortune and his glories 
were suffered to accompany him. He was re 
ceived with coldness at Rome, and he ob 
tained with difficulty a triumph which was 
deservedly claimed by his fame, his succes- 
ses, and his victories. In this ended the 
days of his glory; he retired to the enjoy- 
ment of ease and peaceful society, and no 
longer interested himself in the commotions 
which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. 
He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, 
and to literary conversation. His house was 
enriched with a valuable library, which was 
opened for the service of the curious, and of 
the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium 
in the last part of his life, and died in the 
67th or 68th year of his age. The people 
showed their respect for his merit by their 
wish to give him an honourable burial in 
the Campus Martius ; but their offers were 
rejected, and he was privately buried, bv 
his brother, in his estate at Tusculum. Lu- 
cullus has been admired for his many ac- 
complishments, but he has been censured 
for his severity and extravagance. The ex- 
penses of his mfeals were immoderate, his 
halls were distinguished by the different 
names of the gods ; and, when Cicero and 
Pompey attempted to surprise him they 



LUC— LUN 36] 

tvcre astonished at the costliness of a sup- 
per which had been prepared upon the 



LUP— LUP 



word of Luculius, who had merely said to 
his servant that he would sup in the hall of 
Apollo. In his retirement Lncullus was 
fond of artificial variety; subterraneous 
caves and passages were dug under the hills 
on the coast of Campania, and the sea wa- 
ter was conveyed round the house and 
pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked 
in such abundance that not less than 25,000 
pounds' worth were sold at his death. In 
his public character Luculius was humane 
and compassionate, and he showed his 
sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by 
shedding tears it the sight of one of the 
cities of Armenia, which his soldiers re- 
duced to ashes. He was a perfect master of 
the Greek and Latin languages, and he em- 
ployed himself for some time to write a 
concise history of the Marsi in Greek 
hexameters. Such are the striking charac- 
teristics of a man who meditated the con- 
quest of Parthia, and for a while gained 
the admiration of all the inhabitants of the 
east, by Ins justice and moderation, and 
who might have disputed the empireof the 
world with a Csesar or Pompey, had not, 
at last, his fondness for retirement with- 
drawn him from the reach of ambition.— Ci. 
Ar. 4, Q. Ac. 2, \.—Plu. vi.—FL 3, 5.— Sir. 

— App. Mi. &c— Oros. 6, &c. A consul 

who went to Spain, &c. A Roman, put to 

death by Domitian. A brother of Lucius 

Luculius, lieutenant under Sylla. A prae- 
tor of Macedonia. 

LUCUMO, the first name of Tarquinius 
Priscis, afterwards changed into Lucius, 
The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince 
or chief.— Phi. R. 

LUCUS, a king of ancient Gaul. A 

town of Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. 

LUGD-UNENSIS GALLIA, apart of Gaul, 
which received its name from Lugdunun, the 
capital of the province. It was anciently 
caiied Celtica. Vide Gallia. 

LUGDU'NUM, a town of Gallia Celtica, 
built at the confluence of the Rhone and the 
Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when 
he was governor of the province. This town, 
now called Lyons,\% the second city of France 
in point of population. — Juv. 1, 44. — Str. 4. 

. BATAVORUM, a town on the Rhine, 

just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called 
L?i/den,a.nd is famous for its universitv.- 
CONVENARUM, a town at the foot of the 
Pyrennees, now St. Bertrandin Gascony. 

LU'NA (the moon), was the daughter of 
Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, ac- 
cording to some mycologists, as Diana. 
She was worshipped by the ancient inhabit- 
ants of the earth with many superstitious 
forms and ceremonies. It was supposed 
that magicians and enchanters, particularly 
those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable 
power over the moon, and that they could 
draw her down from heaven at pleasure by 
the mere force of their incantations. Her 
eclipses, according to their opinion, pro- 
reeded from thence ; and on that account 
it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to 
ease her labours and to render the oower 



magic less effectual. The Arc&/iian* 
believed that they were older than the 
moon.— Ov. Me. 12, 263, he— Tib. 1, e. b, 

21.— Hes. Th.—V. Eel. 6, 69. A maritime 

town of Etruria, famous for the white mar- 
ble which it produced, and called also Lu- 
nensis portus. It contained a fine capacious 
harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. 
The inhabitants were naturally given to 
augury, and the observation of uncommon 
phenomena. — Me. 2, 4.— Luc. 1, 586.— PL 
14, 6.— Li. 34, 8.— Si. 8, 481. 

LUP A (a she-wolf), was held in great 
veneration at Rome, because Romulus and 
Remus, according to an ancient tradition, 
were suckled and preserved by one of these 
animals. This fabulous story arises from 
thesurname of Lupa, prostitute, which was 
given to the wife of the shepherd Faustulus, 
to whose care and humanity these children 
owed their preservation. Ov. F.2, Mb.Plu.R. 

LUPERCAL, a place at the foot of 
mount Aventine, sacred to Pan, where fes- 
tivals called Lupercalia were yearly cele- 
brated, and where the she-wolf was said to 
have brought up Romulus and Remus. — 
V. JEn. 6, 343. 

LU PERCA'LIA, ayearly festival observed 
at Rome, the 15th of February, in honour of 
the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice 
two goats and a dog, and to touch with a 
bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious 
youths, who always were obliged to smile 
while they were touched. The blood was 
wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. 
After this the skins of the victims were cut 
into thongs, with which whips were made 
for the youths. With these whips the youths 
ran about the streets all naked except the 
middle, and whipped freely all those whom 
they met. Women in particular were fond 
of receiving the lashes, as they superstiti- 
ously believed that they removed barren- 
ness, and eased the pains of child-birth. 
This excursion in the streets of Rome was 
performed by naked youths, because Pan 
is always represented naked, and a goat was 
sacrificed, because that deity was supposed 
to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, 
as a necessary and useful guardian of the 
sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch men- 
tions, was first instituted by the Romans in 
honour of the she-wolf which suckled 
Romulus and Remus. This opinion is con- 
troverted by others, and Livy, with Diony- 
sius of Halicarnassus, observes, that they 
were introduced into Italy by Evander. 
The name seems to be borrowed from the 
Greek name of Pan, Lyc&us, from "lukos," a 
wolf ; not only because these ceremonies 
were like the Lyc-aen festivals observed in 
Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shep- 
herds, protected the sheep from the rapacity 
of the wolves. The priests who officiated 
at the Lupercalia were called Luperci. 
Augustus forbad any person above the age 
of fourteen to appear naked or to run about 
the streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, 
in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for 
having disgraced the dignity of the consul- 
ship by running naked, and armed with a 
whip, about the streets. It was during the 



LUP— LUT 363 LdJT — LYC 



celebration of these festivals that Antony 
ofiered a crown to J. Caesar, which the in- 
dignation of the populace obliged him to 
refuse. — Ov. P. 2, 427.— Var. L. L. 5, 3. 

LUPERCI, a number of priests at Rome, 
who assisted at the celebration of the Luper- 
c ilia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose 
service they were dedicated. This order of 
priests was" the most ancient and iespect- 
i.hle of all the sacerdotal offices. It was 
divided into two separate colleges, called 
Fabiani and Quintiliani, from Fabius and 
Quintilius, two of their high priests. The 
former was instituted in honour of Romulus, 
and the latter of Remus. To these two 
sacerdotal bodies, J. Caesar added a third, 
called from himself the Ju/ii, and this ac- 
tion contributed not a little to render his 
cause unpopular, and to betray his ambiti- 
ous and aspiring views. [Vide Lupercalia.] 
— Pin. R.—Dio. Ca. 45.— V. Ain. 8, 663. 

LUPERCUS, a grammarian in the reign 
of the emperor Gailienus. He w rote some 
grammatical pieces, which some have pre- 
ferred to Herodian's compositions. 

LUPIAS or LUPIA, now Lippi, a town 
of Germany, with a small river of the same 
name falling into the Rhine. — Ta. An. I, &c. 

LU PUS, a general of the emperor Sever ns. 

A governor of Britain. A quaestor in 

ihe reign of Tiberius, &c. A comic writer 

of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return 
of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the 
destruction of Troy. — Ov. Pan. 4, e. 16, 26. 

P. RUT. a Roman, who, contrary to the 

omens, marched against the Marsi, and w as 
killed with his army. He ha^ been taxed 
with impiety, and was severely censured in 
the August in age.— Hor. 2, 5. 1,68. 

LUSITANIA, a part of ancient Spain, 
whose extent and situation have not been 
accurately defined by the ancients. Accord- 
ing to the more correct descriptions, it ex- 
tended from the Tagus to the sea of Canta- 
bria, and comprehended the modern king- 
dom of Portugal. The inhabitants were 
w arlike, and w ere conquered by the Roman 
army under Dolabella, B. C. 99, with great 
difficulty. They generally lived upon plun- 
der, and' were rude and unpolished in their 
manners. It was usual among them to ex- 
pose their sick in the high roads, that their 
diseases might be cured by the directions 
and advice of travellers. They were very 
moderate in their meals, and never eat but 
of one dish. Their clothes were commonly 
black, and they generally warmed them- 
selves by means ot stones heated in the lire. 
— Me. ■>, 6, 1. 3, 1.- Li. 21, 43, 1. 27, 20. 

LUS1US, a river of Arcadia.— Ci. Nat. D. 
3, 22.— Pa. Ar. 28. [Ibenis. 

LUSONES, a people of Spain, near the 

LUSTRiCUS BRUTIANUS, a Roman 
poet. — Mar. 4, e. 23. - 

LUT ATI OS CATULUS, a Roman, who 
shut the temple of Janus after peace had 
been made with Carthage. Vide Luctatius. 

LUTERIOS, a general of the Gauls, de- 
feated bv Caesar, &c. 

LUTETIA, a town of Belgic Gaul, on 
the confluence of the rivers Sequena and 
Matrona, which received its name, as some 



suppose, from the quantity of clay, Intuitu 
which is in its neighbourhood, j. Caesar 
fortified and embellished it, from which cir- 
cumstance some authors call it Juiii del- 
tas. Julian the apostate resided there some 
time. It is now called Paris, the capital of 
France.— Cats. b. G.S&l.—Str. A.—Am.-M. 

L0TORI0S PR1SCUS, C, a Roman 
knight, put to death by order of Tiberius, 
because he had written a poem in which he 
had bewailed the death of Germanicus, w ho 
then laboured under a severe illness.— Ta, 
An. 3. 49, &c. 

LYiEOS, a surname of Bacchus. It is de- 
rhed from " luein," [solvere], because wine, 
over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom 
to the mind, and delivers it from all cares 
and melancholy.— Hor. e. 9.— Luc. i, 675. 

LYBAS, one* of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, &c. 

LYBYA or LYBISSA, a small village of 
Bithvnia, where Annibal was buried. 

LY'TABAS, an Etrurian who had been 
banished from his country for murder. He 
was one of those who ofiered violence to 
Bacchus, and who were changed into dol- 
phins.— Ov. Me. 4, 624. One of the La- 

pithae who ran away from the battle which 
was foaghtat the nuptials of Pirithous.— Id. 
Me. I ■>, 302. [near Athens. — Str. 

LY'CABETUS, a mountain of Attica, 

LYC/EA, festivals in Arcadia, in honour 
of Pan, the god of shepherds. They are 
the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans. 

A festival at Argos, in honour of Apollo 

Lycaeus, who delivered the Argives from 
wolv» s, SiC. 

LYCvEUM, a celebrated place near the 
banks of the Ilissus,in Attica. Itwasintlm 
pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle 
taught philosophy, and as he generally in- 
structed his pupils in walking, they were 
called Peripatetics, "a peripateo," [ambulo]. 
The philosopher continued his instructions 
for 12 years, till, terrified by the false ac- 
cusations of Eurymedon, he was obiiged to 
fly to Chalcis. 
' LYCJEVS, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred 
to Jupiter, where a temple was built in 
honour of the god by Lycaon, the son of 
Pelasgus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose 
festivals, called Lyccea, were celebrated 
there.— Virg. G. 1, 16.— JEn. 8, 343.— Sir. 8. 
— Hor. I, o. 17, 2.— Ov. Me. 1, 699. 

LYCAM' BES, the father of Neobule. He 
promised his daughter in marriage to the 
poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to 
fulfil his engagement when she had been 
courted by a man w hose opulence had more 
influence than the fortune of the poet. This 
irritated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter in- 
vective against Lycambes and his daughter, 
and rendered them both so desperate by the 
satire of his composition, that they hanged 
themselves.— Hor. e. 6, 13. — Ov. lb. 52.— 
Arts. Rh.3. 

LYCA'ON, the first king of Arcadia, son 
of Pelasgus and Milibcea. He built a town 
called Lycosura on the top of mount Ly- 
caeus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many 
wives, by whom he had a daughter called 
Calisto, "and fifty sous. He was succeeded 



LYC-LYC m 

on the throne bv Nyctimus, the eldest of his 
sons. He lived about 1820 years before the 
christian era.—Apoi.3.—Hyg. fa. 176.— Cat. 
c. 76.— Pa. 8,2, &c. Another king- of Ar- 
cadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was 
changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because lie 
offered human victims on the altars of the 
god Pan. Some attribute this metamor- 
phosis to another cause. The sins of man- 
kind, as they relate, were become so enor- 
mous, that Jupiter visited the earth to punish 
their wickedness and impiety. He came to 
Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, 
and the people began to pay proper adora- 
tion to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who 
used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton 
cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his 
subjects, and to try the divinity of the S"od, 
he served up human Hesh on his table. This 
impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he imme- 
diately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and 
changed him into a wolf.— Ov. Met. 1, v. 

198, Sec. These two monarchs are often 

confounded together, though it appears that 
they were two different characters, and that 
not" less than an age elapsed between their 

reigns. A son of Priam and Laothoe. He 

was taken by Achilles and carried to Leni- 
nos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards 
killed by Achilles in the Trojan war.—//. 

II. 21, &c. The father of Pandarus, killed 

by Diomedes before Troy. A Gnossian 

artist, who made the sword which Ascanius 
gave to Euryalus. — V. Mn. 9, 304. 

LYCA'ONIA,a country of Asia, between 
Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phry- 
gia, made a Roman province under Augus- 
tus. Iconium was the capital.— Sir. lo.— 

Me. 1, 2.— Li. 27, 54, 1. 38, 39. Arcadia 

bore also that name from Lycaon, one of its 
kin<rs.— Dio. H. An island in the Tyber. 

LYCAS, a priest of Apollo in the interest 
of Turn us. He was killed by #meas.— V. 

Mn. 10, 315. Another officer of Turnus. 

— Id. 10, 561. 

LYCAS'TE, an ancient town of Crete, 
whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus 

to the Trojan war.— H. II. 2. A daughter 

of Priam by a concubine. She married Po- 

lydamus, the son of Antenor. A famous 

courtezan of Drepanum, called Venus, on 
account of her great beauty. She had a son 
called Eryx bv Butes, sonofAmvcus. 

LYCASTUIM, a town of Cappadocia. 

LYCASTUS, a son of Minos I. He was 
father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of 

Corvbas.— Di. o. 4. A son of Minos and 

Pnifonome, daughter of Nyctimus. He sue 
ceeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. 
—Pa. 8, 3 & 4. 

LYCE, one of the Amazons, Scc.—Flac. 
6, 374. 

LYCES, a town of Macedonia.— Li. 31,33, 

LYCE'UM. Vide Lvcaeum. 

«,YCHNI'DUS, now Achridna, a city 
with a lake of the same name, in Illvricum". 
—Li. 27, 32, 1. 44, 15. 

LYCI'A,a country of Asia Minor, bound 
ed by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria 
on the west, Pamphylia, on the east, and 
Phrygia on the north. It was anciently call- 
ed Milyas, and Tremile, from the mil 



LYC — LYC 

or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to 
settle there. The country received the name 
of Lycia from Lycus, the son of Pandion, 
who established himself there. The inha- 
bitants have been greatly commended bv all 
the ancients, not only for their sobriety "and 
justice, but their great dexterity in the ma- 
nagement of the bow. They were conquer- 
ed by Crcesus, king of Lydia, and after- 
wards by Cyrus. Though thev were subject 
to the power of Persia, yet they were go- 
verned by their own kings, and only paid 
a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. 
They became part of the Macedonian em- 
pire when Alexander came into the east, 
and afterwards were ceded to the house of 
the Seleucidae. The country was reduced 
into a Roman province by the emperor 
Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated 
oracle at Patera, and the epithet Hiberna 
applied to the country, because the god 
is said to pass the winter in his temple.— V. 
Mn. v. 4, 143 & 446, 1.7, &l6.—St.Th.6, v.6f6. 
Her. 1, c. 173.— Str. 13.— Li. 37, 16, 1- 38,39. 
LYCIDAS, a centaur, killed by the La- 
pithee at the nuptials of Pirithous.— Ov. Me. 

12, 310. A shepherd's name.— V. Eel.- 

A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome 
in the age of Horace. — Hor. 1, o. 4, iq. 
LYCIMNA, a town of Peloponnesus. 
LYCIMNIA, a slave, mother of Helenor 
by a Lydian prince.— V. Mn. 9, 446. 

LYCISCUS, an Athenian arehon. A 

Messenian of the family of the /Epytidge. 
When his daughters were doomed by lot to 
be sacrificed for the good of their country, 
he fied with them to Sparta, and Aristode- 
upon this cheerfully gave his own chil- 
dren, and soon after succeeded to the throne. 

Pa. 4, 9. A youth of whom Horace was 

enamoured. 

LYClUS,asonof Hercules and Toxicreta. 

— A son of Lycaon. An epithet given 

to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where 
he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, 
where the appellation of Lycia fortes was 
given to his answers, and even to the will 

of the fates.— V. Mn. 4, 34€. A surname 

of Danaus. 

LYCOME'DES, a king of Sycro.% an 
island in the Msezn sea, son of Apollo and 
Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted 
with the care of young Achilles, whom his 
mother Thetis had disguised in woman's 
clothes, to remove him from the Trojan 
war, where she knew he must unavoidably 
perish. Lycomedes had rendered himself 
infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who 
had implored his protection when driven 
from the throne of Athens by the usirper 
Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as "it is repoi ted, 
either envious of the fame of his illustiious 
guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Aines- 
theus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on 
pretence of showing: him the extent of his 
dominions a "d perfidiously threw him <Jown 
a precipice where h*; was'killed. — Flu. 77/. 

— Pa. 1, 17, 1. 7, c. A.—Apol. 3, c. 13. An 

Arcadim, who, with 500 chosen men pui to 
flight 1000 Spartans and .500 Argives, &c.— 

Di. 15. A seditious person atTegea.— — 

| A Mantiuean general &c. An Athei ila. 



LYC — LYC 



370 



LYC— LYC 



the first who took one of the enemy's ships 
at the battle of Salarnis. — P/u. 

LYCON, a philosopher of Troas, son of 
Astyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was 
erreatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, 
8tc. He died in the 74th year of his a?e.— 

Diog. vi. A man who" wrote the lite of 

Pythagoras. A poet. A writer of epi- 
grams. -A player, greatly esteemed by 

Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in 

murdering - Dion. -A peripatetic philosopher. 

LYCON E, a city of Thrace. A moun- 
tain of Ar^rolis.— Pa. 2, c. 24. 

LYCO'PHRON.a son of Periander, king 
of Corinth. The murder of his mother Me- 
lissa by his father had such an effect upon 
him, that he resolved never to speak to a 
man who had been so wantonlvcruel against 
his relations. This resolution was strength- 
ened by the advice of Procles, his mater- 
nal uncle, and Periander at last banished to 
Corey ra a son, whose disobedience ami ob- 
stinacy had rendered him odious. Cypse- 
lus, the eldest son of Periander, being in- 
capable of reigning, Lycophron was' the 
only surviving child whb had any claim to 
the crown of Corinth. But, when the infir- 
mities of Periander obliged him to look for 
a successor, Lycophron refused to come to 
Corinth while his father was there, and he 
was induced to have Corcyra, only on pro- 
mise that Periander would" come and dwell 
there while he remained master of Corinth. 
This exchange, however, was prevented. 
The Corcycreans, who were apprehensive 
of the tyranny of Periander. murdered Ly- 
cophron before lie left that island. — Her.3. 

— Mru. A brother of Thebe, the wife of 

Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He assisted 
his sister in murdering her husband, and he 
afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was 
dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. — PLu. 

Di. 16. A general of Corinth, killed by 

Nicias. — Phi. A'ic. A native of Cythera, 

son of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war 
with Ajax, the sou of Telaruon, after the 
accidental murder of one of his citizens. 
He wis killed, 6zc.—H. II. 15, 450. A fa- 
mous Greek poet and grammarian, born at 
Chalcis, in Eubaea. He was one of the 
poets who flourished under Ptolemy Phila- 
delphia, and who, from their number, ob- 
tained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron 
died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote 
tragedies, the titles of twenty of which have 
been preserved. The only remaining com- 
position of this poet is called Cassandra or 
Alexandra. It contains 1474 verses, whose 
obscurity has procured the epithet of Tene- 
brosus to its author. Jt is a mixture of pro- 
phetical effusions, which, as he supposes, 
were given bv Cassandra during the Trojan 
war.— Ov. lb'. 513.—SL 5.—Sy. 2. 

LYCOP'OLIS, now Shit, a town of Egypt. 
It received this name on account of the im- 
mense number of wolves, luhoi, which re- 
pelled an arm? of ^Ethiopians, who had in- 
vaded Egypt.— Di. I.— Sir. 17. 

LYCOP US, at .Etolian who assisted the 
Cvreneans against Ptolemv. — Poly. 8. 

LYCOREA, a town of Phocis at the top 
f Parnassus, where the people of Delphi 



took refuge during Deucalion's deluge, di- 
rected by the howlings of wolves.-Pa./ > //o.6. 

LY COREL'S, the supposed founder of 
Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was son of 
Apollo and Corycia.— Hyg. fa. 161. 

LYCO'RIAS, "one of the attendant nymphs 
of Cyrene.— Firg. G. 4, 393. 

LYCORIS, a freedwoman of the senator 
Volumnius, also called Cytheris, and Vo- 
himnia, from her master. She is celebra- 
ted for her beauty and intrigues. The poet 
Galius was greatly enamoured of her, and 
his friend Virgil comforts him in his 0th 
eclogue for the loss of the favours of Cy- 
theris, who followed M. Antony's camp, 
and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The 
charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed 
over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate 
courtezan lost the favours of Antony and of 
all the world at the same time. Lycoris 
was originally a comedian. — V. Eel. lo. — 
Ov. A. A. 3, 537. 

LYCORMAS, a river of iEtolia, whose 
sands were of a srolden colour. It was af- 
terwards called Evenus from kin? Evenus, 
who threw himself into it.— Or. Me. 2, 245. 

LYCORTAS, the father of Polybius, who 
flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen general 
of the Achaean league, and he revenged the 
death of Philopcemen, &c. — PLu. 

LYCOSURA, a city built by Lycaon on 
mount Lycaeus in Arcadia. 

LYCI'YS, a town of Crete, the country 
of Idomeneus, whence he is often called 
Lyctius. — V. .En. 3, 401. 

LYCU R'G I DES, annual daysof solemnity, 
appointed in honour of the lawgiver of 
Sparta. A patronymic of a son of Ly- 
curgus. — Ov lb. 603. 

LYCURGUS, a king of Nemaea, in Pe- 
loponnesus. He was raised from the dead 

by ^scnlapius.— St. Th. 5, 638. A giant 

killed by Osiris in Thrace.— Di. 1. A 

king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been 
represented as cruel and impious, on ac- 
count of the violence which he ottered to 
tiacohus. He, according- to the opinion of 
the mythelovists, drove Bacchus out of his 
kingdom, and abolished his worship, for 
which impiety he was severely punished by 
the <rods. He put his own son Di vas to 
death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, 
mistaking them for vine boughs. He was 
put to death in the greatest torments by his 
subjects, who had been informed by the 
oracle that they should not taste wine till 
Lycurgus was no more. This fable is ex- 
plained by observing, that the aversion of 
Lycurgus" for wine, over which Bacchus 
presided, arose from the filthiness and dis- 
grace of intoxication, and therefore the 
monarch wisely ordered all the vines in his 
dominions to be cut down, that himself and 
his subjects might be preserved from the 
extravagance and debauchery which are pro- 
duced bv too free an use of wine. — Hyg. 
fa. 132.—//. II. 6, 130.— Apol. 3,5.— Ov. Me. 

4, v. 22.— V. JEn. 3, 14.— Hor. 2, o. 19. A 

son of Hercules and Praxithea, daughter of 

Thespius. — Apol. 2, 7. A son of Pheres, 

the son of Cretheus — Id. 1, 9. An orator 

of Athens, surnamed Ibis, in the age of De 



LYC— LYC 



871 



LYC— LYC 



mosthenes, famous for his justice and im- 
partiality when at the head of the govern- 
ment. He was one of the thirty orators 
whom the Athenians refused to deliver up 
to Alexander. Some of his orations are ex- 
tant. He died about 330 years before Christ. 

— Bi. 16. A king: of Tegea, son of Aleus, 

by Neaera, a daughter of Pereus. He mar- 
ried Cleophile, called also Enrynome, by 
whom he had Amphidamus, &c. — Apol. 3, 9. 

— H. II. 7. A celebrated lawgiver of 

Sparta, son of king Eunomus, and brother 
to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother 
on the Spartan throne; but when he saw 
that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, 
^e kept the kingdom not for himself, but 
till Charilaus, his nephew, was arrived to 
years of maturity. He had previously re- 
fused to marry "his brother's widow, who 
wished to strengthen him on his throne by 
destroying her own son Charilaus, and leav- 
ing him in the peaceful possession of the 
crown. The integrity with which he acted, 
when guardiau of his nephew Charilaus, 
united with the disappointment and the re- 
sentment of the queen, raised him many ene- 
mies, and he at last yielded to their satire 
and malevolence and retired to Crete. He 
travelled like a philospher, and visited Asia 
and Egypt without suffering himself to be 
corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury 
which prevailed there. Theconfusion which 
followed his departure from Sparta, now had 
made his presence totally necessary, and he 
returned home at the earnest solicitations of 
his countrymen. The disorder which reigned 
at Sparta induced him to reform the govern- 
ment ; and the more effectually to execute 
his undertaking, he had recourse to the 
oracle of Delphi. He was received by the 

Eriestesss of the god with every mark of 
onour, his intentions were warmly approv- 
ed by the divinity, and he was called the 
friend of gods, and himself rather god than 
man. After such a reception from the most 
celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found 
no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the 
(state, and all were equally anxious in pro- 
moting a revolution which had received 
the sanction of heaven. This happened S84 
years before the Christian era. Lycurgus 
first established a senate, which was com- 
posed of 28 senators, whose authority pre- 
served the tranquillity of the state", and 
maintained a due and just equilibrium be- 
tween the kings and the people, by watch- 
ing over the intrusions of the former, and 
checking the seditious convulsions of the 
latter. All distinction was destroyed, and 
by making an equal and impartial" division 
of the land among the members of the 
commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, 
and encouraged the useful arts. The use 
of money, either of gold or silver, was to- 
tally forbidden, and the introduction of 
heavy brass and iron coin brought no temp- 
tations to the dishonest, and left every in- 
dividual in the possession of his effects 
without any fears of robbery or violence. 
All the citizens dined in common, and no 
one had greater claims to indulgence or 
luxury than another. The intercourse of 



Sparta with other nations was forbidden, 
and few were permitted to travel. The 
youths were entrusted to the public mas- 
ter, as soon as they had attained their 
seventh year, and their education was left 
to the wisdom of the laws. They were 
taught early to think, to answer in a short 
and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp 
repartee. They were instructed and en- 
couraged to carry things by surprise, but 
if ever the theft "was discovered they were 
subjected to a severe punishment. Lycur- 
gus was happy and successful in establish- 
ing and enforcing these laws, and by his 
prudence and administration the face of 
affairs in Lacedaemon was totally changed, 
and it gave rise to a set of men distin- 
guished for their intrepidity, their forti- 
tude, and their magnanimity". After this, 
Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, 
or according to others, to Crete, and be- 
fore his departure he bound all the citizens 
of Lacedatmon by a solemn oath, that nei- 
ther they nor their posterity would alter, 
violate, or abolish the laws which he had 
established, before his return. He soon 
after put himself to death, and he ordered 
his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fear- 
ful lest, if they were carried to Sparta, the 
citizens should call themselves freed from 
the oath which they had taken, and empower- 
ed to make a revolution. The wisdom and 
the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus 
have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, 
where for 700 years they remained in full 
force, but the legislator "has been censured 
as cruel and impolitic. He has shown him- 
self inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy 
such of their children, whose feebleness or 
deformity in their youth seemed to promise 
incapability of action in maturer years, 
and to become a burden to the state. His 
regulations about marriage must necessarily 
be censured, and no true conjugal felicity 
can be expected from the union of a man 
with a person whom he perhaps never knew 
before, and whom he was compelled to 
choose in a dark room, where all the mar- 
riageable women in the state assembled on 
stated occasions. The peculiar dress which 
was appointed for the females might be 
termed improper ; and the law must for ever 
be called injudicious, which ordered them 
to appear naked on certain days of festi- 
vity, and wrestle in a public assembly, 
promiscuously with boys of equal age with 
themselves. "These things, indeed, contri- 
buted as much to corrupt the morals of the 
Lacedaemonians, as the 'other regulations 
seemed to be calculated to banish dissipa- 
tion, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has 
been compared to Solon, the celebrated legis- 
lator of Athens; and it has been judiciously- 
observed, that the former gave his citizens 
morals conformable to the laws which he 
had established, and that the iatter had 
given the Athenians laws which coincided 
with their customs and manners. The office 
of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and he 
showed himself inexorable and severe. In 
Solon artifice was requisite, and he showed 
himself mild and even voluptuous. The mo- 



LYC— LYC 



S72 



LYD — LYG 



deration of Lycureus is greatly commended, 
particularly when we recollect thai he treat- 
ed with the greatest humanity and confi- 
dence Meander, a youth who had put out 
one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Ly- 
curgus had a son called Antiorus, who left 
uo issue. The Lacedaemonians showed their 
respect for their great legislator, by yearly 
ceiebrating a festival in his honour, called 
L\cur<ddae or Lycurgides. The introduc- 
tibn of money into Sparta in the reign of 
Arris the son of Archidamus, was one of the 
principal causes which corrupted the inno- 
cence of the Lacedaemonians, and rendered 
them the prey of intrigue and of faction. 
The laws of Lvcurgus were abrogated by 
Philopceruen, B. C. 188, but only for a little 
time, as they were soon after re-established 
bv the Romans.— Plu.—Ju. 3, 2, &c— Sir. 
a', 10, 15, Ikc.-Dio. H. '>.—Pu. 3, c. 2. 

LVCl<S, a king of Bieotia, successor to 
his brother Nycteus, who left no male issue, 
lie was entrusted with the government only 
during the minority of Labdacus, the son of 
the daughter of Nycteus. He was farther 
enjoined to make w'ar against Epopeus, who 
had carried away by force Antiope the 
daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in 
this expedition ; Epopeus was killed, and 
Lycus recovered Antiope, and married h r 
though she was his niece. This new con- 
nection highly displeased his first wife Dirce, 
and Antiope "was delivered to the unfeeling 
queen and tortured in the most cruel man- 
ner. Antiope at last escaped, and entreated 
her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge 
her wrongs. The children, incensed on ac- 
count of the cruelties which their mother 
had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, 
and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, 
which dragged her till she died.— Pa. 9, 5. 
— Apol. 3, 5. A king of Libya, who sa- 
crificed whatever strangers came upon his 
coast. When Diomedes, at his return from 
the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked 
there, the tyrant seized and confined him. 
He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, 
the tyrant's daughter, who was enamoured 
of him, and who hung herself when she 

saw herself deserted. A son of Neptune 

bv Calaeno, made king of a part of Mysia by 
Hercules. He offered violence to Megara', 
the wife of Hercules, for which he was killed 
by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind 
reception to the Argonauts. — Apol, 3, 10. — 

Hyg. fa. 18,31, 32, 137. A son of jEgyptus, 

of Mars, of Lycaon, king of Arca- 
dia,— —of Pandion, king of Athens. The 

father of Arcelaus. One of the compa- 
nions of /Eneas.— Apol. 2, c. 3.— Pa. 1, &c— 

V. JEn. 1, &cc.—Hyg. fa. 97 & 159. An 

officer of Alexander in the interest of Lysi- 
machus. He made himself master of Ephe- 
sus by the treachery of Andron, ice. — Polyat. 

5. — -One of the Centaurs. A son of 

Priam. A river of Phry°ria which disap- 
pears near Colosse, and rises again at the 
distance of about four stadia, and at last falls 

into the Maeander.— Ov. Me. 15, 273. A 

river of Sarmatia falling into the Palus 

Maeotis. Another in Paphlagonia, near 

Ileraclea.— Ov. 4, Pon, e. 1,-17. — -Another 



in Assyria. Another in Armenia, fallin? 

into the Euxine near the Phasis.— Virg. G. 

4, v. 367. One of the friends of jEneas, 

killed by Turnus.— V. JEn. 9, 545. A 

youth beioved b> Alcaeus. — Hor. 1, o. 32. 

A town of Crete. 

LYDE, the wife of the poet Antimachus, 

&c. — Ov. Tr. l,e. 5. A woman in Domi- 

tian's reign, who pretended she couid re- 
move barrenness by medicines. — Juv. 2, 141. 

LYD'IA, a celebrated kingdom of Asia 
Minor, whose boundaries were different at 
different times. It was first bounded by 
Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and 
Ionia, but in its more flourishing times it 
contained the whole country which lies be- 
tween the Halys and the fegean sea. It 
was anciently called M<eonia, and received 
the name of Lydia from Lydus, one of its 
kings. It was" governed by monarchs who 
after the fabulous ages reigned for 249 years 
in the following order: Ardysus began to 
reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761 ; Meles,747 ; 
Candaules, 735; Gyses, 718; Ardysus II. 
6S0 ; Sadyattes, 631 ; Alyattes II. 619, and 
Crocus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, 
B. C. 548, when the kingdom became a pro- 
vince of the Persian empire. There were 
three different races that reigned in Lydia, 
the Atyadae, Heraclidae, and Mermnade. 
The history of the first is obscure and fabu- 
lous ; the Heraclidae began to reign about the 
Trojan war, and the crown remained in their 
family for about 505 years, and was always 
transmitted from father to son. Candaules 
was the last of the Heraclidae ; and Gyges 
the first, and Croesus the last, of the Merm- 
nadae. The Lydians were great warriors 
in the reign of the Mermnadae. They invent- 
ed the art of coining gold and silver, and 
were the first who exhibited public sports, 
kc.—Her. 1, 6, 1. 3, 90, 1. 7, 74.-Str. 2, 5, 
<Si 13.— Ma. 1, 2.—PH. 3, 5.— Dion. H. 1.— 

Di. 4. — Ju. 13, 4. A mistress of Horace 

Sec. 1, Od. 8. 

LYDIAS, a river of Macedonia. 

LY'DIUS, an epithet applied to theTyber 
because it passed near Etruria, whose in- 
habitants were originally a Lydian colony. 
— V. JEn. 2, 781, 1. 8, 479. 

LYDUS, a son of Atys'and Callithea, king 
of Maeonia, which from him received the 
name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus ied 
a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyr- 
rhenia "to the settlement he made on the 
coast of the Mediterranean. — Her. 7, 74. 
An eunuch, &c. 

LYGDAMIS or LYGDAMUS, a man who 

made himself absolute at Naxos. — Poly. 

A general of the Cimmerians, who passed 
into Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign 
of Ardyes, king of Lydia. — Cat. An ath- 
lete of'Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the 
celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. — Her. 7, 

99. A servant of the poet Propertius, or 

of his mistress Cynthia. 

LYGII, a nation of Germany.— Ta. Ge. 42. 

LYGODESMA, a surname" of Diana at 
Sparta, because her statue was brought by 
Orestes from Taurus, shielded round witi- 
osiers. — Pa. 3, 16. 

LYGUS.—Vide Ligus. 



LYM — LYS 



373 



LYS-LYS 



LYMI'RE.atownof'Lycia.— Ov.Me.F.n. 

LYMAX, a river of Arcadia.— Pa. 6* 41. 

LYNCl'DES, a man at the court of Ce- 
pheus.— Ov. Me. 4, F. 12. 

LYNCESTjE, a noble family of Macedo- 
nia, connected with the royal family. — Ju. 

U, 2, 6CC. 

LYNCESTES, a son of Amyntas, in the 

army of Alexander, 6cc.—Curt. 7. &c. 

ALEXANDER, a son-in-law of Antipater, 
who conspired against Alexander, and was 
pur to death. — Ibid. 

LYNCEST1US, a river of Macedonia, 
whose waters were of an intoxicating- qua- 
lity.— Ov. Me. 17, 329. 

LYNCE'US, son of Aphareus, was among 
the hunters of the Ca'ydonian boar, and one 
of the Argonauts. He" was so sharp-sighted 
that, as it is reported, he could see through 
the earth, and distinguish objects at the Dis- 
tance of above nine miles. He stole some 
oxen with his brother Idas, and they were 
both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they 
were going to celebrate their nuptials with 
the daughters of Leueippus. — Apol. 1 & 3. 
—Hyg. fa.- Pa. 4, 2.— Ov. Me. 3, 303.— 

Apol. Ar. l. A son of iEgyptus, who 

married Hypermnestra, the daughter of Da- 
naus. His life was spared by the love and 
humanity of his wife. [Vide Daniades.] He 
made war against his father-in-law, de- 
throned him, and seized his crown. Some 
say that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, 
and that he succeeded him after his death, 
and reigned forty-one years. — Apol. 2, 1.— 

Pa. 2,c. 16. 19,25. Ov. Her. 14. One of the 

companions of iEneas kiiied by Turnus. — V. 
jfin. 9, v. 768. 

LllNCUS, LYNCiEUS, or LYNX, a cruel 
king of Scythia, or according to others, of 
Sicily. He received with feigned hospita- 
lity, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all 
over the world to teach mankind agricul- 
ture, and as he was jealous of his commis- 
sion he resolved to murder this favourite of 
the gods in his sleep. As he was going to 
give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was 
suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal 
which is the emblem of perfidy and ingra- 
titude.— Ov. Me. 5, 650. 

LYNCUS, a town of Macedonia, of which 
the inhabitants were called Lvncestae. — Pi. 
'2. 103, 1. 4, 10. 

LYNDUS, a town of Sicily. [hunting. 

LYRCiE,a people of Scythia, who Jive upon 

LYRCit US, a mountain of Arcadia. \Vide 
Lycaeus.] A fountain.— ."ft. Th. 4, 711. 

LYRCEA, a town of Peloponnesus, for- 
merly called Lvncea.— Pa. 2, 35. [Par. 

LYRCUS, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. 

LYRNESSUS, a city of Cilicia, the native 
country of Briseis, called from thence Lyr- 
nesseis. It was taken and plundered by 
Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the 
Trojan war, and the booty divided among 
the conquerors.— H. II. 2, 197.— Ov. Me. 12, 
loS.—Hero. :t, o.—Tr. 4, e. 1, 15. 

LYSANDER, a celebrated general of 
Sparta in the last years of the Peloponne- 
sian war. He drew Ephesus from the in- 
terest of Athens, and gained the friendship 
vi Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to 



the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at 
iEgospotamus, and destroyed it all, except 
three ships, with w hich the enemy's general 
fled to Evagorus king of Cyprus. In this 
celebrated battle, which happened 405 years 
before tiie Chris tain era, the Athenians lost 
3o00 men, and with them th'eir empire and 
influence among the neighbouring states. 
Lysanaer well knew how to take advantage of 
hi's victory, and the following year Athens, 
worn out by a long war of 27 years, and 
discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself 
up to the power of the enemy, aud con- 
sented to destroy the Piraeus, to deliver up 
all its ships', except 12, to recall all those 
who had been banished, and in short to be 
submissive in every degree to the power of 
Lacedaemon. Besides these humiliating con- 
ditions, the government of Athens was totally 
changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by 
Lysander. This glorious success, and the 
honour of having put an end to the Pelopon- 
nesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. 
He had already begun to pave his way to uni- 
versal power by establishing aristocracy in 
the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he at- 
tempted to make the crown of Sparta elec- 
tive. In the pursuit of his ambition he used 
prudence and artifice ; and as he could not 
easily abolish a form of government which 
ages and popularity had confirmed, he had 
recourse to the assistance of the gods. His 
attempt, however, to corrupt the oracles 
of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Amnion, 
proved ineffectual, and he was even accused 
of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan 
temple. The sudden declaration of war 
against the Thebans saved him from the ac- 
cusations of his adversaries, and he was 
sent, together with Pausanias, against the 
enemy. The plans of his military opera- 
tions were discovered, and the Haliartians, 
whose ruin he secretly meditated, attacked 
him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a 
bloody battle, which ended in the defeat of 
his troops, 394 years before Christ. His 
body was recovered by his colleague Pausa- 
nias", and honoured with a magnificent fu- 
neral. Lysander has been commended for 
his bravery, but his ambition deserves the 
severest cen?ure, and his cruelty and his du- 
plicity have greatly stained his character. 
He was arrogant and vain in his public as 
well as private conduct, and he received 
and heard with the greatest avidity the 
hymns which his courtiers and flatterers 
sung to his ho nour. Yet in the midst of all 
his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he 
died extremely poor, and his daughters 
were rejected by two opulent citizens or 
Sparta, to whom they had been betrothed 
during the life of their father. This beha- 
viour of the lovers was severely punished 
by the Lacedaemonians, who protected front 
injury the children of a man whom they 
hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of re- 
ligion, and his perfidy. The father of Ly- 
sander, whose name was Aristociites or 
Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, 
though not reckoned of the race of the He- 

raclidse.— Plu. C. Nep. vi. Di. 13. A 

Trojan chief, wounded bv Aj ix son of le 
' 2K 



LYS-LYS 374 LYS— LYS 



lamon before Troyi— H. //.II, 491. One 

of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. — Plu. 
A grandson of the great Lvsander. — Pa. 

LYSANDRA, a daughter of Ptolemy La- 
gus, who married Agathocles, the son of 
Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsi- 
noe, and ried to Seleucus lor protection. — 
Pa. 1, 9, Szc 

LYSANIAX, a man made king of Ituraea 
by Anthony, 6cc. 

LYSE, a'daughter of Thespius.~/fpo/. 

LYSl'ADES, an Athenian son of Phae- 

drus the philosopher, &c— Ci. Phil. 5. 

An Athenian archon. A tvrant of Mega- 
lopolis, who died B. C. 226.— Plu. 

LYS I AN ASS A, one of the Nereides.— 
Apol. I, 2. A daughter of Epaphus, mo- 
ther of Busiris.— Id. 2, 5. 

LYSI'AS, a celebrated orator, son of Ce- 
phalus, a native of Syracuse. His father 
left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias 
was born and carefully educated, in his 
15th year he accompanied the colony which 
the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a 
long residence there he returned home in 
his 47th year. He distinguished himself by 
his eloquence, and by the simplicity, cor- 
rectness, and purity of his orations, of which 
he wrote no less than 425 according to Plu- 
tarch, though the number may with more 
probability be reduced to 230. Of these 34 
are extant. He died in the 8 1st year of his 
age, 378 years before the Christian era. — 

Plu. Or. Ci. Br. Or. Quin. 3, &e. Dio*. 

2. An Athenian general, &c. A town 

of Phrygia. —Strab. Another of Syria, 

now Berzieck near Emesa. A tvrant of 

Tarsus, B. C. 267. 

LY'SICLES, an Athenian sent with 
Chares into liceotia, to stop the conquests of 
Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered 
at Chaeronaea, and sentenced to death for 
his ill conduct there. 

LV'SIDICE, a daughter of Pelnps and 
Hippodamia, who married Mastor the son 
of Perseus and Andromeda. — Apol. 2, c. 4. 

—Pa. 8, c. 14. A daughter of Thespius. 

— Apol. 

LY'SIMACHE, a daughter of Abas the son 

of Melampus. — Apol. 1, c. S. A daughter 

of Priam. — Id. 3, c. 12. 

LY'SIMACHIA, now Hexamili, a city on 

theThracian Cherscnesus. — Pa. 1, c. 9. 

A town of jEtolia, built by Lysimachus.— Sir. 
7 & 10. Another in .£olia.— Me. 2, c. 2. 

LY'SIMACHUS, a son of Agathocles, who 
was among the generals of Alexander. Af- 
ter the death of that monarch, he made him- 
self master of part of Thrace, where he built 
a town which he called Lysimachia. He 
sided with Cassandra and Selenchus against 
Antigonns and Demetrius, and fought with 
them at the celebrated battle of lpsus. He 
afterwards seized Macedonia, after expel- 
ling Pyrrhus from the throne, B. C. 286 ; 
but his' cruelty rendered him odious, and 
the murder of his son Agathocles so offend- 
ed his subjects, that the most opulent and 
powerful revolted from him and abandoned 
the kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, 
and declared war against Seleuchus, who 
had given them a kiud reception. He was 



killed in a bloody battle, 231 years before 
Christ, in the 60th year of his age, and hid 
body was found in the heaps of slain only 
by the fidelity of a little dog, which had 
carefully watched near it. It is said that 
the love and respect of Lysimachus for his 
learned master Calisthenes proved nearly 
fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was 
thrown into the <!en of a hungry lion, by 
order of Alexander, for having' giving Cai- 
iisthenes poison, to save his life from igno- 
miny and insult; and when the furious 
animal darted upon him, he w rapped his 
hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it into 
the lion's mouth, and by twisting his tongue, 
killed an adversary ready to devour him. 
This act of courage in his' self-defence, re- 
commended him to Alexander. He was 
pardoned, and ever after esteemed by the 
monarch — Ju. 15, c. 3, 6iC.—Di. ly, etc.— 

Pa. 1, c. 10. An Acarnian, preceptor to 

Alexander the Great. He used to caii him- 
self Phoenix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip 
Peleus. — Plu. A. — Ju. lo, c. 3. An his- 
torian of Alexandria. A son of Aristides, 

rewarded by the Athenians on account of 

the virtue of his father. A chief priest 

among the Jews, about 204 years B.C. 

kc.—Jos. A physician greatly attached 

to the notions of Hippocrates. — —A gover- 
nor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c. [cuse. 
LYSIME LlA,a marsh of Sicily near Syra- 
LYSINOE, now Aglasson. a city of Asiaj 
near Pamphvlia.— Li. 38, c. 15. 
LYSIPPE,' a daughter of Prcetus. [Vide 

Prcetides.] A daughter of Thespius. 

LYSIPPUS, a famous statuary of Sicyon. 
He was originally a white-smith, and after- 
wards applied himself to painting, till his 
talents and inclination taught him that he 
was born to excel in sculpture. He flourish- 
ed about 325 years before the Christian era, 
in the age of Alexander the Great. The 
monarch was so partial to the artist, that 
he forbad any sculptor but Lysippus to make 
his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing 
the hair, and he was the first who made the 
head of his statues less large, and the body 
smaller than usual, that they might appear 
taller. Tins was observed by one of his 
friends, and the artist gave for answer, 
that his predecessors had represented men 
in their natural form, but that he represen- 
ted them sue!) as they appeared. Lysippus 
made no less than 600 statues,_the most ad- 
mired of which were those of Alexander: 
one of Apollo of Tarentum, 40cubits high : 
one of a man coming out of a bath, with 
which Agrippa adorned his baths: one of 
Socrates ; and those of the 25 horsemen who 
were drowned in the Granicus. These 
were so valued, that in the age of Augustus 
thev were bought for their weight in gold. 
— Plu. A.—Ci. Br. c. 164— Her. 4, c. 148. 
— PL 37, c. 7.— Pa. 1, c. 11.— Hor. 2, e. 1, 

v. 240. A comic poet, some of whose 

p)a\s are mentioned.by Athenaeus.— PI. 7, c. 
I '61.- — A general of the Achaean league. 
LYSIS, a Pythagorean philosopher, pre- 
ceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 
883 years before the Christian era. He ie sup- 
| po^ed by some to be tue author of the 



LYS — MAC 
golden verses which are attributed to Py-1 
thagoras.— C Nep. E. 2. 

LYSISTRATUS, an Athenian parasite. 

A brother of Lysippus. He was the 

first artist who ever made a statue with wax. 
— PL 34, c. 8, 1. 35, c. 12. 

LYS IT HO US, a son of Priam.— Apol. 

LYSO, a friend of Cicero.&c.-Ci.l3,/a.l9. 

LYSTRA, a town of Lycaonia. 

LYTiEA, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put 
to death bv the Athenians.— Apol. 

LYZANIAS, a king of Chalcis, Sec. 



M. 

MACiE, a people of Arabia Felix, Me. 3, 
c. 8. They are placed in Africa near the 
iargerSyrtisbyHer.4,v.i75. Si.3,v.275,l. 5,194 
MA CAR. a son of Criasius or Crinacus, 
the first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. 
His four sons took possession of the four 
neighbouring islands, Chios, Samos, Cos", 
and Rhodes, which were called the feats of 
the Macares or theblessed(' < 7??acar"6e«^«5). 
— Dio. H. i .—H.ll. 21,— Di. 5.— Me. 2, c. 7. 

MACARE'US, an ancient historian. A 

son of vEolus, who debauched ins sister Ca- 
nace, and had a son by her. The father 
being informed of the incest, ordered the 
child to be exposed, and senta sword to his 
daughter, and commanded her to destroy 
herself. Macareus fled to Delphi, where he 
became priest of Apollo. — Ov. Me. Her. 11. 
lb. 563. One of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, loft at Caieta in Italy, where iEneas 

found him.— Ov. Me. 14, v. 159. Asonof 

Lycaon.— Apol. 3, c. 8.— Pa. 8, c. 3. 

MACARI'A, a daughter of Hercules and 
Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, 
Eurystheus made war against the Hera- 
clidae, whom the Athenians supported, and 
the oracle declared, that the descendants of 
Hercules should obtain the victory, if any 
one of them devoted himself to death. 
This was cheerfnlly accepted by Macaria, 
who refused to endanger the life of the 
children of Hercules by suffering the victim 
to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians ob- 
tained a victory. Great honours were paid 
to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of 
Marathon was called by her name. — Pa. 1, 

c. 32. An ancient name of Cyprus. 

MACARIS, an ancient name of Crete. 
MACEDNUS, a son of Lvcaon.— Apol. 
MACE' DO, a son of Osiris, who had a 
share in the divine honours wihch were paid 
to his father. He was represented clothed 
in a wolf's skin, for whicn reason the 
Egyptians held that animal in great vene- 
ration. — Di. 1. — Plu. Is.O. A man who 

gave his name to Macedonia. Some sup- 
posed him to be the same as the son or 
general of Osiris, whilst others consider 
him as the grandson of Deucalion by the 
mother's side.— Di. 1. 

MACEDONIA, a celebrated country, 
situate between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. 
Its boundaries have been different at differ- 
ent periods. Philip increased it by the con- 
quest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace, 



V5 MAC— MAC 

and according to Pliny it contained no lesi 
than 150 different nations. The kingdom 
of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Ca- 
anus, a descendant of Hercules, and a na- 
tive of Argos, continued in existence 646 
years, till the battle of Pydna. The family 
of Caranus remained in "possession of the 
crown until the death of Alexander the 
Great, and began to reign in the following 
order : Caranus, after a reign of 28 year*,, 
was succeeded by Coenus, who ascended the 
throne 785 B.C., Thurimas 774, Perdiccas 
729, Argseus 678, Philip 640, iEropas 602, 
Alcetas or Alectas 576,Amyntas 547, Alexan- 
der 497, Perdiccas 454, Archelaus '413, 
Amyntas 399, Pausanias 398, Amyntas II. 
397, Argaeus the tyrant, 390, Amyntas re- 
stored 390, Alexander II. 371, Ptolemy 
Alorites 370, Perdiccas 111. 366, Philip son 
of Amyntas 360, Alexander the Great 336, 
Philip Aridceus 323, Cassander 316, Antipa 
ter and Alexander 298, Demetrius king of 
Asia 294, Pyrrhus 2b7, Lysimachus 2h6, 
Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Meleager two 
months, Antipater the Etesian 45 days, An- 
tigonus Gonatas 277, Demetrius 243, Anti- 
gonus Doson 232, Philip 221, Perseus 179, 
conquered by the Romans 168 B.C.at Pydna. 
Macedonia has been severally called /£mo- 
nia,Mygdonia,Paeonia,Edoi)ia,.< z Emathia,&c. 
Theinhabitants of Macedonia were naturally 
warlike, and though in the infancy of their 
empire they were little known beyond the 
borders of their country, yet they signa- 
lized themselves greatly in the "reign of 
Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to 
their European dominions by the valour of 
Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or 
body of soldiers, was always held in the 
highest repute, and it resisted and subdued 
the repeated attacks of the bravest and most 
courageous enemies.— Li. 44.— Ju. 6, c. 9, 
1. 7, c l, kc.-Str. 7 — Me. 1, c. 3, &c— 
PL 4, c. 10, 6zc.—Curf . 2 & 4.— Pa. 8, c. 7. 

MACEDONTCUM BELLUM was under- 
taken by the Romans against Philip king 
of Macedonia, some few months after the 
second Punic war, B.C. 200. The cause of 
this war originated in the hostilities which 
Philip had exercised against the Achaeans, 
the friends and allies of Rome. The consul 
Flaminius had the care of the war, and he 
conqured Philip on the confines of Epirus, 
and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedo- 
nian fleets were also defeated ; Eubcea was 
taken ; and Philip, after continual losses, 
sued for peace, which was granted him in 
the fourth year of the war. The ambition 
and cruelty of Perseus, the son and suc- 
cessor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. 
Another war was undertaken, in which the 
Romans suffered two defeats. This, however, 
did not discourage them, Paulus Almilius 
was chosen consul in ti e 60th year of his 
age, and entrusted with the care of the war. 
He came to a general engagement near the 
city of Pydna. The victory'sided with the 
Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian 
soldiers were left on the field of battle. This 
decisive blow put an end to the war, which 
had already continned for three years, 168 
years before the Christian era. Perseus and 
2K 



MAC-MAC 376 MAC— MAC 

liberality supported his usurpation; his two 
sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested 
with the imperial purple, and the enemies 
of Rome were severally defeated, either by 
the emperors or their generals. When he 
had supported his dignity for a year in the 
eastern parts of the world, Macrianus 
marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus, 
who had been proclaimed emperor. He was 
defeated in Illyriciim by the lieutenant of 
Gallienus, and "put todeath with his son, a-, 
his own expressed request, A.D. 262. 

MACRl'NUS, M. OPILIUS SEVERUS, a 
native of Africa, who rose from the most 
ignominious condition to the rank of praefect 
of th c praetorian guards, and at last of em- 
peror, after the death of Caracalla, whom 
he inhumanlv sacrificed to his ambition, 
A.D. 217. The beginning of his reign was 
popular ; the abolition ot the taxes, and an 
affable and complaisant behavjour,endeared 
him to his subject*. These promising ap- 
pearances did not long continue, and the 
timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying 
the peace of the Persians by a large sum of 
money, soon rendered him odious: and 
while he affected to imitate the virtuous Au- 
relius, without possessing the good qualities 
of his heart, he became contemptible and 
insignificant. This affectation irritated the 
minds of the populace, and when severe 
punishments had been inflicted on some of 
the disorderly soldiers, the whole army mu- 
tinied ; and their tumult was increased by 
their consciousnessof their power and num- 
bers, which Macrinus had the imprudence 
to betray, by keeping almost all the mili- 
tary force of Rome encamped together in 
the* plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was pro- 
claimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted 
to save his life by flight. He was, however, 
seized in Cappad'ocia, and his head was cut 
off and sent to his successor, June 7th A.D. 
2] 8. Macrinus reigned about two months 
and three days. His son, called Diadume- 

nus, shared 'his father's fate. A friend 

of the poet Persius, to whom his second 
satire is inscribed. 

MACRO, a favourite of the emperor Tibe- 
rius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, and 
cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised 
himself upon the ruins ot that unfortunate 
favourite. He was accessary to the murder 
of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opi- 
nion of Caligula, by prostituting to him his 
own wife called Ehnia. He soon after be- 
came unpopular, and was obliged by Cali- 
gula to kill himsell together with his wife, 
A.D. 36. 

MA'CROBII, a people of Ethiopia, cele- 
brated for their justice and the innocence of 
their manners. They generally lived to 
their mth year, some say to a'thousand; 
and indeed 'from that longevity they have 
obtained their name (*' makros bios," Ion? 
life), to distinguish them more particularly 
from the other inhabitants of ./Ethiopia. 
After so long a period spent in virtuous ac- 
tions, and freed from the indulgence of 
vice, and from maladies, they dropped into 
the grave as to sleep, without pain and wilh- 



his sons Philip and Alexander were taken 
prisoners, and carried to Rome to adorn 
the triumph of the conqueroi . Aboutfifteen 
vears after, new seditions were raised in 
Macedonia, and the false pretensions of An- 
oriscus, w ho called himself the son of Per- 
seus, obliged the Romans to send an army 
to quell the commotions. Andriscus at first 
obtained many considerable advantages 
over the Roman forces, till at last he was 
conquered and delivered to the consul Me- 
cellus, who carried him to Rome. After 
these commotions, which are sometimes 
railed the third Macedonian war,Macedonia 
was finaliy reduced into a Roman province, 
and governed by a regular proconsul, 
about 148 years before the Christian era. 

MACEDONICUS, a surname given to 
Metellus, from his conquests in Macedonia. 
It was also given to such as had obtained 
anv victory in that province. 

MACELLA, a town of Sicily, taken by the 
consul Duillius. — Li. 26, 21. 

MACER JEMYLIUS, a Latin poet of Ve- 
rona, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid, and 
commended for his genius, his learning, and 
the elegance of his poetry. He wrote some 
poems upon serpents, plants, and birds, 
mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a 
poem upon the ruins of Troy, to serve as a 
supplement to Homer's Iliad. His compo- 
sitions are now lost. He died B.C. 16. — 
Ov. Tr. 4, e. 10, 44.— Ton. 2, e. W.-Quin. 

10, c. 1. L. CLAU DIUS, a pro-praetor of 

Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed 
the title of emperor, and was put to death 
by order of Galba. 

" MACHiERA, a river of Africa. A com- 
mon crver at Rome.— Juv. 7, 9. 

-MACHANTDAS, a man who made him- 
self absolute at Sparta. He was killed by 
Philopcemen, after being defeated at Man- 
tinea, B.C. 208. Nabis succeeded him.-- 
i'lu.—Li. 27 , 30, 1. 28 , 5 & 7- 

MACHA'ON, a celebrated physician, son 
of iEsculapius and brother to Podalirtis. 
He went to the Trojan war with the inhabi- 
tants of Trica, Ithome, and ffichalia. Ac- 
cording to some he was king of Messenia. 
As physician to the Greeks, he healed the 
wounds which they received during the 
Trojan war, and was one of those concealed 
in the wooden horse. Some suppose that 
he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus,the 
son of Telephus. He received divine ho- 
nours after death, and had a temple in Mes- 
senia. — H. II. 2, &c— Or. Pon. 3, e. 4. — 
Qmn. Sm. 6, 409. — V. JEn. 2, 263 & 426. 

MACRA, a river flowing from the Apen- 
nines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria. — 
Luc. 2, 426.— Li. a9, 32.— PI. 3. 5. 

MACRI CAMPI, a plain in Cisalpine 
Gaul near the river Gabeilus.— Li. 41, 18, 1. 

45, 12. A plain near Mutina bears the 

same name.— Col. 7, 2. 

MACRIA'NUS, TITUS FU LVIUS JULI- 
US, an Egyptian of obscure birth, who, 
from a private soldier, rose to the highest 
i omniand in the army, and proclaimed him- 
self emperor when Valerian had been made 
prisoner by the Persians, A.D. ^0. His 



MAC— M^EA 3; 
out terror.— Orp. Arg. 1105.— Her. 3, 17.— 
Me. 3, 9.— PI. 7, 48.— Fa. Ma. 8, 3. 

MACROBIUS, a Latin writer who died 
^.D. 415. Some suppose that he was cham- 
berlain to the emperor Theodosius IF. ; but 
this appears groundless, when we observe 
iliac Macrobius was a follower of paganism, 
and that none were admitted to the confi- 
dence of the emperor, or to the enjoyment 
of high statiors, except such as were of the 
Christian religion. Macrobius has rendered 
himself famous for a composition called Sa- 
turnalia, a miscellaneous collection of an- 
Mquities and criticism, supposed to have 
teen the result of a conversation of some of 
the learned Romans during the celebration 
of the Saturnalia. This was written for the 
use of his son, and the bad latinity which 
the author has often introduced, proves that 
he was not born in a part of the Roman em- 
pire where the Latin tongue was spoken, 
as he himself candidly confesses. The Sa- 
turnalia are useful for the learned reflec- 
tions they contain, and particularly for 
some curious observations on the two great- 
est poets of antiquity. Besides this, Macro- 
bius wrote a commentary on Cicero's sorn- 
iiium Scipionis, which is likewise composed 
for the improvement of the author's son, 
and dedicated to him. 

MAC'ROCHIR, a Greek name of Arta- 
xerxes, the same as Longimanus. This 
surname arises from his having one hand 
longer than the other. — C. Nep. Re. 

M ACRO'N ES, a nation of Pontus, on the 
confines of Colchis and Armenia.— Flac. 5, 
v. 153. — Her. [south, near Gela. 

MACTORIUM, a town of Sicily at the 

MACULO'NUS, a rich and penurious Ro- 
man, 6cc.—Juv. 7, 40. 

MADAURA, a town on the borders of Nu- 
midia and Gaetulia, of which the inhabitants 
were called Madaurenses. It was the native 
place of Apuleius. — Ap. Me. 11. 

MADESTES, a town of Thrace. 

MADETES, a general of Darius, who 
bravely defended a place against Alexander. 
The conqueror resolved to put him to death 
though thirty orators pleaded for his life. 
Sisygambis prevailed over the almost inexo- 
rable Alexander, and Madetes was pardon- 
ed.— Curt. 5, 3. [38, 40. 

MADUATE'NI, a peopleof Thrace.— ii. 

MADYES, a Scythian prince who pursued 
the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cy- 
axares, B.C. 623. He held, for some time, 
the supreme powerofAsiaMinor.-//er.8, 103. 

MEANDER, a son of Oceanus and Te- 

thys. A celebrated river of Asia Minor, 

ri>ing near Celsenae, and flowing through 
Caria and Ionia into the ./Egean sea be- 
tween Miletus and Priene, after it has been 
encreased by the waters of the Marsyas, 
Lycus, Eudon, Lethaeus, kc. It is celebra- 
ted among the poets for its windings, which 
amount to no le*s than 600, and from which 
all obliquities have received the name of 
Meanders. It forms in its course, accord- 
ing to the observations of some travellers, 
the Greek letters e z x st & 0, and from its 
windings Daedalus had the first idea of his 
famous labvrinth.— Ov. Me. 8, 145, &c— 



77 MiEA— MJEG 

V. Mn. 5. 254.— Luc. 5, 208, I. 6, 471.— // 
II. 2.— Her. 2, 29.— Ci. Pi. 22.— Sir. 12, kc 
—Me. 1, 17. 

MiEAN DRIA, a city of Epirus. 
M&ATiE, a people, at the south of Sect- 
land.— Dio. 76, 12. 
MAECENAS. Vide Mecsenas. 
MJRDl, a people of Madica, a district of 
Thrace near Rhodope. — Li. 26, 25, 1. 40, 21. 

MELIUS, a Roman, thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny 
at Rome in the early ages of the republic. 

MyEMACTERIA, sacrifices offered to Ju- 
piter at Athens in the winter month Mae- 
nacterion. The god surnamed Mxemactes 
was intreated to send mild and temperate 
weather, as he presided over the seasons 
and was the god of the air. 

MiE'NADES, a name of the Bacchantes, 
or priestesses of Bacchus. The word is de- 
rived from " mainomai," to be furious, be- 
cause in the celebration of their festivals 
their gestures and actions were those of 
mad women. — Ov. F. 4, 458. 
MjENALA, a town of Spain. 
MM' NALUS, (plur. Meenaia,) a moun- 
tain of Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and 
greatly frequented by shepherds. It re- 
ceived its name from Msenalus, a son of 
Lycaon. It was covered with pine trees, 
whose echo and shade have been greatly 
celebrated by all the ancient poets.— Ov. 
Me. 1, 216.— Virg. G. 1, 17. Eel. 8, 24.— 

Pa. 8, 3.— Sir. ±.—Me. 2, 3. A town of 

Arcadia. A son of Lycaon. The father 

of Atalanta. 

MjENUJS, a Roman consul. A dicta- 
tor accused and honourably acquitted, &c. 

A spendthrift at Rome. — Hor. 1, e. 

15, 26. 

MjENON, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 286. 
MiENUS, a river of Germany now called 
the Mayne, falling into the Rhine at 
Mayence. 

MiE'ONIA, a country of Asia Minor, the 
same as Lydia. It is to be observed, that 
only part of Lydia was known by the name 
of Maeonia : that is, the neighbourhood of 
mount Tmolus, and the country watered by 
the Pactolus. The rest on the sea-coast 

was called Lydia. — Str. \2.—Ov.Me. The 

Etrurians, as being descended from a Ly- 
dian colony, are often called Mcsonidce, 
(V. Mn. 11, v, 759), and even the lake 
Thrasymenus in their country is called 
M(eonius lacus. — Si. It. 15, 35. 

MjEON'IDES,a name given to the Muses, 
because Homer their greatest and worthiest 
favourite, was supposed to be a native of 
Maeonia. 

MiEONIDES, a surname of Homer, be- 
cause, according to the opinion of some 
writers, he was born in Maeonia, or because 

his father's name was Maeon.— Ov. The 

surname is also applied to Bacchus, as he 
was worshipped in Maeonia. 

MiE'ONTS, an epithet applied to Om- 
phale as queen of Lydia or Maeonia.— Ov. 
The epithet is also applied to Arachne as a 
native of Lydia. — Id. Me. 6. 
MZEO'TA:, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
M/EO'TIS PALUS, a large lake, or par 



M^ES— MAG 3; 
of the sea between Europe and Asia, at the 
north of the Eaxine, to which it communi- 
cates bv the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now 
called the sea of Azoph or Zaback. It was 
worshipped as a deity by the Massagetas. 
It extends about 390 miles from south-west 
to north-east, and is about 600 miles in cir- 
cumference. The Amazons are called Mao 
tints, as living in the neighbourhood. — Str. 
—Me. I, I, &c— Ju. 2, I.— Curt. 6, 4.— Luc. 
2, Hcc.—Ov. F. 3, e. 12. e. Sab. 2, 9.—V. 
/En. 6, 739. 

MjESIA SYLVA, a wood in Etruria, near 
the mouth of the Tiber. — Li. I. 33. 

M/EVIA, an immodest woman.— Juv. 1,22. 
M/EVIUS, a poet of inferior note in the 
Augustan age, who made himself known 
by his illiberal attacks on the character of 
the first writers of his time, as well as by 
his affected compositions. His name would 
have sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridi 
ruled him in his third eclogue, and Horace 
in his 10th epode. 

MAGAS, a king of Cyrene in the age 
Ptolomv Philadelphia. He reigned 50 years, 
and died B. C. 257.— Poty. 2. 

MAGELLA, a town of Sicily about the 
middle of the island. 
MAGATjE, a people of Africa. 
MAGI, a religious sect among the eastern 
nations of the world, and particularly in 
Persia. They had great influence in the 
political as well as religious affairs of the 
state, and a monarch seldom ascended the 
;hrone without their previous approbation. 
Zoroaster was founder of their sect. They 
paid particular homage to fire, which they 
deemed a deity, as pure in itself, and the 
purifier of all "things. In their religious 
tenets they had two principles, one good, 
the source of every thing good ; and the 
other evil, from whence sprung all manner 
of ills. Their professional skill in the mathe- 
matics and philosophy rendered every thin; 
familiar to them, and from their knowledg 
of the phenomena of the heavens, the word 
Magi was applied to all learned men ; and 
in process of time, the Magi, from their 
experience and profession, were confound- 
ed with the magicians who impose upon the 
superstitious and credulous. Hence the 
word Magi and Magicians became syno- 
nymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, one 
of the Magi, usurped the crown of Persia 
after the death of Cambvses, and the fraud 
was not discovered till the seven noble Per- 
Mans conspired against the usurper, and 
elected Darius king. From this circum- 
stance, there was a certain day on which 
none of the Magi were permitted to appear 
in public, as the populace had the privilege 
"of murdering whomsoever of them they 
'.net.— Str.—Ci. Di. \.—Her. 3, 62, &c. 

MAG I US, a lieutenant of Piso, Sec. A 

man in the interest of Pompey, grandfather 
.0 the historian Velleius Paterculus, ,vc.— 
Pa. 2, 115. [Graecia Magna. 

MAGNA GR^CIA,aparc of Italy. Vide 
MAGNA MATER, a name given to Cvbele. 
MAGNENTIUS, an ambitious Roman 
who distinguished himself by his cruelty and 
perfidy. He conspired against the life of 



8 MAG — MAG 

Constans, and murdered him' in his bed. 
This cruelty was highly resented by Con- 
stantius ; and the assassin, unable to escape 
from the fury ol his antagonist, murdered 
his own mother and the rest of his iela- 
tions, and afterwards killed himself by fail- 
; upon a sword, which he had thrust 
ainst a wall. He was the first of the fol- 
lowers of Christianity who ever murdered 
his lawful sovereign/A. D. 353. 

M AGNES, a young man who found him- 
self detained by the iron nails which were 
under his shoes as he walked over a stone 
mine. This was no other than the magnet, 
which received its name from the per-ou 
who had been first sensible of its power. 
Some say that Magnes was a slave of Me- 
dea, whom that enchantress changed into a 

magnet.— Orp. la. 10, 7. A son of Mollis 

and Anaretta, who married Nais, by whom 

he had Pierus, kc.—Apol. I, 7. A poet 

and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gy- 
ges kin? of Lydia. 

MAGNE'SIA, a town of Asia Minor on 
the Maeander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, 
now called Guzelhizar. It is celebrated for 
the death of Themistocles, and for a battle 
which was fought there U7 years before the 
Christian era, between the Romans and An- 
tiochus, king of Syria. The forces of Anti- 
ochus amounted "to 70,000 men, according 
to Appian, or 70,600 foot and 12,000 horse, 
according to Livy, which have been exag- 
gerated by Florus" to 300,000 men ; the Ro- 
man army consisted of about 28 or 30,000 
men, 2000 of which were employed in guard- 
ing the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot 
and 4000 horse, and the Romans only 300 
killed with 25 horse. It was founded by a 
colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was 
commonly called Magnesia ad Maandrum, 
to distinguish it from another called Mag- 
nesia ad Sypylum, in L\dia, at the foot of 
mount Sypylus. This last was destroyed by 

an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius.- 

A country on the eastern parts of Thessaly, 
at the south of Ofia. It was sometimes 
called JEmonia and Magnes Campus. The 
capital was also called Magnesia. A pro- 
montory of Magnesia in Thessalv. — Li. 37. 
— Fl. l~.—App. 

MAGO, a Carthaginian general sent 
against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He ob- 
tained a victory and granted peace to the 
conquered. In a battle which soon after 
followed this treaty of peace, Mago was 
killed. His son of the same name succeeded 
to the command of the Carthaginian army, 
but he disgraced himself by flying at the ap- 
proach of Timoleon, who" had come to as- 
sist the Syracusan. He was accused in the 
Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by 
suicide the execution of the sentence justly 
pronounced against him. His body was 
hung on a gibbet, and exposed to public Ig- 
nominy. A brother of Annibal the Great. 

He was present at the battle of Cannae, and 
was deputed by his brother to carry to Car- 
thage the news of the celebrated" victory 
which had been obtained over the Roman 
armies. His arrival at Carthage was unex 
pected, and more powerfully to astonish his 



MAG— MA J 379 MA L- MAM 



country men on account of the victory of 
Cannae, he emptied in the senate-house the 
three bushels of golden rings which had been 
taken from the Roman knights slain in bat- 
tie. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where 
he defeated the two Scipios, and was him- 
self, in another engagement, totally ruined. 
.He retired to the Baleares, which he con- 
quered ; and one of the cities there still 
bears his name, and is called Portus Mago- 
11 is, Port Mahon. After this he landed in 
Italy with an army, and took possession of 
part of Insubria. He was defeated in a bat- 
tle by Quintiiius Varus, and died of a mor- 
tal wound 203 years before the Christain 

era, kc.—Li. 30. C. Nep. An. 8, gives a 

very different account of his death, and 
says, he either perished in a shipwreck, or 
was murdered by his servants. Perhaps An- 
nibal had two brothers of that name. A 

Carthaginian more known by the excellence 
of his writings than by his military exploits. 
JIe wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry; 
these were preserved by Scipio at the tak- 
ing of Carthage, and presented to the Ro- 
man senate. "They were translated into 
Greek by Cassius Dionvsius of Utica, and 
into Latin by order of 'the Roman senate, 
though Cato had already written so copi- 
ously upon the subject; and the Romans, as 
it has been observed, consulted the writings 
of Mago with greater earnestness than the 

books of the Sybyliine verses. — Col. A 

Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to as^ 
sist the Romans against Pyrrhiis and the 
Tarentines, with a fleet of" 120 sail. This 
offer was politely refused bv the Roman 
senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal 
and Hamilcar. — Va. Ma. 

MAGON, a river of India falling into the 
Ganges.— Arr. 

MAGON TIACUM, or MAGONTEA, a 
large city of Germanv, now called Mcnlz. 
— Ta. 4. Hist. 15 & 23. 

MAGUS, an officer of Turnus, killed by 
iEneas.— V. JEn. 10, 522. 

MA HERBAL, a Carthaginian who was at 
the siege of Saauntum, and who command- 
ed the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of 
Cannae. He advised the conqueror imme- 
diately to march to Rome, but Annibal re- 
quired time to consider on so bold a mea- 
sure ; upon which Maherbal observed, that 
Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how 
to make a proper use of victory. 

MAl'A, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was 
one of the Pleiades', the most luminous of 
the seven sisters. [Vide Pleiades.]— Apol. 3, 
10.— V. JEn. 1, 301. A surname of Cvbele. 

MA.JESTAS, a goddess among theRofnans, 
daughter of Honor and Reverence.— Ov. 5. 
P. 5, 25. 

MA.IORIA'NUS, Jul. Valerius, an empe- 
ror of the western Roman empire raised to 
'.he imperial throne A. D. 457. He signa- 
led himself by his private as well as public 
virtues. He was massacred after a reign 
of 37 years by one of his generals, who en- 
f ied in his master tl.<~ character of an ac- 
tive, virtuous, and humane emperor. 

MAJORCA, the greatest of the islands 



called Baleares, on the coast of Spain, Wi 
the Mediterranean. — Sir. 

MALA FORTTJNA, the goddess of evil 
fortune, was worshipped among the Ro- 
mans. — Ci. Nat. D. 3. 

MA LEA, a promontory of Lesbos. 

Another in Peloponnesus, at the south of 
Laconia. The sea is so roug-h and boister- 
ous there, that the dangers which attended 
a voyage round it gave rise to the proverb 
of Cum ad Maleam deflexeris, obliuisrere 
qua sunt domi. — Sir. 8, 9. — Luc. 6, 58. — Me. 
2, 3.— Li. 21, 44.— Ov. Am. 2, e. 16, 24, e. 
11, 29.— Pa. 3, 23. 

MALE VENT UM, the ancient name 0/ Be- 
neventum.— Li. 9, 27. 

MALHO or MATHO, a general of an 
army of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B.C. 

MALIA, a city of Pthiotis, near mount 
GEta and Thermopylae. There were in its 
neighbourhood some hot mineral waters 
which the poet Catullus has mentioned. 
From Malia, a gulf or small bay in the 
neighbourhood, at the western extremities 
of the island of Euboea, has received the 
name of the gulf of Malia, Maliacum F return 
or Maliacus Sinus. Some call it the gulf 
of Lamia, from its vicinity to Lamia. It is 
often taken for the Sinus Pelasgic.us of the 
ancients. — Pa. 1, 4. — Her. 

MALI I, a people of Mesopotamia. 

MALIS, a servant maid 01 Omphale, be- 
loved bv Hercules. 

MALLEOLUS, a man who murdered his 
mother, kc— Ci. Her. 1, 13. 

MALLIUS, a Roman consul defeated by 
the Gauls, kc. 

MALLOPH'ORA (ianam ferens), a sur- 
name under which Ceres had a temple at 
Megara, because she had taught the inhabi- 
tants the utility of wool, and the means of 
tending sheep to advantage. This temple 
is represented as so old in the age of Pau- 
sanias, that it was falling to decay. Pa. 1,44. 

MA LLCS, a town of Cilicia. — Luc. 3, 2^7. 

MALTEA or MALLIA AQUA. Fidf Malia. 

MALTHI'NUS, a name under which Ho- 
race has lashed some of his friends or ene- 
mies.— S. 2, 27. 

MAMAUS, a river of Peloponnesus. 

MAM ERCUS, a tyrant of Catana, who 
surrendered to Timoleon. His attempts to 
speak in a public assembly at Syracuse were 
received with groans and nisses, upon which 
he dashed his head against a wall, and en- 
deavoured to destroy himself. The blows 
were not fatal, and Mamercus was soon 
after put to death as a robber, B.C. 340.— 

Poly. 5.—C. Nep.T. A dictator at Rome, 

B.C. 437. A consul with D. Brutus. 

MAMERTHLS, a Corinthian who killed 
his brother's son in hopes of reigning, upon 
which he was torn to pieces by his brother. 
— Ov. Ib. 

MAM ERTI'NA, a town of Campania, fa- 
mous for its wines. A name of Messana 

in Sicilv.— Mori. 13, e. 117.— Sir. 7. 

MAMERTl'NI, a mercenary band of sol- 
diers which passed from Campania into 
Sicily at the request of Agathocles. When 
they were in the service ot Agathocles, they 
claimed the privilege of voting at theeleo- 



HAM — MAN 380 MAN — MAN 



lion or magistrates at Syracuse, and had re- 
course to arms to support their unlawful 
demands. The sedition was appeased by 
the authority of some leading- men, and the 
L'anipanians were ordered to leave Sicily. 
In their way tc thecoast they were received 
with great kinduess by thepeople of Mes- 
sana, and soon returned perfidy for hospi- 
tality. They conspired against the inhabi- 
tants, murdered all the males in the city, 
and married their wives and daughters, and 
rendered themselves masters of the place. 
After this violence they assumed the name 
of Mamertini, and called their city Mamer- 
tiua, from a provincial word, which in their 
language signified martial or warlike. The 
Mamertines were afterwards defeated by 
Miero, and totally disabled to repair their 
ruined affairs.— Plu. Pyr, &c. 

MAM I LI A LEX de limitibus, by the tri- 
bune Mamilius. It ordained that in the 
boundaries of the lands five or six feet of 
land should be left uncultivated, which no 
person could convert into private property. 
It also appointed commissioners to see "it 
carried into execution. 

MAM1LII, a plebeian family at Rome, 
descended from the Aborigines. They first 
lived at Tusculum, from whence they came 
to Rome.— Li. 3, 29. 

MAMILIUS OCTAYILS, a son-in-law of 
Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon bra- 
very at the battle of Regillae. He is also 
called Manilius. Vide Manilius. 

iMAMMEA, the mother of the emperor 
Severus, who died A.D. 235. 

MA'MURIUS VETI R1 liS, a worker in 
brass in Numa's reign. He was ordered by 
the monarch to make a number of ancylia 
or shields, like that one which had faileu 
from heaven, that it might be difficult to dis- 
tinguish the true one from the tubers. He 
was very successful in his undertaking, and 
he asked for no other reward, but that his 
name might be frequently mentioned in the 
hymns which were sung by the Salii in the 
feast of the Ancvlia. This request was 
granted.— Of. r. 3, 392.— Var. L. L. 5, 6. 

MAMURR.A, a Roman knight born at 
Formiae. He followed the fortune of J. 
Caesar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched 
himself. He built a magnificent palace on 
mount Coelius, and was - the first who in- 
crusted his walls with marble. Catullus 
i. as attacked him in his epigrams. Formiae 
is sometimes called Mamwrrarum urbs. — 
PL 36, 6. 

MANAS'TABAL, son of Masinissa, who 
was father to the celebrated Gugurtha.— 
'Sal. J. b. 

MANCI'NUS, C, a Roman general, who, 
though at the head of an army of 30,000 
men, was defeated by 4000 Nuniantians, 
B.C. 138. He was dragged from the senate, 
&C— Ci. Or. I, 40. 

MANDA'NE, a daughter of king Astya- 
ges, married by her father to Cambyses,'an 
ignoble person of Persia. The monarch 
I. ad dreamed that his daughter's urine had 
drowned all his city, which had been inter- 
preted in an unfavourable manner by the 
soothsayers who assured him that Irs 



daughter's son would dethrone him. The 
marriageof Maudane with Canibvses would, 
in the monarch's-opinion, prevent the effects 
of the dream, and the children of this con- 
nection would, like their tather, be poor 
and unnoticed. The expectations of As- 
tyages were frustrated. He was dethroned 
by his srrandson. [Vide Cyrus.]— Her.5,107. 

MANDa'NES, an Indian prince and phi- 
losopher, whom Alexander invited bv his 
ambassadors, on pain of death, to come to 
his banquet, as being the son of Jupiter. 
The philosopher ridiculed the threats and 
promises of Alexander, &c— Str* 15. 

MAN DE'LA, a village in the country of 
the Sabines, near Horace's country seat.— 
Hor. l, e. 18, 105. 

MAN DOM US, a prince in Spain, who 
for some time favoured the cause of the 
Romans. When he heard that Scipio the 
Roman commander was ill, he raised com- 
motions in the provinces, for which he was 
severely reprimanded and punished.— Li. 29. 

M AN'DROCLES,a general of Artaxerxes, 
Sic.—C. Sep. D. [Poly. 8. 

MANDRON, a king Of the Bebrvces, &c. 

MAN DUBII, a people of Gaul, (now Bnr- 
guvdn'), in Caesar's army, &c.-C<ps. B.G.7,78. 

MAN DU BRATIUS, a young Briton who 
came over to Caesar in Gaul. His father 
Immanuentius was king in Britain, and had 
been put to death bv order of Cassive 
launus.— Cms. B. G. 0/20. 

M AN DURIA, a city of Calabria, near Ta- 
rentum, whose inhabitants were famous lor 
eating dog's flesh. — PI. 2, 103.— Li. 27, 15. 

M ANES, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who 
reigned in Maeonia. He was father of Cotys 
by Callirrhoe, the daughter of Oceanus. 

.MANES, a name generally applied by 
the ancients to the souls when separated 
from the body. They were reckoned among 
the infernal deities, and generally supposed 
to preside over the burying- places and the 
monuments of the dead. They were wor- 
shipped with great solemnity, particularly 
by the Romans. The augurs always invoked 
them when they proceeded to exercise their 
sacerdotal offices. Virgil introduces his 
hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, 
and to the Manes, a victim whose blood 
was received in a ditch. The word manes 
is supposed to be derived from Mania, who 
was by some reckoned the mother of those 
tremendous deities. Others derive it from 
manare, quod per omnia eet/ierea terrenaque 
manahanl, because they tilled the air, par 
ticularly in the night, "and were intent to 
molest and disturb the peace of mankind. 
Some say that manes comes from manis, an 
old Latin word which signified good or pro- 
pitious. The word manes is differently used 
by ancient authors ; sometimes it is taken 
for the infernal regions, and sometimes it 
is applied to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, 
whence the epitaphs of the Romans were 
always superscribed with D. M. Dis Mani- 
bus,io remind the sacrilegious and profane 
not to molest the monuments of the dead, 
which were guarded with such sanctity. — 
Pro. 1, e. 19.— Virg. 4, G. 462. £n. 3, &c 
—Hor. 1. S. 8, as. A river of Locns. 



MAN— MAN ggi MAN -MAN 



MANE'THO,a celebrated priest of Helico- 
polis in Egypt, surnamed the' Mendesian, 
B. C. 261. "He wrote in Greek an history 
of Egvpt, which has been often quoted and 
commended bv the ancients, particularly 
bv Josephus. It was chiefly collected from 
the writings of Mercury, and from the 
journals and annals, which were preserved 
"in the Egyptian temples. This history has 
been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. 
The author "supported that all the gods of 
the Egyptians had been mere mortals, and 
had all lived upon earth. This history, 
which is now lost, had been epitomized, and 
some fragments of it are still extant. There 
is extant a Greek poem ascribed to Mane- 
tho, in which the power of the stars which 
preside over the birth and fate of mankind 
is explained. 

MANIA, a goddess, supposed to be the 
mother of the Lares and Manes. A fe- 
male servant of queen Berenice the daugh- 

er of Ptolemy. A mistress of Demetrius 

Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, 
from her folly.— Pin. D. 

M A N I L' I A LEX , by Manilius the tribune, 
A. U. C. 678. It required that all the forces 
of Lucullus and his province, together with 
Bithvnia, which was then under the com- 
mand of Glabrio, should be delivered to 
Pompey, and that this general should with- 
out anv delay declare war against Mithri- 
dates, and still retain the command of the 
Roman fleet, and the empire of the Medi- 
terranean, as before. Another, which 

permitted all those whose fathers had not 
been invested with public offices, to be em- 
ployed in the management of affairs. A 

woman famous for her debaucheries. — 
Jnv. 6, 242. 

MANIL'lUS, a Roman, who married the 
daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tuscu- 
lum, and received his father-in-law in his 
house, when banished from Rome, &c— Li. 
2, 15. CAIUS, a celebrated mathema- 
tician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a 
poetical treatise on astronomy, of which 
five books are extant, treating of the fixed 
stars. The style is not elegant. The age 
in which he lived is not known, though 
some suppose that he flourished in the Au- 
gustan age. No author, however, in the 
ag-e of Augustus has made mention of 

Manilius. TITUS, a learned historian in 

the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly 

commended" by Cicero, pro Roscio. 

MARCUS, another mentioned by Ci. Or. 1, 
48, as supporting the character of a great 
lawyer, and of an eloquent and powerful 
orator. [G. 43. 

MAN'fMT, a people in Germany.— Ta. 

MAN LI A LEX, by the tribune P. Man- 
lius, A. U. C. 557. It revived the office of 
treviri epulones, first instituted by Numa. 
The epulones were priests, who prepared 
banquets for Jupiter and the gods at public 
festivals, &c. 

MANL1US TORQUATUS, a celebrated 
Roman, whose youth was distinguished by 
a lively and cheerful disposition. These 
promising talents were, however, impeded 
by a difficulty of speaking ; and the father, 



unwilling to expose his son's rusticity at 
Rome, detained him in the country. The 
behaviour of the father was publickly cen- 
sured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune 
cited him to answer for his unfatherly be- 
haviour to his son. Young Manlius was in 
formed of this, and with a dag-ger in his 
hand, he entered the house of the tribune, 
and made him solemnly promise that he 
would drop the accusation. This action of 
Manlius endeared him to the people, and 
soon after he was chosen military tribune. 
In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the 
challenge of one of the enemy, whose 
gigantic stature and ponderous arms had 
rendered him terrible and almost invincible 
in the eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was 
conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his 
arms, and from the collar (lorquoise} which 
he took from the enemy's neck, he was 
ever after surnamed Torqnatus. Manlius 
was the first Roman who was raised to the 
dictatorship, without having: been previously 
consul. The severity of Torqnatus to his 
son has been deservedly censured. This fa- 
ther had the courage and heart to put to 
death his son, because he had engaged one of 
the enemy, and obtained an honourable vic- 
tory, without his previous permission. This 
uncommon rigour displeased many of the 
Romans ; and though Torqnatus was honour- 
ed with a triumph, and commended by the 
senate for his services, yet the Roman 
youth showed their disapprobation of the 
consul's severity, by refusing him at his re- 
turn the homage which every other con- 
queror received. Some time after the 
censorship was offered to him, but he re 
fused it, observing, that the people could 
not bear his severity, nor he the vices of 
the people. From the rigour of Torqnatus 
all edicts,and actions of severity and justice' 
have been called Manliana cdirta.—Li 1 
10.— Va. Ma. 6. 9.— — MARCUS, a cele' 
brated Roman, whose valour was displayed 
in the field of hattle, even at the early age 
of 16. When Rome was taken by the Gauls 
Manlius with a body of his countrymen fled 
into the Capitol, which he defended when 
it was suddenly surprised in the night by the 
enemy. This action gained him the sur- 
name of Capilolinus, and the geese, which 
by their clamour had awakened him to 
arm himself in his own defence, were ever 
after held sacred among the Romans. A 
law which Manlius proposed to abolish the 
taxes on the common people, raised the 
senators against him. The dictator, Corn. 
Cossus, seized him as a rebel, but the people 
put on mourning, and delivered from prison 
their common father. This did not, in the 
least, check his ambition ; he continued to 
raise factions, and even secretly to attempt 
to make himself absolute, till at" last the tri- 
bunes of the people themselves became his 
accusers. He was tried in the Campus Marti- 
ns ; but when the distant view of the Capitol 
which Manlius had saved, seemed to influence 
the people in his favour, the court of justice 
was removed, and Manlius was condemned. 
He was thrown down from the Tarpeian 
rock, A. U. C. 371, and to render his igne- 



MAN— MAN 



382 



MAN— MAR 



nuny still greater, none of his family were 
afterwards permitted to bear the surname 
of Marcus, and the place where his house 
had stood was deemed unworthy to be in- 
habited.— Li. 5, 31, 1. 6, o.—Fl. I, 13 & 26. 

— Fa. Ma. 6, i.—V. £n. 6, 825. IMPE- 

RIOSUS, father of Manlius Torquatus. 
He was made dictator. He was accused 
for detaining his son at home. [Vide 
Manlius Torquatus.] VOLFO, a Ro- 



man consul who received an army of the conquerors sent her to Apollo, th 



Scipio in Asia, and made war against 
the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. 
He was honoured with a triumph at his re- 
turn, though it was at first strongly opposed. 

— FL 3, 11.— Li. 38, 12, &c. CAIUS, or 

AULUS,a senator sent to Athens to collect 
the best and wisest laws of Solon, A.U.C. 

300.— Li. 2. 54. 1. 3, 31. Another, called 

also Cincinnatus. He made war against 
the Etrurians and Veientes with great suc- 
cess, and he died of a wound he had re- 
ceived in a battle. Another, who in his 

praetorship reduced Sardinia. He was after- 
wards made dictator. Another, who was 

defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily. 

A praetor in Gaul, who fought against 

the Boii, with very little success. Ano- 
ther, called Attilius, who defeated a Cartha- j her native country, that she gave way to her 



married Abas the son of Lynceus and Hy- 
pennnestra. — Apol. 2, 9. 

MANTINO'RUM OPPIDUM, a tcwn of 
Corsica, now supposed to be Bastia. 
MANTIUS, a son of Melampus. 
MANTO, a daughter of the prophet Tirc- 
sias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. 
She was made prisoner by the Argives whe'n 
the city of Thebes fell into their hands and 
as she was the worthiest part of the booty, 



god 

of Delphi, as the most valuable present thev 
could make. Manto, often caMed Daphne, 
remained for some time at Delphi, where 
she officiated as priestess, and where she 
gave oracles. From Delphi she came to 
Claros in Ionia, where she established aa 
oracle of Apollo. Here she married Rha- 
dius the sovereign of the country, by whom 
she had a son called Mopsus. Manto after- 
wards visited Italy, where she married Ti- 
berinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets 
mention, the god of the riv er Tiber. From 
this marriage sprang Genus, who built a 
town in the neighbourhood, which in honour 
of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, 
according to a certain tradition, was so struck 
at the misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, 



ginian fleet, &c. Another, who conspired 

with Catiline against the Roman republic. 
Another, in whose consulship the tem- 
ple of Janus was shut. Another, who 

was banished under Tiberius for his adul- 
tery.-^— A Roman appointed judge between 
his son Silanus and the province of Mace- 
donia. When all the parties had been 
heard, the father said, — " It is evident that 
ray son has suffered himself to be bribed ; 
therefore, 1 deem him unworthy of the re- 
public and of my house, and I order him lo 
depart from my presence." Silanus was so 
struck at the rigour of his father, that he 

hanged himself. — Va. Ma. 5, 5. A learned 

man in the age of Cicero. 

MANN US, the son of Thiasto, both fa- 
mous divinities among the Germans.— 7a. 
Gp. 2. 

MANSUE'TOS, J., a friend of Vitellius, 
who entered the Roman armies, and left 
his son, then very young, at home. The 
son was promoted b'y Galba, and soon after 
met a detachment of the partizans of Vitel- 
lius in which his father was. A battle was 
fought, and Mansuetus was wounded by the 
hand of his son, Scc—Ta. Hist. 3, 25. 

MANTINEA, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponnesus. It was taken by Aratus and An- 
tigonu-, and on account of the latter it was 
afterwards called Antigonia. The emperor 
Adrian built there a temple in honour of his 
favourite Alcinous. It is famous for the 
battle which was fought there between Epa- 
minondas at (he head of the Thebans, and 
the combined forces of Lacedaemon, Achaia, 
Eiis, Atheus, and Arcadia, about 3t>3 years 
before Christ. The Theban general was 
killed in the engagement, and from that 
time Thebes lost its power and consequence 
among the Grecian states.— Str. 8.— C. Nep. 
Ep.—Di. \b.—Ptol. 3, 16. 

MANTINEUS, the father of Ocalea, who 



sorrow, and was turned into a fountain. 
Some suppose her to be the same who con- 
ducted ytneas into hell, and who sold the 
Sybilline books lo Tarquin the Proud. She 
received divine honours after d<ath. — V. 
ALn. I, 199, I. 10, 199.— Ov. Me. 6, 157.— Di. 
Apol. 3, 7.— Sir. 14 & 16.— Pa. 9, 10, Si 



23, 



7, 3. 



MANTUA, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
founded about 300 years before Rome, by 
Bianor or Ocnos, the son of Manto. It was 
the ancient capital of Etruria. When Cre- 
mona, which had followed the interest of 
Brutus, was given to the soldiers of Octa- 
vius, Mantua also, which was in the neigh- 
bourhood, shared the common calamity, 
though it had favoured the party of Augus- 
tus, and manv of the inhabitants were ty- 
rannically deprived of their possessions. 
Virgil, who was among them, and a native 
of the town, and from thence is often calle' 
Mantv.anus, applied for redress to Augustus, 
and obtained it by means of his poetical 
talents.-5<r. b.— V. Eel. 1, &c. G. 3, 12.— 
JEn. 10, 160.— Ov. A. 3, el. 15. 
MAR AC AN DA, a town of Sogdiana. 
MARATHA, a village of Arcadia.— Pa. 

'maR'ATHON, a village of Attica, 10 miles 
from Athens, celebrated for the victory 
which the lo,000 Athenians and 1000 Pla- 
tseans, under the command of Miltiades, 
gained over the Persian army, consisting ol 
100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according 
to Val. Maximus, of 300,00u, or as Justin 
says, of 600,000, under the command of Da- 
tis' and Artaphernes, on the 2bth of Sept 
490 B.C. In this battle, according to Hero, 
dolus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, atr 
the Persians 6,300. Justin has raised ttj 
loss of the Persians in this expedition and 
in the battle, to 200,000 men. To com- 
memorate this immortal victory of their 



MAR— MAR 



383 



MAR— MAR 



countrymen, the Greeks raised small co- 
lumns, with the names inscribed on the 
tombs of the fallen heroes, ft was also in 
the plains of Marathon that Theseus over- 
came a celebrated bell, which ravaged the 
neighbouring country. Erigone is called 
Marathonia v'vgo, as being bom at Mara- 
thon.— St. 5, Sy. 3, 74.— C. Nep. M,— Her. 
6. &c— Jit. 2, 9.—Va Ma. 5, 3.— Phi. Par. 

A king of Attica, son of Epopeus, who 

gave his name to a small village there.— 
Pa. 2, 1. A king of Sicyon. [1, 12. 

MAR' ATM OS, a town of Phoenicia.— Me. 

MARCELLA, a daughter of Octavia the 
sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She mar- 
ried Agrinpa. 

MARCELLI'NUS AMMIA'NUS, a cele- 
brated historian who carried arms under 
Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote 
an history of Rome from the reign of Do- 
mitian, where Suetonius stops, to the em- 
peror Valens. His style is neither elegant 
nor laboured, but it is greatly valued for 
its veracity, and in many of the actions he 
mentions, the author was nearly concerned. 
The history was composed at Rome, where 
Ammiauus retired from the noise and trou- 
bles of the camp, and does not betray that 
severity against the Christians which other 
writers have manifested, though the author 
was warm in favour of Paganism, the reli- 
gion which for a while was seated on the 
throne. 1 1 was divided into thirty-one books, 
of which only the eighteen last remain, be- 
ginning at the death of Magnentius. Am- 
inianus has been liberal in his encomiums 
upon Julian, whose favour he enjoyed, and 
who so eminently patronized his religion. 
The negligence with which some facts are 
sometimes mentioned, lias induced many to 
believe that the history of Ammianus has 
suffered much from the ravages of time, 
and that it has descended to us mutilated 
and imperfect. An officer under Julian. 

MARCELLUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS, a 
famous Roman general, who, after the first 
Punic war, had the management of an ex- 
pedition against the Gauls, where he ob- 
tained the ~Spolia opima, by killing with his 
own hand Viridomarus the'king of the ene- 
my. Such success rendered him popular, 
and soon after he was entrusted to oppose 
Annibal in Italy. He was the first Roman 
who obtained some advantage over this ce- 
lebrated Carthaginian, and showed his coun- 
trymen that Annibal was not invincible. 
The troubles w hich were raised in Sicily by 
theCarthaginiansat the death of Hieronymus 
alarmed the Romans, and Marceilns, in his 
third consulship, was sent with a powerful 
force against Syracuse. He attacked it by 
6ea and land, but his operations proved in- 
effectual, and the invention and industry of 
a philosopher [Vide Archimedes] were able 
to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy all 
the great and stupendous machines and mi- 
itary engines of the Romans, during three 
uccessive years. The perseverance of 
Marcellus at last obtained the victory. The 
inattention of the inhabitants during their 
nocturnal celebration of the festivals of 
Diana, favoured his oDerations; he forcibly 



entered the town, and made himself master 
of it. The conqueror enriched the capital 
of Italy with the spoils of Svracuse, and 
when he was accused of rapac'iousness, for 
stripping the conquered city of ali its paint- 
ings and ornaments, he confessed that he 
had done it to adorn the public buildings of 
Rome, and to introduce a taste for the fine 
arts and elegance of the Greeks among his 
countrymen. After the conquest of Syra- 
cuse, Marcellus was called upon by his 
country to oppose a second time Annibal. 
In this campaign he behaved with greater 
vigour than before; the greatest part of the 
towns of the Samnites, which had revolted, 
were recovered by force of arms, and 30oo 
of the soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. 
Some time after an engagement with the 
Carthaginian general proved unfavourable ; 
Marcellus had the disadvantage ; but on the 
morrow a more successful skirmish vindi- 
cated his military character, ana the honour 
of the Roman soldiers. Marcellus, howe- 
ver, was not sufficiently vigilant against the 
snares of his adversary. He imprudently 
separated himself from his camp, and was 
killed in an ambuscade in the 60th year of 
his age, in his 5th consulship, A.U.C. 544. 
His body was honoured with a magnificent 
funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes 
were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. 
Marcellus claims our commendation for his 
private as well as public virtues ; and the 
humanity of a general will everbe remem- 
bered who, at the surrender of Syracuse, 
wept at the thought that many were going 
to be exposed to the avarice and rapacious- 
ness of an incensed soldiery, which the po- 
licy of Rome and the laws of war rendered 
inevitable.— V. JEn. 6, 855.— Pat. 2, 38.— 

Phi. vi. &c. ■ One of his descendants, who 

bore the same name, signalized himself in 
the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, by his 
firm attachment to the latter. He was ba- 
nished by Caesar, but afterwards recalled at 
the .request of the senate. Cicero under- 
took his defence in an oration which is still 

extant. The grandson of Pompey's friend 

rendered himself popular by his universal 
benevolence and affability. He was son of 
Marcellus by Octavia the sister of Augus- 
tus. He married Julia, that emperor's 
daughter, and was publicly intended as his 
successor. The suddenness of his death, at 
the early age of eighteen, was the cause of 
much lamentation at Rome, particularly 
in the family of Augustus, and Virgil pro- 
cured himself great favours by celebrating- 
the virtues of this amiable prince. [Vide 
Octavia.] Marcellus was buried at the pub- 
lic expense.— V. JEn. 6, 883.— Sue. Au.— 

PLu. Ma. Sen. Co. Ma.— Pat. 2, 93. The 

son of the great Marcellus who look Syra- 
cuse, was caught in the ambuscade which 
proved fatal to his father, but he forced 
his way from the enemy and escaped. He 
received the ashes of his father from the 
conqueror.— P/u. Ma. A man who con- 
spired against Vespasian. The husband 

of Octavia, the sister of Augustus. A con- 
queror of Britian. An officer under the 

emperor Julian. A man put to death by 



MAR — MAR -5S4 MAit— MAR 



Galba. A man who jrave Cicero informa- 
tion of Catiline's conspiracy. A colleague 

of Cato in the qtuestorship. A native of 

Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on 
physic, divided into 42 books. He lived in 

the reign of Marcus Aurelius. A Roman 

drowned in a storm, &c. 

MARCIA, the wife of Regulus. When 
she heard that her husband had bepn put to 
death at Carthage in the most excruciating 
manner, she retorted the punishment, and 
shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a 
barrel, which she had previously tilled with 
sharp nails. The senate was obliged to stop 

the wantonness of her cruelty. — Di. 24. 

A favourite of the emperor Commodus, 
whom he poisoned. A vestal virgin, pu- 
nished for her incontinence. A daughter 

«>f Philip, who married Cato the censor. 
Her husband gave her to his friend Horten- 
sius for the sake of procreating children, 
and after his death he took her again to his 
own house. An ancient name of the is- 
land of Rhodes. — A daughter of Cato of Uli- 
ca. A stream of water. Vide Mania Aqua. 

MARCIA LEX, by Marcius Censorinus. 
It forbad any man to be invested with the 
office of censor more than once. 

MARCIA'N A, a sister of the emperor Tra- 
jan, who, on account of her public and pri- 
vate virtues and her amiable disposition, 
was declared Augusta and empress bv her 
brother. She died A. D. 1 13. 

MARCIANOP'OLIS, the capital of Lower 
Mcesia in Greece. It receives its name in 
honour of the empress Marciana. 

MARCIA'N US. a native of Thrace, born 
of an obscure family. After he had for 
some time served in the army as a common 
soldier, he was made private secretary to 
one nf the officers of Theodosius. His win- 
ning address and uncommon talents raided 
him to higher stations ; and on the death 
of Theodosius II., A. D. 450, he was in- 
vested with the imperial purple in the east. 
The subjects of the Roman Empire had rea- 
son to be satisfied with their choice. Mar- 
ciauus showed himself active and resolute, 
and when Attila, the barbarous king of the 
Huns, asked of the emperor the annual tri- 
bute, which the indolence and cowardice of 
his predecessors had regularly paid, the 
successor of Theodosius firmly said that he 
kept his gold for his friends, but that iron 
was the metal which he had prepared for 
his enemies. In the midst of universal po- 
pularity Marcianus died, after a reign of 
six years, in the 69th year of his age, as he 
was" making warlike preparations against 
the barbarians thathad invaded Africa. His 
death was lamented, and indeed his merit 
was great, since his reign has been distin- 
guished by the appellation of the golden 
aire.— Marcianus married Pulcheria the sis- 
.er of his predecessor. It is said, that in 
the years of his obscurity he found a man 
who" had been murdered, and that he had 
the humanity to give him a private biuial, 
for which circumstance he was accused of 
the homicide and imprisoned. He was con- 
demned to lose his life, and the sentence 
would have been executed, had not the real 



murderer been discovered, and convinced 
the world of the innocence of Marcianus. 
CAPELLA, a writer. Vide Capella. 

MARCUS SABINUS, M., was the proge- 
nitor of the Marcian family at Rome. He 
came to Rome with Numa, and it was he 
who advised Numa to accept of the crown 
which the Romans offered to him. He at- 
tempted to make himself king of Rome, i:i 
opposition toTullus Hostilius, and when his 
efforts proved unsuccessful, he killed him- 
self. His son, who married a daughter of 
Numa, was made high priest by his father- 
in-law. He was father of Ancus Marcius. 
— Plu. N. A Roman who accused Pto- 
lemy Alutes, king of Egypt, of misdemea- 
nor in the Pvoman senate. A Roman 

consul defeated by the Samnites. He was 
more successful against the Carthaginians, 
and obtained a victory, <kc. Another con- 
sul, who obtained a Victory over the Etru- 
rians. Another, who defeated the Her- 

niei. A Roman who fought against As- 

drubal. A man whom Catiline hired to 

assassinate Cicero. 

M A RC1US SALTUS,ap!ace in Liguria,&c. 

MARCOMANNI, a people of Germany, 
who originally dwelt on the banks of the 
Rhine and the Danube. They proved 
powerful enemies to the Roman emperors. 
Augustus granted them peace, but they 
were afterwards subdued by Antoninus and 
Trajan, 6cc— Pa. 2, c. 109.— Ta. An. 2, 46 
& 62, G. 42. 

MAR'CUS, apraenomen common to many 
of the Romans. {Vide jEmilius, Lepidus, 

&c.] A son of Cato, killed at Philippine 

CAR YNENSlS,a general of the Acha&ao 

lea-rue, 255 B.C. 

MARDI, a people of Persia, on the con- 
fines of Media. They were ver« poor, and 
generally lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. 
Their country in later times, became the 
residence of the famous assassins destroyed 
by Hulakou, the grandson of Zingis Khan. 
—Her. 1 & 3.—F. 6, 16. 

MARDIA, a place of Thrace, famous for 
a battle between Constantine and Licinius, 
A.D. 315. 

MARDONIUS, a general of Xerxes, 
who after the defeat of his master at Ther- 
mopylae and Salamis, was left in Greece 
with" an army of 300,000 chosen men to 
subdue the country, and reduce it under the 
power of Persia. His operations were ren- 
dered useless by the courase and ugilance 
of the Greeks ; and in a battle at Plataea, 
Mardonius w as defeated and left among thu 
slain, B.C. 479. He had been commander 
of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it 
was chiefly by his adviee that Xerxes in- 
vaded Greece. He was son-in-law of Da- 
rius.— Plu. Jr.— Her. 6, 7 & 8.— Di. II.— 
Ju. 2, 13, &c. [Caspian sea. 

MARDUS,a river of Media,fallinginto the 
MARE MORTUUM, called also, from the 
bitumen it throws up, the lake AsphaUiies, 
is situate in Judaea, and is near 100 miles 
long and 25 broad. Its waters are Salter 
than those of the sea, but the vapours ex- 
haled from them are not so pestilential as 
have been generally represented, it is sup- 



38& MAR— MAR 

bore also the name of Marica, as beinf 
sacred to the nvmph.-Zi. 27,37. Hor. 3, 0.17. 

MARICUS, a" Gaul thrown to lions, in the 
reign of Viteilius, who refused to devour 
him, tec. — Ta. An. 2,61. 
MARl'NA, a daughter of Arcadius, &c. 
MARINUS, a friend of Tiberius, put to 
death, 6cc. 

MARION, a king of Tyre in the age of 
Alexander the Great. 

MARIS, a river of Scythia. A son of 

Armisodares, who assisted Priam against 
the Greeks, and was killed bv Antilochus. — 
H. 11.6, 317. 
MARISSA, an opulent town of Judaea. 
MARISUS, a river of Dacia. 
MARITA LEX. Vide Jura de Waritandis. 
MARIUS, C, a celebrated R.oman, who, 
from a peasant, became one of the most 
powerful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever 
beheld during her consular government. He 
was born at Arpinum, of obscure and illiter- 
ate parents. His father bore the same name 
as himself, and his mother was called Ful- 
cinia. He forsook the meaner occupations 
of the country for the camp, and signalized 
himself under Scipio at the siege of Numan- 
tia. The Roman general saw the courage 
and intrepidity of young Marius, and fore- 
told the era of his future greatness. By his 
seditions and intrigues at" Rome, while he 
exercised the inferior offices of the state, 
he rendered himself known ; and his mar- 
riage with Julia, who was of the family of 
the Caesars, contributed in some measure to 
raise him to consequence. He passed into 
Africa as lieutenant to the consul Meteilus 
against Jugurtha, and after lie had there 
ingratiated himself with the soldiers, and 
raised enemies to his friend and benefactor, 
he returned to Rome, and canvassed for 
the consulship. The extravagant promises 
he made to the people, and his malevolent 
insinuations about the conduct of Metelius, 
i proved successful. He was elected, and ap- 
obliged them to swear to the truth of their i pointed to finish the war against Jugurtha. 
return when they entered the city, accord- j He showed himself capable in every degree 
ing to the best computation. to succeed to Meteilus. Jugurtha was de- 

MARIAMNA, a Jewish woman, who mar- feated, and afterwards betrayed into the 
ried Herodes, &c. hands of the Romans by the perfidy of Boc- 

MARIA'NiE FOSS^, a town of Gaul Nar- ' chus. No sooner was Jugurtha conquered 
bonensis, which received its name from the than new honours and fresh trophies awai- 
(i dyke" (fossa), which Marius opened from ted Marius. The provinces of Rome were 



MAR— MAR 
pssed that the 13 cities o; which Sodom and 
Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scriptures, 
were the capital, were destroyed by a vol- 
cano, and on the site a lake formed. Vol- 
canic appearances now mark the face of the 
country, and earthquakes are frequent. — 
PL 5, G.—Jes. J. b. 4, 27.— Sir. 16, p.764.— 
Jit. 36, 3. 

MAREO'TIS, now Siwah, a lake in Egypt 
near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is fa- 
mous for wine, though some make the Ma- 
reoticum vinum grow in Epirus, or in a 
certain part of Libya, called also Mareotis, 
near Egvpt. — Virg. G. 2, 91 —Hoy. 1, o. 33, 
v. 14.— Luc. 3 6c lO.—Str. 17. 

MARGIN FA & M A RG I AN I A, a town and 
country near the river Oxus, at the east of 
Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The 
vines are so uncommonly large that two 
men can scarcely grasp the trunk of one of 
them.— Curt. 7, 10.— Ptol. 5. 

MARGl'TES, a man against whom, as 
some suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ri- 
dicule his superficial knowledge, and to 
expose his affectation. When Demosthenes 
wished to prove Alexander an inveterate 
enemy to Athens, he called him another 
Margites. 

M ARGUS, a river of Mcesia, falling into 
the Danube, with a town of the same name, 
now Kastolatz. 

M ARI'ABA, a city in Arabia,near the Red 

MARIA LEX, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
A.U.C. 634. It ordered the planks called 
-ponies, on which the people stood up to 
give their votes in the comitia, to be nar- 
rower, that no other might stand there to 
hinder the proceedings of the assembly by 

appeal, or other disturbances. Another, 

called also Portia, by L. Marius and Por- 
cius, tribunes, A.U.C. 691. It fined a cer- 
tain sum of money such commanders as 
gave a false account to the Roman senate 
the number of slain in a battle. It 



thence to the sea.— Pi. 3. 4.— Str 

MARIANO YNUM, a place near Bithynia 
where the poets feign that Hercuies dragged 
Cerberus out of hell.— Dio.— Ptol. 5, 1. — 
Me. 1, 2 & 19, 1. 2, 7. 

MARIAMUS, a surname given to Jupi- 
ter from a temple built to his honour by 
Marius. It was in this temple that the Ro- 
man senate assembled to recall Cicero, a 
circumstance communicated to him in a 
dream. —Fa. Ma. 1, 7. 

MARI'CA,a nymph of the river Lin's, near 
Minturnae. She married king Faunus, by 
whom she had king Latinus, and she w? t 's 
afterwards called Fauna and Fatua, and ho- 
noured as a goddess. A city of Campania 
bore her name. Some suppose her to be 
the same as Circe. — V. JEn. 7, 47.— Li. orj, 
37. A wood on the borders of Campania 



suddenly invaded by an army of 300,000 bar- 
barians, and Marius was the only man 
whose activity and boldness could resist so 
powerful an enemy. He was elected con- 
sul, and sent against the Teutones. The 
war was prolonged, and Marius was a third 
and fourth time invested with the consul- 
ship. At last two engagements were fought, 
and not less than 200^000 of the barbarian 
forces of the Ambrones and Teutones were 
siain in the field of battle, and 90,000 made 
prisoners. The following year was also 
marked by a total overthrow of the Cimbri, 
another horde of barbarians, in which 
140,000 were slaughtered by the Romans, 
and 60,000 taken prisoners. After such 
honourable victories, Marius, with his col 
league Catu. : us, entered Rome in triumph, 
aud for his eminent services, he deserved 
2 L 



MAR-MAR 



MAR-MAR 



the appellation of the third founder of 
Home. He was elected consul a sixth time ; 
and, as his intrepidity had delivered his 
country from its foreign enemies, he sought 
employment at home, and his restless am- 
bition "began to raise seditions and to op- 
pose the power of Syila. This was the 
cause and the foundation of a civil war. 
Sylla refused to deliver up the command of 
ilie forces with which he was empowered to 
prosecute the Mithridatic war, and he re- 
solved to oppose the authors of a demand 
which he considered as arbitrary and impro- 
per. He advanced to Rome, "and Marius 
was obliged to save his life by flight. The 
unfavourable winds prevented him from 
seeking a safer retreat in Africa, and he 
was left on the coasts of Campania, where 
the emissaries of his enemy soon discovered 
him in a marsh, where he had plunged him- 
self in the mud, and left only his mouth 
above the surface for respiration. He was 
violently dragged to the neighbouring town 
of Minturnae, and the magistrates, all de- 
voted to the interest of Sylla, passed sentence 
of immediate death on their magnanimous 
prisoner. A Gaul was commanded to cut 
off his head in the dungeon, but the stern 
countenance of Marius disarmed the cou- 
rage of the executioner, aud, when he 
heard the exclamation of Tunc, homo, audes 
occidere Caium Murium, the dagger drop- 
ped from his hand. Such an uncommon 
adventure awakened the compassion of the 
inhabitants of Minturnae. They released 
Marius from prison, and favoured his es- 
cape to Africa, where he joined his son 
Marius, who had been arming the princes 
of the country in his cause. Marius landed 
near the walls of Carthage, and he received 
no small consolation at the sight of the 
venerable ruins of a once powerful city 
which, like himself, had been exposed to 
calamity, and felt the cruel vicissitude of 
fortune. This place of his retreat was soon 
known, and the governor of Africa, to con- 
ciliate the favours of Sylla, compelled 
Marius to fly to a neighbouring island. He 
soon after learned that Cinna had embra- 
ced his cause at Rome when the Roman 
senate had stripped him of his consular 
dignity and bestowed it upon one of his 
enemies. This intelligence animated Ma- 
rius ; he set sail to assist his friend, only 
at the head of a thousand men. His army, 
however, gradually increased, and he en- 
tered Rome like a conqueror. His enemies 
were inhumanly sacrificed to his fury. 
Rome was filled with blood, aud he who 
had once been called the father of his 
country , marched through the streets of the 
city, attended by a number of assassins, 
who immediately slaughtered all those 
whose salutations were not answered by 
their leader. Such were the signals for 
bloodshed. When Marius and Cinna had 
sufficiently gratified their resentment, they 
made themselves consuls; but Marius, 
already won: out with old age and infirmi- 
ties, died sixteen days after he had been 
honoured with the consular dignity for the 
seventh time, B.C. S6. His end was proba- 



bly hastened by the uncommon quantities 
of wine which he drank when labouring 
under a dangerous disease, to remove, by 
intoxication, the stings of a guilty consci- 
ence. Such was the end of Marius, who 
rendered himself conspicuous by his victo- 
ries and by his cruelty. As he was brought 
up in the midst of poverty and among pea- 
sants, it will not appear wonderful that he 
always betrayed rusticity in his behaviour, 
and despised in others those polished man- 
ners and that studied redress which educa- 
tion had denied him. He hated the conver- 
sation of the learned only because he was 
illiterate, and if he appeared an example of 
sobriety and temperance, he owed these 
| advantages to the years of obscurity which 
i he had passed at Arpinum. His counte- 
nance was stern, his voice firm aud imperi- 
I ous, and his disposition untractable. He 
I always betraved the greatest timidity in the 
public assemblies, as he had not been early 
taught to make eloquence and oratory his 
pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age 
i when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice 
I at the fall of a man whose ambition had 
1 proved fat il to so many of her citizens. 
| H is only qualifications were those of a great 
general, and with these he rendered him- 
self the most illustrious and powerful of the 
; Romans, because he was the only one whose 
ferocity seemed capable to oppose the 
I barbnians of the north. The manner of 
, his death, according- to some opinions, re- 
j mains doubtful, though some have charged 
I him with the crime of suicide. Among the 
instances which are mentioned ot his firm- 
ness, this may be recorded : a swelling in the 
leg obliged him to apply to a physician, 
who urged the necessity of cutting it oft'. 
Marius gave it, and saw the operation per- 
formed without a distortion of the face and 
without a groan. The physician asked the 
other, and "Marius gave it with equal com- 
posure.— Plu. vi.—Pa. 2, 9.—FI. 3, 3.— Juv. 

H, 245, &c— Luc. 2, 69. CAIfJS, the son 

of the great Marius, was as cruel as his 
father, and shared his good and his adverse 
fortune. He made himself consul in the ^oth 
year of his age, and murdered all the sena- 
tors who opposed his ambitious views. He 
was defeated bv Sylla, aud tied to Pneneste, 

where he killed himself.— Plu. Ma. 

PRISCUS, a governor of Africa, accused of 
extortion in his province by Piiny the 
younger, and banished from Italy.— PL 2, 

e. 11.— Juv. 1, 48. A lover, dec. [Fide 

Hellas. J One of the Greek fathers of the 

5th century. M. AUREL1US, a native 

of Gaul, who from the mean employment 
of a blacksmith, became one of the generals 
of Gallientis, and at Ja<t caused himself to 
be salu ed emperor. Three days after this 
eievati >n, a man who had shared his 
poverty without partakiug of his more pros- 
perous fortune, publicly assassinated him, 
and he w as killed by a sword w hich he him- 
self had made in the time of his obscurity. 
Marius has been often celebrated for his 
great strength, and it is confidently report? d 
that he could stop with one of his fingers 
onl the wheel of a chariot in its most rapid 



M Ail— MAR 387 

course. — — MAXIMUS, a Latin writer, 
who published an account of the Roman 
emperors from Trajan to Alexander, now 
•ost. His compositions were entertaining 1 , 
and executed with great exactness and 
fidelity, Some have accused him of inat- 
tention, and complained that his writings 
abounded with many fabulous and insigni- 
ficant stories. CELSUS, a friend of 

Galba, saved from death by Otho, &c— Ta. 

Hist. I, 45. SEXTUS, a rich Spaniard, 

thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, on 
account of his riches, Sec- Ta. An. 6, 19. 

MAR'MACUS, the father of Pythagoras 

Diog. 

MARMARENSE5, a people of Lvcia. 
MARMARTCA. Vide Marmaridee. 
MARMARI DIE, the inhabitants of that 
part of Libya called Marmarica, between 
Cyrene and Egypt. They were swift in 
running, and pretended to possess some 
drugs or secret power to destroy the poi- 
sonous effects of the bite of serpents. — Si, 
It. 3, 300, 1. 11, 182.— Luc. 4, 680, 1. 9, 694. 

MAR MARION, a town of Eubcea, whence 
Apollo is called Mamarinus.—Str. 10. 
MARO. — Vide Virgilius. 
MAROBODUJ, a nation of Germany.— 
Ta. Ge. 42. 

MARON, a son of Evanthes, high priest 
of Apollo in Africa, when Ulysses touched 

upon the coast.— Ho. Od. 9, 179. An 

Egyptian who accompanied Osiris in his con- 
quests, and built a city in Thrace, called 
from him Maronea.— Me. 2, l.—Di.l. 

MARON E'A, a city of the Cicones, in 
Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus 
is the chief deity. The wine has always 
been reekoned excellent, and with it, it was 
supposed Ulysses intoxicated the Cyclops 
PolvDbemus.— PL 14, c. 4.— Her.— Me. 2, 2. 
' e. I. - 



MAR— MAR 



-Tib. 4, 



M ARPESl A, a celebrated queen of the 
Amazons, who waged a successful war 
against the inhabitants of mount Caucasus. 
The mountain was called Marpesius Mons 
from its female conqueror. — Ju. 2, \.—V. 
Mn. 6. 

MARPESSA, a daughter of the Evenus, 
who married Idas, by whom she had Cleo- 
patra, the wife of Meleager. Marpessa was 
tenderly loved by her husband ; and when 
Apollo endeavoured to carry her awav, Idas 
followed the ra\isher with a bow and ar- 
rows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and 
Idas were separated by .Jupiter, who per- 
mitted Marpessa to go with that of the two 
lovers she most approved of. She returned 
to her husband.—//. II. 9, 549.— Ov. Me. 6, 
305.— Apol. I, 7.— Pa. 4, 2,1. 5, 18. 

MARPESUS, a town of Myssia. A 

mountain of Paros, abounding in white mar- 
ble, whence Marpesia cautes. The quarries 
are still seen by modern travellers. — V.JEn. 
6, 471.— PL 4, 12, 1. 36, 5. 

MAR RES, a king of Egypt, who had a 
crow which conveyed his letters whenever 
he pleased. He raised a celebrated monu- 
ment to this faithful bird near the city of 
crocodiles. — JEn. An. 6,7. Ui. 15, ' 

MARRUCi'M, a people of Piceiiiim.— Si. 

MARRUVI'UM or MARRUBTUM, now 



San Benedetto, a place near the Liris, in 
1 taly.— V. JEn. 7, 750.— Si. It. 8, 497. 

MARS, the god of war among the ancients, 
was the son of Jupiter and Juno, according 
to Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek poets, 
or of Juno alone, acccording to Ovid. This 
goddess, as the poet mentions, wished to be- 
come a mother without the assistance of the 
other sex, like Jupiter, who had produced 
Minerva all armed from his head, and she 
was shown a flower by Flora in the plains 
near Olenus, whose very touch made wo- 
men pregnant. [Tide Juno.] The education 
of Mars was entrusted by Juno to the god 
Priapus, who instructed him in dancing and 
in every manly exercise. His trial before 
the celebrated' court of the Areopagus, ac- 
cording to the authority of some authors, 
for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an in- 
teresting epoch in history. [Vide Areopa- 
gitae.] The amours of Mars and Venus are 
greatly celebrated. The god of war gained 
the affection of Venus, and obtained the 
gratification of his desires ; but Apollo, who 
was conscious of their familiarities, inform- 
ed Vulcan of his wife's debaucheries, and 
awakened his suspicions. Vulcan secretly 
laid a net around the bed, and the two 
lovers were exposed, in each other's arms, 
to the ridicule and satire of all the gods, 
till Neptune prevailed upon the husband to 
set them at liberty. This unfortunate dis- 
covery so provoked Mars that he changed 
into a cock his favourite Electryon, whom 
he had stationed at the door to watch against 
the approach of the son, [Vide Electryon] 
and Venus also showed her resentment by 
persecuting with the most inveterate fury 
the children of Apollo. In the wars of Ju- 
piter and the Titans, Mars was seized by 
Otus and Ephialtes, and conlined for fifteen 
months till Mercury procured him his liber- 
ty. During the Trojan war Mars interested 
himself on the side of the Trojans, but whilst 
he defended these favourites of Venus with 
uncommon activity, he was wounded by 
Diomedts, and hastily retreated to Heaven 
to conceal his confusion and his resentment, 
and to complain to Jupiter that Minerva 
had directed the unerring weapon of his 
antagonist. The worship of Mars was not 
very universal among the ancients ; his 
temples were not numerous in Greece, but 
in Kome he received the most unbounded 
honours, and the warlike Romans were 
proud of paying homage to a deity whom 
they esteemed as the patron of their city, 
and the father of the first of their rnonarchs. 
His most celebrated tenrple at Rome was 
built by Augustus after the battle of Philip- 
pi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the 
avenger. His priests among the Romans 
were called Salii ; they were first instituted 
by Numa, and their chief office was to guard 
the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was 
supposed, had fallen down from heaven. 
Mars was generally represented in the naked 
figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, 
a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he ap- 
peared in a military dress, and with a long 
flowing beard, and sometimes without. He 
generally rode in a chariot drawn by iu. 
2 L 2 



MAR-MAR 



388 



MAR-MAR 



rious horses which the poets call Highlands 
Terror. His altars were stained with the j 
blood of the horse, on account of his war- 
like spirit, and of the wolf on account of his 
ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also 
offered up to him on account of their greedi- 
ness and voracity. TheScythians generally 
offered him asses, and the people of Caria 
dogs. The weed called dog-grass was sa- 
cred to him, because it grows, as it is com- 
monly reported, in places which are fit for 
fields of battle, or where the ground has 
been stained with the effusion of human 
blood. The surnames of Mars are not nu- 
merous. He was called Gradivus, Mavors, 
QuiriiMis, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. 
The Greeks called him Arts, and he was 
the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of 
the Gauls, and the Mamers of Carthage. 
Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, and 
Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had 
Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by Astyoche ; Al- 
cippe by Agraulos ; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, 
and Thestius, by Demonice, the daughter of 
Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed 
father of Romulus, CEnomaus, Bythis, 
Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, ice. He pre- 
sided over gladiators, and was the god of 
hunting, and of whatever exercises or amuse- 
ments have something manly and warlike. 
Among the Romans it was usual for the 
consul, before he went on an expedition, to 
visit the temple of Mars, where he offered 
his prayers, and in a solemn manner shook 
the spear which was in the hand of the stalue 
of the god, at the same time exclaiming, 
" Mars vigila .' — god of war, watch over the 
satetv of this citv."— Ov. F. 5, 231.— Tr. 2, 
D-25.--Hyg. fa. 148.- Virg. G. 4,346. JEn. 
6, 701. -Lu. Al, Var. L. L. 4, 10.-H. Od. l, 
Jl. o.—Flav. 6,—Apol. I, Scc.—Hes. Th,— 
Pin. 4. Py.—Quin. Sm. 14. — Pa. I, 21 & 28.— 
Jnv. 9, 102. 

MARSALA, a town of Sicily. 
MARS/FUS, a Roman, ridiculed by Hor. 1, 
S. 2, 55, for his prodigality to courtezans. 
MARSE, a daughter of Thespius. — Apol. 
MARSI, a nation of Germany, who after- 
wards came to settle near the'lake Fucinus 
in Italy, in a country chequered with forests 
abounding with wild boars and other fero- 
cious animals. They at first proved very 
inimical to the Romans, but in process of 
time, they became their firmest supporters. 
Tiiey are particularly celebrated for the ci- 
vil war in which they were engaged, and 
which from them has received the name of 
the Marsian war. The large contributions 
they made to support the interests of Rome, 
and the number of men which they contin- 
ually supplied to the republic, rendered 
them bold and aspiring, and they claimed, 
with the rest of the Italian states, a share of 
the honour- and privileges which were en- 
joyed by the citizens of Rome, B. C. 91. 
This petition, though supported by the in- 
terest, the eloquence, and the integrity 
of the tribune Drusus, was received with 
contempt by the Roman senate ; and the 
Marsi, with their allies, showed their dissa- 
tisfaction by taking up arms. Their resent- 
jntut was "increased when Drusus, their 



friend at Rome, had been basely murdered 
by the meansof the nobles; and they erect- 
ed themselves into a repubiic, and Corsi- 
nium was made the capital of their n«»w 
empire. A regular war was now begun, 
and the Romans led into the field an army 
of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a su- 
perior force. Some battles were fought in 
which the Roman generals were deteated, 
and the allies reaped no inconsiderable ad- 
vantages from the victories. A battle, how- 
ever, near Ascalum, proved fatal to their 
cause : 4000 of them were left dead on the 
spot ; their general, Francus, a man of un- 
common experience and abilities, was slain, 
and such as escaped from the field perished 
by hunger in the Appennines, where they 
had sought a shelter. After many defeats, 
and the loss of Asculum, one of their prin- 
cipal cities, the allies, grown dejected, and 
tired of hostilities which had already con- 
tinued for three years, sued for peace one 
by one, and tranquillity was at last re-esta- 
blished in the republic, and all the states of 
Italy were made citizens of Rome. The ar- 
mies of the allies consisted of the IWarsi, 
the Peii^ni, the Vestini, the Hirpini, Pom- 
peiani, Marcirii, Picentes, Vennsini, Feren- 
tani, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The 
Marsi were greatly addicted to magic— Hor, 
e. 5, 76, e. 27, 29.— App.— Va. Ma, S.—Pal. 2. 
Plu. S. Ma. Src—Ci. Ba, Str.—Ta. An. 1, 
50 .V 56. G. 2. . [G. 43. 

MARSIGNT. a people of Germany.— Ta. 
MARS V A 13 A, a town of Arabia. 
MARSYAS, a celebrated piper of Celaenae, 
in Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 
or (Eagrus. He was so skilful in playing on 
the flute, that he is generally deemed the 
inventor of it. According to the opinion of 
some, he found it when Minerva bad thrown 
it aside on account of the distortion of her 
face w hen she played upon it. Marsyas was 
enamoured of Cybe\e, and he travelled with 
her as far as Nysa, where he had the impru- 
dence to challenge Apollo to a trial of his 
skill as a musician. The god accepted the 
challenge, and it was mutually agreed that 
he who~was defeated should be rlead alive 
by the conqueror. The Muses, or according 
to Diodorus, the inhabitants of Nysa, were 
appointed umpires. Each exerted his ut- 
most skill, and the victory, with much dif- 
ficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, 
upon'this, tied his antagonist to a tree, and 
flead him alive. The death of Marsyas was 
universally lamented ; the Fauns, Satyrs, 
and Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their 
abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, 
well known by the name of Marsyas. The 
unfortunate Marsyas is often represented on 
monuments as tied, his hands behind his 
back, to a tree, while Apollo stands before 
him with his lyre in his hand. In indepen- 
dent cities among the ancients the statue of 
Marsyas was generally erected in the fo- 
rum, to represent the intimacy which sub- 
sisted between Bacchus and Marsyas, as the 
emblems of liberty. It was also erected at 
the entrance of the Roman forum, as a spot 
wh.^re usurers and merchants resorted to 
transact business, being principally intend 



MAR—MAR 



389 



-MAS 



ed in terror em Htig alarum i a circumstance 
to which Horace seems to allude, 1 Sat. 5, 
v. 120. At Celaenae, the skin of Marsyas 
was shown to travellers for some time ; it 
was suspended in the public place in the 
form of a bladder, or a foot-ball.— Hug. fa, 
165.— Or. F. 6, 707.— Me. 6, f. l.—Di. 3.— It. 
8, 503.— PI. 5, 29, I. 7, 56.— Pa. 10, 30.-~Apol. 
1, 4.- — The sources of the Marsyas were 
near those of Maeander, and those two ri- 
vers had their confluence a little below the 
town of Celaenae.— Li. 38, 13. — Ov. Me. 2, 
255. — Luc. 3, 208. A writer who publish- 
ed a history of Macedonia, from the first 
origin and foundation of that empire till the 

reign of Alexander, in which he lived. 

An Egyptian who commanded the armies of 
Cleopa'tra against her brother Ptolemy Phys- 

con, whom she attempted to dethrone. A 

man put to death by Dionysius, the tyrant 
of Sicily. 

MARTHA, a celebrated prophetess of 
Syria, whose artifice and fraud proved of 
the greatest service to C. Marius, in the 
numerous expeditions he undertook.— 
Flu. Ma. 

MARTI A, a vestal virgin, put to death for 

her incontinence. A daughter of Cato. 

Vide Marcia. 

MARTIA AQUA, water at Rome, cele- 
brated for its clearness and salubrity. It 
was conveyed to Rome, at the distance of 
above 30 miles, from the lake Fncinus, by 
Ancus Martius, whence it received its name. 
— Tib. 3, e. 7, 26. — Pi. 31, 3, I. 36, 15. 

MARTIA'LES LUDI, games celebrated 
at Rome in honour of Mars. 

MARTIA'LIS, MARCUS VALERIUS, a 
native of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came to 
Rome about the 20th year of his age, where 
he recommended himself to notice by his 
poetical genius. As he was the panegyrist 
of t'ne emperors, he gained the greatest 
honours, and he was rewarded in the most 
liberal manner. Domitian gave him the 
tribuneship; but the poet, unmindful of the 
favours he received, after the death of his 
benefactor, exposed to ridicule, the vices 
and cruelties of a monster, whom in his life 
time, lie had extolled as the pattern of 
virtue, goodness, and excellence. Trajan 
treated the poet with coldness, and Martial, 
after he had passed 35 years in the capital 
of the world in the greatest splendour and 
affluence, retired to his native country, 
where he had the mortification to be the 
object of malevolence, satire, and ridicule 
He received some favours from his friends, 
and his poverty was alleviated by the liber- 



sure upon his style, his thoughts, and par- 
ticularly upon his puns, which are often low 
and despicable. In manv of his epigrams 
the poet has showed himself a declared 
enemy to decency, and the book is to be 
read with caution which can corrupt the 
purity of morals, and initiaie the votaries 
of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has 
been observed of Martial, that his talent 
was epigrams. Every thing he did was the 
subject of an epigram. He wrote inscrip- 
tions upon monuments in the epigrammatic 
style, and even a new year's gift was ac- 
companied with a distich, and his poetical 
pen was employed in begging a favour as 

well as satirizing a faults A friend of 

Otho. A man who conspired against Ca- 

M ARTIA'NUS. Vide Marcianus. 
MARTI'NA, a woman skilled in the know- 
ledge of poisonous herbs, &c. — Ta. An.2,19. 

M ARTINIA'N US, an officer, made Caesar 
by Licinius, to oppose Constantine. He 
was put to death by order of Constantine. 

MARTIUS, a surname of Jupiter in At- 
tica, expressive of his power and valour. — 

Pa. 5, 14. A Roman consul sent against 

Perseus, &c. A consul against the Dal- 
matians, &c. Another, who defeated the 

Carthaginians in Spain. Another, who 

defeated the Privernates, &c. 

MARULLUS, a tribune of the people, who 
tore the garlands which had been placed 
upon Caesar's statues, and who ordered 
those that had saluted him king to be im- 
prisoned. He was deprived of his consul- 
ship by J. Caesar. — Piu. A governor of 

Judaea. A Latin poet in the age of M. 

Aurelius. He satirized the emperor with 
great licentiousness, but his invectives were 
disregarded, and himself despised. 

MARUS {the Morava), a river of Ger- 
many, which separates modern Hungary 
and Moravia. — Ta. An. 2, 63. 

MASSA BiEB. an informer at the court 
of Domitian. — Juv. 1, 35. 

MAS/ESYLII, a people of Libya, whe?a 
Syphax reigned. Vide Massyla." 

MASINISSA, son of Gala, was king of a 
small part of Africa, and assisted the Car- 
thaginians in their wars against Rome. 
He proved a most indefatigable and coura- 
geous ally, but an act of generosity len- 
dered him amicable to the interests of 
Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal, Scipio, 
the rirst African us, who had obtained the 
victory, found, among the prisoners of war, 
one of the nephews of Masinissa. He sent 
1 im back to his uncle loaded with presents, 



ality of Pliny the younger, whom he had and conducted him with' a detachment for 
panegyrized in his poems. Martial died the safety and protection of his person, 
about "the 104th year of the Christian era, i Masinissa was struck with the generous 
in the 75th year of his age. He is now well I action of the Roman general ; he forgot al; 
known by the fourteen books of epigrams, ! former hostilities, and joined his troops to 
w hich he wrote, and whose merit is now ! those of Scipio. This change of sentiments 



best described by the candid confession of 
tlie author in this line, 

Sunt bona, sunt qiwedam mediocria, sunt 
mala pl.ura. 
But the genius which he displays in some 
of Ids epigrams deserves commendation, 
tho'jgh many critics are liberal in their cen- 



was not the effect of a wavering: or unset- 
tled mind, but Masinissa showed himself the 
most attached and the firmest ally the Ro- 
mans ever had. It was to his exertions they 
owed many of their victories in Africa, and 
particularly in that battle which proved 
fatal to Asdrubal and Svnhax. The Nv- 
2 13 



MAR— M^EA 390 MAS-MAT 



midian conqueror, charmed with the 
beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife of 
Sypliax, carried l)er to his camp and mar- 
ried her; but when he perceived that this 
new connection displeased Scipio, lie sent 
poison to his wife, and recommended her 
to destroy herself, since he could not pre- 
serve her life in a manner which became 
her rank, her dignity, and fortune, without 
offending' his Roman allies. In the battle 
of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to 
the defeat of the great Annibal, and the 
Romans, who had been so often the specta- 
tors of his courage and valour, rewarded 
his fidelity with the kingdom of Syphax, 
and some of the Carthaginian territories. 
At his death Masinissa showed the confi- 
dence he had in the Romans, and the es- 
teem he entertained for the rising talents 
of Scipio /Emilianus, bv entrusting him 
with the care of his kingdom, and empow- 
ering him to divide it among his sons. Ma- 
sinissa died in the 97th year of his age, 
after a reign of above sixty years, i -19 years 
before the Christian era. He experienced 
adversity as well as prosperity, and, in the 
first years of his reign, he was exposed to 
the greatest danger, and obliged often to 
»ave his life by seekin? a retreat among his 
ravage neighbours. But his alliance with 
the Romans was the beginning of his great- 
ness, and he ever afterwards lived in the 
greatest affluence. He is lemarkable for 
ihe health which he long enjoyed. In the 
last years of his life he was seen at the 
head* of his armies, behaving with the most 
indefatigable activity, and he often remained 
for many successive days on horseback, 
without a saddle under him, or a covering 
upon his head, and without showing the 
least marks of fatigue. This strength of 
mind and body he chiefly owed to the tem- 
perance which he observed. He was seen 
eating brown bread at the door of his tent 
like a private sold'er, the day after he had 
obtained an immortal victory over the 
armies of Carthage. He left fifty-four sons, 
three of whom were legitimate, Micipsa, 
Oulussa, and Manstabal. The kingdomwas 
fairly divided anion? them by Scipio, ana 
the illegitimate children received, as their 
portion, very valuable presents. The death 
of Gulussa and Manastabal soon after left 
Micipsa sole master of the large posses- 
sions of Masinissa.— Str. 17.— Pol.— App. 
Ly.—Ci. Se.—Va. Ma. 6.— Sal. J.— Li. 25, 
kc.—Ov. F. 6, 769.— Ju. 34, I, I. 3S, 6. 

MAS'SAGA, a town of India, t.iken by 
Alexander the Great. 

MAS'SAGET,€, a people of Scythia, who 
nad their wives in common and dwelt in 
tents. They had no temples, but worship- 
ped the sun, to whom they offered horses, 
on account of their swiftness. When their 
parents had come to a certain age, they 
generally put them to death, and eat their 
rtesh mixed with that of cattle. Authors 
are divided with respect to the place of 
their residence. Some place them near the 
Caspian sea, others at the north of the 
Danube, and some confound them with the 
Getae and the Scythians. — Hor. I. o. 3-5, >0. 1 



Dion. Per. 13$.— Her, I, 204.— Str. I.— 

Me. 1, 2.— Luc. 2, 50.- Ju. I, 8. 

MASSA'NA. Vide Messana. [Indus. 

MASSA'Nf, a nation at the mouth of (he 

MAS'SICUS, a mountain of Campania 
near Minturme, famous for its wine, which 
e\en now preserves its ancient character.— 
Pli. 14, 6. — Hor. 1, o. 1, 19.— Virg. G. 2, 

143. An Etrurian prince, who assisted 

/Eneas against Turnus with 1000 men. — V 
j£n. 10, v. 166, &c. 

MASSILIA, a maritime town of Gar.. 
Narbonensis, now called Marseilles, founded 
B. C. 539, by the people of Phocaba, in Asia, 
who quilted their country to avoid the 
tyranny of the Persians. It is celebrated 
for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and 
for its being long the seat of literature, it 
acquired great consequence by its commer- 
cial pursuits during its infancy, and even 
waged war against Carthage. By becoming 
the ally of Rome, its powef was established, 
but in warmly espousing the cause of Pom- 
pey against Caesar, its views were frustrat- 
ed, and it was so much reduced by the in- 
solence and resentment of the conqueror, 
that it never afler recovered its independ- 
ence and warlike spirit. — Her. |, 164.— PI. 
3, 4 — Ju. 37, &c— Str. 1.— Li. 5, 3.— Hor. 
e. 16 — PI. 4, 2.— Ci. Flac. 26.— Off. 2,8.— 
Ta. An. 4, 44.— Agr. 4. 

MASSY' LA, an inland part of Mauritania 
near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, 
called Massyli, went on horseback, they 
never used saddles or bridles, hut only 
sticks. Their character was warlike, their 
manners simple, and their love of liberty 
unconquerable. Some suppose them to be 
the same as the Masaesylii, though others 
say half the country belonged only to this 
last-mentioned people. — Li. 24, 48, 1. 28, 17, 
1. 29, 32.— Si. 3, 2S2, 1. 16, 171.— Luc. 4, 
683. — V. /En. 4, 132. 

MASTRAMELA, a lake near Marseilles, 
now mer de Marlegnes.—Pl. 3, 4. 

MASURl'US, a Roman knight under Ti- 
berius, learned, but poor.— P'erf. 5, 90. 

MASUS, DOMIT1US, a Latin'poet. Vide 
Domitius. 

MATHO, an infamous informer, patron- 
ized by Domitian.— Juv. I, 32. 

MATlE'NI, a people in the neighbour- 
hood of Armenia. 

MATl'NUS, a mountain of Apulia, abound- 
ing in yew-trees and bees. — Lucan, 9, v. 
ISA.— Hor. 4, o. 2, 27, e. 16, 28. 

MATISCO, a town of the .idui in Gaul, 
now called Macon. 

MATRA'LIA,a festival at Rome, in honour 
of Matutaor Ino. Only matrons and free- 
born women were admitted. They made 
offerings of flowers, and carried their rela- 
tions' children in their arms, recommend- 
ing them to the care and patronage of the 
goddess whom they worshipped. — Var. d( 
L. L. 5, 22.— Ov. P. 6, 47. — Phi. Ca. 

MATRO'NA, a river of Gaul, now called 
the Marnc, falling into the Seine. — Au. 

Mos. 462. One of the surnames of Juno, 

because she pre>ided over marriage and 
over child-birth. 

MATRON A'LIA festivals at Rome in 



MAT — 31 A U 5 

honour of Mars, celebrated by married 
v. omen, in commemoration ot the rape of 
the Sabines, and of the peace which their 
intreaties had obtained between their fathers 
and husbands. Flowers were then offered 
id the temples of Juno.-Oi;. F. 3, 229.-Plu. R. 

MATTI'ACI, a nation of Germany, now 
Marpurg in Hesse. The Mattiacce aquce, 
was a small town, now Wishaden, opposite 
Mentz.— Ta. Ge. 29, An. 1, 56. 

MATL'TA, a deity among- the Romans, 
the same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. 
She was originally Ino, who was changed 
into a sea deity. [Vide Ino & Leucothoe,] 
and she was worshipped by sailors as such, 
at Corinth, in a temple sacred to Neptune. 
Only married women and free-born matrons 
were permitted to enter her temples at 
Rome, where they generally brought the 
children of their relations in their arms. — 
Li. 5, &c— Ci. Nat. D. 3, 19. 

MAYORS, a name of Mars. Vide Mars. 

MAVORTIA, an epithet applied to every 
country whose inhabitants were warlike, 
but especially to Rome, founded by the re- 
puted son of Mavors. (V. JEn. 1, 2&0,J and 
to Thrace.— Id. 3, 13. 

MAURI, the inhabitants of Mauritania. 
This name is derived from their black com- 
plexion "wiflKJoi." Every thing amongthem 
irrew in greater abundance and greater per- 
fection than in other countries. — Str. 17. — 
Mart. 5, e. 29, 1. 12, e. 67.— Si. It. 4, 569. 1. 
10, 402.— Me. 1, 5, 1. 3, 10.— Ju. 19, e. 2.— 
Sal. J.— V. JEn. 4, 206. 



n MAX— MAX 

the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, 
when he saw it, How much money changed 
into stones! [Vide Artemisia. }—Her.l, 99.- 
Str. U.—Di. \6.—Pa. 8, 16.— Fl. 4, 11 Gel. 
10, c. 18.— Pro. 3, e. 2, 21.— Sue. An. 100. 

MAXENTIUS, AIARCUS AURELIUS 
VALERIUS, a son of ihe emperor Maxi- 
mianus Hercules. Some suppose him to 
have been a suppositious child. The volun- 
tary abdication of Diocletian, and of his 
father, raised him in the state, and he de- 
clared himself independent emperor, or 
Augustus, A. D. 306. He afterwards incited 
his father to re-assume his imperial author- 
ity, and in a perfidious manner destroyed 
Severus, who had delivered himself into his 
hands, and relied upon his honour for the 
safety of his life. His victories and successes 
were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, 
who opposed him with a powerful force. 
The defeat and voluntary death of Galerius 
soon restored peace to Italy, and Maxen- 
tius passed into Africa, where he rendered 
himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. 
He soon after returned to Rome, and was 
informed that Constantine was come to de- 
throne him. He gave his adversary hattle 
near Rome, and, after he had lost the vic- 
tory, he fled back to the city. The bridge 
over which he crossed the Tiber was in a 
decayed condition, and he fell into the river 
and was drowned, on the 24th of September 
A. D. 312. The cowardice and luxuries i«f 
Maxentius are as conspicuous as his cruel- 
ties. He oppressed his subjects with heavy 



MAURITA'NIA, a country on the western taxes to gratify the cravings of his plea- 
part of Africa, which forms the modern > sures, or the avarice of his favourites. He 



kingdom of Fez and Morocco. It was 
bounded on the west by the Atlantic, south 
by Gaetulia, and north by the Mediterra- 
nean, and is sometimes called Maurusia. 
It became a Roman province in the reign 
of the emperor Claudius. Vide Mauri. 

MAURUS, a man who flourished in the 
reign of Trajan, or according to others, of 
the Antonini. He was governor of Syene, 
in Upper Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem 
upon the rules of poetry and versification. 

MAURU'SII, the people of Maurusia, a 
country near the columns of Hercules. It is 
also called Mauritania. Vide Mauritania. 
—V. Mn. 4, 20ri. 

MAUSOLIUS, a king of Caria. Hiswife 
Artemisia was so disconsolate at his death, 
which happened B. C. 363, that she drank 
up his ashes, and resolved to erect one of 
the grandest and noblest monuments of an- 
tiquity, to celebrate the memory of a hus- 
band "whom she tenderly loved. This fa- 
mous monument, which passed for one of 
the seven wonders of the world, was called 
Mausoleum, and from it all other magnifi- 
cent sepulchres and tombs have received the 
same name. It was built by four different 
architects. Scopas erected "the side which 
faced the east, Timotheus had the south, 
Leochares had the west, and Bruxis the 
north. Pithis was also employed in raising 
a pyramid over this stately monument, and 
the top was adorned by a chariot draw n by 
four horses. The expenses of this edifice 
*ere immense, and this gave occasion to 



was debauched in his manners, and neither 
virtue nor innocence were safe whenever 
he was inclined to voluptuous pursuits. He 
was naturally deformed, and of an un- 
wieldly body." To visit a pleasure-ground, 
or to exercise himself under a marble por- 
tico, or to walk on a shady terrace, was to 
him a Herculean labour, which required 
the greatest exertions of strength and 
resolution. 

MAXIMILIA'NA, CORN., a vestal vir- 
gin, buried alive for incontinency,A. D. P2. 

MAXIMIA'NUS, HERCULIUS MARCUS 
AURELIUS VALERIUS, a native of Sir- 
mium, in Pannonia, who served as a com- 
mon soldier in the Roman armies. When 
Diocletian had been raised to the imperial 
throne, he remembered the valour and 
courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, 
and rewarded his fidelity by making him 
his colleague in the empire, and by ceding 
to him the command of the provinces of 
Italy, Africa, and Spain, and the rest of 
the "western territories of Rome. Maxi- 
mianus showed the justness of the choice of 
Diocletian, by his victories over the barba- 
rians. In Britain success did not attend 
his arms ; but in Africa he defeated and put 
to death Aurelius Julianus, who had pro- 
claimed himself emperor. Soon after Dio- 
cletian abdicated the imperial purple, and 
obliged Maximianus to follow his example 
on the 1st of April, A. D. 304. Maximianus 
reluctantly complied with the command of 
a man to "whom lie owed his greatness, but 



MAX— MAX 39 
Wfore the first year of his resignation hud 
elapsed, lie was roused from his indolence 
and retreat by the ambition of his son 
Maxentius. He re-assumed the imperial 
dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his 
son by wishing him to resign the sove- 
reignty, and to sink into a private person. 
This proposal was not only rejected with 
the contempt it deserved, but the troops 
mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled 
for safety to Gaul, to the court of Constan- 
line, to whom lie gave his daughter Faus- 
tina in marriage. Here he again acted a 
conspicuous character, and re-assumed the 
imperial power, which his misfortunes had 
obliged him to relinquish. This offended 
Cohstantine. But, when open violence 
seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of 
Maximianus, he had recourse to artifice. 
He prevailed upon his daughter Faustina 
to leave the doors of her chamber open in 
the dead of the night ; and, when she pro- 
mised faithfully to execute his commands, 
he secretly introduced himself to her bed, 
where he stabbed to the heart the man who 
slept by the side of his daughter. This was 
not Conslantine ; Faustina, faithful to her 
husband, had apprized him of her father's 
machinations, and an eunuch had been 
placed in his bed. Constantine watched the 
motions of his father-in-law, and when he 
heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, 
he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and 
secured the assassin. Constantine resolved 
to destroy a man who was so inimical to his 
nearest relations, and nothing was left to 
Maximianus but to choose his own death. 
He strangled himself at Marseilles, A. D. 
310, in the 60th year of his age. His body 
was found fresh and entire in a leaden 
coffin about the middle of the eleventh cen- 

turv. GALERIUS VALERIUS, a native 

of Dacia, who in the first years of his life 
was employed in keeping his father's flocks. 
He entered the army, where his valour and 
bodily strength recommended him to the 
notice of his superiors, and particularly to 
Diocletian, who invested him with the im- 
perial purple in the east, and gave him his 
dvighter Valeria in marriage. Galerius 
deserved the confidence of his benefactor. 
He conquered the Goths and Dalmatians, 
and checked the insolence of the. Persians. 
In a battle, however, with the king of Per- 
sia, Galerius was defeated; and, to com- 
plete his ignominy, and render him more 
sensible of his disgrace, Diocletian obliged 
him to walk behind his chariot arrayed in 
his imperial robes. This humiliation" stung 
Galerius to the quick ; he assembled another 
army and gave battle to the Persians. He 
gained a complete victory, and took the 
wives and children of his enemy. This suc- 
cess elated Galerius to such a degree, that 
he claimed the most dignified appellations, 
and ordered himself to be called the son of 
Mars. Diocletian himself dreaded his pow- 
er, and even, it is said, abdicated the im- 
perial dignity by means of his threats. 
This resignation, "however, is attributed by 
«irae to a voluntary act of the mind, and 
lo a desire of enjoying solitude and reti»-e- 



2 MAX — MAX 

ment. As soon as Diocletian had abdicate^, 
Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A. i). 
304, but his cruelty soon rendered him 
odious, and the Roman people, offended at 
his oppression, raised Maxentius to the 
imperial dignity the following year, and 
Galerius was obliged to yield to the torrent 
of his unpopularity, and to flv before his more 
fortunate adversary. He died in the great- 
est agonies, A. D. 311. The bodily pains 
and sufferings which preceded his" death, 
were, according to the Christian writers, 
the effects of the vengeance of an offended 
providence for the cruelty which he had 
exercised against the followers of Christ. 
In his character Galerius was wanton and 
tyrannical, and he often feasted his eyes 
with the sight of dying wretches, whom his 
barbarity had delivered to bears and other 
wild beasts. His aversion to learned men 
arose from his ignorance of letters; and, if 
he was deprived of the benefits of educa- 
tion, he proved the more cruel and the more 
inexorable. — Lac. M. P. 33. — Eus. 8, 16. 

MAXIMl'NUS, CAIUS JULIUS VERUS, 
the son of a peasant in Thrace. He Was 
originally a shepherd, and, by heading his 
countrymen against the frequent attacks of 
the neighbouring barbarians and robbers, 
he inured himself to the labours and to the 
fatigues of a camp. He entered the Roman 
armies, where he gradually rose to the first 
offices ; and on the death of Alexander 
Severus he caused himself to be proclaimed 
emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity which 
he had gained when general of the armies, 
was at an end when he ascended the throne. 
He was delighted with acts of the greatest 
barbarity, and no less than 4C0 persons lost 
their lives on the false suspicion of having 
conspired against the emperor's life. They 
died in the greatest torments, and, that the 
tyrant might the better entertain himself 
with their sufferings, some were exposed 
to wild beasts, others expired by blows, 
some were nailed on crosses, while others 
were shut up in the bellies of animals just 
killed. The noblest of the Roman citizens 
were the objects of his cruelty; and,. as if 
they were more conscious than others of his 
mean origin, he resolved to spare no means 
to remove from his presence a number of 
men whom he looked upon with an eye of 
envy, and who, as he imagined, hated" him 
for "his oppression, and despised him for the 
' poverty and obscurity of his early years. 
Such is the character of the suspicious and 
tyrannical Maximinus. In his military capa- 
city he acted with the same ferocity ; and, 
in an expedition in Germany, he not only 
cut down the corn, but he totally ruined 
and set fire to the whole country, to the ex- 
tent of 450 miles. Such a monster of ty- 
ranny, at last provoked the people of 
B- nie. The Gordians were proclaimed em- 
perors, but their innocence and pacific 
virtu?s were unable to resist the fury ot 
Maximinus. After their fail, the Roman se- 
nate invested twenty men of their number 
with the imperial dignity, and entrusted into 
their hands the care of the republic. These 
measures so highly irritated Maximinus, 



MAX—MAX 



393 



MAX— MAX 



that at the first intelligence, he howled like 
a wild beast, and almost destroyed himself 
by knocking his head against the walls of his 
palace. When his fury was abated, he march- 
ed to Rome, resolved on slat gh er. His 



but he was defeated, and soon after assas" 
sinated. Maximus refused the honours of a 
burial to the remains of Gratiai. ; and, when 
he had made himself master of Britain, 
Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors into 



bloody machina ion- were stopped, and h s | the east, and demanded of the emperor The- 
soldie'rs, ashamed of accompanying a tyrant I odosius to acknowledge him as his associate 
whose cruelties had procured him the names j on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to 
if Brusiris, Cyclops, and Fhalaris, assassina- ! amuse and delay him, but Maximus resolved 
„ed him in his tent before the walls of Aqui- i to support his claim by arms, and crossed 
leia,A.D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The] the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome 
news of his death was received with the opened her gates to the conqueror. Theo- 
greatest rejoicings at Rome, public thank s- | dosius now determined to revenge the au- 
givings were offered, and whole hetacomhs 1 daciousness of Maximus, and had recourse 
riamed on the altars. Maximinus has been j to artifice. He began to make a naval ar- 
represented by historians as of a gigantic rnament, and Maximus, not to appear infe- 
stature: he was eight feet high, and the j rior to his adversary, had already embarKed 
bracelets of his wife served as rings to adorn ; his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and 



the fingers of his hand. His voracity was as 
reniakable as his corpulence : he generally 
eat forty pounds of flesh every day, and 
drank is bottles of wine. His strength was 
proportionable to his gigantic shape ; he 



hastened marches, fell upon turn, and be- 
sieged him at Aquileia. Maximus was be- 
trayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror, 
moved with compassion at the sight of his 
fallen and dejected enemy, granted him life, 



)uld alone < raw a loaded waggon, and, j but the multitude refused him mercy, and 
with a blow of his fist, he often broke the i instantly struck off his head, A. D. 388. His 
teeth in a horse's mouth ; he broke the hard- 1 son Victor, who shared the imperial dignity 



;st stones between his fingers, and cleft trees 
with his hands. — Herod. — Jorn. reb. G. — 

Cap. MAXIMINUS made his son, of the 

same name, emperor, as soon as he was in- 
vested with the purple, and his choice was 
unanimouslv approved bv the senate, bv the 
people, and by the army.- — GALERI US VA- 
LERIUS, a shepherd of Thrace, who was 
raised to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, 
A. D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius Maxi- 
mianus, by his mother's side, and to him he 
was indebted for his rise and consequence 
iu the Roman armies. As Maximinus was 
ambitious and fond of power, he looked 
with an eye of jealousy upon those who 
shared the dignity of emperor with himself. 
He declared war against Licinius, his col- 
league on the throne, but a defeat, which 
soon after followed, on the 30th of April, 
A. D. 313, between Heraclea and Adriano- 
polis, left him without resources and with- 
out friends. His victorious enemy pursued 
him, and he fled beyond mount Taurus, for- 
saken and almost unknown. He attempted 
to put an end to his miserable existence, 
but his efforts were ineffectual, and though 
his death is attributed by some to despair, 
it is more universally believed that he ex- 
pired in the greatest agony of a dreadful 
distemper which consumed him day and 
nisrht with inexpressible pains, and reduced 
him to a mere skeleton. This miserable 
end, according to the ecclesiastical writers, 
was the visible punishment of heaven, for 
the barbarities which Maximinus had exer- 
cised against the followers of Christianity, 
and for the many blasphemies which he had 

uttered.— Lac— Eus. A minister of the 

emperor Valerian. One of the ambassa- 
dors of young Theodosius to Attila king of 
the Huns. 

MAX'IMUS, Magnus, a native of Spain, 
who proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 
3h3. The unpopularity of Gratian favoured 
his usurpation, and he was acknowledged 
by his troops. Gratian marched against him, 



with him, was soon after sacrificed to the 
fury of the soldiers. PETRONIUS, a Ro- 
man, descended of an illustrious family. He 
caused Vaientinian III. to be assassinated, 
and ascended the throne ; and, to strengthen 
his usurpation, he married the empress, to 
whom he had the weakness and imprudence 
to betray that he had sacrificed her husbana 
to his love for her person. This declara- 
tion irritated the empress ; she had recourse 
to the barbarians to avenge the death of 
Vaientinian, and Maximus was stoned to 
death by his soldiers, and his body thrown 
into the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 

days. PUPIANUS. [Vide Pupianus.] 

A celebtated cynic philosopher and magi- 
cian of Ephesus. He instructed the em- 
peror Julian in magic; and according to the 
opinion of some historians, it was in the 
conversation and company of Maximus that 
the apostacy of Julian originated. The em- 
peror not only visited the philosopher, but 
he even submitted his writings to his in- 
spection and censure. Maximus refused to 
live in the court of J ulian, and the emperor, 
not dissatisfied with the refusal, appointed 
him high pontiff in the province of Lydia, 
an office which he discharged with the 
greatest moderation and justice. When 
Julian went into the east, the philosopher 
promised him success, and even said that 
his conquests would be more numerous and 
extensive than those of the son of Philip. 
He persuaded his imperial pupil that, ac- 
cording to the doctrine of metempsychosis, 
his body was animated by the soul which 
once animated the hero whose greatness 
and victories he was going to eclipse. After 
the death of Julian, Maximus was almost 
sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the 
interposition of his friends saved his life, 
and he retired to Constantinople. He wat 
soon after accused of magical practices be- 
fore the emperor Valens, and beheaded at 
Ephesus, A. D. 366. He wrote some philo- 
sophical and rhetorical treatises, tome of 



MAZ-MEC 
which were dedicated to Julian. They are 

all now lost. — Am. Tyrius, a platonic 

philosopher in the reign of M. Aurelius. 
This emperor, who was naturally fond of 
study, became one of the pupils of Maxi- 
mus, and paid great deference to his in- 
structions. There are extant of Maximus 
forty-one dissertations on moral and philo- 
sophical subjects, written in Greek. One 

of the Greek fathers of the 7th century. 

Paulus Fabius, a consul with M. Antony's 
son. Horace speaks of him, 4, od. 1, v. "lo, 
as of a gay handsome youth, fond of plea- 
sure, yet industrious and indefatigable. 

An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being 
the greatest and most powerfnl of all the 

gods. A native of Sirmium, in Panno- 

nia. He was originally a gardener, but, 
by enlisting in the Roman army, he became 
one of the military tribunes, and his mar- 
riage with a woman of rank and opulence 
soon rendered him independent. He was 

father to the emperor Probus. A general 

of Trajan killed in the eastern provinces. 

One of the murderers of Domitian, ice. 

A philosopher, native of Bizautium, in 

the age of Julian the emperor. 

MAZ'AKA, a large citv of Cappadocia, 
the capital of the province. It was called 
Csesarea, by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus. 

MAZA'CES, a Persian governor of Mem- 
phis. He made a sally against the Grecian 
soldiers of Alexander, and killed great num- 
bers of them.— Curt. 4, c. l. 

MAZEUS, a satrap of Cilicia, under Arta- 

xerxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon, 

son-in-law to Darius. He surrendered to 
Alexander, Sic— Curt. 5, c. 1. 

MAZA'RES, a satrap of Media, who re- 
duced Priene under the power of Cyrus. — 
Her. 1, 161. 

MAZAXES, (sing. Mazax,) a people of 
Africa, famous for shooting arrows. — Luc. 
4, 681. 

M A Z' ERAS, a river of Hyrcania, falling 
into the Caspian sea.— Plu. 

MAZI'CES and MAZY'GES, a people of 
Libya, very expert in the use of missile wea- 
pons. The Romans made use of them as 
couriers, on account of their great swift- 
ness.— Sue. Ne. SO. — Luc. 4, 664. 

MEC.ENAS.or MECCENAS, C. CILNICS, 
a celebrated Roman knight, descended from 
the kings or" Etruria. He has rendered him- 
self immortal by his liberal patronage of 
(earned men and of letters ; and to his pru- 
dence and advice Augustus acknowledged 
himself indebted for the security which he 
enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure removed 
him from the reach of ambition, and he pre- 
ferred to die, as he was born, a Roman 
knight, to all the honours and dignities 
which either the friends-hip of Augustus or 
his own popularity could heap upon him. 
It was from the result of his advice, against 
the opinion of Agrippa, that Augustus re- 
solved to keep the supreme power in his 
hands, and not by a voluntary resignation 
to plunge Rome in'to civil commotion's. The 
emperor received the private admonitions of 
Meccenas in the same, friendly manner as 
they were given, and he was not displeased 



MEC — MED 

with the liberty of his friend, who threw a 
paper to him "with these words, Descend 
from the tribunal, thou butcher! while he 
sat in the judgment-seat, and betrayed re- 
venge and impatience in his countenance. 
He was struck with the admonition, and left 
the tribunal without passing sentence, of 
death on the criminals. To the interference 
of Meccenas, Virgil owed the restitution of 
his lands, and Horace was proud to boast 
that his learned friend had obtained his for- 
giveness from the emperor, for joining the 
cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. 
Meccenas was himself fond of literature, 
and, according to the most received opinion, 
lie wrote an history of animals, a journal of 
the life of Augustus, a treatise on the diffe- 
rent natures and kinds of precious stones, 
besides the two tragedies of Octavia and 
Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. 
He died eight years before Christ; and, on 
his death-bed he particularly recommended 
his poetical friend Horace to the care and 
confidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has 
liberally commended the genius and abilities 
of Meccenas, has not withheld his censure 
from his dissipation, indolence, and effemi- 
nate luxury. From the patronage and en- 
couragement which the princes of heroic 
and lyric poetry, among the Latins, receiv- 
ed from the favourite of Augustus, all pa- 
trons of literature have ever since been 
called Meccenates. Virgil dedicated to him 
his Geonrics, and Horace his odes.— Sue. An. 
66,&c.-jF7?<. An.— Herod. 7. -Sen. e. 19 & 9:2. 

MECHANEUS, a surname of Jupiter, 
from his patronizing undertakings. He had 
a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, 
and there the people swore before they went 
to the Trojan war, either to conquer or to 
perish. — Pa. 2, 22. 

MECISTEUS, son of Echius or Talaus, 
was one of the companions of Ajax. He 
was killed by Polydamas.— H. II. 6, 28, &c. 
■ A son of Lvcaon. — Apol. 

MECRI DA, the wife of Lysimachus.Po/y.6. 

MEDE'A, a celebrated magician, daugh- 
ter of iEetes, king of Colchis. Her mother's 
name, according to the more received opi- 
nion of Hesiod and Hygkius, was Idyia, or 
according to others, Hephyre, Hecate, Aste- 
rodia, Antiope, and Ner^ta. She was the 
niece of Circe. When Jason came to Col- 
chis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea 
became enamoured of him, and it was to 
her well-directed labours that the Argo- 
nauts owed their preservation. [Fide Jason 
and Argonautse.J Medea had au interview 
with her lover in the temple of Hecate, 
where they bound themselves by the most 
solemn oaths, and mutually promised eter- 
nal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome 
all the difficulties which yEetes had placed 
in his way, than Medea embarked with the 
conquerors for Greece. To stop the pur- 
suit of her father, she tore to pieces her 
brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs 
in the way* through which jEetes was to 
pass. This act of barbarity some have attri- 
buted to Jason, and not to her. When Jason 
reached lolchos, his native country, the re- 
turn and victories of the Argonauts were 



MED -MED S95 



celebrated with universal rejoicings; but 
Alson, the father of Jason, was unable to 
assist at the solemnity, on account of the 
infirmities of his age. Medea, at her hus- 
band's request, removed the weakness of 
JEson, and by drawing away the blood from 
his veins, and filling them again with the 
juice of certain herbs, she restored to him 
the vigour and sprightliness of youth. This 
sudden change in Mson astonished the inha- 
bitants of lolchos, and the daughters of 
Pelias were also desirous to see their father 
restored by the same power, to the vigour 
of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the 
injuries which her husband's family had suf- 
fered from Peiias, increased their curiosity, 
and by cutting to pieces an old ram arid 
making it again, in their presence, a young 
lamb, she totally determined them to try 
the same experiment upon their father's 
body. They accordingly killed him of their 
own accord, and boiled his flesh in a caul- 
dron, but Medea refused to perform the 
same friendly offices to Pelias which she had 
done to iEson, and he was consumed by the 
heat of the fire, and even deprived of a bu- 
rial. This action greatly irritated the peo- 
ple of lolchos, and Medea, with her husband, 
fled to Corinth to avoid the resentment of 
an offended populace. Here they lived for 
ten years with much conjugal tenderness; 
but the love of Jason for Glauce, the king's 
daughter, soon interrupted their mutual 
harmony, and Medea was divorced. Medea 
revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing 
the death of Glauce, and the destruction 
of her family. {Vide Glauce.] This action 
was followed by another still more atro- 
cious. Medea killed two of her children in 
xheir father's presence, and, when Jason 
attempted to punish the barbarity of the 
mother, she fled through the air upon a cha- 
riot drawn by winged dragons. From Co- 
rinth Medea came to Alliens, where, after 
she had undergone the necessary purifica- 
tion of her murder, she married king 
JEgeus, or, according to others, lived in an 
adulterous manner with him. From her 
connection with iEgeus Medea had a son, 
who was called Med us. Soon after, when 
Theseus wished to make himself known to 
his father, [Fide iEgeus,] Medea, jealous 
of his fame, and fearfnl of his power, at- 
tempted to poison him at a feast which had 
been prepared for his entertainment. Her 
attempts, however, failed of success, and 
the sight of the sword which Theseus wore 
by his side, convinced iEgeus that the stran- 
ger against whose life he had so basely con- 
spired was no less than his own son. The 
father and the son were reconciled, and 
Medea, to avoid the punishment which her 
wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery cha- 
riot, and disappeared through the air. She 
came to Colchis, where, according to some, 
she was reconciled to Jason, who had sought 
her in her native country after her sudden 
departure from Corinth. She died at Col- 
chis, as Justin mentions, when she had been 
restored to the confidence of her family. 
After death she married Achilles in the 
EP'sian fields, according to the traditions 



MED -MED 
mentioned by Simonides. The murder of 
Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Ja- 
son's children by Medea, is not attributed 
to their mother, according to /Elian, but the 
Corinthians themselves assassinated them in 
the temple of Juno Acraea. To avoid the 
resentment of the gods, and to deliver them- 
selves from the pestilence which visited 
their country after so horrid a massacre, 
they engaged the poet Euripides, for five 
talents, to write a tragedy, which cleared 
them of the murder, arid represented Medea 
as the cruel assassin of her own children. 
And besides, that this opinion might be the 
better credited, festivals were appointed, in 
which the mother was represented with all 
the barbarity of a fury murdering her own 
sons. [Vide Heraea.] Apol. I, 9. — Hyg.fa. 
21, 22, 23, 6tc.-Plu. Th. Dion. Per.- Ml. V. 
H.5, 21.— Pa. 2,3, 1. 8, c. 11.— Eur. M.—Di. 
A.—Ov. Me. 7, f. 1, Med.— Sir. l.—Ci. Nat. 
D. 3, 19.— Apol. Ar. 3, &iC.—Orp.—Flac.~- 
Luc. 4, 556. 

MED ESI CASTE, a daughter or Priam, 
who married Imbrius son of Mentor, who 
was killed by Teucer during the Trojan 
war.—//. 11. 13, 172.— Apol. 3. 

MEDIA, a celebrated country of Asia, 
bounded on the north by the Caspian sea, 
west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east 
by Parthia and Hyrcania. It was originally 
called Aria, till the age of Med us, the son 
of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. 
The province of Media was first raised into 
a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian 
monarchy, B.C. 820 ; and after it had for 
some time enjoyed a kind of republican 
government, Deioces, by his artifice, pro- 
cured himself to be called king, 700 B.C. 
After a reign of 53 years he was succeeded 
by Phraortes, B.C. 617 ; who was succeeded 
by Cyaxares, B.C. 625. His successor was 
Astyages, B.C . 585, in whose reign Cyrus 
became master of Media, B.C. 551 ; and 
ever after the empire was transferred to 
the Persians. The Medes were warlike in 
the primitive ages of their power; they en- 
couraged polygamy, and were remarkable 
for the homajre which they paid to thei' 
sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. 
This title was afterwards adopted by their 
conquerors, the Persians, and it was stil. 
in use in the asre of the Roman emperors. 
r-Jn. l, 5.— Her. 1, &c— Po!.5& 10.— Curt. 
5, &c. — Di. Si. 13.— Cie. 
MED I AS, a tyrant of Mvsia, &c. 
MEDICUS, a prince of Larissa, in Thes- 
saly, who made war against Lycophron, 
tyrant of Pherae.— Di. 14. - 

MEDIOLA'NUM, now Milan, the capital 
of Insubria, at the mouth of the Po. — Li. 5, 

34, 1. 34, 46. AULERCORUM, a town of 

Gaul, now Evreux, in Normandy. SAN'- 

TONUM, another, now Saintes, in Guienne. 

MEDIOM ATRICES, a nation that lived 
on the borders of the Rhine, now Metz. — 
Sir. \.—C(ES. B. G. 4, 10. 

MEDITERRANEUM MARE, a sea which 
divides Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. 
It receives its name from its situation, me- 
dio terra, situate in the middle of the land. 
It has acomm 'nication with the Atlantic bv 



MED— MED 8 

the columns oc Hercules, and with the 
Euxine through the iEgean. The word 
Mediterranean does not occur in the 
classics ; but it is sometimes called internum 
nostrum, or medius liquor, and is frequently 
denominated in Scripture the Great Sea. 
The first naval power that ever obtained the 
command of it, as recorded in the fabulous 
epochs of the writer Castor, is Crete, under 
Minos. Afterwards it passed into the hands 
of the Lydians, B.C. 1179; of the Pelasji, 
105S; of the Thracians, 1000 ; of the Rho- 
dians, 916; of the Phrygians, S93 ; of the 
Cyprians, 868 ; of the Phoenicians, 826 ; of 
the Egyptians, 787 ; of the Milesians, 753 ; 
of the Carians, 734 ; and of the Le-bians, 
676 ; which they retained for 60 years.— 
Hor. 3, o. 3, 46.— PL. 2, 663.— Sal. J. 17.— 
Cces. B. G. 5, 1.— Li. 26, 42. 

MEDITRl'NA, the goddess of medicines, 
whose festivals, called Meditrinalia, were 
celebrated at Rome the last day of Septem- 
ber, when thev made offerings of fruits.— 
Far. L. L. 5,3 

MEDOACUS or MEDUACUS,a river in 
the country of the Veneti, falling into the 
Adriatic sea.— Li. 10, 2. 

MEDOBITHYNI, a people of Thrace. 

MEDOBRIGA, a town of Lusitania now 
destroyed.— Hir. 48. 

MEDON, son of Codrus. the 17th and last 
king of Athens, was the first archon that 
was appointed with regal authority, B.C. 
1070. In the election Medon was preferred 
to his brother Neleus by the oracle of Del- 
phi, and he rendered himself popular by the 
justice and moderation of his administra- 
tion. His successors were called from him 
Medontida, and the office of Archon re- 
mained for above 200 years in the family of 
Codrus, under 12 perpetual archons. — Pa. 7, 

2.— Pat. 2, 2. A man killed in the Trojan 

war. iEneas saw him in the infernal re- 
gions.— V. JEn. 6, 4S3. A statuary of La- 

cedaemon, who made a famous statue of 
ilinerva, seen in the temple of Juno at 
Olympia.— Pa. 7, 17. One of the Cen- 
taurs, &tc.—Ov. Me. 12, 303. One of the 

Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins by 
Bacchus.— Id. Me. 3, 671. A river of Pe- 
loponnesus. An illegitimate son of Ajax 

Oileus. — Horn. One of Penelope's sui- 

iors.— Ov. Her. l. A man of Cyzicus, 

killed by the Argonauts. A king of Argos, 

who died about 990 years B.C. A son of 

Pviades by Electra.— Pa. 2, 16. 

MEDONT1AS, a woman of Abydos, witl 
whom Alcibiades cohabited as wiih a wife. 
She had a daughter, Scc.—Lys. 

MEDUACUS, two rivers, (Major, now 
Breuta ; and Minor, now Backilione) falling 
near Venice into the Adriatic sea. — jP/.3, 16. 
— Li. 10, 2. 

MEDUANA, a river of Gaul, flowing into 
the Ligeris, now the Mayne.—Luc. 1, 438. 

MEDULL1NA, a Roman virgin ravished 
by her father, Sec. — Plu. Par. An infa- 
mous courtezan in Juvenal's age. — 6, 321. 

MED US, now Kur, a river of Media, 
falling into the Araxes. Some take Medus 
adjectivelv, as applying to any of the gi 
rivers of Media.— Sir. 15.— Hor. 2, o. 9 



6 MED — B:IE(t 

A son of /Lgeus aud Medea, who gave 

his name to a country of Asia. Medus, 
when arrived to years of maturity, went 
to seek his mother, whom the arrival of 
Theseus in Athens had driven away. [Fide 
Medea.] He came to Colchis, w here he was 
seized by his uncle Perses, who usurped 
the throne of jEetes, his mother's father, be- 
cause the oracle had declared that Perses 
should be murdered by one of the grand- 
sons of iEetes. Medus assumed another 
name, and called himself Hippotes, son of 
Creon. Meanwhile Medea arrived in Col- 
chis, disguised in the habit of a priestess of 
Diana, and when she heard that one of 
Creon's children was imprisoned, she re- 
solved to hasten the destruction of a person 
whose family she detested. To effect this 
with more certainty, she told the usurper, 
that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, 
sent by his mother to murder him. She 
begged" Perses to give her Hippotes, that 
she might sacrifice him to her resentment. 
Perses consented. Medea discovered that 
it was her own son, and she instantly armed 
him with the dagger which she had pre- 
pared against his life, and ordered him to 
stab the usurper. He obeyed, and Medea 
discovered who he was, and made her son 
Medus sit on his grandfather's throne, — 
Hes. Th.—Pa. 2—Apol. l.—Ju. 42.— Sen. 
M.-Di. 

MEDl/SA, one of the three Gorgons, 
daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was 
the only one of the Gorgons who was sub- 
ject to mortality. She is celebrated for her 
personal charms and the beauty of her locks. 
Neptune became enamoured of her, and ob- 
tained her favours in the temple of Minerva. 
This violation of the sanctity of the temple 
provoked Minerva, and she changed the 
beautiful locks of Medusa, whiciriiad in- 
spired Neptune's love, into serpents. Ac- 
cording to Appollodorus and others, Medusa 
and her sisters came into the world with 
snakes on their heads instead of hair, with 
yellow wings and brazen hands. Their 
bodies were also covered wiih impenetrable 
scales, and their very looks had the power 
of killing or turning to stones. Perseus 
rendered his name immortal by the conquest 
of Medusa. He cut off her head, and the 
blood that dropped from the wound pro- 
duced the innumerable serpents that infest 
Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's 
head on the segis of Minerva, which he had 
used in his expedition. The head stili re- 
tained the same petrifying power as be- 
fore, as it was fatally known in the court 
of Cepheus. [Vide Andromeda.] Some 
suppose, that the Gorgons were a nation of 
women whom Perseus conquered. [Fide 
Gmg;ones.]—Apol. 2, 4.— Hes. Th.—Ov. Me. 
4,*518.— Luc. 9, 624.— Apol. \.—Hyg. fa. 
151. A daughter of Priam. A daugh- 
ter of Sthenelus. — Apolt 

MEGABIZI, certain priests in Diana's 
temole at Ephesus. They were all eunuchs. 
— Quin. 6, 12. 

MEGABYZUS, one of the noble Persians 
who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. 
He was set over an arniv in Europe by king 



MEG— MEG 



&>7 



MEG— MEG 



Darius, where be took Perinthus and con- 
quered all Thrace. He was greatly es- 
teemed bv his sovereign.— Her. 3, &c. 

A son of Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He 

♦ onqaered Egypt, Sic. —Her. 3, c. 160. 

A satrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted from 
his kin<r, and defeated two large armies 
that had been sent against him. The in- 
terference of his friends restored him to 
the king's favour, and he showed his at- 
tachment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion 
wnich threatened hi* life in hunting. This 
act of affection in Megabyzus was looked 
up;m with envy by the king. He was dis- 
carded, and afterwards reconciled to the 
monarch by means of his mother. He died 
in the 76th 'year of his age, B.C. 447, greatly 
regretted. — Cte. 

MEG'ACLES, an Athenian archon who 
involved the greatest part of the Athenians 
in the sacrilege which was committed in the 

conspiracy of Cylon.— PI. So. A brother 

of Dion, who assisted his brother against 

Dionysius, &c. A son of Alcmseon, who 

revolted with some Athenians after the de- 
parture of Solon from Athens. He was 
ejected by Pi.-istratus. A man who ex- 
changed dress with Pyrrhus, when assisting 
the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in 

that disguise. A native of Messana in 

Sicily, famous for his inveterate enmity to 

Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. A man 

who destroyed the leading men of Mityiene, 

because he had been punished. A man 

who wrote an account of the lives of illus- 
trious persons. The maternal grandfather 
of Alcibiades. 

M EG AC LI DES, a peripatetic philosopher 
in the aere of Protagoras. 

MEGiERA, one of the furies, daughter of 
Nox and Acheron. The word is derived 
from " megairein," invidere,odi.sse,m\d she 
is represented as employed by the gods like 
her sisters to punish the crimes of mankind, 
by visiting them with diseases, with inward 
torments, and with death.— V. JEn. 12, 846. 
Vide Eumenides. 

ME'GALE, the title given to Cybele, the 
mother of the gods, among the Greeks: 
whence her festivals were also called Me- 
galesia. 

MEGALEAS,aseditious person ofCorinth. 
He was seized for his treachery to king 
Philip of Macedonia, upon which he de- 
stroyed himself to avoid punishment. 

MEGALES1A, games in honour of Cy- 
bele, instituted by the Phrygians, and intro- 
duced at Rome in the second Punic war, 
when the statue of the goddess was brought 
from Pessinus.— Li. 29, 14.— Ov. F. 4, v. 337. 

MEGA LI A, a small island of Campania, 
near Neapolis.— St.Sy. 80. 

MEGALOP'OLIS, a town of Arcadia in 
Peloponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It 
joined the Achaean league, B. C. 232, and 
was taken ami ruined by Cleomenes, king 
of Sparta. The inhabitants were called 
Megalapolitce, or Megalopolitani. — Sir. 8. — 
Pa. 9, 14.— Li. 28, 8. 

MEGAME'DE, the wife of Celeus, king 
of Eleusis in Attica. She was mother ro 
Triptolemus, to whom Ceres, as she tra*-e • 



led over Attica, taught agriculture. She 
received divine honours after death, and she 
had an altar raised to her, near the fountain 
where Ceres had first been seen when she 

arrived in Attica.— Pa. 1, 39. The wife 

of Areas.— Apol. 

M EGAPENTHES, an illegitimate son of 
Menelaus, who, after his father's return 
from the Trojan war, was married to a 
daughter of A lector, a native of Sparta. His 
mother's name was Teridae, a slave of Me- 
uelaus.— H. Od. 4.— Apol. 3. 

MEGA'RA, a daughter of Creon, king oi 
Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, be- 
cause he had delivered the Thebans from 
the tyranny of the Orchomenians. [Vide 
Erginus.J When Hercules went to hell by 
order of Eurvstheus, violence was offered 
to Megara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and 
she would have yielded to her ravisher had 
not Hercules returned that moment and 
punished him with death. This mnrdei 
displeased Juno, and she rendered Hercules 
so delirious, that he killed Megara and the 
three children he had by her, in a fit of 
madness, thinking them to be wild beasts. 
Some say that Megara did not perish by the 
hand of her husband, hut that he afterwards 
married her to his friend lolas. The names 
of Megara's children by Hercules were 
Creontiades, Therimachus, and Deicoon — 
Hyg. fa. £2.— Sen. H.—Apol. 2, 6.—DL 4. 

MEGA'RA, (ae, Sc pi. orum,) a city of 
Achaia, the capital of a country cailed Me- 
garis, founded about 1131 B.C. It is situate 
nearly at an equal distance from Corinth 
and Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It was 
built upon two rocks, and is still in being, 
and preserves its ancient name. It was 
called after Megareus the son of Neptune, 
who was buried there, or from Megareus a 
son of Apollo. It was originally governed 
by twelve kings, but became afterwards a 
republic, and fell into the hands of the 
Athenians, from whom it was rescued by 
the Heraclidae. At the battle of Salamis 
the people of Megara furnished 20 ships for 
the defence of Greece, and at Plataea they 
had 300 men in the army of Pausanias. 
There was here a sect of philosophers 
called the Megaric, who held the world to 
be eternal.— Ci. Ac. 4,42. Or.3,17. At. 1, e. 8. 

Pa. i, 39.— Sir. 6.— Me. 2, 3. A town of 

Sicily founded by a colony from Megara in 
Attica, about 728 years before the Christian 
era. It was destroyed by Gelon, king of 
Syracuse; and before the arrival of the 
Megarean colony, it was called Hybla.— 
Sir. 26, &c— V. En. 3, 689. 

MEGAREUS, the father of Hippomenes, 

was son of Onchestus.— Ov. Me. 10,605. 

A son of Apollo. 

MEGA'RIS, a small country of Achaia, 
between Phocis on the west and Attica on 
the east. Its capital city was called Megara. 
Vide Megara.— Sir. 8.-PI. s, 8.— M<?.2,3&7. 

MEGARSUS, a town of Sicily, ofCili- 

cia. A river of India. 

MEGASTH EN ES,a Greek historian in the 
age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years be- 
fore Christ. He wrote about the oriental na- 
fcons, and particularly the Indians. His his- 
2 M 



MEG— MEL 



.193 



MAN — MAN 



tory is often quoted by the ancients. What come a father, he not only obtained his li- 
now passes as his composition is spurious. | berty, but also the oxen, and with them he 
MEGES, one of Helen's suitors, governor j compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage 
of Duiichiuni and of the Echinades. He to Bias. A severe distemper, which had 

i rendered the women of Argo< insane, was 
I totally removed by Melampus, and Anaxa- 



went with forty ships to the Trojan war 
H. II. % 



MEGILLA, a native of Locris, remark- gorasj who then sat on the throne, rewarded 



able for beauty, 

i, o. r 



and mentioned by Hor. 



merit by g : ving him part of his king- 
dom, where he established himself, aud 



MEG I ST A, an. inland of Lycia, with an i where his posterity reigned during six suc- 



narbour of the same aa.me.~Liv. 37, 



cessive generations. He received divine 



MEG1STLAS, a soothsayer who told the * honours after death, and temples were rais- 



Sparians that defended Thermopylae, that 
they all should perish, dec— Her. 7, 219, &c. 

-A r.ver Vide Mella. 

MELA POMPON I US, a Spaniard, who 
flourished about the 45th year of the Chris- 
tian era, aud distinguished himself by his 



ed to his memory.— H. Od. J l, 267, 1- 15, . -'5. 

— Her. 2 6c 9.— Apol. 2, 2.— Pa. 2, 18, I. -1, 3. 

— Virg.G. 3, 550. The father of Cisseus 

and Gyas.- V. jEn. 10. A son of Priam.— 

Apol 3. One of Action's dogs.- Or. Me. 3. 

MELAMPY GES, a surname of Hercules, 



geography , divided into three books, and J from the black and hairy appearance of 
written with eleirance, with great perspi- UJ 
cuity, and brevity. ' [12,619. 
IVI K L./EN/E, a village of Attica.— St. Th. 
ME LA MP US, a celebrated soothsayer and 
physician of Argos, son of Amy lhaon and 
idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos 
in Peloponnesus. His servants once killed 
two large serpents who had made their nests 
at the bottom of a large oak, and Melam- 
pus paid so much regard to lhe*e two rep- 
tiles, that he raised a burning pile aud 
burned them upon it. He also took particu- 
lar care of their young ones, and fed them 
with milk. Some lime after this the young 
serpents crept to Melampiis as he slept on 
the grass near the oak, ana, as if sensible 
of the favours of their benefactor, they 
wantonly played around him, and softly 
licked liis ears. This awoke Melampus, 



his hack, Sec. 

M ELAN CHUTES, one of Actaeon's dogs, 
so called from his hlack hair.—Ov, Me. 3. 

MELANCHL/ENI, a people near the 
Cimmerian Bo>phorus. 

MELANCH1UJS, a tyrant of Lesbos who 
died about 612 B. C. 
MELANE, the same as Samothrace. 
MELANEUS, a son of Eurytus, from 

whom Erelria has been called Melaneis. 

A centaur. — Ov. Me. 12. One of Actaeon's 

dogs.— Id. 3. An /Ethiopian killed at the 

nuptials of Per eus.— Id. 5. 

M ELANI DA, a surname of Venus. 
M ELAN ION, the same as t ippomenes, 
who married Atalanta according to some 
mvthologists.— Apol. 3. 

"MELANTPPE, a daughter of yEolus who 
had two children hy Neptune, for which her 



who was astonished at the sudden cha; ge father put out both her eyes, and confined 



which his senses had undergone. He found 
nimself acquainted with the chirping of the 
birds, and with all their rude notes, as they 
flew around him. He took advantage of 
this supernatural gift, and soon made him- 
self perfect in the know ledge of futurity, 
and Apollo also instructed him in the ai t 
of medicine. He had soon after the happi- 
ness of curing the daughters of Prcetus, hy 
giving them ellebore, which from this cir- 
cumstance has been called melampodium, 
and as a reward for his trouble he married j 
the eldest of these princesses. [Vide Prce- j 
tides.] The tyranny of his uncle Neleus, > 
king of Py los," obliged him to leave his na- 



her in a prison. Her children, who had 
been exposed and preserved, delivered her 
from confinement, and Neptune restored 
her to her eye-sight. She afterwards mar- 
ried Metapontus.— f/yg.fa.166. A nymph 

w ho married I tonus, son of Amphictyon, 
by whom she had Bceotus, who gave' his 
name to Bceotia. — Pa. 9, 1. 

MELANTKP1DES, a Greek poet about 
520 years before Cnrist. His grandson, of 
the same name, flourished about 00 years 
after at the court of Perdiceas the second, 
of Macedonia. Some fragments of their 
poetry are ex rant. 
MELANTPPUS, a priest of Apollo, at 



tive country, and Prcetus, to show himself Cyrene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrafes.- 

more sensible of his ser* ices, gave him part \Poly. 8. A son of Astacus, one of the 

of his kingdom, over which he established ! Theban chiefs w ho defended the gates of 
himself. "About this time the personal | Thebes against the army of Adrastus king 
charms of Pero, the daughter of Neleus, i of Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom 
had gained many admirers, but the fa- ! he slightly wounded, and at List was killed 
ther promised his daughter only to him by Aniphiaraus, who carried his head to 
who brought into his hands the oxen of Tydeus. Tydeus, to take revenge of the 
Iphiclus. This condition displeased many ; wound he had received, bit the head with 



but Bias, who was also one of her 



such barbarity, that he swallowed the brains, 



. .... engaged his brother Melampus to \ and Minerva, offended with his conduct, 
steal the oxen, and deliver them to him. took away the herb which she had given 
Meiampus was caught in the attempt, and him to cure his wound, and he died. — Apol. 

imprisoned, and nothing but his services as j 1, 8.— JEs. ante Th.—Pa. 9, 18. A sou ot 

a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus Mars, who became enamoured of Cometho, 
would have saved him from death. All this a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He concealed 
pleaded in favour of Melampus, but when himself in the temple, and ravished his mis- 
ue taught the childless IphWus how to be- ; tres-, for which violation of the sanctity of 



MEL — MEL 
the place, the two lovers soon after perish- 
ed by a sudden death, and the country was 
visited by a pestilence, which was stopped 
only after the offeringof a > uman sacrifice 
by the direction of the oracle. — Pa. 7, 19. 

A Trojan killed by An^ilochus in the 

Trojan war.— H. II. 15. Another killed 

by Patroclus. Another kiled by Tencer. 

A son of Agrius. Another of Priam. 

A son of Theseus. 

MELANOSYRI, a people of Svria. 

MELANTHII, rock, near tlie island of 
Samos. 

MELANTHIUS, a maa who wrote an his- 
tory of Attica. A famous painter of Si- 

«yon.— -PI. 35. A tragic poet of a very 

*nalevolent disposition in the age of Pho- 

\>u.—Plu. A Trojan killed by Eurypy- 

»us in the Trojan war.—//. Od. A shep- 
herd in Theo. Id. A goatherd killed by 

Telemachus after the return of Ulysses. — 

Ov. I, Hero. An elegiac poet. 

MELANTHO, a daughter of Proteus, ra- 
vished by Neptune under the form of a dol- 
phin. — Ov. Me. 6, 12. One of Penelope's 

women, sister to Melanthius.— H. II. is,&c. 

IV] ELANTHUS, Melanthes,or Melanthius, 
a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, Phoenix 
were kings of Pylos. He was driven from son of Amyntor, Panopeus Hyleus. Hippa- 



399 MEL -MEL 

ther, at the instigation of Diana, whose 
altars CEneus had neglected. \Vide CEneus.] 
No sooner were they destroyed than Diana 
punished the negligence of CEneus by a 
greater calamity. She sent a liuge wild boar, 
which laid waste all thecountry, and seemed 
invincible on account of its immense size. It 
became soon a pub.ic concern ; all the neigh- 
bouring princes assembled to destroy this 
terrible animal, and nothing became more 
famous in mythological history, than the 
hunting of the Calydonian boar. The 
princes and chiefs who assembled, and who 
are mentioned by mycologists, are Me- 
leager son of CEneus, Idas and Lynceus, 
sons of Aphareus, Dry as son of Mars, Cas- 
tor and Pollux sons "of Jupiter and Leda, 
Pirithous son oflxion, Theseus sou of^eus, 
Anceus and Cephesus sons of Lycurgus, 
Admetes son of Pheres, Jason son of iEson, 
Peleus and Telamon sons of ^acus, Iphi- 
cles son of Amphitryon, Eurytrvon son of 
Actor, Atalanta daughter of Sehceneus, Iolas 
the friend of Hercules, the sons of Thes- 
tius, Amphiaraus son of Oilens, Protheus s 
Cometes, the brothers of Althaea, Hippo- 
thous son of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, 



his paternal kingdom by the Heraclidae, and 
came to Athens, where king Thymcetes re- 
signed the crown to him, provided he fousrht 
a battle against Xanthus, a general of the 
Boeotians, who made war against him. He 
fought and conquered, {Vide Apaturia,] and 
his family, surnamed the Neliadce, sat on 
the throne of Athens, till the age of Codrus. 
He succeeded to the crown 1126 years B.C. 

and reigned 37 years.— Pa. 2, 18. A man 

of Cyzicus.— Flac. A river of European 

Sarmatia, falling into the Borysthenes.— Oc. 
Pon. 4, e. 10, 55. 

M E LAS, C ae, a r? ver of Peloponnesus, - ) 

of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher- 

sonesus. Another in Thessaly, in A- 

chaia, in Boeotia, in Sicily,- — in Ionia, 

in Cappadocia. A son of Neptune. 

—Another, son of Proteus. A sou of 

Phryxus who was among the Argonauts, 
and'was drowned in that part of the sea 
which bore his name. — Apol. 1. 

MELDiE, or Meldorum urbs, a city of 
Gaul, now Meaux in Champagne. 

MELEA'GER, a celebrated hero of anti- 
quity, son of CEneus, king of ^Etolia, bv Al- 
thaea daughter of Thestius. The Parcae 
were present at the moment of his birth, 
and predicted his future greatness. Clotho 
said, that he would be brave and courageous; 
JLachesis foretold his uncommon strength, 
and Atropos declared that he should live as 
long as that firebrand, which was on the 
fire, remained entire and unconsumed. Al- 
thaea no sooner heard this, than she snatch- 
ed the stick from the fire, and kept it with 
the most jealous care, as the life of her son 
was destined to depend upon its preserva- 
tion. The fame of Meleager increased with 
his years; he signalized himself in the Ar- 
gonaulic expedition, and afterwards deli- 
vered his country from the neighbouri 



inhabitants, who made war against his fa- 1 ander the Great.- 



sus, Nestor, Menoctius the father of Patro- 
clus, Amphicides, Laertes the father of 
Ulysses, and the four sons of Hippocoon. 
This troop of armed men attacked the boar 
with unusual fury, and it was at last killed 
by Meleager. The conqueror gave the skin 
and the head to Atalanta, who had lirst 
wounded the animal. This partiality to a 
woman irritated the others, and particu- 
larly Toxeus and Plexippus, the brothers of 
Althaea, and they endeavoured to rob Ata- 
lanta of the honourable present. Meleager 
defended a woman of whom he was ena- 
moured, and killed his uncle in the attempt. 
Mean time the news of this celebrated con- 
quest had already reached Calydon, and 
Althaea went to the temple of the gods to 
return thanks for the victory which her son 
had gained. As she went she met the corpses 
of her brothers that were brought from the 
chase, and at this mournful spectacle she 
rilled the whole city with her lamentations. 
She was upon this informed that they had 
been killed by Meleager, and in t e moment 
of resentment, to revenge the death of her 
brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal 
stick on which her son's life depended, and 
Meleager died as soon as it was consumed. 
Homer does not mention the fiiebraiul, 
whence some have imagined that this fable 
is posterior to that poet's age. But he says 
that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus so 
irritated Althaea, that she uttered the most 
horrible_curses and imprecations upon the 
head of her son. Meleager married Cleo- 
patra, the daughter of Idas and Marpessa, 
as also Atalanta, according to some ac- 
counts. — Apol. 1, %.—Apollod. \ ,ar. 1, 197, 1. 
3, 516.— Flac. 1 & 6.— Pa. 10, 2\.—Hyg. 14. 

— Ov. Me. 8.—H. II. 9. A general who 

supported Aridaens when he had been made 
kin^C after the death of his brother Alex 



-A brother of Ptolem* 
M » 



MEL — MEL 400 



MEL- MEL 



made king of Macedonia B. C. 280 years. 
He was but two months invested with the 

regal authority. A Greek poet in the 

rei?n of Seleuchus, the last of the Seleu- 
cidae. He was born at Tyre and du d at Cos. 
It is to his well-directed labours that we 
are indebted lor the anthologia, or collec- 
tio of Greek epigrams, which he selected 
from 46 of the best and most esteemed poets. 
The original collection of Meleager has 
been greatly altered bv succeeding editors. 

M E LEA G'R IDES, the sisters of Me- 
leauer, daughters of £jieus and Althaea. 
They were so disconsolate at the death of' 
their brother Meleager, that they refused 
all aliments, and were, at the point'of death, 
changed into birds called Meleagrides, 
whose feathers and e?^s, as it is supposed, 
are of a different colour. The youngest of 
the sisters. Gorge and Dejanira, who had 
been married, escaped this metamorphosis. 
—Apol. I, B.— Op. Me. 8, 5-iO — PI. «0, 26. 

MELESANDER, an Athenian general who 
died B. C. 414. 

MELES (ETIS}, a river of Asia Minor , 
in Ionia, near Smyrna. Some of the an- 
cients supposed that Homer was born on 
the banks of that river, from which cir- 
cumstance they call him Mclesigenes, and 
his compositions Meletcea charts. It is even 
supported that he composed ids poems in 
a cave near the source of that river. — Sir. 
12.— St. 2. Sy. 7, 34.— Tib. 4, e. I, 201.— 

Pa. 7, 5. A beautiful Athenian youth, 

greatly beloved byTimagoras, whose affec- 
tions he repaid with the greatest cohiness 
and indifference. He even ordered Tima- 
goras to leap down a precipice, from the 
top of the citadel at Athens, and Timagnras, 
not to disoblige him, obeyed, and was 
killed in the fall. This token of true friend- 
ship and affection had such an effect upon 
Mele*, that he threw himself down from 
the place, to atone by his death for the in- 
gratitude which he had shown to Timagor2s. 
— Pa. 1,30. A king of Lydia, who suc- 
ceeded hi> father Alyattes, about 747 years 
before Christ. He was father to Candaules. 

MELESI'GENES, or MELE-I'GENA, a 
name ?iven to Homer. Vide Meles. 

MELIA, a daughter of Oceanus, who 

married Inachus. A nymph, See. — Apol. 

A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caan- 

thus. She became mother of lsmarus and 
Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed 
with the gift of prophecy, and the river 
Ladon in bceotia assumed the name of ls- 
marus.— Pa. 9, 10. One of the Nereides. 

A daughter of Agenor. 

MELIBOZ'A, ad aughter of Oceanus, who 

married Pelasuus. A daughter of Am- 

phion and Niobe.— Apol. A maritime 

town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot 
of mount Ossa, famous for" dying wool. 
The epithet of Melibceus is applied to 
Fhilocletes because he reigned there.— V. 

JEn. 3, 401, 1. 5, 251.— Her. 7, 188. Also 

an island at the mouth of the Orontes in 
Syria, "rvhence Melibcea purpura. — Me. 2, 3. 

"MELIBGZUS, a shepherd introduced in 
Virgil's eclogues. 

M ELICER ; TA, MELICERTES, or MLLI- 



CERTUS, a son of Athamas and Ino. He 
was saved by his mother, from the lury of 
his father, who prepared to dash him 
against the w all as he had done his brother 
Learchus. The mother was so terrihYd 
that she threw herself into the sea, with 
Melieerta in her arms. Neptune had com- 
passion on the misfortunes of Ino and her 
«<on, and changed them both into sea deities. 
Ino was called Leuocothoe or Matnta, and 
Melicerta was known amonsr the Greeks by 
the name of Paiaemon, and among the La- 
tins by that of Portumnus. Some suppose 
that the Isthmian games were in honour of 
Melicerta. Vide Isthmia.— Apol. 1,9, I. 3, 
4.— Pa. 1, 44. -Hyg. fa. 1 & 2.— Ov. Me. t, 
529, &c.—Pln. Sym. Tnear Sicilv. 

M ELIGO'NIS, one of theCEolian islands 

MELI'NA, a daughter of Thespius, mo- 
ther of Laomedon, by Hercules. 

MELl'SA, a town of Magna Graecia. 

MELISSA, a daughter of Melissus king 
of Crete, who, with her sister Amallhaea 
fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She 
first found out means of collecting honey ; 
whence some have imagined that she was 
changed into a bee, as her name is the 

Greek word for that insect.— Co/u. One 

of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by 

whom she had Phoroneus and ^Egif.lus. 

A daughter of Procles, who married Peri- 
ander the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her 
pregnancy, she was killed with a blow of 
Ids foot, by the false accusation of his con- 
cubines.— Diog. L. — Pa. 1, 28. A woman 

of Corinth, who refused to initiate others 
in the festivals of Ceres, after she had re- 
ceived admission. She was torn to pieces 
upon this disobedience, and the goddess 
made a swarm of bees rise from her bodv. 

MELISSUS, a king of Crete, father to 
Melissa and Amalthaea.— Hyg. P. A. 2, 13. 

— Lact. 1, 22. An admiral of the Samian 

fleet, B. C. 441. He was defeated by 

Pericles, 6cc.—Plu. Per. A philosopher 

of Samos, who maintained that the world 
was infinite, immoveable, and without a 
vacuum. According to his doctrines, no 
one could advance any argument upon the 
power or attributes of providence, as all 
human knowledge was weak and imperfect. 
Themistocles was among his pupils. He 
flourished about 440 years before the Chris- 
tian era. — Diog. A freed man of Mecae- 

nas, appointed librarian to Augustus. He 
wrote some comedies. — Ovid. Pon. 4, e. 16, 
30.— Sue. Gr. 

MELl'TA, an island in the Libyan sea, 
between Sicily and Africa, now called 
Malta. The soil was fertile, and the coun- 
try famous for its wool. It was first peo- 
pled by the Phoenicians. St. Paul was snip- 
wrecked there, and cursed all venomous 
creatures, which now are not to be found 
in the whole island. Some, however, sup- 
pose, that the island on which the Apostle 
was shipwrecked, was another island of the 
same name in the Adriatic on the coast of 
Illyricum, now known as Melede. Malta is 
now remarkable as being the residence of 
the knights of Malta, formerly of St. John 
of Jerusalem, settled there A. D. 1530, by 



MEL— MEL 



40 J 



MEM — MEM 



the concession of Charles V., after their 
expulsion from Rhodes by the Turks.— Str. 

6.— Me. 2, 7. — Ci. Ver. 4, 46. A nother on 

the coast of Illyricum in the Adriatic, now 

Melede. — PI. 2,', 26. An ancient name of 

S a moth race.— Str. 10. One of the Nere- 
ides.- V. En. 5, 625. 

ME'LITENF, a province of Armenia. 

ME'LITUS, a poet and orator of Athens, 
who became one of the principal accusers! 
of Socrates. After his eloquence had pre- j 
vailed, and Socrates had been put ignomin- I 
iously to death, the Athenians repented of 1 
their severity to the philosopher, and con- I 
demned his accusers. Melitus perished i 
among' them. His character was mean and i 
insidious, and his poems had nothing great I 
or sublime. — Diog. 

ME'LIUS, SP., a Roman knight accused j 
of aspiring to tyranny, on account of his j 
uncommon liberality to the populace. He i 
wus summoned to appear by the dictator I 
L. Q. Cincinnatus, and when he refused to 
obey, he was put to death by Ahala, the j 
master of horse, A. U. C. 314.— Far. L. L. 4. 
— Va. Ma. 6. 3. 

M EL' IX AN DR US, a Milesian, who wrote 
an account of the wars of the Lapithae and 
Centaurs.— El. V. H. 11, 2. 

MELLA, or MELA, a small river of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Allius, and with 
it into the Po.— Cat. 68, 33.— Virg. G. 4, 278. 

MELLA ANN2EUS, the father of Lucan. 
He was accused of being privy to Piso's con- 
spiracy against Nero, upon which he opened 
his veins.— Ta. 16. An. 17. 

MELOBO'SIS, one of the Oceanides. 

MELON, an astrologer, who feigned mad- 
ness and burnt his house that he might not 
g-o to an expedition, which he knew would 

be attended with great calamities. An 

interpreter of king Darius. — Curt. 5, 13. 

ME LOS, now Milo, an island between 
Crete and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles 
from Scylaeum, about 60 miles in circum- 
ference," and of an oblong figure. It en- 

J'oyed its independence for above 700 years 
eforethe time of the Peloponnesian "war. 
This island was originally peopled by a 
Lacedaemonian colony, 1116 years before 
the Christian era. From this reason the 
inhabitants refused to join the rest of the 
islands and the Athenians against the Fe- 
loponnesians. This refu.-al was severely 
punished. The Athenians took Melos, and 
put to the sword all such as were able to 
bear arms. The women and children were 
made slaves, and the island left desolate. 
An Athenian colony repeopled it, till Ly- 
san-ler reconquered it and re-established the 
original inhabitants in their possessions. 
The island produced a kind of earth suc- 
cessfully employed in painting and medicine. 
— Str. i.—Me. 2, 7.— PI. 4, 12, 1. 35, 9.— Th. 
2, &e. 

MELPES, now Melpa, a river of Luca- 
nia, falling- into the Tyrrhene sea. — Pl..i,c.b. 

MELPIA, a village of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 38. 

MELPOMENE, one of the muses, daugh- 
ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presi- 
ded over tragedy. Horace has addressed 
the finest of his odes to her, as to the pa- 



troness of Lyric poetry. She was generally- 
represented "as a young woman with a seri- 
ous countenance. Her garments were 
splendid ; she wore a buskin, and held a 
dagger in one hand, and in the other a 
sceptre and crowns. — Hor. 3,0. A.—Hes.Th. 

MEMACENT, a powerful nation of Asia, 
&c— Curt. 

M EMM I A SULPITIA, a woman who 
married the emperor Alexander Severus. 
She died when voung. 

MEM MIA LEX, ordained that no one 
should be entered on the calendar of crimi- 
nals who was absent on the public account. 

MEM MI US, a Roman citizen, accused of 

embitus. — Cic. ad fralrem, 3. A Roman 

knight, who rendered himself illustrious for 
his eloquence and poetical talents. He w as 
made tribune, praetor, and afterwards 
governor of Bithynia. He was accused of 
extortion in his province and banished by 
J. Csesar, though Cicero undertaok his de- 
fence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to 

him.— Ci. Br. REGULUS, a Roman of 

whom Nero observed, that he deserved to 
be invested with the imperial purple.— 7a. 

An. 14, 47. A Roman who accused Ju 

gurtha 'before the Roman people. A 

lieutenant of Pompey, &c. The familv 

of the Memmii were plebeians. They uere 
descended, according to some accounts, 
from Mnestheus, the friends of JSneas.-- 
V. En. 5, 177. 

MEMNON, a king of ./Ethiopia, son of 
Titlionus and Aurora. He came with a 
body of lu,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, 
during the Trojan war, where he behaved 
with great courage, and kiiled Antilochus, 
Nfstor's son. The aged fatherchallengedthe 
^Ethiopian monarch, but Memnon refused it 
on account of the venerable age of Nestor, 
and accepted that of Achiiles. He was killed 
in the combat in the sight of the Grecian and 
Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate 
at the death of her son, that she flew to 
Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the 
god to grant her son such honours as might 
distinguish him from other mortals. Jupi- 
ter consented, and immediately a numer- 
ous flight of birds issured from "the burning 
pile on which the body was laid, and after 
they had flown three times round the flames, 
they divided themselves into two separate 
bodies, and fought with such acrimony, 
that above half of them fell down into the 
fire, as victims to appease the manes of 
Memnon. These birds were called Mem- 
nonides ; and it has been observed by some 
of the ancients, that they never failed to 
return yearly to the tomb of Memnon, in 
Troas, and repeat the same bloody engage- 
ment, in honour of the hero from whom 
they received their name. The ^Ethiopians 
or Egyptians, over whom Memmon reigned, 
erected a celebrated statue to the honour 
of their monarch. This statue had the 
wonderful property of uttering a melodious 
sound, every dayatsun-ri»ing,like that which 
is heard at the breaking or the string of a 
harp when it is wound up. This was 
eflecttd by the ravs of tne sun when they 
fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and 
2 M 3 



MEM-MEN 



4< 



102 



MEN— MEN 



in the night, the sound was lugubrious. 
This is supported by the testimony of 
the geographer Strabo, who confesses him- 
self ignorant whether it proceeded from the 
basis of the statue, or the people that were 
then round it. This celebrated statue was 
dismantled by order of Cambyses, when he 
conquered Egypt, and its ruins still 
astonish modern travellers by their gran- 
deur and beauty. Memnon was the inven- 
tor of the alphabet, according to Anticlides, 
a writer mentioned by Plinv, 7, 55.— Mcs. 
Bi.—Ov. Me. 13, 578, fee— .r.1. 5, 1.— Pa. 1, 
42, 1. 10, 3\.-Str. 13 & 17.— Juv. 15, 5.— 
Phil. Ap.—Pl. 36, l.-H. Od. 9.—Q. Cat. 

A general of the Persian forces, when 

Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished 
himself for his attachment to the interest 
of Darius, his 'alour in the field, the sound- 
ness of his counsels, and his great sagacity. 
He defended Miletus asrainst Alexander, 
and died iii the inidst of his successful en- 
terprises, b.C. 3J3. His wife Barsine was 
taken prisoner with the wife of Darius.— Di. 

16. A governor of Calosyria. A man 

appointed governor of Thrace by Alexan- 
der. A man who wrote an history of 

Heraclea in Ponttis, in the age of Augustus. 

M KM PHIS, a celebrated town of Egypt, 
on the western banks of the Nile, above the 
Delta. It once contained many beautiful 
temples, particularly those of the god Apis, 
(bos Memphites,) whose worship was ob- 
served with the greatest ceremonies. [Fide 
Apis.l It was 'in the neighbourhood of 
Memphis that those famous pyramids were 
built, whose grandeur and beauty still as- 
tonish the modern traveller. These noble 
monuments of Egyptian vanity, which pass 
for one of the wonders of the world, are 
about 20 in number, three of w hich by their 
superior size particularly claim attention. 
The largest of these is is I feet in height, 
measured perpendicularly, and the area of 
its basis is on 480,249 square feet of some- 
thing more than 11 English acres of ground, 
it has steps al; round with massy and po- 
lished stones, so large that the b.eadth and 
depth of every step is one single stone. 
The smallest stone, according to an ancient 
historian, is not less than 30 fet t. The num- 
ber of steps, according to modern obsert a- 
tion, amounts to 208, a number which is not 
always adhered to by travellers. The place 
where Memphis formerly stood is not now- 
known : the ruins of its fallen grandeur 
were conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its 
palaces, or to adorn tue neig hbouring cities. 
— Tib. 1, e. 7, 2=.— Si. It. 14, 660.— Str. 17. 
— Me. 1, 9.— Di. \.—Plu. Is.— Her. 2, 10, 

kc.—Jos. Ju. 8. A nymph, daughter of 

the Nile, who married Ep .esus, by whom 
she had Libya. She gave lier name to the 
celebrated city of Memphis.— Apol. 2, 1. 
The wife of Danaus.— Apol. 2, 1. 

MEMPHI'TIS, a son of Ptolemy Phycons 
king of Egypt. He was put to death by his 
father. 

MENA, a goddess worshipped at Rome, 
and supposed to preside over the monthly 
infirmities of women. She was the same as 
Juno. According to fome, the sacrifices 



: offered to her were young puppies thatstil 
sucked their mother.— A ug. Ci. D. 4, c. 2. — 
PI. 29, 4. 

MENA or MENES, the firstkingof Egypt, 
according to some accounts. [gues. 

MENALCAS,a shepherd in Virgil's eclo- 

MENALXTDAS, an intriguing Lacedae- 
monian in the time of the famous Achaean 
league. He was accused before the Romans, 
and he killed himself. 

MENALIPPE, a sister of Antiope queen 
of the Amazons, taken by Hercules when 
that hero made war against this celebrated 
nation. She was ransomed, and Hercules 
received in exchange the arms and belt of 

the queen. — Juv . 8, 229. A daughter of 

the centaur Chiron, beloved awl ravished 
by iEolus, son of Hellen. She relied into 
the woods to hide her disgrace irom the 
eyes of her father, and when she had brought 
forth she entreated the gods to remove her 
totally from the pursuits of Chiron. She 
was changed into a mare, and called Ocy- 
roe. Some suppose that she assumed the 
name of Menalippe, and lost that of Ocy- 
roe. She became a constellation after death, 
called the hor?e. Some authors call her 
Hippe or Evippe. — Hyg. P. A.I, 18. — Pol. 

4. Menalippe is a name common to other 

persons, but it is generally spelt Melanippe 
by the best authors. — Vide Melanippe. 

MENALIPPUS. Vide Melanippus. 

MENANDER, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He 
was universally esteemed by the Greeks, 
and received the appellation of Prince of 
the New Comedy. He did not disgrace his 
compositions like Aristophanes, by mean 
and indecent reflections and illiberal satire, 
but his writings are replete with elegance, 
refined wit, and judicious observations. Of 
108 comedies which he wrote nothing re- 
mains but a few tragmenrs. It is said, that 
Terence translated all these, and indeed we 
have cause to lament the loss of such valu- 
able writings, when we are told by the an- 
cienis that the elegant Terence/so much 
admired, was in the opinion of his country- 
men reckoned inferior to Menander. It is 
said that Menander drowned himself in the 
52d year of his age, B.C. 293, becau.-e the 
compositions of his rival Philemon obtained 
more applause than his own. Only eight 
of his numerous comedies were rewarded 
with a poetical prize. The name of his fa- 
ther was Diopvthus, and that of his mother 

Hegistrata.— Quin. 10, 1.— Pat. 1, 16. A 

man who wrote an account of embassies, 

&c. A king of Bactria, whose ashes were 

divided among his subjects, &c. An his- 
torian of Ephesus. Another of Pergamus. 

An Athenian general defeated at iEgos- 

potamos by Lysander. An Athenian sent 

to Sicily with Nic as. A man put to death 

by Alexander for deserting a fortress of 

w'hich he had the command. An officer 

under Mithridates, sent against Lucullus. 

MENAPII, a people of Beigic Gaul, near 
the Mosa.— C<ss. E. G. 

MENAPIS, a Persian exile, made satrap 
of Hyrcania, by Alexander.— Curt. 6, 4. 

MENAS, a "freed man of Pompey the 



MEN — MEN 
Great, w ho distinguished himself by the ac- 
tive and perfidious part he took in"the Civii 
wars which were kindled between the 
younger Pompey and Augustus. When 
Pompey invited Augustus to his galley, Me- 
nas advised his master to seize the person 
of his enemy, and at the same time the Ro- 
man empire, ny cutting the cables of his 
ship. No, replied Pompey, I would have 
approved of the measure if you had done 
it without consulting me; but I scorn to 
break my word. — Sue. Oc. — Horace ep. epo. 
A, has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and 
recalled to Ids mind his former meanness 
and obscurity. 

MENCHE'RES, the 12th king of Memphis. 

MENDES, a city of Egypt, near Lycopo- 
lis, on one of the mouths of the Nile, called 
the Mendesian mouth. Pan under the form 
of a goat was worshipped there with the 
greatest solemnity. It was unlawful to kill 
one of these animal?, with which the Egyp- 
tians were not ashamed to have public com- 
merce, to the disgrace of human nature, 
from the superstitious notions thatsuch em- 
braces hbd given birth to the greatest heroes 
of ntiquitv, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. — 
Her. 2, 42, "& 46.— Str. 17.— Di. 1. 

MEN'ECLES, an orator of Alabanda in 
Caria, who settled at Rhodes. — Ci. Or. '2, 
53.— Str. 14. 

MENRCLIDES, a detractor of the cha- 
racter of Epaminondas. — C. Nep. Ep. 

MENEC'RATES, a physician of Syracuse, 
famous for his vanity and arrogance. He 
was generally accompanied by some of his 
patients whose disorders he had cured. He 
disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and 
the other in that of iEsculapius, while he 
reserved for himself the title and name of 
Jupiter, whose power was extended over 
those inferior deities. He crowned himself 
like the master of the gods, and in a letter 
which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, 
he styled himself in these u/or<ls,Menecrates 
Jupiter to king Philip greeting. The Ma- 
cedonian monarch answered, Philip to Me- 
necralcs, greeting, and better seme. Philip 
also invited him to one of his feasts, but 
when the meats were served up, a table was 
put separate for the physician, on which he 
was served only with perfumes and frankin- 
cense like the father of the gods. This en- 
tertainment displeased Mem-crates ; he re- 
membered that he was a mortal, and hur- 
ried away from the company. He lived 
about 360 years before the christian era. 
The book which he wrote on cures is lost. 

— Ml. V. H. 10, bl.—Ath. 7, 13. One of 

the generals of Seleucus. A physician 

under Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa, 
disciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 1 1 9. — Str. 16. 

An Ephesian architect who wrote on 

agriculture. — Var. R. R. An historian. 

— - — A man appointed to settle the disputes 
of the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in the 
5th year of the Pelopounesian war. His 
father's name was Amphidorus. An offi- 
cer in the fleet of Pompey the son of Pom- 
pev the Great. 

MENEDE'MUS, an officer of Alexander 
killed by the Dahae,— Curt. 7, 6. A So- 



M EN— MEN 
cratic philosopher of Eretria, who was ori 
ginaliy a tent-niaker, an employment which 
he left for the profession of arms. The 
persuasive eloquence and philosophical lec- 
tures of Plato had such an influence over 
him, that he gave up bis offices in the state 
to cultivate literature. It is said that he died 
)hrough melancholy when Anti»onus, one 
of Alexander's generals, had made himself 
master of his country, B.C. 301, in the 74 th 
year of his age. Some attribute his death 
to a different cause, and say that he was 
falsely accused of treason, for which he 
became so desperate that he died after he 
had passed seven days without taking any 
aliments. He was called the Eretrian Bull, 
on account of his gravity. — Str. Q.—Dicg. 

A cynic philosopher of Lampsacus, who 

said that he was come from hell to observe 
the sins and wickedness of mankind. His 
habit was that of the furies, and his beha- 
viour was a proof of his insanity. He was 

discipleof Colotes of Lampsacus.— Diog. 

An officer of Luculius. A philosopher of 

Ather.s.— Ci. Or. I, 19. 

MEN EGETAS, a boxer or wrestler in 
Philip of Macedon's arrnv, Sec— Poly. 

MKNELA'I PORTUS,"an harbour on the 
coast of Africa, between Cvrene and Egvpt. 
— C. JSep. Ag. 8.— Str. 1.- — MONS, a "hill 
near Sparta, with a fortification called Me- 
nelainm. — Li. 34, 28. 

M EN E LATA, a festival celebrated atThe- 
rapnae in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus* 
He had there a temple, where he was wor- 
shipped with his wife Helen as one of the 
supreme gods. 

MEN ELA'US, a king of Sparta, brother 
to Agamemnon. His father's name was 
Atreus, according to Homer, or according 
to the more probable opinion of Hesiod, 
Apollodorus, &c, he was the son of Plis- 
thenes and jErope. {Vide Plisthenes.] He 
was educated with his brother Agamemnon 
in the house of Atreus, but soon after the 
death of this monarch, Thye-tes his brother 
usurped the kingdom and banished the two 
children of Plisthenes. Menelausand Aga- 
memnon came to the court of CEneus king 
of Calydonia, who treated them with ten- 
derness and patern 1 1 care. From Calydonia 
they went to Sparta, where, like the rest of 
the Grecian princes, they solicited the mar- 
riage of Helen the daughter of king Tyn- 
darus. By the artifice and advice of 
Ulysses, Helen was permitted to choose a 
husband, and she fixed her eyes upon 
Menelaus, and married him, after her nu- 
merous suitors had solemnly bound them- 
selves by an oath to defend her, and protect 
her person against the violence or assault 
of every intruder. [Vide Helena.] As soon 
as the nuptials were celebrated, Tyudarus 
resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and 
their happiness was complete. This was, 
however, of short duration : Helen was the 
fairest woman of the age, a,ud Venus had 
promised Paris the son of Priam to reward 
him with such a beauty. [Vide Paris.] The 
arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of 
great revolutions. The absence of Mene- 
laus in Crete gave opportunities to the 



403 



MEN— MEN 



404 



MEN— MEN 



Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of 
Helen, and to carry away home what" the 
goddess of beauty had promised him as his 
due. This action was highly resented by 
Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes 
of their oath and solemn engagements when 
they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and 
immediately all Greece took' up arms to 
defend his cause. The combined forces as- 
sembled at Aulis in Boeotia, where they 
chose Agamemnon for their general, and 
Calchas for their high priest ; and after 
their applications to tiie court of Priam for 
the recovery of Helen had proved fruitless, 
they marched to meet their enemies in the. 
field. During the Trojan war Menelaus be- 
haved with great spirit and eourage, and 
Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not 
Venus interposed and redeemed him from 
certain death. He also expressed his wish 
to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered 
him from fighting w ith so powerful an ad- 
veisary. In the tenth year of the Trojan 
«a», Helen, as it is reported, obtained the 
forgiveness and the good graces of Mene- 
laus by introducing him with Ulysses, the 
night that Troy was reduced to ashes, into 
the chamber of Deiphobus, whom she had 
married after the death of Paris. This per- 
fidious conduct totally reconciled her to her 
first husband ; and she returned with him 
to Sparta, during a voyage of eight years. 
He died some time after his return". He 
had a daughter called Hermione, and Ni- 
costratus, according to some, by Helen, 
and a son called Megapenthes by a concu- 
bine. Some say that Menelaus went to 
Egypt on his return from the Trojan war 
to obtain Helen, who had been detained 
there by the kinsf of the country. [Vide 
Helena.] The palace which Menelaus once 
inhabited was still entire in the days of 
Pausanias, as well as the temple which had 
been raised to his memory bv the people of 
Sparta.— H. Od. 4, Sec.— II. I, &c— Apol.l 
3, 10.— Pa. 3, 14 & 19.— Die. Cr. 2, &c— V. \ 
Mn. 2, &c— Qtnn. Sm. 14.— Or. Her. 5 Sc\ 
U.—Hyg. fa.79-— Eur. lph.-Pro. 2.— Soph. 

A lieutenant of Ptolemv set over Sala- 

mis.— Poly.— Pa. — A city "of Egypt Str.l 

H. A mathematician in the age of the 

emperor Trajan. 

MENE'NIUS AGRIPPA, a celebrated 
Roman who appeased the Roman populace 
in the infancy of the consular government 
by repeating the well-known fable of the 
belly and limbs. He flourished 495, B. C. 

— Li. 2, 16, 32, 33. A Roman consul.- 

An insane person in the age of Horace. 

MEN'EPHRON, a man who attempted to 
offer violence to his own mother. He was 
changed into a wild bea>t.— Ov. Me. 7, 387. 

ME'NES, the first king of Egypt. He 
built the town of Memphis, as it is'generally 
supposed, and deserved by his abilities and 
popularity, to be called a god after death. 
— Her. 2, 1 & 90.— Di. l. [nia Bcetica. 
MENESTHET PORTUS, a tow n of Hispa- 
MENESTEUS or MENESTHEUS, or 
MNESTHEUS, a son of Pereus, who so 
insinuated himself into the favour of the 
people of Athens, that, during the longab- 



sence of Theseus, he was elected king. The 
lawful monarch at his return home was ex- 
pelled, and Mnestheus established his usur- 
pation by his popularity and great modera- 
tion. As he had been one of Helen's sui- 
tors, he went to the Trojan w ar at the head 
of the people of Athens, and died in his re- 
turn in the island of Melos. He reigned 23 
years, B. C. 1205, and was succeeded by 
bemophoon the son of Theseus. — Pin. Th. 

A son of Iphicrates who distinguished 

himself in the Athenian armies.— C. Nep. T. 

MENESTHIUS, a Greek killed by Paris 
in the Trojan war. 

MEN ETAS, a man set governor over 
Babvlon bv Alexander. — Cvrt. 5, 1. 

M'ENIN'X orLOTOPHAGlTlS INSULA, 
now Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, 
near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by 
the people' of Neritos, and thence called 
Neritia.—Pl. 5, 7.— Sir. 17.— Si. It. 3,318. 

MENIPPA, one of the Amazons who as- 
sisted if.etes, &c. 
MEN1PPIDES, a son of Hercules.— Apol. 
MEMPPUS, a cynic philosopher of Phoe- 
nicia. He was originally a slave, and ob- 
tained his liberty with a sum of money, and 
\ became one of the greatest usurers at 
I Thebes. He grew so desperate from the 
' continual reproaches and insists to which 
i he was daily exposed on account of his 
meanness, that he destroyed himself. He 
wrote 13 books of satires, which have been 
lost. M. Varro composed satires in imita- 
tion of his style, and called them Menip- 

Ipean. A native of Stratonice who was 

; preceptor to Cicero forsometime.-Ci.#r.l9. 
j MEN I US, a plebeian consul at Rome. 
He was the first who made the rostrum at 
Rome with the beaks {rostra) of the enemy's 

ships. A son of Lvcaon, destroyed with his 

father by a thunderbolt for his blasphemies. 

A Roman voluptuary.— Hor. 1, pp. 15,26. 

— Or. Ib. 172. [bitumen.— Curt. 5, 1. 

MENNTS, a town of Assvria abounding in 

MENOD'OTUS,aphysician. ASamian 

historian. 

MENCECEUS, a Theban, father of Hip- 

ponome, Jocasta, and Creon. A young 

Theban, son of Creon. He offered himself 
to death, when Tiresias, to insure victory 
on the side of Thebes against the Argive 
forces, ordered theThebans to sacrifice one 
of the descendants of those who sprang 
from the dragon's teeth, and he killed 
himself near the cave where the dragon of 
Mars had formerly resided. The gods re- 
quired this sacrifice because the dragon had 
been killed by Cadmus, and no sooner was 
Creon dead than his countrymen obtained 
the victory.— St. Th. 10,614.— Eur. PAo?.— 
Apol. 3, 6."— Ci. Tu. 1, 98.— Soph. Antig. 

MENCETE5, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, 
at the naval games exhibited by tineas at 
the anniversary of his father's death. He 
was thrown into the sea by Gvas for his in- 
attention, and saved himself by swimming 
to a rock.— V. JEn. 5, 161, &c An Arca- 
dian killed bv Turnus in the wars of Jiueas. 
—Id. 12, 517: 

MENCETIADES. Vide Menretius. 
MEN(ET1US, a son of Actor and iEgina 



MEN— ME R 



405 



MER-MER 



after her amour with Jupiter. He left his ruers, but he was also the god of thieves, 

mother and went to Opus, where he find, pickpockets, and all dishonest person?, 

by Sthenele, or according- to others, by His name is derived a mercibus, because he 
1'hilomela, or Polymela, Patroclus, often ' was the god of merchandize among- the 

called from him Mencetiades. Mencetius was Latins. He was torn, according- to the 

one of the Argonauts. — Apol. 3, 24.— //. //. more received opinion, in Arcadia,on mount 

1, 307.— Hyg. fa. 97. Cyllene, and in his in-fancy he was entrus- 

MENON, a Thessalian commander in the ted to the care of the Seasons. The day 

expedition of Cyrus the younger against his that he was born, or more probably the fol- 

brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on lowing day, he gave an early proof of his 

the suspicion that he had betrayed his fel- craftiness and dishonesty, in" stealing away 

low soldiers. — Di. 14. A Thessaliau re- the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. 

fused the freedom of Athens, though he He gave another proof of his thievish pro- 
furnished a number of auxiliaries to the pensity, by taking also the quiver and 

people. The husband of Semiramis. arrows of the divine shepherd, and he in- 

A sophist in the age of Socrates. One of creased his fame by robbing Neptune of his 



the first kings of Phrygia.— Dio. H. 
scholar of Phidias, &c." 

MENOPH'ILUS,an eunuch to whom Mi- 



trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his 
j sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan 
of many of his mechanical instruments. 



thridates, when conquered by Pompey, en- j These specimens of his art recommended 
trusted the care of his daughter. Meno- j him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter 
philus murdered the princess for fear of her ! took him as his messenger, interpreter, and 



faMinsr into the enemv's hands. — Am. 16. 
MENTA or MINTHE. Vide Minthe. 



cup-bearer, in the assembly of the gods. 
This last office he discharged till the pro- 



MENTES, a king of the Taphians in ; motion of Ganymede. He "was presented by 
iEtolia, son of Ancliialus, in the time of the j the king of heaven with a winged cap", 



Trojan war. 

MENTISSA,a town of Spain.— Li. 26, 17. 

MENTO, a Roman consul, &c. 

MENTOR, a faithful friend of Ulysses. 

A son of Hercules. A king of Sidonia 

who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and 
afterwards was restored to favour by his 
treachery to his allies, &c. — Di. 16.--— An 
excellent artist in polishing cups and en- 
graving flowers on them. — PI. 33, 11.— 
Mart. 9, e. 63, 16. 

MENYLLUS, a Macedonian set over 
the garrison which Antipater had stationed 
at Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt 
the innocence of Phocion. — Phi. 

M ERA, a priest of Venus.— St. Th. 8, 478. 

A dog of Icarius, which by his cries 

showed Erigone where her murdered fa- 
ther had been thrown. Immediately after 
tltis discovery, the daughter hung herself 
in despair, and the dog pined away, and 
was made a constellation in the heavens, 
known bv the name of Canis. — Ov. Me. 7, 
3S3.— Hyg. fa. 130.— Ml. Hist. 7,28. 

MI-2RA or MCERA, one of the Atlantides 
who married Tegates son of Lvcaon.Pa r,48. 

MERCUR1I PROMONTOR1UM, a cape 
of Africa near Clypea.— Li. 25, 44, 1. 29, 
27 — PI. 5, 4. 

MEIi'CURIUS, a celebrated god of anti- 
quity, called Hermes by the Greeks. There 
were no less than live of this name accord- 
ing to Cicero ; a son of Ccelus and Lux ; u 
son of Valens and Coronis ; a son of the 
Nile; a son of Jupiter and Maia ; and an- 
other called by the Egyptians Thaut. Some 
add a sixth, a son of Bacchus and Proser- 
pine. To the son of Jupiter and Maia, the 
actions of all the others have been probably 
altributed, as he is the most famous and the 
best known. Mercury was the messenger 
of the gods, and of Jupiter in particular; 
he was the patron of travellers and of 
shepherds; he conducted the souls of the 
dead into the infernal regions, and not only 
presided over orators, merchants, declai- 



Called petasns, and with wings for his feet 
called talaria. He had also a short sword 
called herpe, which he lent to Perseus. 
With these he was enabled to go info what- 
ever part of the universe he pleased with the 
greatest celerity, and besides he was per- 
mitted to make himself invisible, and to 
assume whatever shape he pleased. As 
messenger of Jupiter, he was entrusted 
with all his secrets. He was the ambassador 
and plenipotentiary of the gods, and he was 
concerned in all alliances and treaties. 
He was the confidant of Jupiter's amours, 
and he often was set to watch over the 
jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The inven- 
tion of the lyre and its seven strings is as- 
cribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and 
received in exchange the celebrated cadu- 
ceus with which the god of poetry used to 
drive the flocks of king Admetus. [Vide 
Caduceus.] In the wars of the giants 
against the gods, Mercury showed himself 
brave, spirited, and active. He delivered 
Mars from the long confinement which he 
suffered fr >m the superior power of the 
Aloides. He purified the Danaides of the 
murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to 
his wheel in the infernal regions, he des- 
troyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he sold 
Hercules to Omphale the queen of Lydia, 
he conducted Priam to the tent of Achilles, 
to redeem the body of his son Hector, and 
he carried the infant Bacchus to the nymphs 
of Nysa. Mercury had many surnames and 
epithets. He was' called Cyllenius, Cadu- 
ceator, Acacetos,from Acacus, an Arcadian ; 
Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius, 
Camillus, Ag<~»)pijc, Delius, Areas, <kc. 
His children are also numerous as well as 
his amours. He was father of Autolycus, 
by Chione ; Myrtillus, by Cleobula ; Libys, 
by Libya; Echion and Euiytus, by Antia- 
nira ; Cephalus, by Creusa ; Prylis, by Issa ; 
and of Priapus, according to some. He was 
also father of Hermaphroditus, by Venus; 
of Eudorus, by Polirnela ; of Pan bv Dryopej 



MER— MER 



MER— MER 



or Penelope. His worship was well esta- 
blished, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and 
Italy. He was worshipped at Tahagra in 
Bocotia, under the name of Criophorus, and 
represented as carrying 1 a ram on his shoul- 
lers, because he delivered the inhabitants 
from a pestilence by telling 1 them to carry 
a ram in that manner round the walls of 
their city. The Roman merchants yearly 
celebrated a festival on the loth of May, 
in honour of Mercury, in a temple near 
the Circus Maximus. A pregnant sow was 
then sacrificed, and sometimes a calf, and 
particularly the tongues of animals were 
ottered. After the votaries had sprinkled 
themselves with water with laurel leaves, 
they offered prayers to the divinity, and iu- 
tr«?ated him to be favourable to them, and 
to forgive whatever artful measures, false 
oaths, or falsehoods they had used or ut- 
tered in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes 
Mercury appears on monuments with a 
large cloak round his arm, or tied under 
nischin. The chief ensigns of his power 
and offices are his cuduceus, his petasus, 
and his lalaria. Sometimes he is repre- 
sented sitting upon a cray-fish, holding in 
one hand his caduceus, and in the other the 
claws of the fish. At other times he is like 
a young man without a beard, holding in 
one hand a purse, as being a tutelary god of 
merchants, with a cock on his wrists as an 
emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, 
a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his statues 
represented him as a youth fascino erecto. 
Sometimes he rr-sts his foot upon a tortoise. 
In Egypt his statues represented him with 
the head of a dog, whence he was often con- 
founded with Anubis.and received the sacri- 
fice of a stork. Offerings were made of milk 
and honey because he was the god of elo- 
quence, whose powers were sweet and per- 
suasive. The Greeks and Romans offered 
tongues to him by throwing them into the 
fire, as he was the patron "of speaking, of 
which the tongue is the organ. Sometimes 
his statues represent him as without arms, 
because, according to some, the power of 
speecli can prevail over every thingwithout 
the assistance of arms.— H.O~d.\, &c. — II. 1, 
kc.-Hy. Mcr.— Lu.Mo.Di.-Ov. F. 5,667. 
— Me. 1,4, II, 14.— Mar. 9, e. Z5.St.ThA.— 
Pa. |,7, 8 9. — Orp.— Plu. N.—Vir. L.L.6. 
—Pla. Ph.— Li. W.—Virg. G. \.—&n.\,\$. 
— H/.4& h.—Ap. 1, 2&3.— Apol.Ar.].— Hor. 
\,o.\Q.—Hyg. fa. P. A. 2.—Tz.Ly. 219.— Ci. 
Nat. 1).— Lac— Phil. i. Ic. 27.— Man.— 

Mac. 1, S. 19. TRISMEGISTUS, a priest 

and philosopher of Egypt who taught his 
countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and 
measure their lands, and to understand 
hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of 
Osiris, "and wrote 40 books on theology, me- 
dicine, and geography, from which Sancho- 
niathon the Phoenician historian has taken 
his theogonia.— l)i. I Sco.—Plu.Is. 40/.— 
Ci. 3, Nat. D. 

MER'ETRIX, a name under which Venus 
was worshipped at Abydos and Samos, be- 
cause both those places had been benefited 
by tht intrigues or the influence of courte- 
za.as.— Ath. 13. 



MERl'ONES, a charioteer of Idomeneti 
king of Crete during the Trojan war, son 
of Molus a Cretan prince, and Meiphi'iis. 
He signalized himself before Troy, and 
fought with Deiphobus the son of Priam, 
whom he wounded. He was greatly ad 
mired by the Cretans, who even paid him 
divine honours after death.— Hor. I, o. 6. 
15.—//. //. 2, Ike— Die. Cr. I,&c— Ov. Me. 

13-, f. 1. A brother of Jason sonof/Eson, 

famous for his great opulence and for hie 
avarice. — Poly. 6, 1. 

MER'MEROS, a centaur.— Ov. Me. 12, 

305. A Trojan killed by Antiloclnis. 

A son of Jason and Medea, who was father 
to litis of Corinth.— Pa. 2, 3. 

MERMN AD/E, a race of kings in Lydiaof 
which Gyges was the first. They sat "on the 
Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who 
was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. 
They were descendants of the Heraclidoe, 
and "probably received the name of Merm- 
nadae from Mermnas, one of their own 
family. They were descended from Lemnos, 
or according to others, from Aselaus the 
son of Omphale by Hercules.— Her. 1, 7M 4. 

MEROE, now Nitabia, an island of ./Ethi- 
opia with a town of the same name, cele- 
brated for its wines. Its original name was 
Saba, and Cambyses gave it that of Meroe 
from his sister.— Str. 17.— Her. 2, 31.— PI. 
2, 173.— Me. I.— Luc. 4, 3, 33, 1. 10, 163&303. 

MER'OPE, one of the Atlantides. She 
married Sisyphus son of fliolus, and like 
her sisters, was chained into a constellation 
after death. [Vide Pleiades.] It is said, 
that in the constellation of the Pleiades the 
star of Merope appears more dim and ob- 
scure than the rest, because she, as the 
poets observe, married a mortal, while her 
sisters married some of the gods, or their 
descendants.— Ov. F. 4, 175.— Di. A.—Hyg. 

fa. 192.— Apol. 1,9. A daughter of Cyp- 

selus who married Cresphontes king of Mes- 
senia, by whom she had three children. 
Her husband and two of her children were 
murdered by Polyphontes. The murderer 
obliged her" to marry him, and she would 
have been forced tocomplyhad not Epytus 
or Telephontes her third son, revenged his 
father's death bv assassinating Polvphontes. 

—Apol. 2, 6.— Pa. 4, 3. A daughter of ! 

(Enopion beloved by Orion.— Apol. 1, 4. 

A daughter of the Cebrenus who married 

./Esacus the son of Priam. A daughter cf 

Erectheus mother of Daedalus.— Plu. Th. 
A daughter of Pandarus. A daugh- 
ter of the river Sangarius who married king 
Priam. 

MEROPS, a king ot the island of Cos, 
who married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. 
He was changed into an ea<de and placed 
anion? the constellations— Ov. Me. 1, 763. 
—Apol. 3.—Hyg. P. A. 2, 16. A celebra- 
ted soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who f 
foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and 
Amphius, who were engaged in the Trnjau 
war. They slighted their fathers advice, 
and were killed by Diomedes.— H. II. 2. 

One of the companions of ./Eneas, killed 

by Turnus.— V. JEn. 9, 702. 

MEROS, a mountain of India sacred to 



ME R— ME 8 



407 



Jupiter. It is cailed by Pliny, 6, c. 21, 
Nvsa. Bacchus was educated upon it, 
whence arose the table that Bacchus was 
confined in the th igh (meros) of his father. 
— Me. 2, l.—PL 6, c. 13.— Curt. 6,10.— Di.\. 

MERULA, CORN., a Roman who fought 
against the Gauls, and was made consul by 
Jctavius in the place of China. He some 
time after killed himselfin despair,&c— Plu. 

MESA B'ATES, an eunuch in Persia, 
laved alive bv order of Parysatis, because 
-ae'had cut off the head and right hand of 
Cyrus.— Plu. At. 

MESABIUS, a mountain of Bceotia hang- 
ing over the Euripus.— Pa. 9, 22. 

MESAPIA, an ancient name of Bceotia. 

M ESAU B I US, a servant of Eum<eus the 
steward of Ulysses. — H. Od. 14, 449. 

MESEMBRIA, now Miseuria, a maritime 
?ity of Thrace. Hence Mesembriacus. — Ov. 

. — 7Y. 6, 37. Another at the mouth of 

Hie Lissus. 

MESENE, an island in the Tigris where 
Apamea was built, now Disel. — PI. 6, 27. 

MESOM E'DES, a lyric poet in the age of 
he emperor Antoninus. 

MESOPOTAMIA, a country of Asia which 
receives iis name from its situation (mesos 
potamos) between the rivers Tigris and Eu- 
phrates. It is yearly inundated by the Eu- 
phrates, and the water properly conveyed 
over the country ay canals. It is now called 
Diarbec- Sir .i.— Me.\,U.—Ci. Nat. D.l, 52. 

MESSA'LA, a name of Valerius Co^nus 
trotu his having conquered Mess&ui^ in 
Sicily. This family was very ancient ; the 
Tiiost celebrated was a friend of Brutus, 
svko seized the camp of Augustus at Phi 
lippi. He was afterwards reconciled to 
Augustus, and died A. U.9, in his 77th year. 

'-flu. Anotherconsul,&c. The father 

of Valeria who married the dictator Sylla. 

-Id. A great flatterer at the court of 

Tiberius. A governor of Syria. A tri- 
bune in one of the Roman legions during 
the civil war between Vespasian and Vitei- 
lius, of which he wrote an historical ac- 
count mentioned by Tacitus. — Or. 14. A 

consul with Domuius, &c. A painter at 

Rome, who flourished B.C. 235. A writer 

whose book de Augusti progene was edited 
12mo. L. Bat. 1648. 

MESSALINA VALERIA, a daughter of 
"Vlessala Barbatus. She married the empe- 
ror Claudius, and disgraced herself by her 
cruelties and incontinence. Her husband's 
)alace was not the only seat of her lascivi- 
dusness, but she prostituted herself in the 
public streets, and few men there were at 
Rome who could not boast of having en- 
joyed the favours of the impure Messalina. 
Her extravagances at last irritated her hus- 
band ; he commanded her to appear before 
him to answer to all the accusations which 
were brought against her, upon which she 
Attempted to destroy herself, and when her 
<:ourage failed, one of the tribunes, who 
had been sent to her, dispatched her with 
his sword, A. O. 48. It is in speaking of her 
debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated 
satirist says, — 

Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit. 



MES— MES 

Juv.—Ta. An. ll, 37.— Sue. Cla.—Dio. 

Another, called also Statilia. She was des- 
cended from a consular family, ana married 
the consul Atticus Vistinus, whom Nero 
murdered. She received with great marks 
of tenderness her husband's murderer and 
married him. She had married four hus- 
bands before she came to the imperial 
throne ; and after the death of Nero she re- 
tired to literary pursuit and peaceful occu- 
pations. Otho courted her and would have 
married her, had he not destroyed himself. 
In his last moments he wrote a very pa- 
thetic and consolatory letter, &c— Ta. An. 

MESSALINUS, M. VALER., a Roman 
officer in the reign of Tiberius. He was 
appointed governor of Dalmatia, and ren- 
dered himself known by his opposition to 
Piso, and by his attempts to persuade the 
Romans of the necessity of suff ering w omen 
to accompany the camps on their different 

expeditions. — Ta. An. 3. One of Uomi- 

tian's informers. A flatterer of the em- 
peror Tiberius. 

MESSA'NA, an ancient and celebrated 
town of Sicily on the streights which sepa- 
rate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently 
called Zancie, and was founded 16uu years 
before the christian era. The inhabitants 
being continually exposed to the depreda- 
tion of the people of Cuma, implored the 
assistance of the Messenians of Peloponne- 
sus, and with them repelled the enemy. 
After this victorious campaign, the Mes- 
senians entered Zancie, and lived in such 
intimacy with the inhabitants that they 
changed their name, and assumed that of 
the Messenians, and called their city Mes 
sana. Another account says, that Anaxi 
laus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against 
the Zancleans with the assistance of the Mes- 
senians of Peloponnesus, and that after 
he had obtained a decisive victory, he called 
the conquered city Messana in compliment 
to his allies, about 494 years before the 
Christian era. After this revolution at Zancie 
the Mamertini took possession of it,andmade 
it the capital of the neighbouring country. 
[Fide Mamertini.] It afterwards fell into 
the hands of the Romans, and was for some 
time the chief of their possessions in Sicily. 
The inhabitants were called Messenii, Mes- 
sanenses, and Mamertini. The streights of 
Messana have always been looked upon as 
very dangerous, especially by the ancients, 
on account of the rapidity of the currents, 
and the irregular and violent flowing and 
ebbing of the sea.— Str. (U—Me. 2, 7.— Pa. 
4, 23.— Di. 4. — Th. 1, 6cc. -H-er. 6, 23,1.7, 28. 

MESSAP1A, a country of Italy, between 
Tarentum and Brundusiiitu. 1 1 is the same 
as Calabria. It receivtd its name from 
Messapus the son of Nei »une, who left a 
part of Bceotia called Measapia, and came 
to Italy, where he assisted the Rutulians 
against .Eneas.— Ov. Me. 14, 513.— V. Mn. 
7, 691, 1. 8. 6, 1. 9, 27. 
MESSAT1S, a town of Achaia.— Pa. 7, 18. 
M ESS E, a town in the island of Cythera. 
— St. Th. 4, 226. 
MESSEIS, a fountain of Thessaly.~&r.9. 
MESSENE 3 a daughter of Triopas, king 



MES— MES 408 ME S— MET 



of A^gos, who married Polycaon son ot* 
Lelex, king of Laconia. She encouraged 
tier husband to levy troops, and to seiz7> a 
part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had 
been conquered, received her name- She 
received divine honours after death, and had 
a magnificent temple at Ithome, where her 
statue was made half of goli and half of 
Parian marble.— Pa. 4, l & 13. 

MESSF/NE or MESSE'NA, now Maura- 
Matra, a city in the Peloponnesus, the capi- 
tal of the country called Messenia. The in- 
habitants have rendered themselves famous 
for the war which they carried on against 
the Spartans, and which received the appel- 
lation of the Messenian war. The first Mes- 
senian war arose from the following - cir- 
cumstances. The Messenians offered vio- 
lence to some Spartan women who had as- 
sembled to offer sacrifices in a temple, 
which was common to both nations, and 
which stood on the borders of their respec- 
tive territories, and besides they killed Te- 
lechus the Spartan kinar, who attempted to 
defend the innocence of the females. This 
account, according to Spartan traditions, is 
contradicted by the Messenians, who observe 
that Telechus with a chosen body of Spar- 
tans assembled at the temple, before men- 
tioned, disguised in women's clothes, and 
all secretly armed with dagger:-. This hos- 
tile preparation was to surprise some of the 
neighbouring inhabitants; and in a quarrel 
which soon after arose, Telechus and his 
associates were all killed. These quarrels 
were the cause of the first Messenian war, 
which began B. C. 743 years. It was car-, 
ried on with vigour and spirit on both sides, 
and after many obstinate and bloody bat- 
tles had been fought and continued for 19 
years, it was at last finished by the taking 
of Ithome by the Spartans, a place which 
had stood a siege of ten years, and been 
defended with all the power of the Messe- 
nians. The insults to which the conquered 
Messenians were continually exposed, at 
last excited their resentment, and they re- 
solved to shake off the yoke. They sud- 
denly revolted, and the second Messenian 
war was begun 685 B. C, and continued 14 
years. The Messenians at first gained some 
advantage, but a fatal battle in the third 
vearof the war so totally disheartened them 
that they fled to Ira, where they resolved to 
maintain an obstinate siege against their 
victorious pursuers. The Spartans were as- 
sisted by the Samians in besieging' Ira, and 
the Messenians were at iast obliged to sub- 
mit to the superior power of their adversa- 
ries. The taking of Ira by the Lacedasmo- 
nians, after a siege of 11 years, put an end 
to the second Messenian war. Peace was 
re-established for some time in Peloponne- 
sus, but after the expiration of 200 years, 
the Messenians attempted a third time to 
free themselves from the power of Lacedse- 
mon, B. C. 465. At that time the Helots 
had revolted from the Spartans, and the 
Messenians, by joining their forces to these 
wretched slaves, looKed upon their respec- 
tive calamities as common, and thought 
themselves closely interested in each other's 



welfare. The Lacedemonians were assisted 
by the Athenians, but they soon grew jea- 
lous of one another's pow : er, and their poli- 
tical connection ended in the most invete- 
rate enmity, and at last in open war. I thome 
was tbp ^iace in which the Messenians had 
a second time gathered all their forces, ami 
though ten years had already elapsed, both 
parties seemed equally confident of victory.. 
The Lpartans were afraid of storming 
Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi had threa- 
tened them with the greatest calamities, it 
they offered any \iolenee to a place which 
was dedicated to the service of Apollo. The 
Messenians, however, were soon obliged to 
submit to their victorious adversaries, B. C. 
453, and they consented to leave their na- 
tive country, and totally to depart from the 
Peloponnesus, solemnly promising that if 
they ever returned into Messenia, t-hey 
would suffer themselves to be sold as slav es". 
The Messenians, upon this, miserably ex- 
iled, applied to the Athenians for protec- 
tion, and were permitted to inhabit Nau- 
pactus, whence some of them were after- 
wards removed to take possession of their 
ancient territories in Messenia, during the 
Peloponne-ian war. The third Messenian 
war was productive of great revolutions in 
Greece, and though almost a private quar- 
rel, it soon engaged the attention of all the 
neighbouring states, ami Kindled the flames 
of dissension every w here. Every state took 
up arms as if in its own defence*, or to pre- 
vent additional power and dominion to be 
lodged in the hamfs of its rivals. The de- 
scendants of the Messenians at last returned 
tc Peloponnesus, B. C. 370, after a long 
oanishment of 300 vears. — Pa. Mess* &e. — 
./«. 3, 4, dec- Sir. 6, Stc.—TA. I, v C .— Di. 
11, \c— P!u. Cyrn. &lc.—PoIj/.3.~Po/.a,&lc. 

MESE'Nl A, a province of Peloponnesus, 
situate between Laconia, Elis, Aicadia, and 
the sea. Its chief city is Messcna. Vide 
Me-sena. 

MESTOR, a son of Perseus and Andro- 
meda, who married Lysidice, daughter of 

Pelops, by whom he had Hippochoe. A 

son of Pterilaus. Of Priam. — Apol. 

MESU'LA. a town of Italy, in the country 
of the Sabines. 

MET'ABUS, a tyrant of the Privernates. 
He was father of "Camilla, whom lie conse- 
crated to the service of Diana, w hen he had 
been banished from his kingdom by his sub- 
jects.— V. jEh. If, 540. 

METAGITNIA, a festival in honour of 
Apoilo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Me- 
lite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its 
name from its being observed in the month 
called Metagitnion. 

MET ANTRA, the wife of Celeus, king of 
Eleusis, who first taught mankind agricul- 
ture. She is also called MeE"anira. — Apol. 1,5. 

METAPONTUM, a town of Lucania, in 
Italy, founded about 1269 years B. C. by 
Met'abus, the father of Camilla, or Epeus", 
one of the companions of Nestor. Pytha- 
goras retired there for some time, and pe- 
rished in a sedition. Annibal made it his 
head-quarters when in that part of Italy 
and its attachment to Carthage was after' 



MET— MET 



409 



MET— MET 



wards severely punished by rhe Roman con- 
querors, who destroyed its liberties and in- 
dependence. A few broken pillars of mar- 
ble are now the only vestiges of Metapon- 
tum.— Sir. S.-Me. 2, i.-Ju. 12, 2.-LL 1, &, 25, 
27, &c. 

METAPONTUS, a son of Sisvphus, who 
married Theana. [FideTheana.j-ifyg-.fa.l65. 

METAURUS, now Metro, a town with a 
small river of the- same name, in the coun- 
try of the Brutii. The Metaurus joins the 

Tyrrhene sea above Sicily. Another river 

of the same name, in Umbria, is famous for 
the defeat of Asdrubal by Li\ y and Nero. — 
Hor. 4, o. 4. 38.— Me. 2, A.— Luc. 2, 495. 

M KTELLA, the wife of Sylla. 

METELLI, tiie surname of the family of 
the Caecilii at Rome, the most known of 

whom were A tjeneral who defeated the 

Achaeans, took Thebes, and invaded Mace- 
donia, ike. C«CI LI US, Q., who rendered 

himself illustrious by his successes against 
•lugurtha the Numidian king, from which 
he was surnamed Numidicus. He took, in 
this expedition, the celebrated Marius, as 
his lieutenant, and he had soon cause to 
repent of the confidence he had placed in 
him. Marios raised himself to power by 
defaming the character of his benefactor, 
and Metellus was recalled to Rome and ac- 
cused of extortion and ill management. 
Marius was appointed successor to finish 
the Numidian war, and Metellus was ac- 
quitted of the crimes laid to his charge be- 
fore the tribunal of the Roman knights, who 
observed that the probity of his whol^ life 
and the greatness of his exploits were greater 
proofs of his innocence, than the most pow- 
erful argument.— Ci. Or. 1, 43.— Sal. b. J. 

C/ECILIU3, L., another, who saved from the 
flames the palladium, when Vesta's temple 
was on fire. He was then high priest. He 
lost Iris sight and one of his arms in doing 
it, and the senate, to reward his zeal and 
piety, permitted him always to be drawn to 
the senate-house in a chariot, an honour 
which no one had ever before enjoyed. He 
al>o gained a great victory over the Cartha- 

inians in the first Punic war, and led in 

is triumph !3 generals, and 120 elephants 
taken from the enemy. He was honoured 
with the dictatorship, and the office of mas- 
ter of horse, &c. CjECILIUS CELER, Q., 

another who distinguished himself by his 
spirited exertions against Catiline. He mar- 
ried Clodia the sister of Clodius, who dis- 
graced him by her incontinence and lasci- 
viousness. He died 57 years before Christ. 
He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who 
shed tears at the loss of one of his most 

faithful and valuable friends.— Ci. Cm. 

CyELlUS, L., a tribune in the civil wars of 
J. Caspar and Pompey, He favoured the 
cause of Pompey, and opposed Caesar when 
he entered Rome with a victorious army. 
He refused to open the gates of Saturn's 
temple, in whieh were deposited great trea- 
sures, upon which they were broken open 
by Caesar, and Metellus retired, when threat- 
ened with death. C/ECILIUS, Q., the 

grandson of the high priest, who saved the 
palladium from the flames, was a warlike 



general, who, from his conquest of Ciete 
and Macedonia, was surnamed Macedonicus . 
He had six sons, of which four are particu- 
larly mentioned by Plutarch. — C/EC1LIUS, 
Q., surnamed Balearicus, from his conquest 
of the Beleares. CjECILIUS, L., sur- 
named Diadematus, but supposed the same 
as that called Lucius with the surname of 
Dalmaticus, from a victory obtained over 
the Dalmatians during his consulship with 

Mutius Scaevola. CAIUS CiECILIUS, 

surnamed Caprarius, who was consul with 
Carbo, A. U. C. 639. The fourth was Mar- 
cus, and of these four brothers it is remark- 
able, that two of them triumphed in one 
day, but over what nations is not mentioned 
by Eut- 4. N EPOS, a consul, &c. Ano- 
ther, who accused C. Curio, his father's de- 
tractor, and who also vented his resentment 
against Cicero when going to banishment. 

Another, who, as tribune, opposed the 

ambition of Julius Caesar. A general of 

the Roman armies against the Sicilians and 
Carthaginians. Before he marched he offer- 
ed sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, 
for which neglect the goddess was so in- 
censed that she demanded the blood of his 
daughter Metella. When Metella was going 
to be immolated, the goddess placed a hei- 
fer in her place, and carried her to a tem- 
ple at Lanuvium, of which she became the 

priestess. LUCIUS CiECILIUS orQUIN- 

TUS, surnamed Creticus, from his conquest 
in Crete, B. C. 66, is supposed by some to 

be the son of Metellus Macedonicus. 

CIMBER, one of the conspirators against 
J. Caesar. It was he who gave the signal 
to attack and murder the dictator in the 

senate-house. PIUS, a general in Spain, 

against Sertorius, on whose hesxi he set a 
price of 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of land. 
He distinguished himself also in the Mar- 
sian war, and was high priest. He obtained 
the name of Pius from the sorrow he showed 
during the banishment of his father Metellus 
Numidicus, whom he caused to be recalled. 

—Pat. 2, 5.— Sal. J. 44. \ consul who 

commanded in Africa. &c. — Va. Ma.— PI. — 
PLu.—LL—Pat. 2.—FL 3, 8.— Pa. 7, 8, & 
13.— Ci. Ta. tkc.—Juv. 3, 133.— App. Ci.— 
Cces. B. C.—Sal. J. 

METHARMA, a daughter of Pygmalion, 
king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by 
Cinvras, hc.—Apol. 3, 14. 

ME'THION, the father of Phorbas, &c. 
— Ov. Me. 5, f. 3. 

METHODIUS, a bishop of Tyre, who 
maintained a controversy against Porphyry. 
The best edition of his works is that of 
Paris, fol. 1657. 

ME THO'NE, a town of Peloponnesus, 
where king Philip gained his first battle 

over the Athenians, B. C. 360. A town 

of Macedonia, south of Pella, in the sie?e 
of which, according to Ju. 7, 6, Philip 
lost his right eye.— Another in Magnesia.— 
H. II. 2, 71. 

METH YDRIUM, a town of Peloponnesus, 
near Megalopolis.— Fa. Flac. 

METH YMNA, (now/Wo Petero,) a town 
of the island of Lesbos, which receives its 
name from a daughter of Macareus. It is 
2 N 



MET— MET 



410 



MET — MET 



the second city of the island in greatness, 
population, and opulence, and its territory 
is fruitful, and the wines it produces excel- 
lent. It was the native place of Arion. 
When the whole island of Lesbos re- 
volted from the power of the Athenians, 
Methvnma alone remained firm to its ancient 
allies.— Di. 5. — Th. Z.—Hor. 2 5. 8, 50.— 
Fire. G. 3, 90. 

METIADU'SA, a daughter of Eupalamus, 
who married Cecrops, by whom she had 
Pandion.— Apol. 3, 15. 

METILLA LEX, was enacted A. U. C. 
536, to >ettle the power of the dictator and 
of his master of horse, within certain bounds. 

METJLII, a patrician family broughtfrom 
Alba to Rome, by Tullus Hostilius. —Dio. H. 

METILIUS, a man who accused Fabius 
Maximi s, before the senate, &c. 

METiOCHUS, a son of Miltiades, who 
was taktn by the Phoenicians, and given to 
Darius ling of Persia. He was tenderly 
treated Ly the monarch, though his father 
had conquered the Persian armies in the 

plains of Marathon.— P/u.—Her. 6, 41. 

An Athenian intrusted with the care of the 
roads, &c— P/». 

METION, a son of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens and Praxithea. He married Alcippe, 
daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons 
drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, 
and were afterwards expelled by Pandion's 
children.— Apol. 3, 15.— Pa. 2, 6. 

METIS, one of the Oceanides. She was 
Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great 
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the 
gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should 
bring forth into the world a child more cun- 
ning and greater than himself, devoured 
her in the first month of her pregnancy. 
Some time after this adventure the god had 
his head opened, from which issued Minerva 
armed from head to foot. According to 
Apollodorus, l, c. 2, Metis gave a potion to 
Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the 
children he had devoured.— Hes. Th. b90.— 
Apol. 7, 3.—Hyg. 

METISCUS, a charioteer to Turn us. — V, 
JEn. 12, 469. 

METIUS CURTIUS, one of the Sabines 
who fought against the Romans on account 
of the stolen virgins. S U FFETIUS, a dic- 
tator of Alba.in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. 
He fought aeainst the Romans, and at last, 
finally to settle their disputes, he proposed 
a single combat between the Horatii and 
Curatii. The Albans were conquered, and 
Meti us promised to assist the Romans against 
their enemies. In a battle against the 
Veientes and Fidenates, Metius showed his 
infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the 
first onset, and retired to a neighbouring 
eminence to wait for the event of the battle 
and to fall upon whatever side proved vic- 
torious. The Romans obtained the victory, 
and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between 
two chariots, which were drawn by four 
horses two different ways, and his limbs 
torn away from his body, about 669 years 
before the christian era.— Li. 1, 23, &c — 

Fl. 1, 3.— V. Mn. 8, 642, A critic. [Vide 

Tarpa.] CARUS, a celebrated informer 



unoer Domilian, who enriched nlmself with 
the plunder of those who were sacrificed in 
the emperor's suspicion. 

METCECI A, festivals instituted by Theseua 
in commemoration of the people of Attica 
havin? removed to Athens. 

METON, an astrologer and mathema- 
tician of Athens. His father's name was 
Pausanias. He refused to go to Sicily 
with his countrymen, and pretended to be 
insane, becanse he foresaw the calamities 
that attended that expedition. In a book 
called Enneadecalerid.es, or the cycle of 1 9 
years, he endeavoured to adjust the course 
of the sun and of the moon, and supported, 
that the solar and lunar years could regu- 
larly begin from the same point in the 
heavens. This is called by the moderns 
the golden numbers. He flourished B.C. 

432.— Vi. i.—Plu. Nic. A native of Ta- 

rentum, who pretended to be intoxicated 
that he might draw the attention of his 
countrymen, when he wished to dissuade 
them from making an alliance with king 
Pyrrhus.— Plu. Pyr. 

M ETOPE.the w'ife of the river Sangarius. 
She was mother of Hecuba. The daugh- 
ter of Ladon, who married the Asopus. 

A river of Arcadia. 

METRA, a daughter of Eresichthon, a 
Thessalian prince, beloved by Neptune. 
When her father had spent all his fortune to 
gratify the canine hunger under which he 
laboured, she prostituted herself to her 
neighbours, and received for reward oxen, 
goats, and sheep, which she presented to 
Eresichthon. Some say that she had re- 
ceived from Neptune the power of chang- 
ing hetself into whatever animal she pleas- 
ed, and that her father sold her continually 
to gratify his hunger, and that she instantly 
assumed a different shape, and became 
again his property. — Ov. Me. 8, f. 21. 

METRAGYRTE, one of the names of 
Tellus or Cvbele. 

METROBIUS a player, greatly favoured 
by Svlla.— Pin. 

METROCLES, a pupil of Theophrastus, 
who had the care of the education of Cle- 
ombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated 
himself when old and infirm.— Diog. 

METRODORUS, a physician of Chios, 
B.C. 444. He was disciple of Democritus, 
and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His 
compositions on medicine, &c. are lost. 
He supported that the world was eternal 
and infinite, and denied the existence of 
motion. — Diog. A painter and philoso- 
pher of Stratonice, B.C. 171. He was sent 
to Paulus itmylius, who, after the conquest 
of Perseus, demanded of the Athenians a 
philosopher and a painter, the former to 
instruct his children, and the latter to make 
a painting of his triumphs. Metrodorus 
was sent, as in him alone were united the 
philosopher and the painter.— PI. 35, 11.— 

Ci. 5, Fin, 1, Or. A. Ac— Diog. Ep. A 

friend of Mithridates, sent as ambas-ador to 
Tigranes, king of Armenia. He was re- 
markable for his learning, moderation hu- 
manity, and justice. He was put to deatfc 
by his* royal master, for his infidelity, B.L 



MET — MID 



411 



MID— MIL 



72.— Sir.— Plu.— — Another, of a very reten- 
tive memory. 

METROPH'ANES, an officer of Mithri- 
dates, who invaded Eubcea, &c. 

METROPOLIS, a town of Phrygia on 

She Maeander. Another of Thessaly near 

Pharsalia. [soned by J . Caesar.— Cms. B. G. 

METTItJS, a chief of the Gauls, impri- 

METTUS. [Vide Melius.] 

METULU1V1, a town of Liburnia, in be- 
sieging of which Augustus was wounded. — 
Dio. 49. 

MEV ANIA, now Bevagna, a town of Um- 
bria, on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of 
the poet Propertius.— Luc. 1, 473. — Pro. 4, 
c. 1, 124. [vius.] 
MEVIUS, a wretched poet. [Vide Mae- 
MEZENTIUS, a king of the Tyrrhenians, 
when ^Eneas came into Italy. He was re- 
markable for his cruelties, and put his sub« 
jects to death by slow tortures, or some- 
times tied a man to a dead corpse face to 
face, and suffered him to die in that condi- 
tion. He was expelled by his subjects, and 
fled to Turnus, who employed him in his 
war against the Trojans. He was killed by 
iEneas, with his son Latisus.— Bio. H. I, 15. 
Ju. 43, I.— Li. 1, 2.— V. JEn. 7, 648, 1. 8, 
482.— Ov. 4, F. 881. 

MICE A, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Phi- 
lodemns, murdered by a soldier called Lu- 
cius, &c— Plu. cl. Mu. 

MICIPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Ma- 
sinissa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left 
his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and 
Hiempsal, and his nephew J ugurtha. Ju- 
gurtha abused his uncle's favours by murder- 
ing his two sons.-Sal. Ju.-Fl. 3, l.-Plu.Gr. 

MiCYTHUS, a youth, through whom Di- 
omedon, by order of the Persian king, made 
an attempt to bribe Epaminondas.— C. Nep. 
Ep. 4.— A slave of Anaxilaus, of Rhegium. 
—Her. 7, 170. 

MIDAS, a king of Phrygia, son of Gor- 
dius, or Gorgius. In the early part of his 
life, according to some traditions, he found 
a large treasure, to which he owed his 
greatness and opulence. The hospitality he 
showed to Silenus the preceptor of Bacchus, 
who had been brought to him by some pea- 
sants, was liberally rewarded ; and Midas, 
when he conducted the old man back to the 
god, was permitted to choose whatever re- 
compense he pleased. He had the impru- 
dence and the avarice to demand of the god 
that whatever he touched might be turned 
into gold. His prayer was granted, but he 
was soon convinced of his injudicious 
choice ; and when the very meats which he 
attempted to eat became gold in his mouth, 
he begged Bacchus to take away a present 
which must prove so fatal to the receiver. 
He was ordered to wash himself in the river 
Pactoltis, whose sands were turned into gold 
by the touch of Midas. Some time after 
this adventure Midas had the imprudence 
to support that Pan was superior to Apollo 
in singing and playing upon the flute, for 
which rash opinion the offended god chang- 
ed his ears into those of an ass, to show his 
ignorance and stupidity. This Midas at- 
tempted to conceal from the knowledge of 



his subjects, but one of his servants saw the 
length of his ears, and being unable to keep 
the secret, and afraid to reveal it, appre- 
hensive of the king's resentment, he opersd 
a hole in the earth, and after he bad whis- 
pered there that Midas had the ears, ot an 
ass, he covered the place as before , if if 
he had buried his words in the ground. On 
that place, as the poets mention, grew a 
number of reeds, which, when agitated by 
the wind, uttered the same sound that had 
been buried beneath, and published to the 
world that Midas had the ears of an ass. 
Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas, 
by the supposition that he kept a number 
of informers and spies, who were continu- 
ally employed in gathering every seditious 
word that might drop from the mouths of 
his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo, 
died of drinking bull's hot blood. This he 
did, as Plutarch mentions, to free himself 
from the numerous ill dreams which con- 
tinually tormented him. Midas, according 
to some, was son of Cybele. He built a 
town which he called Ancytae.— Ov. Me. 11, 
5.— Phi. Sup.— Sir. \.— Hyg. fa. 191, 274. 
—Ma. T. 30.— Pa. \ ,4.—Va. Ma. 1, 6.— Her. 
I, U.-JEl. V. i/.4& 12.-C'i. Di. 1, 36, 1.2,31. 
MIDEA, a town of Argolis.— Pa. 6, 20. 

Of Lycia.-S*. Th. 4,45. Of Bceotia, 

drowned by the inundations of the lake Co- 

pais. — Sir. 8. A nymph who had Aspledon 

by Neptune.— Pa. 9> 38. A mistress of 

Electrvon. — Apol. 

MELA'NION, a youth who became ena- 
moured of Atalanta ; said by some writers to 
be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes.— 

Ov. A. A. 2, 188. A son of Amphidamus. 

MI'LESII, the inhabitants of Miletus.— 
Vide Miletus. 

MILESIORUM MURUS, a place of Egvpt 
at the entrance of one of the mouths of the 
Nile. [native of Miletus. 

MILESIUS, a surname of Apollo. A 

MILE'TIA, one of the daughters of Sce- 
dasus, ravished with her sister by some 
young Thebans. — Plu. Sr Pa- 
MILETIUM, a town of Calabria, built 

by the people of Miletus of Asia. A town 

of Crete.— H. II. 2, 154. 

MILETUS, a son of Apollo who fled from 
Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom 
he meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, 
where he built a city which he called by 
his own name. Some suppose that he only 
conquered a city there called Anactoria, 
which assumed his name. They farther 
say, that he put the inhabitants to the sword, 
and divided the women among his soldiers. 
Cyanea, daughter of the Maeander, fell 
to his share.-; Sir. 14.— Ov. Me. 9, 446.— Pa. 

7, 2 — Apol. 3, 1. A celebrated town of 

Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate 
about ten stadia south of the mouth of the 
river Maeander near the sea coast on the 
confines of Ionia and Caria. It was founded 
by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or ac- 
cording to others, by Neleus, the son of 
Codrus, or bv Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It 
has successively been called Lelegeis, Py- 
thyusa, and Anactoria. The inhabitants, 
called Milesia, were very powerful, and 



MIL — MIL 41! 
lot? maintained an obstinate v. a r against] 
[he king's of Lydia. They early applied ] 
themselves to navigation, 'and planted no 
less than 80 colonies, or, according to Se- 
neca, 380, in different parts of the world. 
Miletus t^ave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, 
Anavimander, Heeataeus, Timotheus the 
musician, Piitacus one of the seven wise 
men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a 
temple and an oracle of Apollo Didymaeus, 
and for its excellent wool, with which were 
made stuffs and garments, held in the 
highest reputation, both for softness, ele- 
gance, and beauty. The words Milesiasfa- 
bulee, or Miiesia'ca, were used to express 
vranton and ludicrous plavs.— Ov. Tr. 2, 
413.— Cap. Alb. \\.— Virg.'G. 3, 306.— Str. 
\b.-Pa.l,2.—Me. 1, 17.— PI. 5, 29.— Her. 
1, &c— Sen. Co. Alb. 

Ml LIAS, a part of Lycia. 

MILICHUS,a freed man who discovered 
Piso's conspiracy against Nero. Ta. 15, An. 54. 

MILIMJS, a Cretan kin?, Sec. 

MILONTA, a town of the Samnites, taken 
by the Romans. 

" M I'LO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in 
Italy. His father's name w as Diotimus. fie 
eariy accustomed himself to carry the great- 
est burdens, and by decrees became a mon- 
ster in strength. It is said that he carried 
on his shoulders a young bullock 4 years 
old, for above 40 yard?, and afterwards 
killed it with one blow of his fist, and eat 
it up in one day. He was seven times 
crowned at the Pythian games, and six at 
Olympia. He presented himself a seventh 
time, but no one had the courage or bold- 
ness to enter the lists against him. He was 
one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and to 
his uncommon strength the learned pre- 
ceptor and his pupils owed their life. The 
pillar which supported the roof of the school 
suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the 
whole weight of the building, and gave the 
philosopher and his auditors time to escape. 
In his old age Milo attempted to pull up a 
tree by the roots and break it. He partly 
effected it, but his strength being gradually 
exhausted, the tree when half cleft re-unit- 
ed, and his hands remained pinched in the 
body of the tree. He was then alone, and 
being unable to disentangle himself, he was 
eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, 
about 500 years before the Christian era.— 
Ov. Me. 15.— Ci. Se.— Va. Ma. 9, 12.— Str. 

\Q.-Pa. 6, 11. ANN I US, T., a native of 

Lanuvium, who attempted to obtain the 
con*u)?hip at Rome by intrigue and sedi- 
tious tumults. Ooiius the tribune opposed 
his views, yet Milo would have succeeded 
had not an unfortunate event totally frus- 
trated his hopes. As he was going into the 
country, attended by his wife and a nume- 
rous retinue of gladiators and servants, he 
met on the Appian road his enemy Clodius, 
who was returuing to Rome with three of 
his friends and some domestics completely- 
armed. A quarrel arose between the ser- 
vants. Milo supported his attendants, and 
\lie dispute became general. Clodius re- 
eived many severe wounds, and was obliged 
k > retire to" a neighbouring cottagp. Milo 



2 MIL— MIL 

| pursued his enemy in his retreat, and or 
! dered his servants "to despatch him. Eleven 
of the servants of Clodius shared his fate, 
as also the owner of the house who had 
given them reception. The body of the 
murdered tribune was carried to Rome, and 
exposed to public view. The enemies of 
Milo inveighed bitterly against the violence 
and barbarity with which the sacred person 
of a tribune had been treated. Cicero un- 
dertook the defence of Milo, but the con- 
tinual clamours of the friends of Clodius, 
and the sisrht of an armed soldiery, which 
surrounded the seat of judgment, so terri- 
fied (he orator, that he forgot the greatest 
part of his arguments, and the defen:e he 
made was weak and injudicious. Milo was 
condemned and banished toMassilia. Cicero 
soon after sent his exiled friend a copy of 
the oration which he had delivered in* his 
defence, in the form in which we have it 
now; and Milo, after he had read it, ex- 
claimed, O Cicero, hadst thou spoken before 
my accusers in these terms, Milo rcould not 
be now eating figs at Marseilles. Thp friend- 
ship and cordiality of Cicero and Milo were 
the fruits of long intimacy and familiar in- 
tercourse. It wasby the successful labours 
of Milo that the orator was recalled from 
banishment and restored to his friends. — 
Ci. Mi. Pat. 2, 47 & 68.— Dio. 40. A ge- 
neral of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was 
made governor of Tarentum, and that be 
might be reminded of his duty to his sove- 
reign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a 
chain, which was covered with the skin of 
Nicias the physician, who had perfidiously 
offered the Romans to poison his royal mas- 
ter for a sum of money.— Poly. 6, Sec. 

A tyrant of Pisa in Elis, thrown into the 
river Alpheus by his subjects for his oppres- 
sion. — Ov. Ib. 325. 

MILO'NIUS, a drunken buffoon at Rome, 
accustomed to dance when intoxicated.— 
Hor. 2, S. 1. 24. 

MILTAS, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion 
in explaining prodigies, &c. 

MILTI'ADES, an Athenian, son of Cyp- 
selus, who obtained a victory in a chariot* 
race at the Olympic games, and led a colony 
of his countrymen to the Chersonesus. 
The causes of this appointment are striking 
and singular. The Thracian Uolonci, haras- 
sed by a long war with the Absynthians, 
were directed by the oracle of Delphi to 
take for their king the first man they met 
in their return home, who invited them to 
come uuder his roof and partake of his en- 
tertainments. This was Mutiades, whom 
the appearance of the Dolonci, their strange 
arms and garments, had struck. He invi- 
ted them to his house, and was made ac- 
quainted with the commands of the oracle. 
He obeyed, and when the oracie of Delphi 
had approved a second time the choice of 
the Dolonci, he departed for the Cherso- 
nesu , and was invested by the inhabitant 
with sovereign power. The first measure 
he took was to stop the further incursions 
of the Absynthians, by building a stroi,- 
wall across the Isthmus. When he had 
established himself at home, and fortilied 



MIL — MIL 416 MIL— Ml M 



his dominions against foreign invasion, he 
turned his arms against Lampsacus. His 
expedition was unsuccessful; he was taken 
in an ambuscade and made prisoner. His 
friend Crcesus, king of Lydia, was informed 
of his captivity, and he procured his release 
by threatening the people of Lampsacus 
w : ith his severest displeasure. He lived a 
few years after he had recovered his liberty. 
As he had no issue, he left his kingdom 
and possessions to Stefagoras the son of 
Cimon, who was his brother by the same 
mother. The memory of Miltiades was 
greatly honoured by the Doleini, and they 
regularly celebrated festivals and exhibited 
shows in commemoration of a man to 
whom they owed their greatness and pre- 
servation. Some time after Stefagoras died 
without issue, and Miltiades the son of 
Cimon, and the brother of the deceased, 
was sent by the Athenians with one ship to 
take possession of the Chersonesus. At his 
arrival Miltiades appeared mournful, as if 
lamenting the recent death of his brother. 
The principal inhabitants of the country 
visited the new governor to condole with 
him ; but their confidence in his sincerity 
proved fatal to them. Miltiades seized their 
persons, and made himself absolute in Cher- 
sonesus ; and to strengthen himself he 
married Hegesipyla, the daughter of Olorus 
the king of the Thracians. His prosperity, 
however, was of short duration, in the 
third year of his government his dominions 
were threatened by an invasion of the Scy- 
thian Nomades, whom Darius had some 
time before irritated by entering their coun- 
try. He fled before them, but as their hos- 
tilities were but momentary, he was soon 
restored to his kingdom. Three years after 
he left Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, 
v/here he was received with great applause. 
He was present at the celebrated battle of 
Marathon, in which all the chief officers 
ceded their power to him, and left the event 
of the battle to depend upon his superior 
abilities. He obtained an important victory 
[Vide Marathon] over the more numerous 
forces of his adversaries ; and when he had 
demanded of his fellow-citizens an olive 
crown as the reward of his valour in the 
field of battle, he was not only refused, but 
severely reprimanded for presumption. 
The only reward, therefore, that he re- 
ceived for a victory which proved so bene- 
ficial to the interests of universal Greece, 
was in itself simple and inconsiderable, 
though truly great in the opinion ol that 
age. He was represented in the front of a 
picture among the rest of the commanders 
who fought at the battle of Marathon, and 
he seemed to exhort and animate his soldiers 
to fight with courage and intrepidity. Some 
time after Miltiades was entrusted with a 
fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish 
those islands which had revolted to the 
Persians. He was successful at first, but a 
sudden report that the Persian fleet was 
coming to attack him changed his opera- 
tions as he was besieging Paros. He raised 
the siege and returned to Athens, where he 
uas accused of treason, and particularly of 



holding correspondence with thp eremy. 
The falsitv of these accusations might have 
appeared, if Miltiades had been able to 
come into the assembly. A wound which 
he had received before 'Paros detained him 
at home, and his enemies taking advantage 
of his absence, became more eager in their 
accusations and louder in their clamours. 
He was condemned to death, but the rigour 
of the sentence was retracted on the recol- 
lection of his great services to the Athe- 
nians, and he was put into prison till he 
had paid a fine of 50 talents to the state. 
His inability to discharge so great a sum de- 
tained him "in confinement, and soon after 
his wounds became incurable, and he died 
about 489 years before the Christian era. 
His body was ransomed by his son Cimon, 
who was obliged to borrow and pay the 50 
talents, to give his father a decent burial. 
The crimes of Miltiades were probably ag- 
gravated in the eyes of his countrymen 
when they remembered how he made him- 
self absolute in Chersonesus ; and in con- 
demning the barbarity of the Athenians to- 
wards a general, who was the source of 
their military prosperity, we must remem- 
ber the jealousy which ever reigns among 
a free and independent people, and how 
watchful they are in defence of the natural 
rights which they see wrested from others 
by violence and oppression. Cornelius 
Nepos has written the life of Miltiades the 
son of Cimon, but his history is incongruous 
and not authentic; and the author, by con- 
founding the actions of the son of Cimon 
with thore of the son of Cjpseleus, has 
made the whole dark and unintelligible. 
Greater reliance in reading the actions of 
both the Miltiades is to be placed on the 
narration of Herodotus, whose veracity is 
confirmed, and who was indisputably more 
informed and more capable of giving an ac- 
count of the life and exploits of men who 
flourished in his age, and of which he could 
see the living monuments. Herodotus was 
born about six years after the famous battle, 
of Marathon, and C. Nepos, as a writer of 
the Augustan age, flourished about 450 
years after the age of the father of history. 
— C. Nep. vi.—Her. 4, 137, 1. 6, 34, &c— 

Plu. Ci.—Va. Ma.5,3.—Ju. 2.— Pa. An 

archon of Alliens. 

M1LTO, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the 
younger. Vide Aspasia. 

MILVTUS, a parasite at Rome, &c— Hor. 

2, S. 7. A bridge at Rome over the 

Tiber, now called Pont de Molle.— Ci. At. 
13, e. 33.— Sal. C. 45.— Ta. A. 13, 47. 

MILYAS, a country of Asia Minor, better 
known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabi- 
tants, called Milyadcs, and afterwards 
Sotymi, were of the numerous nations w hich 
formed the army of Xerxes in his invasion 
of Greece.— Her.—Ci. Ver. 1, 38. 

MIMALLONES, the Bacchanals, who, 
when they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, 
put horns on their heads. They are also 
called Mimallonides, and some derive their 
name from the mountain Mimas. -Per. 1, 
99. Ov. A. A. 541.— St. Th, 4, 660. 

MIMAS, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed 



MIM—MIN 



414 



with IhunthT.— Hor. 3, o. 4. A high 

mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon.— 

Ov. Me. 2, f. 5. A Trojan, son of Theano 

and Amycus, born on the same night as 
Paris, with whom he lived in great intimacy. 
He followed the fortune of iEneas, and was 
killed by Mezentius.— V. JEn. 10, 702. 

MIMNERMUS, a Greek poet and musi- 
cian of Colophon in the age of Solon. He 
chiefly excelled in elegiac poetry, whence 
some have attributed the invention of it to 
him, and indeed, he was the poet who made 
elegy an amorous poem, instead ofa mourn- 
ful and melancholy tale. In the expression 
of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, 
as this verse shows : 

Plus in amove valet Mimnermi versus Ho- 
rn ero. 

In his old age Mimnermus became ena- 
moured of a young girl called Nanno. Some 
few fragments of his poetry remain col- 
lected by Stob^us. He is supposed by some 
to be the inventor of the Pentameter ver.se, 
which others, however, attribute to Callinus 
or Archilochus. The surname of Ligustiades 
" lig us" (shrill-voiced), has been applied 
to him, though socie imagine the word to 
be the name of his father.— Sir. i & 14. — 
Pa. 9, W.—Diog. I. —Pro. 1, e. 9, v. 11.— 
Hor. l, e. G, 65. 

MI NCI US, now Mineio, a river of Ve- 
neua, flowing from the lake Benacus, and 
falling into the Po. Virgil was born on its 
banks.— V. Eel. 7, 13. G. 3, 15. £n. 10, 206. 

MIN'DARUS, a commander of the Spar- 
tan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. 
He was defeated bv the Athenians, and died 
410 B. C Pitt. 

MINETDES, the daughters of Minyas or 
Milieus, king of Orchomenos in Bceotia. 
They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leu- 
cippe, and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two 
first Clymene and Iris. They derided the 
orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the 
god inspired them with an unconquerable 
desire of eating human flesh. They drew 
lots which of them should give up iier son 
ac food to the rest. The loc fell upon Leu- 
cippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, 
who was instantly devoured by the three 
sisters. They were changed into bats. In 
commemoration of this bloody crime, it 
was usual among the Orchomenians for the 
high priest, as soon as the sacrifice was 
finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all 
the women who had entered the temple, 
and even to kill the first he came up to.— 
Ov. Me. 4, f. 12.— Plu. Q. Gr. 38. 

MINERVA, the goddess of wisdom, war, 
and all the liberal arts, was prod* ced from 
Jupiter's brain without a mother. The god, 
as it is reported, married Melis, whose su- 
perior prudence and sagacity above the rest 
of the gods, made him apprehend that the 
children of such an union would be ofa 
more exalted nature, and more intelligent 
than their father. To prevent this, Jupiter 
devoured Metis in her pregnancy, and some 
time after, to relieve the pains which he 
suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to 
cleave it open. Minerva came all armed 
and grown up from her father'* brain, and 



MIN— MIN 



immediately was admitted into the assem- 
bly of the gods, and made one of the mos* 
faithful counsellors of her father. The 
power of Minerva was great in heaven; 
she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, pro- 
long the life of men, bestow the gift of pro- 
phecy, and, indeed, she was the only one 
of all the divinities whose authority and 
consequence were equal to those of Jupiter. 
The actions of Minerva are numerous, as 
well as the kindnesses by which she en 
deared herself to mankind. Her quarre. 
with Neptune concerning the right of giving 
a name to the capital of Cecropia, deserves 
attention. The assembly of the gods settled 
the dispute by promising the preference to 
whichever of the two gave the most useful 
and necessary presents to the inhabitants of 
the earth. Neptune, upon this, struck the 
ground with his trident, and immediately a 
horse issued from the earth. Minerva pro- 
duced the olive, and obtained the victory 
by the unanimous voice of the gods, who 
observed that the olive, as the emblem of 
peace, is far preferable to the horse, the 
symbol of war and bloodshed. The victo- 
rious deity called the capital Athena, and 
became the tutelar goddess of the place. 
Minerva was always very jealous of her 
power, and the manner in which she 
punished the presumption of Arachne is 
well known. [Vide Arachne.] The attempts 
of Vulcan to offer her violence, are strong 
marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn 
by the Styx to give to V ulcan, who made 
him a complete suit of armour, whatever 
he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, 
and the father of the gods, who had per- 
mitted Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, 
consented, but privately advised his daug- 
ter to make all the resistance she could to 
frustrate the attempts of her lover. The 
prayers and the force of Vulcan proved 
ineffectual, and her chastity was not vio- 
lated, though the god left on her body the 
marks of his passion, and, from the im- 
purity which proceeded from this scuffle, 
and which Minerva threw down upon 
earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Erich- 
thon, an uncommon monster. [Vide Erich- 
thonius.] Minerva was the first who built 
a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, 
and her care for the Argonauts, which 
placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind 
the ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She 
was known among the ancients by many 
names. She was called Athena ' Pallas, 
[Vide Pallas]; Parthenos, from her remain- 
ing in perpetual celibacy ; Tritonia, because 
worshipped near the lake Tritonis ; Glau- 
copis, from the blueness of her eyes; 
Agorea, from her presiding over markets ; 
Hippia, because she fir.-t taught mankind 
how to manage the horse ; Stratea and 
Area, from her martial character* Cory- 
phagenes, because bornfrom Jupiter's brain ; 
Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some 
attributed to her the invention of the flute, 
whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscima, 
Musica, Salpiga, &c. She. us it is reported, 
once amused herself in playing upon her 
favourite flute beiore Juno and Venu*, but 



MIN — M iN 415 

the godde^es ridiculed the distortion of her 
face in blowing the instrument. Minerva, 
convinced of the justness of their remarks 
by looking at herself in a fountain near 
mount Ida, threw away the musical instru- 
ment, and denounced a melancholy death 
to him who found it. Marsyas was the 
miserable proof of the veracity of her ex- 
pressions. The worship of Minerva was 
universally established ; she had magnificent 
temples in Egypt, Phoenicia, all parts of 
Greece, Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, 
Rhodes, and Athens, particularly claimed 
her attention, and it is even said, that Ju- 
piter rained a shower of gold upon the 
island of Rhodes, which had paid so much 
veneration and such an early reverence to 
the divinity of his daughter. The festivals 
celebrated in her honour were solemn and 
magnificent. [Vide Panathenaea.] She was 
invoked by every artist, and particularly 
such as worked in wool, embroidery, paint- 
ing, and sculpture. It was the duty of 
almost every member of society to implore 
the assistance and patronage of a deity who 
presided over sense, taste, and reason, 
Hence the poets have had oocasion to say, 

Tu nihil invito, dices faciesve Minerva, 
and, 

Qui bent placavit PalJada, doclus erit. 
Minerva was represented in different ways, 
according to the different characters in 
which sh^ appeared. She generally ap- 
peared vith a countenance full more of 
masculine firmness and composure, than of 
softness and grace. Most usually she was 
represent sd with a helmet on her head, 
with a la 'ge plume nodding in the air. In 
one hand she held a spear, and in the other 
a shield, with the dying head of Medusa 
upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's head was 
on her treast- plate, with living serpents 
writhing round it, as well as round her 
6hield and helmet. In most of her statues 
she is represented as sitting, and sometimes 
she holds in one hand a distaff, instead of a 
spear. When she appeared as the goddess 
of the liberal art*, she was arrayed in a 
variegated veil, which the ancients called 
peplum. Sometimes Minerva's helmet was 
covered at the top with a figure of a cock, 
a bird which, on account of his great cour- 
age, is properly sacred to the goddess of 
war. Some of her statues represented her 
helmet with a sphinx in the middle, sup- 
ported on either side by griffins. In some 
medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or 
sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with 
winding spires, appear at the top of her 
helmet. She was partial to the olive-tree : 
the owl and the cock were her favourite 
birds, and the dragon among reptiles was 
sacred to her. The functions, offices, and 
actions of Minerva, seem so numerous, that 
they undoubtedly originate in more than one 
person. Cicero speaks of five persons of 
this name : a Minerva, mother of Apollo ; 
a daughter of the Nile, who was worship- 
ped at Sais, in Egypt; a third, born from 
Jupiter's brain ; a fourth, daughter of Ju- 
piter and Coryphe ; and a fifth, daughter of 
Pallas, generally represented with winged 



MIN— MIN 
shoes. This last put her father to death 
because he attempted her virtue.— Pa. 1, 2, 
3, SiC.—Hor. 1, o. 16, I. 3, o. 4. — V. Mn. 2, 
XC— Sir. 6, 9 & 13.— Phil. Tc. 2.— Ov. F. 3, 
kc.~ Me. 6.— Ci. Nat. D. 1, 15, 1. 3, 23, &c. 
Apol. l,6cc.—Pin.O. 7.— Luc. 9, 354.— Soph. 
(Ed.-H. II. kc.—Od. Hy. Pa.—Di. 5.— 
Hes. Th.—Ms. Eu.—Luc. Di.—Cl. A I. S. 2. 
—Orp. Hy. 31.— Q. Sm. 14, v. 448.— Apol. 
L—Hyg.'fu. 168.— St. Th. 2, 721, 1. 7, &cc. 
Cal. Cer.-Ml. V. H. 12.— C. Nep. in Pa. 
—Plu. Ly. &c. — Th. I.— Her. 5. 

MINERV/E CASTRUM, a town of Cala- 
bria, now Castro. Promontorium, a cape 

at the most southern extremity of Cam- 
pania. 

MINERVA'LIA, festivals at Rome in 
honour of Minerv a, celebrated in the months 
of March and June. During the solemnity 
scholars obtained some relaxation from 
their studious pursuits; and the present 
which it was usual for them to offer to their 
masters, was called Minerval, in honour of 
the goddess Minerva, who patronized lite- 
rature.— Far. R. R. 3, 2.— Ov. Tr. 3, 809,— 
LI. 9, 30. 

MINIO, now Mignone,& river of Etruria, 
falling into the Tyrrhene sea.— Virg. Mn. 

10, 183. One of the favourites of Antio- 

chus, kin? of Svria. [Sea.— PL 12,14. 

MINN^EI, a people of Arabia, on the Red 
MINOA, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, 
when he was pursuing Daedalus, and called 

also Heraclea. A town of Peloponnesus. 

— A town of Crete. 

MINOIS, belonging to Minos. Crete is 
called Minonia regna, as bein? the legisla- 
tor's kingdom. — V. Mn. 6, 14." A patro- 
nymic of Ariadne.— Ov. Me. 8, 157. 

MINOS, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter 
and Europa, who gave laws to his subjects 
B.C. 1406, which still remained in full force 
in the age of the philosopher Plato. His 
justice and moderation procured him the 
appellation of the favourite of the gods, 
the confident of Jupiter, the wise legislator, 
in every city of Greece ; and, according to 
the poets, he was rewarded for his equity, 
after death, with the office of supreme and 
absolute judge in the infernal regions. In 
this capacity, he is represented sitting in 
the middle "of the shades, and holding a 
sceptre in his hand. Tiie dead plead their 
different causes before him, and the impar- 
tial jud?e shakes the fatal urn, which is 
filled with the destinies of mankind. He 
married Ithona, by whom he had Lycastes, 
who was the father of Minos W.—H. Od. 
19, 178.— V. Mn. 6, 432.— Apol. 3, \.— Hyg. 

fiAl.—Di. 4.—Hor. 1, o. 28. The second 

was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos 1. 
and king of Crete. He married Pasiphae, 
the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and by her 
he had many children. He increased his 
paternal dominions by the conquest ol the 
neighbouring islands, butheshowed himself 
cruel in the war which he carried on 
against the Athenians, who had put to death 
his son Androgeus. [Fide Androgens.] He 
took Megara bv the treachery of Scylla, 
[Vide Scylla,] and, not satisfied with a 
victorv, he obliged the vanquished to bring 



MIN— MIN 

him yearly to Crete seven chosen boys and 
the same number of virgins, to be devoured 
by the Minotaur. [Vide Minotaurus.] This 
bloody tribute was at last abolished when 
Theseus had destroyed the monster. [Vide 
Theseus.] When Daedalus, whose industry 
and invention had fabricated the labyrinth", 
and whose imprudence in assisting Ha-iphae 
in the gratification of her unnatural desires, 
had offended Minos, fled from the place of 
his confinement with wings [Vide Daedalus], 
and arrived safe in Sicily, the incensed 
monarch pursued the offender, resolved to 
punish his infidelity. Cocalus, king of 
Sicily, who had hospitably received Daeda- 
lus, entertained his royal guest with dissem- 
bled friendship; and that he might not 
deliver to him a man whose ingenuity and 
abilities he so well knew, he put Minos to 
death. Some say that it was the daughters 
of Cocalus who put the king of Crete to 
death, bv detaining him so long in a bath 
that he fainted, after which they suffocated 
him. Minos died about 35 years before the 
Trojan war. He was father of Androgens, 
Glaucus, and Deucalion, and two daugh 
ters, Phaedra and Ariadne. Many authors 
have confoundid the two raonarchs of this 
name, the grandfather and the grandson, 
but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus prove 
plainly that thev were two different persons. 
—Pa.'Ach. A.—Plu. Th.—Hyg. fa. 4 1 . — Ov. 
Me. 8, H i .— Di. 4. — V. Mn. 6, 21 .— Plu. M 
—Ath.—F/ac. 14. 

MINOTAURUS, a celebrated monster, 
half a man and half a bull, accordin; 
this verse of Ovid, A. A. 2, 24. 
Semibovernqite virutn, sentivirutnque bovem. 
It wa9 the truit of Pasiphae's amour yvith a 
bull. Minos refused to sacrifice a white 
bull to Neptune, an animal which he had 
received from the erod for that purpose. 
This offended Neptune, and he made Pa- 
siphae the wife of Minos, enamoured of this 
fine bull, which had been refused to his 
altars. Daedalus prostituted his talents in 
being subservient to the queen's unnatural 
desires, and, by his means, Pasiphae'.* hor- 
rible passions were gratified, and the Mino- 
taur came into the world. Minos confined 
in the labyrinth a monster which convinced 
the world" of his wife's lasciviousness and 
indecency, and reflected disgrace upon his 
family. The Minotaur usually devoured 
the chosen young men and maidens, whoi 



MIN -MIN 

into the world, one or whom greatly re- 
sembled Minos, and the other .Taurus. In 
the natural resemblance of their counie- 
nance with that of their supposed fathers 
originated their name, and consequently 
the fable of the Minotaur.— Ov. Me. 9, fa. 2. 
Hyg. fa. AO.— Plu. Th.-Pa.—V. £n.6, 26. 
M1NTHE, a daughter of Cocytus, loved 
by Pluto. Proserpine discovered her hus- 
band's amour, and changed his mistress 
into an herb, called bv the same name, 
mint.—Ov. Me. 10, 729." 

MINTURN.E, a town of Campania, be- 
tween Sinuessa and Formiae. It was in the 
marshes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius 
concealed himself in the mud to avoid the 
partizans of Sylta. The people condemned 
him to death, but when his voice alone had 
terrified the executioner, they showed them- 
selves compassionate, and favoured his 
escape. Marica was worshipped there; 
hence Marica regno, applied to the place.— 
Sir. 2.— Me. 2, 4.— Li. 8, 10, 1. 10, 21, 1. 27, 
38.— Pa. 2, 14.— Luc. 2, 424. 

MINUTIA, a vestal virgin, accused of de- 
bauchery on account of the beauty and ele- 
gance or her dress. She was condemned to 
be buried alive because a female supported 
the false accusation, A.U.C. 4 IS— Li. 8, 15. 

A public way from Rome to Brundu- 

sium. Vide Via. 

M IN I i l l US, AUGURINUS, a Roman 
consul slain in a battle against the Sam- 

nites. A tribune of the people who put 

Maelius to death when he aspired to the 
sovereignty of Rome. He was honoured 
yvith a brazen statue for causing the corn 
to be sold at a reduced price to the people. 

— Li. 4, 16.— PI. 18, 3. RUFUS, amaster 

of horse to the dictator Fabius Maximus. 
His disobedience to the commands of the 
dictator, was productive of an extension of 
his prerogative, and the master of the 
horse was dechred equal in power to the 
dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought 
y\ith ill success against Annibal, and yvas 
saved by the interference of Fabius; which 
circumstance had such an effect upon him 
that he laid down his power at the feet of 
his deliverer, and swore that he yvould 
never act again but by his directions. He 
yvas killed at the battle of Cannae.— Li.—C, 
]\"ep. An. A Roman consul who defend- 
ed Coriolanus from the insults of the 
people, &c. Another, defeated by the 



the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted from JEqui, and disgraced by the dictator Cin- 



the Athenians. Theseus delivered his coun 
try from this shameful tribute, when it had 
fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the vo- 
racity of the Minotaur, and, by means of 
Ariadne, the king's daughter, lie destroyed 
the monster, and made his escape from the 
windings of the labyrinth. Tne fabulous j because, durinj 
traditions of the Minotaur, and of the in- the sudden cry 



cinnatus. An officer under Caesar.in Gaul, 

who afterwards became one of the conspi- 
rators against his patron.— Cees. B. G. 6, 

29. A tribune yvho warmly opposed the 

vieyvs of C. Gracchus. A Roman, chosen 

dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, 
~ the time' of his election, 
f a rat was heard. - 



famous commerce of Pasiphae with a fa- Roman, one of the first who was chosen 
vourite bull, have been often explained. 
Some suppose that Pasiphae yvas enamoui e ) 

of one of her husband's courtiers, called an elegant dialogue in defence oftheChris- 

Taurus, and that Daedalus favoured the tian religion, called Octavius, from the 

passions of the queen by suffering his house principal speaker in it. This book was 



quaestors. FELIX, an African layvyer, 

ho flourished 2u7 A.D. He has written 



tu become the retreat "of the tw 



long- attributed to Arnobius, and even 



Pasiphae some time after brought twins printed as an Sth book (Ortavus) till Bah 



BUN — MIS 



417 



MIS-MIT 



duinus discovered the imposition In his 
edition of Felix, 1560. 

MIN YiE, a name given to the inhabitants 
of Orchomenos, in Boeotia, from Minyas, 
king- of the country. Orchomenos, the son 
cf Minyas, gav*> hjs name to the capital of 
the country, ana the inhabitants stiil re- 
tained their original appellation in contra- 
distinction to the Orchomenians of Arcadia. 
A colony of Orchomenians passed into Thes- 
galy and settled in Iolchos ; from which 
circumstance the people of the place, and 
particularly the Argonauts, were called 
Minyae. This name they received, accord- 
ing to the opinion of some, not because a 
number of Orchomenians had settled among 
them, but because the chief and noblest of 
them were descended from the daughters 
of Minyas. Part of the Orchomenians ac- 
companied the sons of Codrus when they 
migrated to Ionia. The descendants of 
the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts 
themselves, received the name of Min\ae. 
They first inhabited Lemnos, where they 
had been born from the Lemnian women 
who had murdered their husbands. They 
were driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi 
about 1160 years before the Christian era, 
and came to settle in Laconia, from whence 
they passed into Calliste with a colony of 
Lacedaemonians.— Hyg. fa. 14.— Pa. 9, 6.— 
Apol. l, Ar.—Her. 4, 145. 

MINYAS, a king of Boeotia, son of Nep- 
tune and Tritogenia, the daughter of /Eolus. 
Some make him the son of Neptune and 
Callirhoe, or of Chryses, Neptune's son, 
and Cnrysogenia, the daughter of Halmus. 
He married Clytodora, by whom he had 
Presbon, Periclymenus, and Eteorlymenus. 
He was father of Orchomenos, Dioehithon- 
des, and Athamas, by a second marriage 
with Phanasora, the daughter of Paon. 
According to Plutarch and Ovid, he had 
three daughters, calied Leuconoe, Alcithoe, 
and Leucippe. They were changed into 
bats. [Vide Mineides.]— Pa. 9, dH.—Plu. 
Q. Gt<b. 38. -Ov. Me. 4, 1 & 468. 

MINYCUS, a river of Thessaly, falling 
Into the sea near Arene, called afterwards 
Orchomenus.— H. 11. U.—Sir. 8. 

M IN Y EIDES. Fide Mineides. 

MINYIA, a festival observed at Orcho- 
menos in honour of Minyas, the king of the 
place. The Orchomenians were called 
Minyae, and the river upon whose banks 

their town was built Mynos. A small 

island near Patmos. 

MITYTUS, one of Niobe's sons.— Apol. 

MI RACES, an eunuch of Parthia, &c— 
Fl. 6. v. 690. 

M ISENU M or MISENUS. Vide Misenus. 

MISENUS, a son of /Eolus, who was piper 
to Hector. Alter Hector's death lie fol- 
lowed /Eneas to Italy, and was drowned on 
the coast of Campania, because he had 
challenged one of the Tritons. iEneas 
afterwards found his body on the seashore, 
and buried it on the promontory which 
bears his name, nov? Miseno. There was 
also a town of the same name on the pro- 
montory, at the west of the bay of Naples, 
and it had also a Copacious harbour, where 



Augustus and some of the Roman emperors 
generally kept stationed one of their fleet?. 
— F. JEn. 2, 239, 1. 6, 164 & 234.— Str. 5.— 
Me. 2, 4 — Li. 24, 13.— Tor. H. 2, 9, An.U,f>\. 

MISITHEUS, a Roman, celebrated for 
his virtues and his misfortunes. He was 
father-in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose 
counsels and actions he guided by his pru- 
dence and moderation. He was sacrificed 
to the ambition of Philip, a wicked senator 
who succeeded hiru as prefect of the prae- 
torian guards. He died A.D. 2-13, and left 
all his possessions to be appropriated for 
the good of the public. 

MITHRAS, a god of Persia, supposed to 
be the sun, or according to others Venus 
Urania. His worship was introduced at 
Rome, and the Romans raised him altars, 
on which was this inscription, Deo Soli 
Mithrce, or Soli Deo invicto Mithrte. He 
is generally represented as a young man, 
whose head is covered with a turban, after 
the manner of the Persians. He supports 
his knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, 
and one of whose horns he holds in one 
hand, while with the other he plunges a 
dagger into his neck.— St. Th. 1, 720.— 
Curt. 4, 13.— Cla. Lu. St. 1. 

MITHRACENSES, a Persian who fled to 
Alexander after the murder of Darius by 
Bessus.— Curt. 5. 

MITHRADATES, a herdsman of Astya- 
ges, ordered to put young Cyrus to death. 
He refused, and educated him at home as 
his own sou, 6cc.—Her.—Ju. 

MITHRE'NES, a Persian who betrayed 
Sardes, &c— Curt. 3. 

MITHRIDATES I. was the third king 
of Pontus. He was tributary to the crown 
of Persia, and his attempts to make himself 
independent proved fruitless. He was con- 
quered in a battle, and obtained peace with 
difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a 
governor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded 
by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363.— Diod.— Xen. 
The second of that name, king of Pon- 
tus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He 
made himself master of Pontws, which had 
been conquered by Alexander, and had been 
ceded to Antigonus at the general division 
of the Macedonian empire among the con- 
queror's generals. He reigned about 26 
years, and died at the advanced age of 84 
years, B. C. 302. He was succeeded by his 
son Mithridates III. Some say that An- 
tigonus put him to death, because he fa- 
voured the cause of Cassander. — App. — Mi 

— Di. III. was son of the preceding 

monarch. He enlarged hjs paternal posses- 
sions by the conquest of Cappadocia and 
Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36 

years.- Dio. IV. succeeded his father 

Ariobarzanes, who was the son of Mithri- 
dates III. V. succeeded his father 

Mithridates IV., and strengthened himself 
on his throne by an alliance with Antiochus 
the Great, whose daughter Laodice he mar- 
ried. He was succeeded by his son Phar- 

naces. VI. succeeded his father Phar- 

naces. He was the first of the kings of 
Pontus who made alliance with the Ro- 
mans. He furnished them with a fleet in the 



JVIJT— MIT 



418 



MIT— MIT 



third Punic war, and assisted them against 
Anstonicus, who had laid claim to the 
kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity 
was rewarded ; he was called Evergetes, 
and received from the Roman people the 
province of Phrygia Major, and was called 
the friend and' ally of Rome. He was 
murdered B. C. 123.— App. Mi.—Jn. 37, &c. 

V I I.,surnamed Eupator,nnd The Great, 

succeeded his father Mithridates VI. though 
only at the age of eleven years. Tiie 
beginning of his reijrn was marked by am- 
bition, cruelty, and artifice. He murdered 
his own mother, who had been left by his 
father co-heiress of the kingdom, and he 
fortified his constitution by drinking anti- 
dotes against the poison with which his ene- 
mies at court attempted to destroy him. 
He early inured his body to hardship, and 
employed himself in many manly exercises, 
often iemaining whole months in the coun- 
try and makinsrthe frozen snow and the earth 
the place of his repose. Naturally ambitious 
and ouel, he spared no pains to acquire 
himself power and dominion. He murdered 
the two sons whom his sister Laodice had 
had by Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, and 
placed one of his own children, only eight 
years old, on the vacant throne. " These 
violent proceedings alarmed Niconiedes, 
king of Eithynia, who had married Laodice, 
the widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a 
youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the 
third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice was 
sent to Rcme to impose upon the senate, 
and assure them that her third son was now 
alive, ami that his pretensions to the king- 
dom of Cappadocia were just and well 
grounded. Mithridates used the same arms 
of dissimulation. He also sent to Rome 
Gordius, the governor of his son, who so- 
lemnly declared before the Roman people, 
that the youth who sat on the throne of 
Cappadocia was the third son and lawful 
heir of Ariarathes, and that he was sup- 
ported as such by Mithridates. This intri- 
cate affair displeased the Roman senate, and 
finally to settle the dispute between the 
two monarchs, the powerful arbiters took 
away the kingdom of Cappadocia from 
Mithridates, and Paphlagonia from N'ico- 
medes. These two kingdoms being thus 
separated from their original possessors, 
were presented with their freedom and in- 
dependence ; but the Cappadocians refused 
it, and received Ariobarzanes for king. 
Such were the first seeds of enmity between 
Rome and the king of Pontus. [Fide Mithri- 
daticum Bellum.] Mithridates never lost 
an opportunity by which he might lessen the 
influence of his adversaries ; and the more 
effectually to destroy their power in Asia, 
he ordered all the Romans that were in his 
dominions to be massacred. This was done 
in one night, and no less than 150,000, ac- 
cording to Plutarch, or 80,000 Romans, as 
Appian mentions, were made, at one blow, 
the victims of his cruelty. This universal 
massacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, 
and soon after Sylla, marched against Mithri- 
dates with a large army. The former was 
made prisoner but Sylla obtained a victory 



over the king's generals, and another deci- 
sive engagement rendered him master of all 
Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, 
which had submitted to the victorious arms 
of the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune 
was aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 
men, who were killed in the several en- 
gagements that had been fought; and 
Mithridates, weakened by repealed ill suc- 
cess by sea and land, sued for peace from 
the conqueror, which he obtained on con" 
dition ot defraying the expenses which the 
Romans had incurred by the war, and ot 
remaining satisfied with the possessions, 
which he had received from his ancestors. 
While these negotiations of peace were 
carried on, Mithridates was not unmindful 
of his real interests. His poverty, and not 
his inclinations, obliged him to" wish for 
peace. He immediately took the field with 
an army of 140, ooo infantry, and 16,000 
horse, w hich consisted of his own forces and 
those of his son-in-law Tigranes, king of 
Armenia. With such a numerous army, he 
soon made himself master of the Roman 
provinces in Asia ; none dared to oppose his 
conquests, and the Romans, relying on his 
fidelity, had withdrawn the greatest part of 
their armies from the country. The news 
of his warlike preparations w'as no sooner 
heard, than Lucullus, the consul, marched 
into Asia, and without delay he blocked up 
the camp of Mithridates, who was then 
besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch 
escaped from him, and fled into the heart of 
his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with 
the utmost celerity, and would have taken 
him prisoner after a battle, had not the 
avidity of his soldiers preferred the plun- 
dering of a mule loaded with gold, to the 
taking of a monarch who had exer- 
cised such cruelties against their country- 
men, and shown himself so faithless to the 
most solemn engagements. After this escape, 
Mithridates was more careful about the 
safety of his person, and he even ordered 
his w"ives and sisters to destroy themselves, 
fearful of their falling into the enemy's 
hands. The appointment of Glabrio to the 
command of the Roman forces, instead ot 
Lucullus, was favourable to Mithridates, 
and he recovered the greatest part of his 
dominions. The sudden arrival of Pompey, 
however, soon put an end to his victories. 
A battle, in the night, was fought near the 
Euphrates, in which the troops of Pontus 
laboured under every disadvantage. The 
engagement was by moonlight, and, as the 
moon then shone in the face of the enemy, 
the lengthened shadows of the arms of the 
Romans having induced Mithridates to 
believe that the two armies were close 
together, the arrows of hie soldiers were 
darted from a great distance, and their 
efforts rendered ineffectual. An universal 
overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold 
in his misfortunes, rushed through the thick 
ranks of the enemy, at the head of 600 
horsemen, 500 of which perished in the at- 
tempt to follow him. He fled to Tigranes, 
but that monarch refused an asylum to his 
father-in-law, whom be bad before sup- 



MIT— MIT 



ported with all the collected rorces of his 
kingdom. Mithridates found a safe retreat 
among: the Scythians, and, though destitute 
of power, friends, and resources, yet he 
meditated the destruction of the Roman em- 
pire, i>y penetrating into the heart of Italy 
by land. These wild projects were rejected 
by his followers, an,d he sued for peace, 
t was denied to his ambassadors, and the 
victorious Pompey declared, that to obtain 
it, Mithridates must ask it in person. He 
scorned to trust himself into the hands of 
his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to 
die. His subjects refused to follow him any 
longer, and thev revolted from him, and 
made his son Pharnaces king. The son 
showed himself ungrateful to his father, and 
even, according to some writers, he ordered 
him to be put to death. This unnatural 
treatment broke the heart of Mithridates; 
he obliged his wife to poison herself, and 
attempted to do the same himself, it was 
in vain: the frequent antidotes he had 
taken in the early part of his life strength- 
ened his constitution against the poison, 
and, when this was unavailing, he attempted 
to stab himself. The blow was not mortal ; 
and a Gaul, who was then present, at his 
own request, gave him the fatal stroke, 
about 63 years before the Christian era, in 
the 72d year of his age. Such were the 
misfortunes, abilities, and miserable end of 
a man, who supported himself so long 
against the power of Rome, and who, ac- 
cording- to the declaration of the Roman 
authors, proved a more powerful and in- 
defatigable adversary to the capital of Italy, 
than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Per- 
seus, or Aiitiochus. Mithridates has been 
commended for his eminent virtues, and 
censured for his vices. As a commander 
he deserves the most unbounded applause, 
and it may create admiration to see him 
waging war with such success during so 
many years, against the most powerful 
people on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, 
a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the 
greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, 
according to the opinion of Cicero ; and, 
indeed, no better proof of his military cha- 
racter can be brought, than the mentionof the 
great rejoicings which happened in the Ro- 
man armies and in the capital at the news of 
hisdeath. No less than twelve days were ap- 
pointed for public thanksgivings to the im- 
mortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent 
the first intelligence of his death to Rome, 
and who had partly hastened his fall, was 
rewarded with the most uncommon honours. 
[Vide Ampialex.] It is said, that Mithrida- 
tes conquered 24 nations, whose different 
languages he knew, and spoke with the 
same ea>e and fluency as his own. As a 
man of letters he also deserves attention. 
He was acquainted with the Greek lan- 
guage, and e\en wrote in that dialect a 
treatise on botany. His skill in physic is 
well known, and even now there is a cele- 
brated antidote which bears his name, and 
is called Milhridate. Superstition, as well 
as nature, had united to render him great; 
and if we rely upon the authority of Justin, 



4i9 M IT— MIT 

his birth was accompanied by the appear 
anceof two large comets which were seen 
for seventy days successively, and whose 
splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, and 
covered the fourth part of the heavens.— 
Ju. 37, 1, kc—Slr.—Di. 14.- Fl. 3„ 5, &c 
— Plu. Sy. Lu. Ma. Pom.—Va. Ma. 4, 6, 
kc.—Di. 30, 6cc.~ App. Mi.— PI. 2,97,1. 7, 
24, I. 25, 2, 1. 33, 3, &c— Ci. Ma.kc.—Pa. 

2, \8.—Eut. 5.— Jos. 14.— Or. 6, &c. A 

king of Parthia, who took Demetrius 

prisoner. A man made king of Armenia 

by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned 
by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. 
He was murdered by one of his nephews, 
and his family were involved in his ruin. — 

Ta. An. Another, king of Armenia. 

A king of Pergamus, who warmly embraced 
the cause of j. Caesar, and was "made king 
of Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him 
to be the son of the great Mithridates by a 

| concubine. He was murdered, &c. A 

Iking of Iberia. Another of Comagena. 

A celebrated king of Parthia, who en- 
larged his possessions by the conquest of 
some of the neighbouring countries. He 
'examined with a careful eye the constitu- 
jtion and political regulations of the nations 
! he had conquered, and framed from them, 
I for the service of his own subjects, a code 

| of laws.— Ju. Or. Another, who mur- 

j dered his father, and made himself master 

of the crown. A king of Pontus, put to 

death by order of Galba, &e. A man in 

the armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewar- 
ded by the monarch for having wounded 
Cyrus the younger ; but, when he boasted 
that he had killed him, he was cruelly put 

to death.— Plu. Art. A son of Ariobar- 

zanes, who basely murdered Datames. — C. 
Nep. D. 

MITHRIDA'TICUM BELLUM, begun 89 
years B.C., was one of the longest and most 
celebrated wars ever carried on by the Ro- 
mans against a foreign power. The ambi- 
tion of Mithridates, from whom it receives 
its name, may be called the cause and origin 
of it. His views upon the kingdom of Cap- 
padocia, of which he was stripped by the 
Romans, first engaged him to take up arms 
against the republic. Three Roman officers, 
L. Cassius, the proconsul, M. Aquilius, and 
Q. Oppius, opposed Mithridates with the 
troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paphla- 
gonia, and Gallo-graecia. The army of 
these provinces, together with the Roman 
soldiers in Asia, amounted to 70,000 men, 
and 6000 horse. The forces of the king of 
Pontus were greatlv superior to these; he 
led 25u,000 foot, 40,0*00 horse, and 130 armed 
chariots, into the field of battle, under the 
command of Neoptolemus and Archelaus. 
His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, well 
manned and provisioned. In an engage- 
ment the king of Pontus obtained the vic- 
tory, and dispersed the Roman forces in 
Asia. He became master of the greatest 
part of Asia, and the Hellespont submitted 
to his power. Two of the Roman g-enerais 
were taken, and M. Aquilius, who was the 
principal cause of the war, and conducted 
it, was carried about in Asia, and exposed 



MIT — MIT 



420 



MIT— MIT 



to the ridicule and insults of the populace, 
and at last put to death by Mithridates, who 
ordered melted gold to be poured down his 
throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the 
Romans. The conqueror took every pos- 
sible advantage; he subdued all the islands 
of the jtgean sea, and, though Rhodes re- 
fused to submit to his power, yet all Greece 
was soon over-run by his general Archelaus, 
and made tributary to the kingdom of Pon 
tus. Meanwhile " the Romans, incensed 
against Mithridates on account of his per- 
fidy, and of his cruelty in massacreing S0,000 
of" their countrymen in one day all over 
Asia, appointed Sylla to march into the east. 
Sylla landed in Greece, where the inhabi- 
tants readily acknowledged his power ; but 
Athens shut her gates against the Roman 
commander, and Archelaus, who defended 
it, defeated, with the greatest courage, all 
the efforts and operations of the enemy. 
This spirited defence was of short duration. 
Archelaus retreated into Boeotia, where 
Sylla soon followed him. The two hostile 
armies drew up in a line of battle near 
Chaeronea, and the Romans obtained the 



hostilities, it was easily understood that he 
acted by the private directions of the 
Roman people. The king upon this 
marched against him, and a battle was 
fought, in which both the adversaries 
claimed the victory. This was the last 
blow which the king of Pontus received in 
this war, which is called the second Mithri- 
datic war, and which continued for about 
three years. Sylla, at that time, was made 
perpetual dictator at Rome, and he com- 
manded Muraena to retire from the king 
dom of Mithridates. The death of Sylla 
changed the face of affairs; the treaty of 
peace between the king of Pontus and" the 
Romans, which had never been committed 
to writing, demanded frequent explana- 
tions, and Mithridates at last threw off the 
mask of friendship, and declared war. Ni- 
comedes, at his death, left his kingdom to 
the Romans, but Mithridates disputed their 
right to the possessions of the deceased 
monarch, and entered the field with 120,000 
men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his ports, 
16,000 horsemen to follow him, and loo 
chariots armed with scythes. Lucullus was 



victory, and, of the almost innumerable j appointed over Asia, and entrusted with 
forces'of the Asiatics, no more than 10,000 ; the care of the Mithridatic war. His va- 
escaped. Another battle in Thessah, near lour and prudence showed his merit; and 
Orchomenos, proved equally fatal 'to the | Mithridates, in his vain aitempts to take 
king of Pontus. Dorvlaus, one of his ge-jGyzicum, lost no less than 300,000 men. 
nera Is, was defeated, and he soon after sued Success continually attended the Roman 
for peace. Sylla listened to the terms of arms. The king of Pontus was defeated in 
accommodation, as his presence at Rome! several bloody engagements, and wfthdiffi- 
was now become necessary to quell the com- | culty saved his life, and retired to his son- 
motions and cabals which" his enemies had in-law Tigranes, King of Armenia. Lucul- 
raised against him. He pledged himself to , lus pursued him, and, when his applications 
the king of Pontus to confirm him in the for the person of the fugitive monarch had 
possession of his dominions, and to procure heen despised by Tigranes, he marched to 
him the title of friend and ally of Rome ; ! the capital of Armenia, and terrified, by his 
and Mithridates consented to relinquish sudden approach, the numerous forces of 
Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cappa- j the enemy. A battle ensued. The Romans 
docia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Ni- obtained an easy victory, and no less than 
comedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 100,000 foot of the Armenians perished, and 
talents to defray the expenses of the war, only five men of the Romans were killed, 
and to deliver into their bauds 70 ^allies Tigranocerta, the rich capital of the coun- 
with all their rigging. Though Mithridates . try, fell into the conqueror's hands. After 
seemed to have re-established peace in his such signal victories, Lucullus had themor- 
dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments tification to see his own troops mutiny, and 
were contrary to those of Sylla, and who j to be dispossessed of the command by the 
made himself master of an army by in- arrival of Pompey. The new general 



trigue and oppression, kept him under 
continual alarms, and rendered the exist- 
ence of his power precarious. Svlla, who 
had returned from Greece to ratify the 
treaty which had been made by Mithridates, 
rid the world of the tyrannical Fimbria ; 
and the king of Pontus, awed bv the reso- 
lution and determined firmness of his ad- 
versary, agreed to the conditions, though 
with reluctance. The hostile preparations 
of Mithridates, which continued in the time 
of peace, became suspected by the Romans, 
a.id Muraena, who was left as governor of 
Asia in Syiia's absence, and who wished 
to make himself know n bv some conspicu- 
ous action, began hostilities bv taking Co- 
mana and plundering the temple of Bellona. 
Mithridates did not oppose him, but he com- 
plained of the breach of peace before the 
Roman senate. Muraena was publicly re- 
primanded ; but as he did not cease from 



■bowed himself worthy to succeed Lucullus. 
He defeated Mithridates, and rendered his 
affairs so desperate, that the monarch fled 
for safety into the country of the Scythians, 
where, for a while, he meditated the ruin of 
the Roman empire, and, with more wildness 
than prudence, secretly resolved to invade 
Italy by land, and march an army across 
the northern wilds ol Asia and Europe to 
the Appennines. Not oniy the kingdom of 
Mithridates had fallen into the enemy's 
hands, but also all the neighbouring kings 
and princes were subdued, and Pompey saw- 
prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself,' that 
king of kings, who had lately treated the 
Romans with such contempt. Meantime, 
the w ild projects of Mithridates terrified his 
subjects ; and they, fearful to accompany 
him in a march of above 2000 miles across 
a barren and uncultivated country, revolted 
and made his son king. The monarch for- 



MIT— MNA 



421 



MNA-M(fiR 



«;aken in his old age, even by his own chil- 
dren, put an end to his life, {Vide Mithri- 
dates Vll.j and gave the Romans cause to 
rejoice, as the third Mithridatic war was 
ended in his fall, B.C. 63. Such were the 
unsuccessful struggles of Mithridates against 
the power of Rome. He was always full of 
resources, and the Romans had never a 
greater or more dangerous war to sustain. 
The duration of the "Mithridatic war is not 
preci>ely known. According to Juslin, Oro- 
sius, Florus, and Eutropius, it lasted for 
forty years ; but the opinion of others, who 
fix its duration to 30 years, is far more cre- 
dible ; and, indeed, by proper calculation, 
there elapsed no more than 26 years from 
the time that Mithridates first entered the 
field against the Romans, till the time of his 
death.— App. Mi.—Ju. 37, kc.—Fl. 2, &c. 
—Li.— Pin. Lv. &c.—Oros.—Pa.—Di. 

MITH RI DA'TIS, a daughter of Mithri- 
dates the Great. She was poisoned by her 
father. 

MITHROBARZA'NES, a kingof Armenia, 

&c. An officer sent by Tigranes against 

Liiculius, <kc.—Plu. The father-in-law 

of Datames. 

MITYLE'NE & MITYLE'N^, the capital 
city of the island of Lesbos, which receives 
its name from Mitylene, the daughter of 
Maear us, a king of the country. It was 
greatly commended by the ancients for the 
btateliness of its buildings, and the fruitful- 
ness of its soil ; but more particularly for 
the great men it produced. Pittacus, 
Alcaecs, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, 
Hellenicus, &c. were all natives of Mity- 
lene. It was long a seat of learning, and, 
with Rhodes and Athens, it had the honour 
of having educated many of the great men 
of Rome and Greece. In the Peloponnesian 
war the Mityleneans suffered greatly for 
their revolt* from the power of Athens; 
and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the 
holdness to resist the Romans, and disdain 
the treaties which had been made between 
Mithridates and Sylla.— Ci. de Leg.—Str.i3. 
—Me. 2, l.—Di. 3 & \2.-Pa. 1, *.—Hor. 1, 
o. 7, kc.—Th. 3, SiC.—Plu. Pom. &c. 

MITYS, a man whose statue fell upon his 
murderer, and crushed him to death, &c. — 
Aris. 10, Po. A river of Macedonia. 

MIZ/EI, a people of Elvmais. 

MNASALCES, a Greek' poet, who wrote 
fpigrams.— Ath.— Str. 

MNASIAS, an historian of Phoenicia. 

Another of Colophon. A third of Patrae, 

fliAchaia, who flourished 141 B.C. 

MNASICLES, a general of Thymbro, &c. 
— 58. 

MNASl'LUS, a youth who assisted Chro- 
mis to tie the old Silenus, whom thev found 
asleep in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil 
6poke of Varus under the name of Mnasiius. 
— V. Eel. 7, v. 13. 

MNASIPPIDAS, the Lacedaemonian who 
Imposed upon the credulity of the people. 
Sec. -Poly. 

MNASiPPUS, a Lacedaemonian, sent 
with a fleet of 65 ships and 1500 men to 
Corcyra, where he was killed, &c. — Di. 15. 

MISASITHEUS, a friend of Aratus. 



MNASON, a tyrant of Elatia, who gav. 
1200 pieces of gold for twelve pictures of 
twelve gods.— Pi. 35, 16. 

MN AS YRIU M,apl « ce in Rhodes.— Slr.U. 

MNEMON, a surname given to Artax- 
erxes on account of his retentive memory. 
—C. JSep. Re. A Rhodian. 

MNEMOSYNE, a daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra, mother of the nine Muses by Jupiter, 
who assumed the form of a shepherd to 
enjoy her company. The word Mnemosyne 
signifies memory, and therefore the poets 
have rightly called memory the mother of 
the mus r es, because it is to that mental en- 
dowment that mankind are indebted for 
their progress in science. — Ov. Me. 6, f. 4. 
— Pin. Isth. Q.—Hes. Th.—Apol. 1, 1, &c. 

A fountain of Bceotia, whose waters 

were generally drank by those who con- 
sulted the oracle of Trophonius. — fa. 9, 39. 

MNESARCHUS, a celebrated philosopher 
of Greece, pupil to Panaetiusj&c. — Ci.or.\,\\. 

MNESID'AMUS, an officer who conspired 
against the lieutenant of Demetrius. -Poly. 5. 

MNESILA'US, ason of Pollux and Phcebe. 
— Apol. 

MNESIMACHE, a daughter of Dexame- 
nus king of Olenns, courted by Eurytion, 
whom Hercules k i 1 led . — Apol. 2. 

MNES1MACHUS, a comic poet. 

MN ESTER, a freedman of Agrippina, 
who murdered himself at the death of his 
mistress.— Ta. An. 14, 9. 

MNESTH EDS, aTiojan descended from 
Assaracus. He was a competitor for, and ob- 
tainedtheprize given to the best sailuigvessel 
byiEneas,at the funeral games of Ancidses in 
Sicily, and became the progenitor of the 
family of the Memmii at Rome. — V. JEu. 4, 

116, 6cc. A son of Peteus. [Vide Ments- 

theus.l A freedman of Aurelian, &c. — 

Eut. 9.— An. Vi. 

MN EST1A, a daughter of Danaus. — Apol. 

MNESTRA, a mistress ofCimon. 

MNEVTS, a celebrated bull, sacred to 
the sun in the town of Heliopolis. He was 
worshipped with the same superstitious 
ceremonies as Apis, and at his death he re- 
ceived the most magnificent funeral. He 
was the emblem of Osiris. — Di. \.— Plu.Is. 

MOAPHERNES, the uncle of Strabo's 
mother, &c .— Str. 12. 

MODESTUS, a Latin writer. 

MODI A, a rich widow at Rome. -Jztv. 3, 130. 

MCECIA, one of the tribes at Rome.— 
Li. 8, 17. 

MCENUS, now Mayne, a river of Ger- 
many, which falls into the Rhine near 
Men'tz.— Ta. Ge. 28. 

MCERAGETES, 'fatorum ductor, a sur- 
name of Jupiter. — Pa. 5, 15. 

MCERIS, a king of India, who fled at the 

approach of Alexander. — Curt. 9, 8. A 

steward of the shepherd Menaicas in V. 

Eel. 9. A king of Esypt. He was the 

last of the 300 kins"s from Menes to Sesos- 

tris, and reigned 6b years. — Her. 2, 13. ■ 

A celebrated lake in Egypt, supposed to 
have been dug by the king of the same name. 
It is about 220 miles in circumference, and 
intended as a reservoir for the superfluous 
waters -'jjri^ \} tH inundation of the Nile. 



MCED— MOL 



422 



MOL— MON 



There were two pyramids in it, 600 feet 
high, half of which lay under the water, 
and the other appeared above the surface. 
— Her. 2, 4, &c— Me. I. 6.— PI. 36, 12. 

MCEDI, a people of Thrace, conquered 
by Philip of Macedonia. 

MGSON, a '.Sicilian, who poisoned Aga- 
thocles, Sic. 

MCERA, a dog. Vide Mera. 

MOZSIA, a country of Europe, bounded 
on the soutli by the mountains of Dalmatia, 
north by mount Hsemus, extending from 
the confluence of the Savus and the Danube 
to the shores of the Euxine. It was divi- 
ded into Upper and Lower Mcesia. Lower 
Moesia was on the borders of the Euxine, 
and contained that tract of country whicl 
received the name of Pontus from its 
vicinity to the sea, and which is now part 
of Bulgaria. Upper Moesia lies beyond the 
other, in the inland country, now called 
Servia.—Pl. 3, 26.— Virg. G." I, 102. 

MOLEIA, a festival in Arcadia, in com- 
memoration of a battle in which Lycurgus 
obtained the victory. 

MOLION, a Trojan prince who distin- 
guished himself in the defence of his coun- 
try against the Greeks as the friend and 
companion of Thymbraeus. Thev were slaii 
bv Ulysses and Diomedes. — H. II. 11, 320. 
"MOLIONE, the wife of Actor, son of 
Phorbas. She became mother of Cteatus 
and Eurytus, who, from her, are called 
Molionid'es.—Pa. 8, 14. — Apol. 2. 

MOLO, a philosopher of Rhodes, called 
also Apollonius. Some are of opinion that 
Apollonius and Molo are two different 
persons, who were both natives of Alaban- 
da, and disciples of Menecles, of the same 
place. They both visited Rhodes, and 
there opened* a school, but Molo flourished 
some time after Apollonius. Molo had 
Cicero and J. Caesar among his pupils. 

[Vide Apollonius.]— Ci. Or. A prince of 

Syria, who revolted against Antiochus, and 
killed himself when his rebellion was at- 
tended with ill success. 

M O LO EIS,a river of Bceotia,near Plataa. 

MOLORCHUS, an eld shepherd near 
Cleonae, who received Hercules with greai 
hospitality. The hero, to repay the kind- 
ness he received, destroyed the Nennean 
lion, which laid waste "the neighbouring 
country, and therefore the Nemsean games^ 
instituted on this occasion, are to be under* 
stood by the words Lucus Motor c hi. There 
were two festivals instituted in his honour, 
called Molorcheee.—Mart. 9, e. 44, I. 14, e. 
44.— Apol. 2,5.— Virg. G.3, 19.-57.77^-1,160. 

MOLOSS1, a people of Epirus, who in- 
habited that part of the country which was 
called Molossia or Molossis from king Mo- 
Jossus. This country had the bay of Am- 
bracia on the south, and the country of the 
Perrhaebeans on the east. The dogs of the 
place were famous, and received the name 
of Molossi among the Romans. Dodona 
was the capital of the country according to 
some writers. Others, however, reckon it 
as the chief citv of Thesprotia.— Lu. 5, 10, 
62.— Luc. 4, 440.— Sir. l.—Li,—Ju. 7, 6.— 
C. Nep.2,S.—Virg.G,3, 495.— Hor.2.S.Q,\U. 



MOLOS'SlA.orMOLOSSrS. VideMolossii 

MOLOSSUS, a son of Pyrrhus and An- 
dromache. He reigned in Epirus, after the 
death of Helenus, and part of his dominions 
received the name of .Molossia from him.— 
Pa. 1, ii. A surname of Jupiter in Epi- 
rus. An Athenian general, tec— Id, Th. 

The father of Merion of Crete. [Vide 

Molus.]-//. Od. 6. 

MO LP A UIA, one of the Amazons, &c.PZu. 

MOLPUS, an author who wrote an his- 
tory of Lacedaemon. 

MOLUS, a Cretan, father of Meriones. 
— H. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion. Ano- 
ther, son of Mars and Demonice. 

MOLYCRION, a town of JEotiz between 
the Evenus and Naupactum.— Pa. 5, 3. 

MOM EM PHIS, a town of Egypt.— Sir. 17. 

MOM US, the god of pleasantry among 
the ancients, was son of No.x, according to 
Hesiod. He was continually employed in 
satirizing the gods, and whatever they did 
was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed 
Vulcan, because in the human form which 
he had made of clay, he had not placed a 
window in his breast, by which whatever 
was done or thought there, might be easily 
brought to light. He censured the house 
which Minerva had made, because the god- 
dess had not made it moveable, by which 
means a bad neighbourhood might be avoid- 
ed. In the bull which Neptune had pro- 
duced, he observed that his blows might 
have been surer if his eyes had been placed 
nearer the horns. Venus herself was ex- 
posed to his satire; and when the sneering 
god had found no fault in the body of the 
naked goddess, he observed, as she retired, 
that the noise of her feet was too loud, and 
greatly improper in the goddess of beauty. 
These illiberal reflections upon the gods 
were the cause that Momus was driven from 
heaven. He is generally represented raising 
a mask from his face, and holding a small 
figure in his hand. — Hes. Th. Lu. He. 

MONA, an island between Britain anc 
Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a number 
of Druids. It is supposed by some to be 
the modern island of Anglesey I and by others 
the island of Man.—Ta. 14.— An. 18 & 29. 

MONjESES, a king of Parthia, who fa- 
voured the cause ot M. Antony auainst 

Augustus.— Hor. 3, o. 6, 9. A Parthian 

in the age of Mithridates, &c. 

MONDA, a river between theDariusand 
Tagus, in Portugal. — PL 4, 22. 

MONE'SUS, a general killed by Jason at 
Colchis, &c. 

MON ETA, a surname of Juno among 
the Romans. She received it because she 
advised tliem to sacrifice a pregnant sow to 
Cybele, to avert an earthquake.— Ci. Di. 1, 
15.— Livy says, (7, 28.) that a temple was 
vowed to Juno under this name, by the dic- 
tator Furius, when the Romans waged war 
against the Aurunci, and that the temple 
was raised to the goddess by the senate, on 
the spot where the house of Manlius Capito- 
linus had formerly stood.— Suidas, however, 
;ays, that Juno was surnamed Moneta, from 
assuring the Romans, when in the war 
against Pyrrhus they complained of want 



MON— MOP 423 
of pecuniary resources, that money could 
never fail to those who cultivated justice. 

MON'IMA, a beautiful woman of Miletus, 
whom Mithridates the Great married. When 
his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates or- 
dered his wives to destroy themselves ; 
Monima attempted to strangle herself, but 
when her efforrs were unavailing, she order- 
ed one of her attendants to stab her. Plu.Luc. 

MON'IMUS, a philosopher of Syracuse. 

MON'ODUS, a son of Frusias. He had one 
continued bone instead of a row of teeth, 
whence his name {monos odos).—Pl. 7, 16. 

MONCECUS, now Monaco, a town and 
port of Liguria, where Hercules had a tem- 
ple, whence he is called Monceciits, and the 
harbour Herculis Portus.-StrA.V '.A'n.6,830. 

MONOEEUS, a lake of Ethiopia. 

MONOPH'AGE, sacrifices in iEgina. 

MONOPHTLUS, an eunuch of Mithri- 
dates. The king entrusted him with the 
care of one of his daughters ; and the eu- 
nuch, when he saw the affairs of his master 
in a desperate situation, stabbed her, lest 
she should fall into the enemy's hands, &c. 

MONS SACER, a mountain near Rome, 
where the Roman populace retired in a 
tumult, which was the cause of the election 
of the tribunes. 

MONS SEVE'RUS, a mountain near Rome. 

MONTA'NUS, a poet who wrote in hex- 
ameter and elegiac verses.— Ov. Pon. 4.- 

An orator underVespasian. A favourite of 

Messalina. One of the senators whom 

Domitian consulted about boiling a turbot. 
— Juv. 4. 

MON'YCHUS, a powerful giant, who 
could root up trees and hurl them like a 
javelin. He receives his name from his 
having the feet of a horse, as the word im- 
plies. — Juv. 1, 11. 

MON'YMA. Vide Monima. 

MON'YMUS, a servant of Corinth, who, 
not being permitted by his master to follow 
Diogenes the Cynic, pretended madness, 
and obtained his liberty. He became a great 
admirer of the philosopher, and also of 
Crates, and even wrote something in the 
form of facetious stories. — Diog. L. 

MO PHIS, an Indian prince conquered by 
Alexander. 

MOPS1UM, a bill and town of Thessaly, 
between Tempe and Larissa.— Li. 42. 

MOPSOPIA, an anrient name of Athens, 
from Mopsus one of its kings ; and from 
thence the epithet of Mopsopius is often ap- 
plied to an Athenian. 

MOPSUHESTIA, or MOPSOS, a town of 
Cilicia near the sea.— Ci. Pa. 3, 8. 

MOPSUS, a celebrated prophet, son of 
Man to and Apollo, during the Trojan war. 
He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of 
Colophon, who wished to know what suc- 
cess would attend his arms in a war which 
he was going to undertake. He predicted 
the greatest calamities: but Calchas, who 
bad been a soothsayer of the Greeks during 
the Trojan war, promised the greatest suc- 
cesses. Amphimachus followed the opinion 
of Calcha9, but the opinion of Mopsus was 
fidly verified. This had such an effect upon 
Calchas that he died soon after. His death 



MOR-MOK 



is attributed by some to another mortifica- 
tion of the same nature. The two sooth- 
sayers, jealous of each other's fame, came 
to a trial of their skill in divination. Cal- 
chas first asked his antagonist how many 
figs a neighbouring tree bore; ten thou- 
sand except one, replied Mopsus, and one 
single vessel can contain them all. The 
figs were gathered, and his conjectures were 
true. Mopsus now, to try his adversary, 
asked him how many young ones a certain 
pregnant sow would bring forth. Calchas 
confessed his ignorance, and Mopsus imme- 
diately said that the 60w would bring forth 
on the morrow ten young ones, of which 
only one should be a male, all black, and 
that the females should all be known by 
their white streaks. The morrow proved 
the veracity of his prediction, and Calchas 
died by excess of the grief which his de- 
feat produced. Mopsus after death was 
ranked among the gods ; and had an oracle 
at Malia, celebrated for the true and deci- 
sive answers which it gave. — Str. 9.— Pa. 7, 

3.— Am. 14, S.—Plu. or. def. A son of 

Ampyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa, in 
Thessaly. He was the prophet and sooth- 
sayer of the Argonauts, and died at his re- 
turn from Colchis by the bite of a serpent 
in Libya. Jason erected him a monument 
on the sea-shore, where afterwards the 
Africans built him a temple where he gave 
oracles. He has often been confounded 
with the son of Manto, a* their professions 
and their names were alike. — Hyg. fa. 14, 

12S, 173.— Sir. 9. A shepherd of that name 

in V. Eel. 

MORGANTIUM (or IA;, a town of Sicily, 
near the mouth of the Simethus.-fi,Fer.3,l6. 

MORTNI, a people of Belgic Gaul, on 
the shores of the British ocean. The short- 
est passage in Britain was from their terri- 
tories. They were called extremi hominum 
by the Romans, because situate on the ex- 
tremities of Gaul. Their city, called Mori- 
norum castelium, is now Mount Cassel, in 
Artois; and Morinorum civitas. is Terou- 
enne, on the Lis.— V. JEn. 8, T26.—Cces. 4, 
B. G. 21. 

MORITASGUS, a king of the Senones at 
the arrival of Caesar in Gaul.— Cats. B. G. 
MORIUS, a river of Boeotia.— Plu. 
MORPHEUS, the son and minister of the 
god Somnus, who naturally imitated the 
grimaces, gestures, words, and manners, 
of mankind. He is sometimes calied the 
?od of sleep. He is generally represented 
as a sleeping child of great con uience, 
and with wings. He holds a vase in one 
hand, and in the other are some poppies. 
He is represented by Ovid as sent to inform 
bv a dream and a vision the unhappy Al- 
cyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx.— 
6v. Me. 11, f. 10. 

MORS, one of the infernal deities born 
of Night, without a father. She was wor- 
shipped by the ancients, particularly by the 
Lacedaemonians, with great solemnity, and 
represented not exactly as an existing 
power, but as an imaginary being. Euri- 
pides introduces her in one of his tragedies 
on the stage. The moderns represent her 
3 O 2 



MOR— MUL 424 MUM— MUN 



as a skeleton armed with a scythe and a 
scvmetar. [tuurn. 
MORTUDM MARE. Vide Mare Mor- 
MORYS, a Trojan killed by Meriones 
dnrine the Trojan war. — H. 11. 13, &e. 

MOSA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling 
into the German Ocean," and now tailed 
the Maese or Meuse. The bridge over it, 
Moste pons, is now supposed to be Maes- 
tricht.—Ta. H. 4, 6*5. 

MOSCHA, now Mascat, a port of Arabia 
on the Red Sea. 

MOSCH1, a people of Asia, at the west of 
the Caspian sea.-AJe. 1, 2, 1. 3, 5.--Lmc.3,270. 

MOSCHION, a name common to four dif- 
ferent writers, whose compositions, cha- 
racter, and native place are unknown. 
Some fragments of their writings remain, 
some few verses, and a treatise' de morbis 
in ulierv m. 

MOSCHUS, a Phoenician who wrote the 
history of his country in his own mother 

tongue. A philosopher of Sidon. He is 

supposed to be the founder of anatomical 

philosophy.— Str. A Greek Bucolic poet 

in the age" of Ptolemy Philadelphia. The 
sweetness and elegance of his eclogues 
which are still extant, make the world 
regret the loss of poetical pieces no ways 
inferior to the productions of Theocritus. 

A Greek rhetorician of Per<ramus in 

the age of Horace, defended by Torquatus 
in an accusation of having poisoned some of 
his friends.— Hor. 1, e. 5, 9. 

MOSELLA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling 
into the Rhine, at Cohlentz, and now called 
the Moselle.— PL 3, \0.-Ta. An. 13, 53. 

MOSES, a celebrated legislator and gene- 
ral among the Jews well known in sacred 
history. He was born in Egypt, 1571 B.C. 
and after he had performed his miracles 
before Pharaoh, conducted the Israelites 
through the Red Sea, and given them laws 
and ordinances, during their peregrination 
of 40 years in the wilderness of Arabia, he 
died at the age of 120. His writings have 
been quoted and commended by several of 
the heathen authors who have divested 
themselves of their prejudices against an 
Hebrew, and extolled his learning and the 
effects of his wisdom.— Low. — Di. I. [Nic. 

MOSYCHLUS, a mountain of Lemnos.— 

MOSYN/ECI, a nation on the Euxinesea 
in w hose territories the 10,000 Greeks stayed 
on their return from Cunaxa. — Xen. 

MOTHONE, a town of Magnesia, where 
Philip lost one of his eyes. — Ju. 7, 6. The 
word is ol'tener spelt M'ethone. 

MOTYA, a town of Sicily, besieged and 
taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. 

MUCIANUS, a facetious and" intriguing 
general under Otho and Vitellius, &cc. 

MUC1US. Vide Mu tins. 

Ml ; CR/E,a village of Samnium.— 7*. 8,565. 

Ml-LCIBER, a surname of Vulcan, (a 
mulcendo ferrum,) from his occupation.— 
Ov. Me. 2, 5. Vide Vulcanus. 

MU'LUCHA, a river of Africa, dividing 
Numidia from Mauritania. — PI. 5, 2. 

MULYJUS PONS, a bridge on the Fla- 
minian way, about one mile distant from 
Rome. — Mart. 3, e. 14. 



MUMMITS, L., a Roman consul sent 
against the Achaeans, whom he conquered, 

B. C. 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, 
and Chalcis, by order of the senate, and 
obtained the surname of Achaictts from his 
victories. He did not enrich himself with 
the spoils of the enemy, but returned home 
without any increase "of fortune. He was 
so unacquainted w ith the value of the paint- 
ings and works of the most celebrated 
artists of Greece, which were found in the 
plunder of Corinth, that he said to those 
who conveyed them to Rome, that if they 
lost them or injured them, they should 
make others in their stead.— Pat. I, 13.— 
Str. 8.— PI. 34, 7, I. 37, \.—Fl. 2, 6.— Pa. 
5, 24. PUBLICS, a man commended b-y 

C. Publicius for the versatility of his min i, 
and the propriety of his manners.— Ci. Or. 

2. A Latin poet. — Mac. 1. Sa. 10. 

M.,a praetor— Ci.Ver. SPURIUS, a bro- 
ther of Achaicus before mentioned, distin- 
guished as an orator, and for his fondness 
for the Stoic philosophy.— Ci. Br. 25. At. 
13, e. 6. A lieutenant of Crassus de- 
feated, kc. — Phi. C r. 

MUNATIUS, PLANCUS.aconsul sent to 
the rebellious army of Germanicus. He 
was almost killed by the incensed soldiery, 
who suspected that it was through him 
that they had not all been pardoned and 
indemnified by a decree of the senate. 
Calpumius rescued him from their fury. 

An orator and disciple of Cicero. His 

father, grandfather, and great-grandfather 
bore the same name. He was With Caesar 
in Gaul, and was made consul with Brutus. 
He promised to favour the republican cause 
for some time, but he deserted again to 
Caesar. He was long Antony's favourite, 
but he left him at the battle of Actiuui, to 
conciliate the favours of Octavius. His 
services were great in the senate; for 
through his influence and persuasion, that 
venerable body flattered the conqueror of 
Antony with the appellation of Augustus. 
He was rewarded with the office of censor. 

— Plit. An. GRATUS, a Roman knight 

who conspired with Piso against Nero. — 

Ta. An. 15, 30.— Sue. Au. 29. A friend 

of Horace.— e. 3, 31. 

MUN DA, a small town of Hispania Bae- 
tica, celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there on the 17th of March B.C. 
45, between Caesar and the republican 
forces of Rome, under Labienus ami the 
sons of Pompey. Caesar obtained the 
victory after an obstinate and bloody battle, 
and by this blow put an end to the Roman 
republic. Pompey lost 30,000 men, and 
Caesar only 1,000 and 500 wounded.— Si. 11. 
3,400.— Hir. B. His. 27.— Luc. l. 

MUNT'TUS, a son of Laodice the daugh- 
ter of Priam by Acamas. He was entrusted 
to the care of iEthra as soon as born, and 
at the taking of Troy he was made known 
to his father, who saved his life, and carried 
him to Thrace, where he was killed by the 
bite of a serpent.— Pa. 16. 

MUNYCHI'A, fand 1EJ a port of Attica, 
between the Piraeus and the promontory of 
Sunium, called after king Munychus, who 



MUR — MUS 



425 



MUS— MUS 



Duilfc there a temple to Diana, and in whose 
honour he instituted festivals called Muny- 
chii. The temple was held so sacred that 
whatever criminals fled there for refuge 
were pardoned. During the festivals they 
offered small cakes, which they called am- 
p/iiphontes," apo ton amphiphaein^" 1 from 
shining all round, becausethere were lighted 
torches hung round when they were carried 
to the temple, or because they were offered 
at the full moon, at which time the solem- 
nity was observed. It was particularly in 
honour of Diana, who is the same as the 
moon, because it was full moon when The- 
mistocles conquered the Persian fleet at 
Salamis. The port of Munychia was well 
fortified, and of great consequence ; there- 
fore, the Lacedaemonians, when sovereigns 
of Greece, always kept a regular garrison 
there.— Plu.—Ov. Me. 2, 709.— Sir. 9.— 
Pa. I, 1. 

MUR/ENA, a celebrated Roman, left at 
the head of the armies of the republic in 
Asia by Sylla. He invaded the dominions 
of Mithridates with success, but soon after 
met with a defeat. He was honoured with 
a triumph at his return to Rome. He com- 
manded one of the wings of Sylla's army 
at the battle against Archelaus near Chse- 
ronea. He was ably defended in an oration 
by Cicero, when his character was attacked 

and censured.— Ci. Mn.—App. Mi. A 

man put to death for conspiring against Au- 
gustus, B.C. 22. 

MURCIA. Vide Murtia. 

MURCUS, an enemy of the triumvirate 

of J. Cuesar. STATIUS, a man who 

murdered Piso in Vesta's temple in Nero's 
reign.— Ta. H. l, 43. [Li. 25, 27. 

MURGANTIA, a town of Samnium.— 

MURRHE'NUS, a friend of Turnns killed 
by jEneas, &c- V. JEn. 12, 529. 

MURS A, now Essek, a town of Hungary, 
where the Drave falls into the Danube. 

MURTIA, or MYRTIA, (a murtosj a 
supposed surname of Venus, because she 
presided over the myrtle. This goddess 
was the patroness of idleness and cowar- 
dice.— Var. L. L. 4, 32. 

MUS, a Roman consul. Vide Decius. 

MUSA ANTON IUS, a freed man and phy- 
sician of Augustus. He cured his imperial 
master of a dangerous disease under which 
he laboured, by recommending to him the 
use of the cold bath. He was greatly re- 
warded for this celebrated cure. He* was 
honoured with a brazen statue by the Ro- 
man senate, which was placed near that of 
iEsculapius, and Augustus permitted him to 
wear a golden ring, ana to be exempted 
from all taxes. He was not so successful 
in recommending the use of the cold bath 
to Mareellus, as he had been to Augustus, 
and his illustrious patient died under his 
care. The cold bath was for a long time 
discontinued, till Charm's of Marseilles 
introduced it again, and convinced the world 
of its great benefits. Musa was brother to 
Euphorbns the physician of king Juba. 
Two small treatise's, de herba, Botanica, 
and de tuenda Valetudine, are supposed to 
oe the productions of his pen. A daugh 



ter of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. Snt 
attempted to recover lier father's kingdom 
from the Romans, but to no ourpose, 
though Csesar espoused her cause.— Pat. 2. 
— Sve. C<e. 

MUSJE, certain goddesses who presided 
over poetry, music, dancing, and all the 
liberal arts. They were daughters of Ju- 
piter and Mnemosyne, and were nine in 
number: Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpo- 
mene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, 
Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose that 
there were in ancient times only three 
muses, Melete, Mneme, and Aoede ; others 
four, Telxiope, Anede, Arche, Melete. 
They were, according to others, daughters 
of Pierus and Antiope, from which circura- 
stance they are called Pierides. The name 
of Pierides might probably be derived from 
mount Pierus, where they were born. They 
ha\e been severally called Castalides, Aga- 
nippides, Lebetkridea, Aonides, Helioca- 
niades,&cc. from the places where they were 
worshipped, or over which they presided. 
Apollo, who was the patron and the con- 
ductor of the muses, has received the name 
of Musagetes, or leader of the muses. The 
same surname was also given to Hercules. 
The palm-tree, the laurel, and all the foun- 
tains of Pindus, Helicon, Parnassus, 6cc. 
were sacred to the muses. They were 
generally represented as young, beautiful, 
and modest virgins. They were fond of 
solitude, and commonly appeared in differ- 
ent attire according to the arts and sciences 
over which they presided. [Vide Clio, 
Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, &c] Some- 
times they were represented as dancing in 
a chorus, to intimate the near and indis- 
soluble connexion which exists between the 
liberal arts and sciences. The muses some- 
times appear with wings, because by the 
as-istance of wings they freed themselves 
from the violence of Pyrenseus. Their 
contest with the daughters of Pierus is well 
known. [Vide Pierides.] The worship of 
the Muses was universally established, par- 
ticularly in the enlightened parts of Greece, 
Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices were 
ever offered to them, though no poet ever 
began a poem without a solemn invocation 
to the goddesses who presided over verse. 
There were festivals instituted in their 
honour in several parts of Greece, espe- 
cially among the Thespians, every fifth 
year. The Macedonians observed "also a 
festival in honour of Jupiter and the muses. 
It had been instituted by king Archelaus, 
and il was celebrated with stage plays, 
games, and different exhibitions, which con- 
tinued nine days, according to the number 
of the muses.— Plu. Er. — Pol. — Ms. Ti. — 
Pa. 9, -te.-Apol. I, 3.—CL Nat. D. 3, 21.— 
Hes. Th.-V. JEn.—Ov. Me. 4, 310.— tf. 
Hy. Mu.—Juv. 7.—DL I.— Mart. 4, e. 14. 

MUSA;US, an ancient Greek poet, sup- 
posed to have been son or disciple of Linus 
or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 
years before the Christian era. Virgil has 
paid great honour to his memory by placing 
him in the Eiysian fields attended by a great 
multitude, and taller by the head than his 
2 O 3 



Bt US—HUT 426 MUT — MYC 

followers. None of the poet's compositions lor his royal master. This occasioned a 
are extant. The elegant poem of the loves, noise, and Mutius, unable to escape, was 
of Leander and Hero was written by a Mu- ! seized and brought before the king-. He 
sseus, who flourished in the fourth century, ! gave no answer to the inquiries of the 
according to the more received opinion's. \ com tiers, and only told them that lie was 
Among the good editions of Musaeus two i a Roman, and to give them a proof of his 



may be selected as the best, that of Rover, 
svo. L. Bat. 1727 ; and that of Schroder, 
bvo. Leovard, 1743.— V. Mn. 6, Ql'.—Biog. 
—A Latin poet whose compositions were 

very obscene.— Mart. 12, e. 95. A poet 

of Thebes who lived during the Trojan war. 

MUSONIUS RUFUS, a stoic philosopher 
of Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. — Ta. 
Hist. 3, SI. 

MUTA, a goddess who presided over si- 
lence, among the Romans. — Ov. F. 580. 

MUSTE'LA, a man srreatly esteemed bv 
Cicero.-Ad. At. 12.— A gladiator.-Ci. f48. 
MU THULLUS,a riverofNuniidia.-.9aZ.i/tt. 
MUTIA, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scae- 
vola, and sister of Me tell us Celer. She was 
Pompey's third wife. Her ino Dtineot be- 
haviour so disgusted her husband, that at 
his return fr<»m the Mithridatic war, lie di- 
vorced her, thougli she had borne him three 
children. She afterwards married- M. 
Scaurus. Augustus greatly esteemed her. 
— Plu. Pom. A wife of Julius Caesar be- 
loved by Clodius the tribune.— Sue. C<e. 50. 

The mother of Augustus. 

MUTIA LEX, the same as that which 
•was enacted by Licinius Crassus and Q. 
Mucins, A. D. C". 657. Vide Licinia Lex. 

MDTICA, or MUTYCE, a town of Sicily- 
west of the cape Pachy nus.— Ci. Ver. 3,43. 

MUTILIA, a woman intimate with Livia 
Augusta.— Ta. An. 4, 12. 

MUT1NA, a Roman colony of Cisalpine 
Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Brutus 
whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius de- 
li % t red. Tw o battles on the fifteenth of 
April B. C. 43, were fought there, in which 
Antony was defeated, and at last obliged to 
retire. Mutiua is now called Modena. — 
Luc. I, 41, 1. 7, 672.— Si. 8, v. 592.— Ov. 
Me. 15, 922.— Ci. Fd. 10, e. 14. Br. e. 5. 

MUTl'NES, one of Annibal's generals 
who was honoured with the freedom of 
Rome on the delivering up Agrigentum.— 
Li. 25, 41, 1. 27, 5. 
MOTINOS. Vide Mutunus. 
MUTIUS, the father-in-law of C. Marius. 

A Roman who saved the life of young 

Marius by conveying him away from the 
pursuits of his enemies in a loa'd of straw. 

A friend of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose 

means he was raised to the office of a tri- 

oune. C. SCiEVOLA, surnamed Cordus, 

became famous for his courage and intre- 
pidity. When Porsenna, king of Etruria, 
had besieged Rome to re-instate Tarquin in 
all his rights and privileges, Mutius deter- 
mined to deliver his country from so dan- 
gerous an enemy. He disguised himself in 
the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could 
fluently speak the language, he gained an 
easy introduction into the camp, and soon 
into the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone 
with his secretary when Mutius entered. 
The Roman rushed upon the secretary and 



fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar 
of burning coals, and sternly looking at the 
king, and without uttering a groan, he 
boldly told him, that 300 young Romans 
like himself had conspired against his life, 
and entered his camp in disguise, deter- 
mined either to destroy him or perish in 
the attempt. This extraordinary confes- 
sion astonished Porsenna ; he made peace 
with the Romans, and retired from their 
city. Mutius obtained the surname of 
Sccevola, I ecause he had lost the use of his 
right hand by burning it in the presence of 
the Etrurian king.— Plu. Pa.—Fl. 1, 10.— 

L i. 2, 1 2. Q . SLVL V O L A , a Roman consul. 

He obtained a victory over the Dalmatians, 
and signalized himself greatly in the Mar- 
eian war. He is highly commended by 
Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of 

civil law.— Ci. — Plu- Another, appointed 

proconsul of Asia, which he governed with 
so much popularity, that lie was generally 
proposed to others as a pattern of equity 
and moderation. Cicero speaks of him as 
eloquent, learned, and ingenious, equally 
eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. He 
was murdered in the temple of Vesta, dur- 
the civil war of Marius and Sylla, 82 
years before Christ.— Plu.—Ci. Or'. I, 48. 
Pat. 2, 22. 

MUTU'NUS, or MUTI'NUS, a deity 
among the Romans, much the same as the 
Pnapus of the Greeks. The Romau matrons, 
and particularly new-married women, dis- 
graced themselves by the obscene ceremo- 
nies which custom obliged them to obseive 
before the statue of this impure deity. — Ci. 
D. 4, 9, I. 6, 9.— Lac. 1, 20. [7, 711. 

MUTUSC.E, a town of Umbria. — V. £n. 
MUZERIS, a town of India, now Vizin- 
druh.—Pl. 6, 23. 

MYAGRUS, or MYODES, a divinity 
among the Egyptians, called also Achor. 
He was entreated by the inhabitants to pro- 
tect them from flies 'and serpents. His wor- 
ship passed into Greece and Italy.— PI. lu, 
28. — Pa. 8,86. 

MVC'ALt, a celebrated magician, who 
boasted that he could draw the moon from 

her orb.— Ov. Me. 12, 263. A city and 

promontory of Asia Minor opposite satiins, 
celebrated for a battle which was fought 
there between the Greeks and Persians on 
the 22nd of September, 479 B. C, the same 
day that Mai donins was defeated at Plataea. 
Tlie Persians were about 100,000 men, that 
had just returned from the unsuccessful ex- 
pedition of Xerxes in Greece. They had 
drawn their ships to the shore and fortified 
themselves, as if determined to support a 
siege. They suffered the Greeks to disem- 
bark from their fleet without the least mo- 
lestation, and were soon obliged to give 
way before the cool and resolute intrepidity 
of an inferior number of men. The Greeks 



stabbed him to the heart, mistaking him obtained a complete victory, slaughtered 



MYC — MYC 



427 



MYD— MYR 



some thousands of the enemy, burned their 
camp, and sailed back to Samos with an 
immense booty, in which were seventy 
chests of money among other very valuable 
things.— Her.— Ju. 2, 14.— Di. A wo- 
man's name.— Juv. 4, 148. 

JV1YCALESSUS, an inland town ofBceotia, 
where Ceres had a temple.— Pa. 9, 19. 

MYCEN.-E, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 

fonuesus, built by Perseus, son of Danae. 
t was situate on a small river at the east 
of the Inachus, about 50 stadia from Argos, 
and received its name from Mycene. a 
nvmph of Laconia. It was once the capital 
of a kingdom, w hose monarclis reigned in 
the following order: Acrisius, 1344 B.C. 
Perseus, Eleccryon, Msestor, and Sthene- 
lus ; and Stheneius alone for eight years ; 
Atreus and Thyesles, Agamemnon, ^Egys- 
thus, Orestes, iEpytus, who was dispos- 
sessed 1104 B.C. on the return of the He- 
raclidse. The town of Mycense was taken 
and laid in ruins by the Argives B.C. 568 ; 
and it was almost unknown where it stood 
in the age of the geographer Strabo.— Pa. 
2, 16.— Str. 8.—F. JEn. 6, 839.— Me. 2, 3.— 
Tlie word Mycenaus is used for Agamem- 
non, as he was one of the kings of Mycenae. 

M YCE'N IS,C idis) a name applied to Iphi- 
geniaas residing at Mycense.— Ov. Me. 12,34. 

MYCERINUS, a son of Cheops, king of 
Egypt. After the death of his father he 
reigned with great justice and moderation. 
—Her. 2, 129. \_Di. 12. 

M YCIBERNA, a town of the Hellespont. 
MYC1THUS, a servant of Anaxilaus ty- 
rant of Rhegium. He was entrusted with 
the care of the kingdom, and of the chil- 
dren of the deceased prince, and he exer- 
cised his power with such fidelity and mode- 
ration, that he acquired the esteem of all the 
citizens, and at last restored the kingdom 
to his master's children when come to 
years of maturity, and retired to peace and 
solitude with a small portion. He is called 
by some Micalus. — Ju. 4, 2. 

MY CON, a celebrated painter, who with 
others assisted in making and perfecting 
the Facile of Athens. He was the rival of 

Polyguotus.— PL 33 & 35. A youth of 

Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres. 

MY'CONOS, (or Ej one of the Cyclades, 
between Delos and Icaria, which received 
its name from Myconus, an unknown 
person. It is about three miles at the east 
of Delos, and is thirty-six miles in circum- 
ference. It remained long uninhabited on 
account of the frequent earthquakes to 
which it was subject. Some suppose that 
the giants whom Hercules killed were 
buried under that island, whence arose the 
proverb of every thing is under Mycone, 
applied to those who treat of different 
subjects under one and the same title, as if 
none of the defeated giants had been buried 
under any other island or mountain about 
Mycone. " Strabo observes,and his testimony 
is supported by that of modern travellers, 
that the inhabitants of Mycone became bald 
very early, even at the age of 20 or 25, 
from which circumstance they were called, 
by way of contempt, the bald heads of My- 



cone. Pliny says, that the children of the 
place were always born without hair. The 
island was poor, and the inhabitants very 
avaricious ; whence Archilochus reproached 
a certain Pericles, that he came to a feast 
like a Myconian, that is, without previous 
invitation.— V. JEn. 3, n&.—Slr. 10.— PL 
11, 37, i. 12. 7, 1. 14, \.—Ath. l.—Th. 3, 29. 
—Me. 2, 7.— Ov. Me. 7, 463. 

MYDON, one of the Trojan chiefs who 
defended Troy against the Greeks. He was 
killed by Antilochus.— H. II. 5, 580. 

MYEC'PHORIS, a town in Egypt, in a 
small island near Bubastis. 
MYENDS,a mountain of /Etolia.— Piu.FL 
MYGDON, a brother of Amyc.is, killed 

in a war against Hercules. A brother of 

Hecuba. Vide Mygdonus. 

MYGDON I A, a small province of Mace- 
donia near Thrace, between the river* 
Axiusand Strymon. The inhabitants, called 
Mygdones, migrated into Asia, and settled 
nearTroas, where the country received the 
name of their ancient habitation. Cybele 
was called Mygdonia, from the worship she 
received in Mvgdonia in Phrygia.— Hor. 2 

o. t2, 22, 1. 3,"o. 16, 41. — Ov. Me. 6, 45. 

A small province of Mesopotamia bears also 
the name of Mygdonia, and was probably 
peopled bv a Macedonian co Ion v. —Flac. 3, 
6ic.—Pl. 4", 10.— Ov. Her. 20.— Hor. 2, o. 12. 

MYGDONUS, or MYGDON, a brother 
of Hecuba, Priam's wife, who reigned in 
part of Thrace. His son Corcebus was 
called Mygdonides, from him. — V. JEn. 2, 

341.—//. II. 3. A small river running 

through Mesopotamia. [Li. 38, 39. 

M Y LASS A (or urn,) a town of Caria.— • 
MYLE, or MY LAS, a small river on the 
east of Sicily, with a town of the same 

name.— Li. 24, 39 & 31.— Sue. An, \6. 

Also, a town of Thessaly, now Mu.lazzo.~- 
Li. 4 2, 54. 
MYLES, a son of Lelex. 
MYLITTA, a surname of Venus among 
the Assyrians, in whose temples all the 
women were obliged to prostitute them- 
selves to strangers.— Her. 1, 131 6c 199. — 
Str. 16. 

MYNDUS, a maritime town of Caria, 
near Halicarnassus.— Ci. Fa. 3, e. 8. — Me. i 
16.— PL 5, 29. 

MYNES, a prince of Lyrnessus, who 
married Briseis. He was killed by Achilles 
and his wife became the property of the 
conqueror. — H. II. 3. 
MYNI/E. Fide Minyse. 
M YON I' A, a town of Phocis.— Pa. 
MYONNE'SUS, a town. and promontory 
of Ionia, now Jalangi Liman.-Li. 37,I3&3? . 

MYRA, (orum or <b), a town of Lycia, 
on a high hill, two miles from the sea. — 
Plin.5, 27.- Str. 14. 

MYRIANDROS, a town of Seleucia in 
Syria, on the bay of lssus, which is some- 
times called Sinus Mvriandricus.~Li.2,l08, 
MYRI'NA, a maritime town of jEolia, 
called also Sebastopohs, and now Sandertic. 

—Ta. An. 2, c. 47.— Li. 33, W.—Slr. 13. 

A queen of the Amazons, &c. — Di. 4. A 

town of Lemnos, now Palio Castro.— PL 4, 
i 2. A town of Asia, destroyed b" an earth- 



MYR — MYR 



423 



MYR— MYS 



/juake in Trajan's reign. The wifp of 

Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she had 
Hipsipyle. 

MYRINUS, a surname of Apollo, from 
Myriua in jEolia, where he was worship- 
ped. A gladiator.— Mart. 12, 29. 

MYRIOE, a town of Arcadia, called also 
Megalopolis. [nia.— PI. 5, 32. 

MYRLiEyEor APAMEA, a town of Bithv- 

MYRME'CIDES, an artist of Miletus 
mentioned as making chariots so small that 
they could be covered by the wing of a fly. 
Healso inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain 
of Indian sesamum Ci. 4. Ac.—AZl.V.H. 1. 

MYRM ID'ONES, a people on the south- 
ern borders of Thessaly, w ho accompanied 
Achilles to the Trojon war. They received 
their name from Myrmidon, a son of Jupi- 
ter and Eurymedusa, who married one of 
the daughters of jEolus, son of Helen. His 
son Actor manied jEgina, the daughter of 
the Asopus. He gave his name to his sub- 
jects, who dwelt near the river Peneus in 
Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmi- 
dons received their name from their having 
btr.n originally descendants, " murmekes." 
\ Vide iEacus.] According to Strabo, they 
received it from their industry, because 
they imitated the diligence of the ants, and 
like them were indefatigable, and were 
continually employed in cultivating the 
earth.— Ov. Me. 7, 654.— Mr. Hyg. fa. 52. 

MYRON, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of 

Priene, who wrote an history of Messenia. 

—Pa. 4, 6. A celebrated statuary of 

Givece, peculiarly happy in imitating na- 
ture. He made a cow so much resembling 
life, that even bulls were deceived and ap- 
proached her as if alive, as is frequently 
mentioned in many epigrams in the Antho- 
logia. He flourished about 442 years before 
Christ.— Ov. A. A. 3, 319.— Pa.— Jut-. 8.— 
Pro. 2. 41. 

M YRONIANUS, an historian.— Diog. 

MYRONIDES,an Athenian general, who 
conquered the Thebans.— Poly. 

MYRRHA. ad diighter of Cinyras, king 
of Cyprus. She became enamoured of her 
father, and introduced herself into his bed 
unknown. She had a son by him, called 
Adonis. When Cinyras was apprized of 
the incest he had committed, he attempted 
to stab his daughter, and Myrrha fled into 
Arabia, where she was changed into a tree 
called myrrh.— Hyg. fa. 58 and 275.— Ov. 
Me. 10, 298.— Plu. Par.—Apol. 3. 

MYR'SILUS, a son of Myrsus, the last 
of the Heraclidae, who reigrned in Lvdia. 
He is also called Candaules. FideCandaules. 

MYRSUS, the father of Candauies.— Her. 
1, 7.— A Greek historian in the age of Solon. 

MYRTALE, a courtezan of Rome, mis- 
tress to the poet Horace. — I. od. 33. 

MYRTEA, a surname of Venus. Vide 
Murtia. 

MY RTI'LDS, son of Mercury and Phae- 
tusa, or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm- 
bearer to (Enomaus, king of Pisa. He was 
so experienced in riding and in the ma- 
nagement of horses, that he rendered those 
of (Enomaus the swiftest in all Greece. His 
infidelity proved at last fatal to him. G£no- 



maus had been informed by an oracle, that 
his daughter Hippodamia's husband should 
cause his death, and on that account he re- 
solved to marry her only to him who should 
overcome him in a chariot-race. This 
seemed totally impossible, and to render it 
more terrible (Enomaus declared that death 
would be the consequence of a defeat to the 
suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were 
so great, that many sacrificed their life in 
the fruitless endeavour to obtain her hand. 
Pelops at last presented himself, undaunt- 
ed at the fate of those who had gone before 
him, but before he entered the course he 
bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he 
should share Hippodamia's favours if he re- 
turned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, 
who was enamoured of Hippodamia, gave 
an old chariot to (Enomaus, whicn broke 
in the course and caused his death. Pelops 
gained the victory and married Hippoda- 
mia ; and when Myrtilus had the audacity 
to claim the reward promised to his per- 
fidy, Pelops threw him headlong into the 
sea, where he perished. The body of Myr- 
tilus, according to some, was carried by 
the waves to the sea-shore, where he re- 
ceived an honourable burial, and as he was 
the son of Mercury, he was made a constel- 
lation.— Di. 4.— Hyg. fa. 84 & 224.— Pa. 8, 
14.— Apol. 1. 

MYRTIS, a Greek woman who distin- 
guished herself by her poetical talents. She 
flourished about 500 years B. C, and in- 
structed the celebrated Corinna in the se- 
veral, rules of versification. Pindar himself, 
as some report, was also one of her pupils. 

M YRTO'UM MARE, a part of the £gean 
sea which lies between Euboea, Attica, aud 
Peloponnesus, as far as cape Malea. It re- 
ceives this name from Myrto, a woman, or 
from Myrtos, a small island opposite to 
Carystos in Eubcea; or from Myrtilus, the 
son of Mercurv, w ho was drowned there,&c. 
— Pa. 8, 14.— Hyg. fa. 84.— PI. 4, 11. 

MYRTUNTIUM, a name given to that 
part of the sea which lies on the coast of 
Epirus between the bay of Ambracia and 
Leucas. 

M YRTU'SA,a mountain of Ubyz.Cal.Ap. 
MYS, Cmyoi) an artist famous in work- 
ing and polishing silver. He beautifully 
represented the battle of the centaurs and 
Lapithse, on a shield in the hand of Mi- 
nerva's statue made by Phidias.— Pa. l, 
28.— Mart. 8, e. 34 & 51, 1. 14, e. 93.— Pro, 
3, e. 9, 14. 

MYSCELLUS,or MISCELLUS, a native 
of Rhypae in Achaia, who founded Crotona 
in Italy according to an oracle, which told 
him to build a city where he found rain 
with fine weather. The meaning of the 
oracle long perplexed him, till he found a 
beautiful woman all in tears in Italy, which 
circumstance he interpreted in his favour. 
According to some, Myscellus, who was 
the son of Hercules, went out of Argos, 
without the permission of the magistrates, 
for which he was condemned to death. The 
judges had put each a black ball as a sign 
ot condemnation, but Hercules changed 
them all aud made them white, and had 



MYS— NAB 



429 



NAB - NiES 



his son acqivtted, upon which Myscellus 
left Greece and came to Italy, where he 
built Crotona.-Ot;. Me. 15, \9.>Str.6 6cB.Sui. 

MVSIA, a country of A&ia Minor, gene- 
rally divided into major and minor. Mysia 
minor was bounded on the north and west 
by the Propontisand Bithynia, and Phrygia 
on the soutliern and eastern borders. Mysia 
major had jEolia on the south, the jEgean 
<>n the west, and Phrygia on tlie north and 
east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lamp- 
sacus, &c. The inhabitants were once very 
warlike, but they greatly degenerated ; arid 
the words Mysorum ult mvs were empha- 
tically used to signify a person of no merit. 
The ancients generally hired them to at- 
tend their funerals as mourners, because 
they were naturally melancholy and inclin- 
ed to shed tears. They were once governed 
by monarchs. They are supposed to be 
descended from the Mysians of Europe, a 
nation which inhabited that part of Thrace, 
which was situate between mount Haemus 
and the Danube.— Sir.— Her. 1, &c— Ci. 

Ver.—Tlac. 27.— PI. 3, b.—App. Mi. A 

festival in honour of Ceres, surnamed My- 
sia from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her 
a temple near Pallene in Achaia. Some 
derive the word " apo ton musicon," to cloy, 
or satisfy, because Ceres was the first who 
satisfied the wants of men by giving them 
corn. The festival continued during seven 
days, &c. 

MYSON, a native of Sparta, one of the 
seven wise men of Greece. When Ana- 
charsis consulted the oracle of Apollo, to 
know which was the wisest man in Greece, 
he received for answer, he who was now 
ploughing his fields. This was Myson. — 
Diog. Vi. 

M YSTES, a son of the poet Valgius, whose 
early death was so lamented by the father, 
that' Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief 
of his friend.— Hor. 2, o. 9. 

MYTHECUS, a sophist of Syracuse. He 
studied cookery, and when he thought him- 
self sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he 
went to Sparta, wnere he gained much 
practice, especially among the younger 
citizens. He was soon after expelled the 
city by the magistrates, who observed that 
the aid of Mysecus was unnecessary, as 
hunger was the best seasoning. 

M YTTLEN E. Vide Mitylene. 

MYUS, (Mynntis), a town of Ionia on 
the confines of Caria, founded by a Gre- 
cian colony. It is one of the [2 capital 
cities of Ionia, situate at the distance of 
about 30 stadia from the mouth of the 
Maeander. Artaxerxes, king of Persia, 
gave it to Themistocles to maintain him in 
meat. Magnesia was to support him in 
bread, and Lampsacus in wine.— C. Nev. 
Th. Utr. U.-Her. 4. II. 



N. 

NABAZANES, an officer of Darius III. 
at the battle of Issns. He conspired with 
Bjssiis to murder his roval master either 



to oblain the favour of Alexander, or to 
seize the kingdom. He was pardoned by 
Alexander.— Curt. 3, &c. — Di. 17. 

NABA'THiEA, a country of Arabia, of 
which the capital was called Petra. The 
word is often applied to any of the eastern 
countries of the world by 'the poets, and 
seems to be derived irom Nab.ith the son of 
Ismael.— Ov. Me* 1, 61, 1. 5, 163,— Str. 16. 
-Luc. 4,63.-J«m>. 11, U6.-Sen.H.(El.im,6cc. 

NABIS, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedae- 

mon, who in all acts of cruelty and oppres- 
sion surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. 
His house was filled with flatterers and with 
spies, who were continually employed in 
watching the words and the actions of his 
subjects. When he had exercised every 
art in plundering the citizens of Sparta, lie 
made a statue, which in resemblance was 
like his wife, and was clothed in the most 
magnificent apparel, and whenever any one 
refused to deliver up his riches, the tyrant 
led him to the statue, which immediately, 
by means of secret springs, seized him in 
its arms, and tormented him in the most 
excruciating manner, with bearded points 
and prickles, hid under the clothes. To 
render his tyranny more popular, Nabis 
made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman 
general, and pursued with the most in- 
veterate enmity the war which he had un- 
dertaken against the Acbaeans. He be- 
sieged Gythium, and defeated Philopcemen 
in a naval battle. His triumph was short : 
the general of the Achaeans soon repaired 
his losses, and Nabis was defeated in an en- 
gagement, and treacherously murdered, as 
he attempted to save his life by flight, B.C. 
192, after an usurpation of 14 years.— Pol. 
13.— Ju. 30 & 31.— Pill. P.— Pa. 7, 8. - Pi. 

•2,7. A priest of J upiter Amnion, killed 

in the second Punic war, as he fought 
against the Romans. — Si. 15, 672. 

NABONASSAK, a king of Babylon, after 
the division of the Assyrian m ■narehy. 
From li ra the JSabonassarean epoch re- 
ceived its name, agreeing with the year of 
the world 3237, or 746 B.C. 

NACRI CAM PI, a place of Gallia Toga- 
ta, near Mutina.-Li. 41, 18. 

NADAGARA. Vide Nargara. 

NJiNlA, the goddess of funerals at 
Rome, whose temple was without the gates 
of the city. The songs which were sung 
at funerals were also called n tenia. They 
were generally filled with the praises of the 
deceased, but sometimes they were so un- 
meaning and improper, that the word be- 
came proverbial to signify nonsense.— Far. 
V. P. R.—Pl. As. 41, 1, 63. 

NjEVIUS, CN., a Latin poet in the first 
Punic war. He was originally in the Ro- 
man armies, but afterwards he applied 
himself to study, and wiote comedies, be- 
sides a poetical account of the first Punic 
war in which he had served. His satirical 
disposition displeased the consul Metellti-, 
who drove him from Rome. He passed the 
rest of his life in Utica, wheie lie died 
about '203 years before the Christian era. 
Some fragments of his poetry are extant.— 
Ci. Tti. l, i.Se.—Uar. 2, e. 1, 53. A tri- 



NJEV— NAR 430 NAR— NAR 



bune of the people at Rome, who accused 

Scipio Africanus of extortion. An augur 

in the reign of Tarquin. To convince the 
king and the Romans of his power, as an 
augur, he cut a flint with a razor, and 
turned the ridicule of the populace into ad- 
miration. Tarquin rewarded his merit by 
erecting him a statue in the comitium, 
which was still in bein&r in the age of Au- 
gustus. The razor and flint were buried 
near it, under an altar, and it was usual 
among the Romans to make witnesses in 
civil causes swear near it. This miraculous 
event of cutting a flint with a razor, though 
believed by some writers, is treated as fa- 
bulous and improbable by Cicero, who him- 
self had been an augur.— Dio. H. — Li. 1, 
3G.-C'i. di. 1, 17. A'. D. 2, 3, I. 3, 6. 

N/EV'OLUS, an infamous pimp in Do- 
mitian's reiarn.— Juv. 9, I. [Ge. 43. 

NAHARVALI, a people of Germanv.-Ta. 

NA'IADES or NAIDES, certain inferior 
deities who presided over rivers, sprinss, 
wells, and fountains. The Naiades gene- 
rally inhabited the country, and resorted to 
the woods or meadows near the stream over 
which thcv presided, whence the name 
(*« naiein,"to flow). They are represented as 
young and beautiful virgins, often leaning 
upon an urn, Irom which flows a stream of 
water. iEgle was the fairest of the Naiades, 
according to Virgil. They were held in 
great veneration among the ancients, and 
often sacrifices of goats and lambs were 
offered to them with libations of wine, 
honey, and oil. Sometimes they received 
only "offerings of milk, fruit, and flowers. 
{Vide Nymphae.] — V . Eel. l.—Ov. Me. 14, 
328.—H. Od. 13. 

NA IS, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. — Apol. i, 

9. A nymph, mother by Bucolion of 

iEgesusand Pedasus.— H. 11.6. A nymph 

in an island of the Red Sea, who by her in- 
cantations turned to fishes al> those who ap- 
proached her residence after she had ad- 
mitted them to her embraces. She was her- 
self changed into a h'sh by Apollo. — Ov. Me. 

4, 49, &c. The word is used for water 

by Tib. 7. 

NAISSUS, or N CSS US, now Nissa, a town 
of Mnesia, the birth-place of Coustantine, 
ascribed bv some to lllvricum or Thrace. 

NANTUATES, a people of Gaul near the 
Alps.— Ctes. B. G. 3, 1. 

NAP/E/E, certain divinities among the 
ancients, who presided over the hills and 
woods of the country. Some suppose that 
they were tutelary deities of the fountains, 
and the Naiades of the sea. Their name is de- 
rived from " nape" a grove.— Virg.G.4,535. 

NAPA TA, a town of ./Ethiopia. 

NA'PHILUS, a river of Peloponnesus, 
falling into the Alpheus.— Pa. 1. 

NAR, now Neva, a river of Umbria, whose 
waters, famous for their sulphureous pro- 
perties, pass through the lake Velinus, and 
issuing from thence with great rapidity 
fall into the Tiber.— Ov. Me. 14, 330. — V. 
Mn. 7, 517.— Ci. At. 4, e. 15.— Ta. An. 1, 

NARBO MARTIUS, now Narbonne, a 



town of Gaul founded bv the consul Mar- 
cius, A.U.C. 634. It became the capital of 
a large province of Gaul, which obtained 
the name of Gallia Narbonensis.—Pat. l, 

NARBONENSIS GALLIA, one of the four 
great divisions of ancient Gaul, was boun- 
ded by the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, 
Aquitania, Belgicum, "and the Mediterra- 
nean, and contained the modern provinces 
of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphine, and 
Savoy. [coa.— Pa. 5, 15. 

NARCjEUS, a son of Bacchus and Phys- 
NARCEA, a surname of Minerva in Elis, 
from her temple there, erected by Narcaeus. 

NARCISSUS, a beautiful youth, son of 
Cephisus and the nymph Liriope, born at 
Thespis in Bceotia. He saw his image re- 
flected in a fountain, and became enamour- 
ed of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the 
place. His fruitless attempts to approach, 
this beautiful object so provoked him, that 
he grew desperate and killed himself. His 
blood was changed into a flower, which 
still bears his name. The nymphs raised a 
funeral pile to burn his body, according to 
Ovid, but they found nothing but a beauti- 
ful flower. Pausanias says, that Narcissus 
had a sister as beautiful as himself, of whom 
he became deeply enamoured. He often 
hunted in the woods in her company, but his 
pleasure was soon interrupted by her death, 
and still to keep afresh her memory, he 
frequented the groves, where he had often 
attended her, or reposed himself on the 
brim of a fountain, where the sight of his 
own reflected image still awakened tender 
sentiments.— Pa. 9, 2\.—Hyg. fa. 271.— Ov. 

Me.3, 346, kc.—Pkil. 1. A freed man and 

secretary of Claudius, who abused his trust 
and the infirmities of his imperial master, 
and plundered the citizens of Rome to en- 
rich himself. Messalina, the emperor's 
wife, endeavoured to remove him, but Nar- 
cissus sacrificed her to his avarice and re- 
sentment. Agrippina, who succeeded in 
the place of Messalina, was more success- 
ful. Narcissus was banished by her in- 
trigues, and compelled to kill himself, 
A. D. 54. Nero greatly regretted his loss, 
as he had found him subservient to his most 
criminal and extravagant pleasures.— Ta. 

— Sue. A favourite of the emperor Nero, 

put to death by Galba. A wretch who 

strangled 'he emperor Commodus. 

NARGARA, a town of Africa, where Han- 
nibal and Scipio came to a parley. Liv.30,c. 29. 

NARISCI, a nation of Germany, in the 
Upper P.ilatinate. —Ta. Ge. 42. 

NARNIA or NARNA, anciently Nequinum, 
now Narni, a town of Umbria, washed by 
the river Nar, from which it received its 
name.— Li. lo, c. 9. 

NARO, now Narenta, a river of Dalma- 
tia, falling into the Adriatic, and having 
the town of JSarona, now called Narenza, 
on its banks, a little above the mouth. 

NARSES, a king of Persia, A. D.294, de- 
feated by Maximianus Galerius,after a reign 

of seven years. An eunuch in the court of 

Justinian, who was deemed worthy to suc- 
ceed Belisarius, &c. A Persian general. 



NAR—NAU 



431 



27AU-NAU 



flARTHE'CIS, a small island nearSamos. 

NARYCIA, or UM, or NARYX, a town 
of Magna Graecia, built by a colony of Lo- 
crians after the fall of Troy. The place in 
Greece from which they came bore the 
same name, and was the country of Ajax 
Oileus. The word Narycian is more uni- 
versally understood, as applying to the Ita- 
lian colony, near which pines and other 
trees grew in abundance. — Virg. G. 2, 43s. 
— JEn. 3, 390.— Ov. Me. 15, 706. 

NASAMO'NES, a savage people of Libya 
near the Svrtes, who generally lived upon 
plunder.— Curt. 4, l.—Luc. 9, 439.— Her. 2, 
165.— Si. It. 2, 116, I. 11, 180. 

NASCIO, or NATIO, a goddess at Rome, 
who presided over the birth of children. 
She had a temple at Ardea.-C'i. Nat. D.3,1 8. 

NASl'CA, the surname of one of the sci- 
pios. Nasica was the first who invented 
the measurii g of time by water, B. C. 1 59, 
about 134 years after the introduction of 

sun-dials at Rome. [Vide Scipio.] An 

avaricious ft How who married his daugh- 
ter fo Corai. us, a man as mean as himself, 
that he might not only not repay the money 
he had borrowed, but moreover become his 
creditor's heir. Coranus understanding 
his meaning, purposely alienated his pro- 
perty from him and his daughter, and ex- 
posed him tc ridicule.— Hor. 2, <S. 5, 64, &c. 

NASI Dl EN US, a Roman knight, whose 
luxury, arrogance, and ostentation, exhi- 
bited at an entertainment which he gave to 
Mecaenas, were ridiculed by Horace, 2 S. 8. 

NASID'IUS, L., a man sent by Pompey to 
assist the people of Massilia. Alter the 
battle of Pharsalia, he followed the interest 
of Pompey's children, and afterwards re- 
volted to Antony. — App. 

NASO, one of the murderers of J. Caesar. 
One of Ovid's names. Vide Ovidius. 

NASSUS,or NASUS, a town of Acarnania, 
near the mouth of the Achelous. — Li. 26, 24. 
Also a part of the town of Syracuse. 

NASUA, a general of the Suevi, when 
Caesar was in Gaul. 

NATA'LIS ANTONIUS, a Roman knight 
who conspired against Nero with Piso. He 
was pardoned for discovering the conspi- 
racy, kc.—Ta. An. 15, 50. 

NATISO, now Natisone, a river rising 
in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic, 
east of Aquileia.— PI. 3, 18. 

NATTA, a man whose manner of living 
was so mean that his name became almost 
proverbial at Rome.— Hor. l, o. 6, 124. 

NAU BOLUS, a charioteer of Lains king 

of Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus. 

The sons of Iphitus were called Naubolides 

from their grandfather. A son of Lernus, 

one of the Argonauts. 

NAUCLES, a general of the mercenary 
troops of Lacedaemon against Thebes, &c. 

NAU'CRATES, a Greek poet, who was 
employed by Artemisia to write a panegyric 

upon Mausolus. Another poet. —Ath. 9. 

An orator who endeavoured to alienate 

the cities of Lycia from the interest of Brutus. 

NAU'CRATlS, a city of Egypt on the left 
side of the Canopic month of the Nile. It 
was celebrated for its commerce, and no 



ship was permitted to land at any other 
place, but was obliged to sail directly to 
the city, there to deposit its cargo. It 
gave birth to Athenseus. The inhabitants 
were called NaucratUce, or Naucratiota. — 
Her. 2, 97 & 179.— PL 5, 9. 

NAU'LOCHUS, a maritime town of Sicily 

near Pelorum. A town of Thrace on the 

Euxine sea.— Pli. 4, 11. A promontory 

of the island of Imbros. A town of the 

Locri.— PI. 4, 3. 

NAUPACTUS, orNAUPACTUM.acityof 
vEtolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now 
called Lepanto. The word is derived from 
"nan " and "pelnumi," because it wa«there 
that the Heraclidae built the firsts/zi/?, which 
carried them to Peloponnesus. It first be- 
longed to the Locri Ozolae, and afterwards 
fell into the hands of the Athenians, who 
gave it to the Messenians, who had been 
driven from Peloponnesus by the Lacedae- 
monians. It became the property of the 
Lacedaemonians, after the battle of iEgos- 
potamos, and it was restored to the Locri. 
Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it, 
and gave it to the iEtolians, from which 
circumstance, it has generally been called 
oneof the chiefcities of their country. -Sir. 4. 
— Pa. 4, 25.— Me. 2, 3.— Ov. F. 2, 43. 

NAUPLIA, a maritime city of Pelopon- 
nesus, the naval station of the Argives. 
The famous fountain Canathos was in its 
neighbourhood. — Pa. 2, 38. — Str. 8. 

NAUPLl'ADES, a patronymic of PaJa 
medes, son of Nauplius.— Ov. Me. 13,33. 

NAU PLI US, a son of Neptune and Amy- 
mone, king of Eubtea. He was father to 
the celebrated Palamedes, who was so un- 
justly sacrificed to the artifice and resent- 
ment of Ulysses by the Greeks during the 
Trojan war. The death of Palamedes 
highly irritated Nauplius, and to revenge 
the injustice of the Grecian princes, he at- 
tempted to debauch their wives and ruin 
their character. When the Greeks return- 
ed from the Trojan war, Nauplius saw them 
with pleasure distressed in a storm on the 
coasts of Eubcea, and to make their disaster 
still more universal, he lighted fires on 
such places as were surrounded with the 
most dangerous rocks, that the fleet might 
be shipwrecked upon the coast. This suc- 
ceeded, but Nauplius was so disappointed 
when he saw Ulysses and Diomedes escape 
from the general calamity, that he threw 
himself into the sea. According to some 
mythologists, there were two persons of 

this name. A native of Argos, who went 

to Colchis with Jason. He was son of Nep- 
tune and Amvmone. The other was king 
of Eubcea, and" lived during the Trojan war. 
He was, according to some, son of Clytonas, 
one of the descendants of Nauplius the 
Argonaut. The Argonaut was remarkable 
for his knowledge of sea affairs, and of astro- 
nomy. He built the town of Nai.plia, and 
sold Auge daughter of Aleus, to king 
Teuthras, to withdraw her from her father's 
resentment.— Orp. Arg.—Apol. 2, l.— Apo», 
1, &cc.—Flac. 1 & 5.— Str. 8.— Pa. 4, 35.— 
Hyg. fa. 116. 

NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannonia or. a 



NAU— NAX 4: 
river of the same name, now called Obcr 
or Upper Laybath. Veil. Pat. 2, 110.— PL 
8, 18.— Ta. An. I, 20. 

NAURA, a country of Scythia in Asia.— 
Curt. 8 Oflntlia within tie Ganges.-Jrr. 

NAU'SICAA, a daughter of Alcinous, king 
of the Phaeaceans. She met Ulysses ship- 
wrecked on her father's coasts, and it was 
to her humanity that he owed the kind re- 
ception he experienced from the King-. She 
married, according to Aristotle and Dictvs, 
Teleinaclius tne son of Ulysses, by whom 
she l*\d a son called Ferseptolis or Ptoli- 
porthus.-H. Od. 6.— Pa. 5, 19.— Hyg. fa. 126. 

NAU'SICLES, an Athenian, sent to assist 
the Phocians with 5000 foot. &lc. 

NAUSI'M ENES, an Athenian, whose wife 
lost her voice from the alarm she received in 
seeing- her son g-uilty of incest. 

NAU'SITHOE, one of the Nereides. 

NAUSITHOUS, a king- of the Ph*aceans, 
father to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune 
and Periboea. Hesiod makes him son of 

Ulysses and Calypso.— Hes. Th. I, 16. 

The pilot of the vessel which carried The- 
seus into Crete. 

NAUSTATHMUS, a port of Phocaea in 

Ionia.— Li. 37, 31. Also a port of Cyre- 

naii a now Bondaria.—Str. 17. 

NAUTES, a Trojan soothsayer, who com- 
forted JEneas when his fleet had been burnt 
in Sicily.— V. JEn. 5, 704. He was the pro- 
genitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family to 
whom the Palladium of Troy was, in con- 
sequence of the service of their ancestors, 
entrusted. — V. JEn. 5, 794. 

NAVa, now Nape, a river of Germany, 
falling- into the Rhine at Bingen, below 
Menu.— Ta. Hist. 4, 70. 

N A VI US ACT1 US, a famous augur. Vide 
Naevius. 

NAXOS, now Naxia, a celebrated island 
in the jEgean sea, the largest and most 
fertile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles 
in circumference, and 30 broad. It was 
formerly called Strongyle, Dia, Dionysias, 
and Callipolis, and received the name of 
Naxos from Naxus, who was at the head of 
a Carian colony, which settled in the island. 
Naxos abounds with all sorts of fruits, and 
its wines are still in the same repute as 
formerly. The Naxians were anciently 
governed by kings, but they afterwards 
exchanged this form of government for a 
republic, and enjoyed their liberty till the 
age of Pisistratus, who appointed a tyrant 
over them. They were reduced by the" Per- 
sians ; but in the expedition of Darius and 
Xerxes against Greece, they revolted and 
fought on the side of the Greeks. During 
the Peloponnesian war, they supported the* 
interest of Athens. Bacchus was the chief 
deitv of the island. The capital was also 
called Naxos ; and near it, on the 20th 
Sept. B. C. 377, the Lacedaemonians were 
defeated by Chabrias.— Th. 1, Sec— Her.— 
Di. 5, SiC.—Ov. Me. 3, 636.— V. Mn. 3, 125. 

— - Pa. 6, 16.— Pin. An ancient town on 

the eastern side ol Sicily, founded 759 years 
before the Christian era. There was also 
another town at the distance of five miles 
rora Naxos, which bore the same name. 



2 NAZ— NEB 

and was often called by contradistinction 

Taurominiunu— PI. 3. — Di. 13. A town 

of Crete, noted for hones.— Pi. 36, 7. A 

Carian who gave his name to the greatest 
of the Cyclades. 

NAZIANZUS, a town of Cappadocia 
where St. Gregory was born, and hence he 
is called Nazianze?ius. 

NEA or Nova Insula, a small island be 
tween Lemnos and the Hellespont, which 
rose out of the sea during an earthquake.— 
PI. 2, 67. 

NEiERA, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa 

and Lympetia by the sun.—//. Od 12. 

A woman mentioned in Virgi.'s Eel. 3. 

A mistress of the poet Tibullus. A fa- 
vourite of Horace. A daughter of Per- 

eus, who married Aleus, by whom she had 
Cepheus, Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ra- 
vished by Hercules.— Apol. 3, 9.— Pa. 8, 4. 

The wife of Autolycus.- Pa. A 

daughter of Niobe and Amphion. The 

wife of the Strymon. — Apol. 

NE£THUS, now Neto, a river of Magna 
Graecia near Crotona.— Ov. Me. is, 51. 

NEALCES, a friend of Turnusin his war 
against Alneas.—F. JEn. 10. 753. 

NEALICES, a painter amongst whose 
capital pieces are mentioned a painting of 
Venus, .i sea-fight between the Persians and 
Egyptians, and an ass drinking on the shore, 
with a crocodile preparing to attack it, 

NEANDROS, (or IA,) a town of Troas. 
—PI. 5, 30. 

NEA NTH ES, an orator and historian o( 
Cyzicum, who flourished 257 years B. C. 

N EAP'OLIS, a city of Campania, anciently 
called Parthenope, and known by the name 
of Naples, rising like an amphitheatre at 
the back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in cir- 
cumference. As the capital of that part of 
Italy, it is now iuhab.ted by upwards of 
350,000 souls, who exhibit the opposite 
marks of extravagant magnificence and ex- 
treme poverty. Augustus called it Neapo- 

lis. — Sue. Au. 98. A town in Africa. 

A city of Thrace. A town of Egypt. 

Of Palestine. Of Ionia. Also a part 

of Syracuse.— Li. 25, 24.— Ci. Ver. 5. 

NEARCHUS, an officer of Alexander in 
his Indian expedition. He was ordered to 
sail upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus, 
and to examine it. He wrote an account 
of this voyage and of the king's life; but 
his veracity nas been called in question b" 
Arrian. After the king's death he wa 
appointed over Lvcia and Pamphylia. — 
Curt. 9. 10.— Poly. 9.—Ju. 13, 4.— Sir. 2, &c. 

A ueautiful youth, Scc.—Hor. 3, od. 20. 

An old man mentioned by Cicero de Senecl. 

NEBO, a high mountain near Palestine be- 
yond Jordan, from the top of which Moses 
was permitted to view the promised land. 

NEBRISSA, a town of Spain, now Lebrixa. 

NEBRO'DES, a mountain of bicily, where 
the Himera rises.— Si. 14, 237. 

NEBRO'PHONOS, a son of Jason and 

Hypsipvle. — Apol. One of Actaeon'sdogs. 

— 'Ov. Me. 3. 

NE'BULA, a name given to Nephele the 
wife of Athamas. — Lac. Act. St. 1, 65. 

NECES'SITAS, the mother of the Parcse, 



NEC— NEM 



433 



NEM — NEM 



was the divinity who was said to control 
the human destinies of mankind.— Pa. 2, 4. 

NECHOS, a king of Egypt, who attempt- 
ed to make a communication, between the 
Mediterranean and Red Seas, B. C. 610. 
No less than 12,000 men perished in the at- 
tempt. It was discovered in his reign that 
Africa was circmnavigable.— Her. 2, 158, 
]. 4, 4-2. [Alexandria. 

NECRO'POLIS, one of the suburbs of 

NECTANE'BUS&NECTANA'BIS, a king 
of Egypt, who defended his country against 
the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, 
B. C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, 
made an alliance with Agesilaus king of 
Sparta, and with his assistance he quelled 
a rebellion of his subjects. Some time after 
he was joined by the Sidonians, Phoenicians, 
and inhabitants of Cyprus who had revolted 
from the king of Persia. This powerful 
confederacy was soon attacked by Darius 
the king of Persia, who marched at the head 
of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend his 
frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, 
levied 20,000 mercenary soldiers in Greece, 
the same number in Libya, and 60,000 were 
furnished in Egypt. This numerous body 
was not equal to the Persian forces ; and 
Nectanebus, defeated in a battle, gave up 
all hopes of resistance, and fled into /Ethio- 
pia, B. C. 350, where he found a safe asylum. 
His kingdom of Egypt became from that 
time tributary to the king of Persia.— Plu. 
Ag.—Di. 16, &c— Poly.-C. Nep. Ag. 

NEC YSIA, a solemnity observed by the 
Greeks in memory of the dead. 

NEIS, the wife of Endymion.— Apol. 

NELEUS, a son of Neptune and Tyro. 
He was brother to Pelias, with whom he 
was exposed by his mother, who wished to 
conceal her infirmities from her father. 
They were preserved and brought to Tyro, 
who had then married Cretheus, king of 
lolchos. After the death of Cretheus, 
Pelias and Neleus seized the kingdom of 
lolcbos, which belonged to iEson the law- 
ful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch. 
After they had reigned for some time con- 
jointly, Pelias expelled Neleus from Iolchos. 
Neleus came to Aphareus king of Messenia, 
who treated him with kindness, and per- 
mitted him to build a city which he called 
Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daugh- 
ter of Amphion, by whom he had a daugh- 
ter and twelve sons, who were all, ex- 
cept Nestor, killed by Hercules, together 
with their father. Neleus promised his 
daughter in marriage only to him who 
brought him the bulls of Tphiclus. Bias 
was the successful lover. [Vide Melampus.l 
—Ov. Me. 6, 418.— Pa. 4, 36.— Apol. 1, 9, 
J. 2, 6. A river of Euuoea. 

NELO, one of the Danaides.— Apol. 2. 

NEMiEA, a town of Argolis between 
Cleonae and Phil us, with a wood, where 
Hercules, in the 16th year af his age, killed 
the celebrated Neinsean lion. This animal, 
born of the hundred-headed Typhon, in- 
fested the neighbourhood of Nemaea, and 
kept the inhabitants under continual alarms. 
U was the first labour of Hercules to destroy 
\; and the hero, when he found that his 



arrows and his club were useless against 
an animal whose skin was hard and impe- 
netrable, seized him in his arms and squeezed 
him to death. The conqueror clothed him- 
self in the skin, and games were instituted 
to commemorate so great an event. The 
Nemsean games were originally instituted 
by the Argives in honour of Archemorus, 
who died by the bite of a serpent, [Vide 
Archemorus,] and Hercules some time after 
renewed them. They were one of the four 
great and solemn games, which were observ- 
ed in Greece. The Argives, Corinthians,and 
the inhabitants of Cleonae, generally presided 
by turns at the celebration, in which were ex- 
hibited foot and horse races, chariot races, 
boxing, wrestling,and contests of every kind, 
both gymnical and equestrian. The con- 
queror was rewarded with a crown of olives, 
afterwards of green parsley, in memory 
of the adventure of Archemorus, whom his 
nurse laid down on a sprig of that plant. 
They were celebrated every third, or ac- 
cording to others, every fifth year, or more 
properly on the 1st and 3d year of every 
Olympiad, on the 12th day of the Corin- 
thian month Panemos, which corresponds 
to our August. They served as an era to 
the Argives, and to the inhabitants of the 
neighbouring country. It was always usual 
for"an orator to pronounce a funeral ora- 
tion in memory of the death of Archemorus, 
and those who distributed the prizes were 
always dressed in mourning.— Li. 27 , 30 & 
3], 1.* 34, 41.— Qv. Me. 9, 97, e. 9, 61.— Pa. 
Cor. — CI. Al.—Ath.—Poly.~Str. 8.—Hyg. 

fa. 30 & nz.—Apol. 3, 6. A river of 

Peloponnesus falling into the bay of Corinth. 
—Li. 33, 15. 

NEMAUSUS, a town of Gaul, in Lan- 
guedoc, situated at the mouth of the Rhone, 
now called Nismes. [Vide Nemesis. 

NEMES1A, festivals in honour of Nemesis. 

NEMESIA'NUS, M. AUREL. OLYMP., a 
Latin poet, born at Carthage, of no very 
briliiant talents, in the third century, whose 
poems on hunting and bird-catching were 
published by Burman, inter scriptores rei 
venaticee, 4to. L. Bat. 1728. 

NE'MESIS, one of the infernal deities, 
daughter of Nox. She was the goddess of 
vengeance, always prepared to punish im- 
piety, and at the same time liberally to re- 
ward the good and virtuous. She is made 
one of the Parcse by some mythologists, and 
is represented with a helm and a wheel. The 
people of Smyrna were the first who made 
her statues with wings, to shew with what 
celerity she is prepared to-punish the crimes 
of the wicked, both by sea and land, as the 
helm and the wheel in her hands intimate. 
Her power did not only exist in this life, 
but she was also employed after death to 
find out the most effectual and rigorous 
means of correction. Nemesis was particu- 
larly worshipped at Rhamnus in Attica, 
where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubits 
long, made of Parian marble by Phidias, 
or, according to others, by one of his pupils. 
The Romans were also particularly atten- 
tive to the adoration of a deity whom they 
solemnly invoked, and to whom they offered 



NEM — NEO 



434 NEO— NEO 



sacrifices before they declared war against 
their enemies, to shew the world that their 
wars were undertaken upon the most just 
grounds. Her statue at Rome was in the 
Cipitol. Some suppose that Nemesis was 
the person whom Jupiter deceived in the 
orm of a swan, and that Leda was en- 
trusted with the care of the children which 
sprang from the two eggs. Others observe 
that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis 
after death. According to Pausanias, there 
were more than one Nemesis. The god- 
dess Nemesis was surnamed Rhamnusia, 
because worshipped at Rharanus,and Adras- 
tia from the temple which Adrastus king 
of Argos erected to her when he went 
against Thebes, to revenge the indignities 
which his son-in-law Polyniees had suffered 
in being unjustly driven from his kingdom 
by Eteocles. The Greeks celebrated a fes- 
tival called Nemesia, in memory of deceased 
persons, as the goddess Nemesis was sup- 
posed to defend the relics and the memory 
of the dead from all insult. — Hyg. P. A. 2, is. 
—Pa. 1, 33.— Apol. 3, 10.— He. T/i. 224.— 

Pi. 11, 28. 1. 36, 5. A mistress of Tibullus, 

2, e. 3, 55. 

NEM ESI US, a Greek writer, whose ele- 
gautand useful treatise, de Natitra Hominis, 
was edited in rimo. Ant. apud Plant. 1565, 
and 8vo. Oxon. 1671. [ras. 

NEMETACUM, a town of Gaul, now Ar- 

NEMETES, a nation of Germany, now 
forming the inhabitants of Spire, which was 
afterwards called Noviomagus. — Ta.Ge.28. 

NEMORALIa, festivals observed in the 
woods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who 
presided over the country and the forests, 
on which account that part of Italy was 
sometimes denominated Nemorensis ager.— 
Ov. A. A. 1, 259. 

NEMOSSUS, (or UM,) the capital of the 
Arverni in Gaul, now Clermont.— Luc. l, 
v. 419. — : Sir. 4. 

NEOBU'LE, a daughter of Lycambes, be- 
trothed to the poet Archilochus. [Fide 
Lycambes. j — Ho r. e. 6, 13, 1. I, e. 79.— Ov. 

Ib. 54. A beautiful woman to whom 

Horace addressed 3 o. 12. 

NFOCiESARIA, a town of Pontus. 

N EOCHABIS, a king of Egypt. 

NE'OCLES, an Athenian philosopher, fa- 
ther, or according to Cicero, brother to the 
philosopher Epicurus.— Ci. 1, Nat. D. 21. — 

jDiog. The father of Themistocles.— Ail. 

V. H. ?, 6iC.—C. Nep. Th. 

NEOGE'NES, a man who made himself 
absolute, &c. — Di. 15. 

NEOMORIS, one of the Nereides. -Apol. 1. 

NEON, a town of Phocis. There was 

also another of the same name in the same 
country, on the top of Parnassus. It was 
afterwards called Tilhorea.—Plu.Sy. — Pa. 
—Pho.—Her. 8, 32. One of the com- 
manders of the ten thousand Greeks who 
assisted Cvrus against Artaxerxes. 

NEONTi'CHOS, a town of £ltolia near 
the Hermus.— Her. Pli. 

NEOPTOLEMUS, a king of Epirus, son 
of Achilles a \d Deidamia. called Pyrrhus, 
from the y-.dow colour of i; hair. He was 
carefully educated unde. the eye o* hli 



mother, and gave early proofs of his valour. 
After the death of Achilles, Calchas declared 
in the assembly of the Greeks, that Troy 
couid not be taken without the assistance 
of the son of the deceased hero. Imme- 
diately upon this, Uiysses and Phoenix were 
commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the war. 
He returned with them with pleasure, and 
received the name of Neoptolemus, {new 
soldier,) because he had come late to the 
field. On his arrival before Troy, he paid 
a visit to the tomb of his father, and wept 
over his ashes. He afterwards, according 
to some authors, accompanied Ulysses to 
Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes to come to 
the Trojan war. He greatly signalized him- 
self during the remaining time^of the siege, 
and he was the first who entered the wooden 
horse. He was inferior to none of the 
Grecian warriors in valour, and Ulysses 
and Nestor alone could claim a superiority 
over him in eloquence, wisdom, and address. 
His cruelty, however, was as great as that 
of his father. Not satisfied with breaking 
down the gates of Priam's palace, he exer- 
cised the greatest barbarity upon the re- 
mains of his family, and without any regard 
to the sanctity of the place where Priam 
had taken refuge, he slaughtered him with- 
out mercy; or," according to others, drag- 
ged him by the hair to the tomb of his 
father, where he sacrificed him, and where 
he cut off his head, and carried it in exul- 
tation, through the streets of Troy, fixed 
on the point of a spear. He aNo sacrificed 
Astyanax to his fury, and immola ed Polyx- 
ena on the tomb of Achilles, according to 
those who deny that that sacrifice was 
voluntary. When Troy was taken, the cap- 
tives were divided among the conquerors, 
and Pyrrhus had for his share Andromache 
the widow of Hector, and Helenus the son 
of Priam. With these he departed for 
Greece, and he probably escaped from des- 
truction by giving credit to the words of 
Helenus, who foretold him that, if he sailed 
with the rest of the Greeks, his voyage 
would be attended with fatal consequences, 
and perhaps with death. This obliged him 
to take a different course from the rest of 
the Greeks, and he travelled over the great- 
est part of Thrace, where he had a severe 
encounter with queen Harpalyce. [Vide 
Harpalyce.] The place of his retirement 
alter the Trojan war is not known. Some 
maintain that he went to Thessaly, where 
his grandfather still reigned ; but this is 
confuted by others, who observe, perhaps 
with more reason, that he went to Epirus, 
where he laid the foundations of a new king- 
dom, because his grandfather Peleus had 
been deprived of his sceptre by Acastus the 
son of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived with An- 
dromache after his arrival in Greece, but 
it is unknown whether he treated her as a 
lawful wife or a concubine. He had a son 
by this unfortunate princess called Molossus, 
and two others, if we rely on the authority 
of Pausanias. Besides Andromache he mar- 
ried Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, as 
also Lanassa the daughter of Cleodaeus, one 
of the descendants ot Hercules. The cause 



NEO— NEO 



435 



NEO— NEP 



of his death is variously related. Menelatis, 
oefore the Trojan war, had promised his 
daughter Hermione to Orestes, but the ser- 
vices he experienced from the valour and 
the courage of Neoptolemus during 1 the 
siege of Troy, induced him to reward his 
merit by making him his son-in-law. The 
nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
Hermione became jealous of Andromache, 
and because she liad no children, she resolved 
to destroy her Trojan rival, who seemed to 
steal away the affections of their common 
husband. In the absence of Neoptolemus at 
Delphi, Hermione attempted to murder 
Andromache, but she was prevented by the 
interference of Peleus, or according to 
others, of the populace. When she saw her 
schemes defeated, she determined to lay 
violent hands upon herself, to avoid the 
resentment of Neoptolemus. The sudden 
arrival of Orestes changed her resolution, 
and she consented to elope with her lover 
to Sparta. Orestes at the same time, to 
revenge and to punish his rival, caused him 
to be assassinated in the temple of Delphi, 
and he was murdered at the foot of the altar 
by Machareus the priest, or by the hand of 
Orestes himself, according to Virgil, f'ater- 
culus, and Hyginus. Some say that he was 
murdered by the Delphians, who had been 
bribed by the presents of Orestes. It is 
unknown why Neoptolemus went to Delphi. 
Some support that he wished to consult the 
oracle to know how he might have children 
by the barren Hermione : others say, that 
he went thither to offer the spoils which he 
had obiained during the Trojan war, to ap- 
pease the resentment of Apollo, whom he 
had provoked by calling him the cause of 
the death of Achilles. The plunder of the 
rich temple of Delphi, if we believe others, 
was the object of the journey of Neoptole- 
mus, and it cannot but be observed that he 
suffered the same death and the same bar- 
barities which he had inflicted in the tem- 
ple of Minerva upon the aged Priam and 
his wretched family. From this circum- 
stance the ancients have made use of the 
proverb Neoptolemic revenge, when a per- 
son had suffered the same savage treatment 
which others had received from his hand. 
The Delphians celebrated a festival with 
great pomp and solemnity in memory of 
Neoptolemus, who had been slain in his at- 
tempt to plunder their temple, because, as 
they said, Apollo, the patron of the place, 
had been in some manner accessary to the 
death of Achilles.— Pat. 1, l.—V. JEn. 2 & 
3.— Pa. 10, 24.— Ov. Me. 13, 334, 445, &c— 
Her. S.-Str. 9.— Pin. N. 7— Eur. An. 
Or. kc.—Plu. Pyr.-Ju. 17, 3.— Die. Cr. 
4", 5, 6c 6.—H. Od. II, 504.— II. 19, 326.— 
Soph. Phi.—Apol. 3,13.— Hyg. fa. 97, & 102. 
— Phil. Hor. 19, Sec— Da. Ph.—Q. Sm. 14. 

A king of the Molossi, father of Olym- 

pias the mother of Alexander. — Ju. 17, 3. 

■ Another king of Epirus. An uncle of 

the celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the 
Tarentines. He was made king of Epirus by 
»he Epirols, who had revolted from their 
»awful sovereign, and wss put to death when 
lie attempted to poison his nephew, &c— 



Plu. Pyr. A trasric poet of Athens greatly 

favoured by Philip king of Macedonia. 
When Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter, 
was married to Alexander of Epirus, he 
wrote some verses which proved to be pro- 
phetic of the tragical death of Philip. — Z>i. 

16. A relation of Alexander. He was 

the first who climbed the walls of Gaza 
when that city was taken by Alexander. 
After the king's death he received Armenia 
as his province, and made war against 
Eumenes. He was supported by Craterus, 
but an engagement with Eumenes proved 
fatal to his cause. Craterus was killed and 
himself mortally wounded by Eumenes, 

B. C. 321.— C. Nep. En. One of the 

officers of Mithridates the Great, beaten by 

Lucullus in a naval battle.— Plu. Lu. A 

tragic writer. 

NEORIS, a large country of Asia, near 
Gedrosia, almost destitute of waters. The 
inhabitants were called Neorita, and it was 
usual among them to suspend their dead 
bodies from the boughs of trees.— Di. 17. 

NEPE, a constellation of the heavens, the 

same as Scorpio. An inland town of 

Etruria, called also Nepele, whose inhabit- 
ants are called Nepesini.—It. 8, wo.— Li. 5, 
19, 1. 26, 34. 

N EPHALIA, festivalsin Greece, in honour 
of Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses and 
Aurora, Venus, &c. No wine was used dur- 
ing the ceremony, but merely a mixture of 
water and honev.— Poll. 6, i.—Alh.\b.—Sui. 

NEPH'ELE,' the first Wife of Athamas 
king of Thebes and mother of Phryxus and 
Helle. She was repudiated on pretence of 
being subject to fits of insanity, and Atha- 
mas married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, 
by whom he had several children. Ino be- 
came jealous of Nephele, because her chil- 
dren would succeed to their father's throne 
before her's, by right of seniority, and she 
resolved to destroy them. Nephele was 
apprised of her wicked intentions, and she 
removed her children from the reach of 
Ino, by giving them a celebrated ram, 
sprung from the union of Neptune and 
Theophane, on whose back they escaped to 
Colchis. [Vide Phryxus.] Nephele was 
afterwards changed "into a cloud, whence 
her name is given by the Greeeks to the 
clouds. Some call her Nebula, which word 
is the Latin translation of Nephele. The 
fleece of the ram, which saved the life of 
Nephele's children, is often called the 
Nephelian fleece. — Apol. 1, 9. — Hyg: 2, &c. 
— Ov. Me. 11, 195.— l'lac. II, 56. A moun- 
tain of Thessaly, once the residence of the 
Centaurs. 

NEPHELIS, a cape of Cilicia.— Li. 33,20. 

NEPH'ERITES, a king of Egypt, who 
assisted the Spartans against Persia, when 
Agesilaus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet 
of 100 ships, which were intercepted bv 
Conon, as they were sailing towards Rhodes, 
&c.--J)i. 14. 

NEPHUS, a son of Hercules. 

N EP1 A, a daug hter of Jasus, who married 
Olympus king of Mysia, whence the plains of 
IVlvsia are sometimes called Nepice campi. 

N EPOS, CORN., a celebrated historian in 
P 2 



NEP — NEP 



436 



NEP — NEP 



the reign of Augustus. He was born at 
Hostilia, and like the rest of his learned 
contemporaries, lie shared the favours and 
enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. He 
was "the intimate friend of Cicero and of 
Atticus, and recommended himself to the 
notice of the great and opulent by delicacy 
of sentiment and a lively disposition. Ac- 
cording to some writers," he composed three 
books of chronicles, as also a biographical 
account of all the most celebrated kings, 
generals, and authors of antiquity. Of all 
his valuable compositions, nothing remains 
but his lives of the illustrious Greek and 
Roman generals, which have often been 
attributed to iEmylius Probus, who published 
them in his own name in the age of Theo- 
dosius, to conciliate the favour and the 
friendship of that emperor. The language 
of Cornelius has always been admired, and 
as a writer of the Augustan age, he is en- 
titled to many commendations for the de- 
licacy of his expressions, the elegance of his 
style, and the clearness and precision of his 
narrations. Some support that he translat- 
ed Dares Phrygius from the Greek origi- 
nal ; but the inelegance of the diction, audits 
many incorrect expressions, plainly prove 
that it is the production, not of a writer of 
the Augustan age, but the spurious compo- 
sition of a more modern pen. Cornelius 
speaks of his account of the Greek histo- 
rians tit Di. 3. Among the many good edi- 
tions of Cornelius Nepos, two may be se- 
lected as the best, that of Verhevk, 8vo. L. 
Bat. 1773, and that of Glasgow, "i2mo. 1761. 
JULIUS, an emperor of the west, &c. 

NEPOTIA'NUS, FLAVIUS POPILIUS, a 
son of Eutropia, the sister of the emperor 
Constantine. He proclaimed himself em- 
peror alter the death of his cousin Constans, 
and rendered himself odious by bis cruelty 
and oppression. He was murdered by Ani- 
retus, after one month's reign, and his 
family were involved in his ruin. 

NEPTHVS, wife of Typhon, became ena- 
moured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and 
introduced herself into his bed. She had a 
son called Anubis bv him. — Plu. Is. 

NE PTU'iNI FANUM, a place near Cen- 

chreae.— Me, 1, 19. Another in the island 

of Calauria. Another near Mantinea. 

NEPTU'NIA, a town and colony of Magna 
Grsecia. [the entrance of the gulph. 

NEPTU'NIUM, a promontory of Arabia at 

NEPTU'NIUS, an epithetapplied to Sext. 
Pompey, because he believed himself to be 
god of the sea, or descended from him on 
account of his superiority in ships, Sec— 
Hor. Epo. 9.—BL 48. 

NEPTU'NUS, a god, son of Saturn and 
Ops, and brother "to Jupiter, Pluto, and 
Juno. He was devoured by his father the 
day of his birth, and again restored to life 
bv'means of Metis, who gave Saturn a cer- 
tain potion. Pausanias says, that his mo- 
ther concealed him in a sheep-fold in Arca- 
dia, and that she imposed upon her husband, 
telling him that she had brought a colt into 
the world, which was instantly devoured by 
Saturn. Neptune shared with his brothers 
the empire of Saturn, and received as his 



portion the kingdom of the sea. This, bow. 
ever, did not seem equivalent to the empire 
of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had 
claimed ; therefore he conspired to dethrone 
him with the rest of the gods. The conspi- 
racy was discovered, and J.up.tei condem- 
ned Neptune to bui;.d the walls of Troy. 
[Fide Laomedon.] A reconciliation was 
soon after made, and Neptune was re-in- 
stituted to all his rights and privileges. 
Neptune disputed with Minerva the right 
of giving a name to the capital of Cecropia, 
but he was defeated ; and the olive which 
the goddess suddenly raised from the earth 
was deemed more serviceable for the good 
of mankind than the horse which Neptune 
had produced by striking the ground with 
his trident, as that animal is the emblem of 
war and slaughter. This decision did not 
please Neptune ; he renewed the combat by 
disputing for Trcezene, but Jupiter settled 
their disputes by permitting them to be con- 
jointly worshipped there, and by giving the 
name of Polias, or the protectress of the 
city, to Minerva, and that of king of Troe- 
zene to the god of the sea. He also dis- 
puted his right for the isthmus of Corinth 
with Apollo ; and Briareus the Cyclops, 
who was mutually chosen umpire, gave the 
isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory to 
Apoilo. Neptune, as being god of the sea, 
was entitled to more power than any of the 
other gods, except Jupiter. Not only the 
ocean, rivers, and fountains, were subjected 
to him, but he also could cause earthquakes 
at his pleasure, and raise islands from the 
bottom of the sea with a blow of his trident. 
The worship of Neptune was established in 
almost every part of the earth, and the 
Libyans in particular venerated him above 
all "other nations, and looked upon him as 
the first and greatest of the gods. The 
Greeks and the Romans were also attached 
to his worship, and they celebrated their 
Isthmian games and Consualia with the 
greatest solemnity. He was generally re- 
presented sitting in a chariot made of a 
shell, and drawn by sea-horses or dolphins. 
Sometimes he is drawn by winged horses, 
and holds his trident in his hand, and stands 
up as his chariot flies over the surface of 
the sea. Homer represents him as issuing 
from the sea, and in three steps crossing 
the whole horizon. The mountains and the 
forests, says the poet, trembled as he walked ; 
the whales, and all the fishes of the sea, 
appear round him, and even the sea herself 
seems to feel the presence of her god. The 
ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a 
horse on his altars, and the Roman sooth- 
sayers always offered to him the gall of the 
victims, which in taste resembles the bitter- 
ness of the sea-water. The amours of Nep- 
tune are numerous. He obtained, by means 
of a dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, 
who had made a vow of perpetual celibacy, 
and he placed among the constellations the 
fish which had persuaded the goddess to be- 
come his wife. He also married Venilia and 
Salacia, which are only the nimes of Am- 
phitrite according to some authors, who ob- 
served that the former word is derived from 



NEP — NER 



437 



NER— NER 



venire, alluding' to the continual motion of 
tfie sea. Salacia is derived from Saturn, 
which signifies the sea, and is applicable to 
Amphitrite. Neptune became a horse to 
enjoy the company of Ceres. [Vide Arion.] 
To deceive Theophane, he changed himself 
into a ram. [ Fide Theophane.] He assum- 
ed the form of the river Enipeus, to gain 
the confidence of Tyro, the daughter of Sal- 
moneus, by whom he had Peliasand Neleus. 
He was also father of Phorcus and Poly- 
phemus by Thoossa ; of Lycus, Nycteus, 
and Euphemus, by Celeno ; of Chryses by 
Chrysogenia ; of Ancseus by Astypalea ; of 
Bceotus and Helen by Antiope ; of Leu- 
conoe by Themisto; of Agenor and Eelle- 
rophon "byEurynome the daughter of Nysus ; 
of Antas by Alcyone the daughter of Atlas ; 
of Abas by Arethusa; of Actor and Dictys 
by Agemede the daughter of Augias ; of 
Megrareus by (Enope daughter of Epopeus; 
of Cvenus by Harpalyce ; of Taras, Otus, 
Ephialtes, Dorus, Aiesus, &c. The word 
Neptunus is often used metaphorically by 
the poets, to signify sea water. In thecon- 
sualia of the Romans, horses were led 
through the streets finely equipped and 
crowned with garlands, as the god in whose 
honour the festivals were instituted, had 
produced the horse, an animal so beneficial 
for the use of mankind.— Pa. I, 2, Scc.—H. 
II. 7, kc.—Var. L. L. A.-Ci. Nat. D. 2, 26, 
1. 2, 25.-Hes. Th.—V. JEn. 1, 12, &c. 1. 2, 
3, &cc.—Apol. 1, 2, &c— Ov. Me. 6, 117, &c. 
—Her. 2, 50, 1. 4, 188.- Mac. Sa. l,c. 17.— 
An. Ci. D. is.- Phi. Th.—Pyg. fa. 157.— 
Eur. Phten.—Flac.—Apol. Rh. 

NE'REIDES, nymphs of the sea, daugh- 
ters of Nereus and Doris. They were fifty, 
iccording to the greater number of the my- 
cologists, whose names are as follows : 
Sao, Amphitrite, Proto, Galalaea, Thoe, 
Encrate, Eudora, Galena, Glance, Thetis, 
Spio, Cymothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, 
Eulimene, Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, 
Nesea, Dynamene, Pherusa, Protomelia, 
Actea, Panope, Doris, Cymatolege, Hip- 
pothoe, Cymo, Eione, Hipponoe, Cymodoce, 
Neso, Eupompe, Pronoe, Themisto, Glau- 
conome, Halimede, Pontoporia, Evagora, 
Liagora, Polynome, Laomedia, Lysianassa, 
Autonoe, Me'nippe, Evarne, Psaraathe, Ne- 
mertes. In those which Homer mentions, 
to the number of 30, we find the following 
names different from those spoken of by 
Hesiod ; Halia, Limmoria, Jera, Amphitro, 
Dexamene, Aniphinome, Calliamira, Ap- 
seudes, Calanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, 
IVlera, Orythya, Amathea. Apollodorus, 
who mentions 45, mentions the following 
names different from the others : Glauco- 
thoe, Protomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Ca- 
lypso, Cranto, Ncomeris, Dejanira, Polvnoe, 
Melia, Dioue, Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, lone, 
Ceto. Hyginus and others differ from the 
preceding authors in the following names : 
Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cv- 
dippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Beroe,Ephira, Opis, 
A*ia, De'opea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eurydice, 
and Leucothoe. The Nereides were im- 
plored as the rest of the deities ; they had 
altars chiefly on the coast of the sea, where 



the piety of mankind made offerings of milk, 
oil, and honey, and often of the flesh of 
goats. When "they were on the sea-shore, 
they generally resided in grottos and caves 
which were adorned with shells, and shaded 
by the branches of vines. Their duty was 
to attend upon the more powerful deities of 
the sea, and to be subservient to the will of 
Neptune. They were particularly fond of 
alcyons, and as they had the p'ower of 
ruffling or calming the waters, they were 
always addressed by sailors, who implored 
their' protection, that they might grant them 
a favourable voyage and a prosperous re- 
turn. They are represented as young and 
handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins and 
holding Neptune's trident in their hand, or 
sometimes garlands of flowers. — Orp. Hyg. 
23.— Cat. Ra. P.—Ov. Me. 11, 36l,&c— 
St. 2, Sy. 2, 1.3. Sy. \.—Pa.2, \.—Apol. 1, 
2, & 2.—Hes. Th.-H. It. 18, 39.— i^. 36, e. 
5.— Hyg. &c. 

NEREIUS, a name given to Achilles, as 
son of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. 
— Hor. e. 17, 8. 

NE'R.EUS a deity of the sea, son of Ocea- 
nus and Terra. He married Dorus, by 
whom he had 50 daughters, called the Ne- 
reides. [VMe Nereides.] Nereus was gene- 
rally represented as an old man with a long 
flowing beard, and hair of an azure colour. 
The chief plnce of his residence was in the 
./Egean sea, where he was surrounded by his 
daughters, who often danced in choruses 
round him. He had the gift of prophecy, 
and informed those that consulted him with 
the different fates that attended them. He 
acquainted Paris with the consequences of 
his elopement with Helen ; and it was by 
his directions that Hercules obtained the 
golden apples of the Hesperides, but the se* - 
god often evaded the importunities of in 
quirers by assuming different shapes, and 
totally escaping from their grasp. The word 
Nereus is often taken for the sea itself. 
Nereus is sometimes called the most ancient 
of all the gods.— He*. Th.—Hyg.—H. II. 18. 
— Apol. — Orp. Arg. — Hor. 1 ,o. 13. — Eur.Ipli. 

NERIO, or NERIENE, one of the namesof 
the wife of Mars, according to Gel. B. 21. 

N E R I' P H U S ,a desert island near theThra- 
cian Chersonesus, 

NE'RITOS, a mountain in the island of 
Ithaca, as also a small island in the Ionian 
sea, according to Mela. The, word Neritos 
is often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, 
and Ulysses, the king of it, is called Neritius 
dux, and his ship Neritia Navis. The peo- 
ple of Saguntum, as descended from a Neri- 
tian colonv, are called Nerilia proles.— Si. 
It. 2, 217.— V. Mil. 3, 271.— PI. 4.— Me. 2, 7. 
— Ov. Me. 13, 712. Rem. A. 263. [Nardo. 

NERITUM, a town of Calabria, now called 

NERIUS, a silversmith in the age of Hor. 

2 S. 3, 69. An usurer in Nero's age, who 

was so eager to get money that he married 
as often as he could, and as soon destroyed 
his wives by poison, to possess himselt of 
their estates.— Pers. 2, 14. 

NERO, Claudius Domitius Ca?sar, a cele 
brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi 
tius Ahenobarbus and Aerippina the <ia gh 



NER— NER 43S 
ter of Germanicus. He was adopted by the 
emperor Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years 
after he succeeded to him on the throne. 
The beginning of his reign was marked by 
acts of the greatest kindness and condescen- 
sion, by affabilitv, complaisance, and popu- 
larity. " The object of his administration 
seemed to be the .good of his people ; and 
when he was desired to sign his name to the 
list of malefactors that were to be executed, 
he exclaimed, / wish to heaven I could not 
write. He was an enemy to flattery, and 
when the senate had liberally commended 
the wisdom of his government, Nero de- 
sired them to keep their praises till he de- 
served them. These promising virtues were 
soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero 
displayed the propensiiies of his nature. 
He delivered himself from the sway of his 
mother, and at last ordered her to be assassin- 
ated. This unnatural act of barbarity might 
astonish some of the Romans, but Nero had 
his devoted adherents; and when he declared 
that he had taken away his mother's life to 
save himself from ruin, the senate applauded 
his measures, and the people signified their 
approbation. Many ot his courtiers shared 
the unhappy fate of Agrippina, and Nero 
sacrificed to his fury or caprice all such as 
obstructed his pleasures, or diverted his in- 
clination. In the night he generally sallied 
out from his palace, to visit the meanest 
taverns and all the scenes of debauchery 
which Rome contained. In this nocturna'l 
riot he was fond of insulting the people in 
the streets, and his attempts to offer violence 
to the wife of a Roman senator nearly cost 
him his life. He also turned actor and pub- 
licly appeared on the Roman stage in the 
meanest characters. In his attempts to ex- 
cel in music, and to conquer the disadvan- 
tages of a hoarse rough voice, he moderated 
his meals, and often passed the day with- 
out eating. The celebrity of the Olympian 
games attracted his notice. He passed into 
Greece, and presented himself as a candi- 
date for the public honours. He was de- 
feated in wrestling, but the flattery of the 
spectators adjudged him the victory, and 
Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp 
and splendour of an eastern conqueror, 
drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and at- 
tended by a band of musicians, actors, and 
stage-dancers, from every part of the empire. 
These private and public amusements of the 
emperor were indeed innocent ; his charac- 
ter was injured, but not the lives of the 
people. But his conduct soon became more 
abominable ; he disguised himself in the 
habit of a woman, and was publicly married 
to one of his eunuchs. This violence to 
nature and decency was soon exchanged for 
another; Nero resumed his sex, and cele- 
brated his nuptials with one of his meanest 
catamites, and it was on this occasion that 
one of the Romans observed that the world 
would have been happy if Nero's father had 
had such a wife. But now his cruelty was 
displa\ed in a more superlative degree, and 
he sacrificed to his wantonness his wife 
Octavia Poppsea, and the celebrated writers, 
Seaeci, Lueati, Petronius, &c. The Chris- 



TJER-NER 

tians also did not escape his barbaritv. He 
had heard of the burning of Troy, "and a* 
he wished to renew that dismal scene, he 
caused Rome to be set on fire in different 
places. The conflagration became soon uni- 
versal, and during nine successive davs the 
fire was unextinguished. All was desola- 
tion, nothing was heard but the lamenta- 
tions of mothers whose children had perish- 
ed in the flames, the groans of the dving, and 
the continual fall of palaces and buildings. 
Nero was the only one who enjoyed the 
general consternation. He placed "himself 
on the top of a high tower, and he sang on 
his lyre the destruction of Trov, a dreadful 
scene which his barbarity had' realized be- 
fore his eyes. He attempted to avert the 
public odium from his head, by a feigned 
commiseration of the miseries 6f his sub- 
jects. He began to repair the streets and 
the public buildings at his own expense. He 
built himself a celebrated palace, which he 
called his golden house. It was profusely 
adorned with gold and precious stones, 
and with whatever was rare and exquisite. 
It contained spacious fields, artificial lakes, 
woods, gardens, orchards, and whatever 
could exhibit beauty and grandeur. The 
entrance of this edifice could admit a large 
colossus of the emperor, 120 feet high; the 
galleries were each a mile long, and the 
whole was covered with gold. The roofs 
of the dining halls represented the firma- 
ment, in motion as well as in figure, and 
continually turned round night and day, 
showering down all sorts of perfumes and 
sweet waters. When this grand edifice, 
which, according to Pliny, extended all 
round the city, was finished, Nero said, that 
now he could lodge like a man. His pro- 
fusion was not less remarkable in all his 
other actions. When he went a fishing, his 
nets were made with gold and silk. He 
never appeared twice in the same garment, 
and when he undertook a voyage, there 
were thousands of servants to "take care of 
his wardrobe. This continuation of debau- 
chery and extravagance, at last, roused the 
resentment of the people. Many conspira- 
cies were formed against the emperor, but 
they were generally discovered, and such 
as were accessary suffered the greatest 
punishments. The most dangerous con- 
spiracy against Nero's life was that of Piso, 
from which he was delivered by the confes- 
sion of a slave. The conspiracy of Galba 
proved more successful ; and the conspirator, 
when he was informed that his plot wa a 
known to Nero, declared himself emperor. 
The unpopularity of Nero favoured his 
cause; he was acknowledged by all the 
Roman empire, and the senate condemned 
the tyrant that sat on the throne to be 
dragged naked through the streets of Rome, 
and whipped to death, and afterwards to be 
thrown down from the Tarpeian rock like 
the meanest malefactor. This, however, 
»as not done, and Nero, by a voluntary 
death, prevented the execution of the sen- 
tence. He killed himself, A. D. 68, in the 
;<2d year of his age, after a reign of 13 years 
and eight months. Rome was filled with 



NER--NER 



439 



NER-NER 



acclamations at the intelligence, and the 
citizens, more strongly to indicate their joy, 
wore caps sue!) as were generally used by 
slaves who had received their freedom. 
Their vengeance was not only exercised 
against the statues of the deceased tyrant, 
but his friends were the objects of thepublic 
resentment, and many were crushed to 
pieces in such a violent manner, that one of 
the senators, amid the universal joy, said 
that he was afraid they should soon have 
cause to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he 
expired, begged that his head might not be 
cut off from his body, and exposed to the 
insolence of an enraged populace, but that 
the whole might be burned on the funeral 
pile. His request was granted by one of 
Galba's freedmen, and his obsequies were 
performed with the usual ceremonies. 
Though his death seemed to be the source 
of universal gladness, yet many of his fa- 
vourites lamented his fall, and were grieved 
to see that their pleasures and amusements 
were stopped by the death of the patron of 
debauchery and extravagance. Even the 
king of Parthia sent ambassadors to Rome 
to condole with the Romans, and to beg that 
they would honour and revere the memory 
of Nero. His statues were also crowned with 
garlands of flowers, and many believed that 
he was not dead, but that he would soon 
make his appearance, and take a due ven- 
geance upon his enemies. It will be suffi- 
cient to observe, in finishing the character 
of this tyrannical emperor, that the name 
of Nero "is even now used emphatically to 
express a barbarous and unfeelingoppressor. 
Pliny ealls 4 him the common enemy and the 
fury of mankind, and in this he has been 
followed by all writers, who exhibit Nero as 
a pattern of the most execrable barbarity 
and unpardonable wantonness.— Plu. Ga. — 
Sue. Vi.—Pl. 7, 8, 6cc.—Dio. 64.— Au. Vic. 

— Ta. An. C LA U D I US, a Roman general 

sent into Spain to succeed the two Scipios. 
He suffered himself to be imposed upon by 
Asdrubal, and was soon after succeeded by 
young Scipio. He was afterwards made 
consul, and intercepted Asdrubal, who was 
passing from Spain into Italy with a large 
reinforcement for his brother Annibal. An 
engagement was fought near the river 
Me taunts, in which 56,000 of the Cartha- 
ginians were left on the field of battle, and 
great numbers taken prisoners, 207 B. C. 
Asdrubal, the Carthaginian general, was 
also killed, and his head cutoff and thrown 
into his brother's camp by the conquerors. 
—App. Ha.—Oros. 4.—Li. 27, &c— Hor. 4, 

o. 4, 37.— Fl. 2, 6.— Fa. Ma. 4, 1. Another 

who opposed Cicero when he wished to 
punish with death such as were accessary 

to Catiline's conspiracy. A son of Ger- 

manicus, who was ruined by Sejanus, and 
banished from Rome by Tiberius. He died 
:'n the place of his exile. His death was 
voluntary, according to some. — Sue. Tib.— 
Domitian was called Nero, because his 
cruelty surpassed those of his predecessors, 
and also Calvus, from the baldness of his 

head.— Juv. 4. The Neros were of the 

Claudian family, which, during rcciiB- 



lican times of Rome, was honoured witr, 
28 consulships, Ave dictatorships, six tri- 
umphs, seven censorships, and two ovations. 
They assumed the surname of Nero, which, 
in the language of the Sabines, signifies 
strong and warlike. 

NERO'NIA, a name given to Artaxata by 
Tiridates, who had been restored to his king- 
dom by Nero, whose favours he acknow- 
ledged by calling the capital of his dominions 
after the name of his benefactor. 

NERONIA'NiE THERMS, baths at Rome 
made by the emperor Nero. 

NERTOBRIGIA, a town of Spain situated 
on the river Bilbilis. 

NERVA COCCEIUS, a Roman emperor 
after the death of Domitian, A.D. 96. He 
rendered himself popular by his mildness, 
his generosity, and the active part he took 
in the management of affairs. He suffered 
no statues to be raised to his honour, and he 
applied to the use of the government all the 
gold and silver statues which flattery had 
erected to his predecessor. In his civil cha- 
racter he was the pattern of good manners, 
of sobriety, and temperance. He forbade 
the mutilation of male children, and gave 
no countenance to the law which permitted 
the marriage of an uncle with his niece. 
He made a solemn declaration that no se- 
nator should suffer death during his reign ; 
and this he observed with such sanctity that 
when two members of the senate had con- 
spired against his life, he was satisfied to 
tell them that he was informed of their 
wicked machinations. He also conducted 
them to the public spectacles, and seated 
himself between them, and when a sword 
was offered to him, according to the usual 
custom, he desired the conspirators to try 
it upon his body. Such goodness of heart, 
such confidence in the self-conviction of the 
human mind, and such reliance upon the 
consequence of his lenity and indulgence, 
conciliated the affection of all his subjects. 
Yet, as envy and danger are the constant 
companions of greatness, the praetorian 
guards at last mutinied, and Nerva nearly 
yielded to their fury. He uncovered his 
aged neck in the presence of the incensed 
soldiery, and bade them wreak their ven- 
geance upon him, provided they spared the 
life of those to whom he was indebted for the 
empire, and whom his honour commanded 
him to defend. His seeming submission was 
unavailing, and he was at last obliged to 
surrender to the fury of his soldiers, some 
of his friends and supporters. The infirmi- 
ties of his age, and his natural timidity, at 
last obliged him to provide himself against 
any future mutiny or tumult, by chusing a 
worthy successor. He had many friends and 
relations, but he did not consider the ag- 
grandizement of his family, and he chose for 
his son and sriccessor,Trajan, a man of who^e 
virtues and greatness of mind he was fully 
convinced. This voluntary choice was ap- 
proved by the acclamations of thepeople. and 
the wisdom and prudence which marked the 
reign of Trajan showed how discerning was 
the judgment, and how affectionate were the 
; intentions of Nerva for the good of Rome* 



NEB-NES 



440 



NES— NIC 



He died on the 27th of July, A.D. 98, in liis 
7Jd year, and his sucessor showed ids re- 
spect for his merit and his character by 
raisin? bin altars and temples in Rome, and 
in ihe provinces, and by ranking- him in the 
number of the gods. Nerva was the first 
Roman emperor who was of foreign extrac- 
tion, his father being a native of Crete.— PI. 

pan.—Di. 69. M. COCCEIUS, a consul 

in the reign of Tiberius. He starved himself 
because he would not be concerned in the 
extravagance of the emperor. A cele- 
brated lawyer, consul with the emperor Ves- 
pasian. He was father to the emperor of 
f hat name. 

N ER VI [, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
who continually upbraided the neighbouring 
nations for submitting to the power of the 
Romans. They attacked J. Caesar, and were 
totally defeated. Their country forms the 
modern province of Hainault. — Luc. I, 428. 
Cats. B. G.2, 15. [Lagonegra.-Li. 9, 20. 

NERULUM.an inland townofLucania,now 

NERIUM, or ARIA BRUM, a promon- 
tory of Spain, now cape Ftuisterre.— Sir. o. 

NESACTUM, a town of Istria at the 
mouth of the Arsia, now Castel N-uovo. 

NESiEA,one of the Nereides. Pirg.G.4,333. 

NES I. MACHOS, the father of Hippome- 
don, a native of Argos, who was one of the 
seven chiefs who made war against Thebes. 
—Hyp- lO.—Sch. St. Th. I, -44. 

NES IS {is, or idis), now Sisita, an island 
on the coast of Campania, famous for aspa- 
ragus. Lucan and Statins speak of its air 
as unwholesome and dangerous.— PI. 19, 6. 

— Luc. 6, 90.— Ci. At. 16, e. 1 & 2.— St. 3 

Sy. I, 148. 

NESSUS, a celebrated centaur, son of 
Ixion and the cloud. He offer, d violence 
to Dejanira, whom Hercules had entrusted 
to his care, with orders to carry her across 
the river Evenus. [Vide Dejanira.] Her- 
cul s saw the distress of his wife from the 
opposite shore of the river, and immediately 
he let fly one of his poisoned arrows, which 
struck the centaur to the heart. Nessus, as 
he expired, gave the tunic he then wore to 
Dej mira, assuring her that, from the poi- 
soned blood which had flowed from his 
wounds, it had received the power of call- 
ing a husband away from unlawful loves, 
Dejanira received it with pleasure, and this 
mournful present caused tne de th of Her- 
cules. [Fide Hercules.]— Apol. 2, 7.— Or. 

Kp. 9.— Sen. Her.— Pa. 3, 28.— Di. 4. A 

rirer. Vide Nestus. [rival to Phi ;ias. 

NESTOCLES,afamous staiuaryof Greece, 

NESTOR, a son of Neleus and Cnloris, 
nephew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. 
He had eleven brothers, w ho were all killed 
with his father, by Hercules. His tender 
age detained him 'at home, and was the 
cause of his preservation. The conqueror 
spared his life, and placed him on the 
throne of Pylos. He married Eurydice, the 
daughter of Clymenes, or. according to 
others, Anaxibia, the daughter of Atreus. 
He early distinguished himself in the field 
of battie, and was present at the nuptials of 
Pirithous, when a nloody battle was fought 
between the Lapithre and Centaurs. As. 



king of Pylos and Messenia he led his sut> 
jects to the Trojan war, where he distin- 
guished himself among the rest of the Gre- 
cian chiefs by eloquence, address, wisdom, 
justice, and an uncommon prudence of 
mind. Homer displays his character as the 
most perfect of all ids heroes; and Aga- 
memnon exclaims, that, if he had ten gene- 
rals like Nestor, he should soon see the 
walls of Troy reduced to ashes. After the 
Trojan war, Nestor retired to Greece, where 
lie enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the 
peace and tranquillity which were due to his 
wisdom and to his old age. The manner 
and the time of his death are unknown; the 
ancients are all agreed that he lived three 
generations of men, which length of time 
some suppose to be 300 years, though, more 
probably, only 90, allowing thirty years for 
each generation. From that circumstance, 
therefore, it was usual among tne Greeks 
and the Latins, when they wished a long 
and happy life to their friends, to wish them 
to see the years of Nestor. He had two 
daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; and 
seven sous, Perseus, Straticus, Areius, Eche- 
phron, Pisistrutus, Antilochus, and Trasi- 
medes. Nestor was one of the Argonaut*., 
according to Valerius Flwcus 1, v. 380, &c. 
— Die. Cr. 1, 13, dcc.— H. II. 1. 6cc. Od. 3 
& U.—Hyg. fa. 10 ti 273.— Pa. 3, 26, 1. 4, 
3 6c 31.— Apol. I, 9, 1. 2,7.— Ov. Me. 12, 169, 

Sec— Hor. i,o. lb. A poet of Lycaonia, 

in the age of the emperor Severus. He 
was father to Pisander, who, under the em- 
peror Alexander, wrote some fabulous sto- 
ries. One of the body guards of Ale\a:> 

der.— Poly. 

N ESTOK IUS, a bishop of Constantinople 
who flourished A. D. 431. He was con- 
demned and degraded from his episcopal 
dignity for his heretical opinions, &c. 

NESTUS, or NESSUS, now Nesto, a smaL 
river of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope 
and falling into the /Egean sea above th. 
island of Thasos. It was for some timet!* 
boundary of Macedonia on the east, in tit 
more extensive power of that kingdom. 

NETUM, a town on the eastern coast of 
Sicilv, now calied Noto. — Si.l 4, 269. — Ci. 
Ver.' \, 26, 1. 5, 5!. 

NEURI, a people of Sarmatia.— Me. 2, 1. 

NICiEA, a widow of Alexander, who mar- 
ried Demetrius. A daughter of Antipater, 

who married Ferdiccas. A city of India, 

built by Alexander on the very spot where 
he had' obtained a victory over king Porus. 

A town of Achaia, Lear Thermopylae, 

on the bay of Ma'ia. A town of liiyri- 

cum. Another in Corsica. Another in 

Thrace. In Bosotia. A town of Bithy- 

nia, now Nice or Is nih, built by Antigotiu's, 
the son of Philip, king of Macedonia. It 
was originally called Antigonia, and after- 
wards ISicaa by Lvsiniachus, who gave it 
the name of his' wife, who yvas daughter of 

Antipater. A town of Liguria, built by 

the people of Massilia, in conimeniorafioa 
of a victory. 

NTCAGORAS, a sophist of Athens in the 
reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the 
lives of illustrious men, and was reckoneJ 



NIC-NIC 4- 
cr.e of the greatest and most learned men j 
of hi 



:1 NIC-NIC 

NIC! A, a city [Vide Nicaea.] A river 

falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now 



NICANDER, a king of Sparta, son of ; called Lenza, and separates the diichy of 



Carillus, of the family of the Proclida, 
He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 770 



Modena from Parma. 
N1CIAS, an Athenian general, celebrated 



A writer of Chalcedon. A Greek gram- ; for his valour and for his misfortunes. He 

niarian, poet, and physician, of Colophon, ! early conciliated the good will of the peo- 
137 B.C. His writings were held in estima- j pie by his liberality, and he established his 
tion, but his judgment cannot be highly | military character by taking the island of 
commended, since, without any knowledge : Cythera from the power of Lacedaemon. 
of agriculture, he ventured to compose a WhenA.thens determined to makewara;?ain.st 
book on that intricate subject. Two of his Sicily, Nicias was appointed, with Alcibiades 
poems entitled Theriaca, on hunting, and and Lamachus, to conduct the expedition, 
Alexipharmaca, on antidotes against poison, which he reprobated as impolitic, and as 
are still extant, the best editions of which the future cause of calamities to the Athe- 
are those of Gorraeus, with a translation in nian power. In Sicily be behaved with 
Latin verse by Grevinus, a physician at Pa- great firmness, but he often blamed the 



ris.— Ci. 1, Or. 16. 



i quick and inconsiderate measures of his 



NICA'NOR, a man who conspired against : colleagues. The success of the Athenian 

the life of Alexander.— Curt. 6. A son of remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was 

Parmenio, who died in Hyrcania, ike. A I recalled by his enemies to take his trial, and 

surname of Demetrius. [Vide Demetrius j Nicias was left at the head of affairs. Syra- 



II.] An unskilful pilot of Antigonus, 

Poly.- 



A servant of Atticus. — Ci. i 



cuse was surrounded by a wall, and, though 
the operations were carried on slowly, ye 



-A Samian, who wrote a treatise on ri- j the city would have surrendered, had not 

vers. A governor of Media, conquered by J the sudden appearance of Gylippus, the 

Seleucus. He had been governor over the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians, cheered up 
Athenians under Cassander, by whose or- j the courage of the besieged at the critical 
ders he was put to death. A general of j moment. Gylippus proposed terms of ac 



the emperor Titus, wounded at the siege of 

Jerusalem. A man of Stagira, by whom 

Alexander the Great sent a letter to recall 

the Grecian exiles.— Di. IS. A governor 

of Munychia, who seized the Piraeus, and 
was at last put to death by Cassander, be- 
cause he wished to make himself absolute 
over Attica.— Di. 18. A brother of Cas- 
sander destroyed by Olympias. — Id. 19. 

A general of Antiochus, king of Syria. He 
made war against the Jews, and showed 
himself uncommonly cruel. 

NICARCHUS, a "Corinthian philosopher 
in the age of Periander.— Plu. An Arca- 
dian chief, who deserted to the Persians at 
the return of the ten thousand Greeks. 

NICARTHI DES,aman set over Persepo- 
lis by Alexander. 

NICA'TOR, a surname of Seleucus, king 
of Syria, from his having been unconquered. 

NICE, a daughter of Thestius. — Apol. 

NICEPHORIUM, a town of Mesopota- 
mia, on the Euphrates, where Venus had a 
temple.— Li. 32, 33.— Ta. An. 6, 41. 

NICEPHORIUS, now Khabovr, a river 
which flowed by the walls of Tigranocerta. 
— Ta. An. 15, 4. 

NICEPHO'RUS, CiESAR, aByzantine his- 
torian, whose works were edited, fol. Paris, 
1661. Gregoras, another, edited fol. Pa- 
ris, 1702. A Greek ecclesiastical historian, 

whose works were edited by Ducaeus. 

NICER, now the fleeter, a river of Ger- 
many, falling into the Rhine at the modern 
town of Manheim.— An. Mos. 423. 

N ICERA'TTJS, a poet who wrote a poem in 
praise of Lysander. The father of Nicias. 

N1CETAS, oneof the Byzantine historians, 
whose works were edited fol. Paris, 1647. 

N ICETERIA, a festival at Athens, in me- 
mory of the victory which Minerva obtained 
over Neptune, in their dispute about giving 
a name to the capital of the country. 



commodation to the Athenians which were 
refused ; some battles were fought, in which 
the Sicilians obtained the advantage, and 
Nicias at last, tired of his ill success, and 
growndesponding,demanded o jthe Athenians 
a reinforcement or a successor. Demos- 
thenes, upon this, was sent with a powerful 
fleet, but the advice of Nicias was despised, 
and the admiral, by his eagerness to conic 
to a decisive engagement, ruined his fleet 
and the interest of "Athens. The fear of his 
enemies at home prevented Nicias from 
leaving Sicily ; and when, at last, a con- 
tinued series of ill success obliged him to 
comply, he found himself surrounded on 
every side by the enemy, without hope of 
escaping. He gave himself up to the con- 
querors with all his army, but the assur- 
ances of safety which he had received soon 
proved vain and false, and he was no sooner 
in the hands of the enemy than he was 
shamefully put to death with Demosthenes. 
His troops were sent to quarries, where the 
plague and hard labour diminished their 
numbers and aggravated their misfortunes. 
Some suppose that the death of Nicias was 
not violent. He perished about 413 years 
before Christ, and the Athenians lamented 
in him a great and valiant, but unfortunate 
general.— Plu. vi.—C. ISep. AL—Th. 4, &c. 
— Di. 15. A grammarian of Rome, inti- 
mate with Cicero. — Ci. ep. A man of Ni- 
caea, who wrote an history of philosophers. 

A physician of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 

who made an offer to the Romans of poison- 
ing his master for a sum of money. The 
Roman general disdained his offers, and 
acquainted Pyrrhus with his treachery. He 

is oftener called Cineas. A painter of 

Athens, in the age of Alexander. He was 
ohietly happy in his pictures of women.— 
mi. V. H. 2, 31. 
MC1PPE, a daughter of Pclops, who 



NIC— NIC 442 

A daughter of Thes- 



NIC-NIC 



married Stlienelui 
pins.— Apot. 

NICIPPUS,a tyrant of Cos, one of whose 
sheep brought forth a lion, which was con- 
sidered as portending- his future greatness, 
and Ids elevation to the sovereignty.— ML V. 
H. I, 29. 3 3 

NICO, one of the Tarantine chiefs who 
conspired against the life of Annibal. — Li. 

30. A celebrated ircnitci and geomeiri- 

cian. He was fa<:ri2r to the celebrated 

Galen, the prince A physicians. One of 

the slaves of L,raterus.-— The name of an 
ass, which Augustus met before the battle 
of Actium, a circumstance which he consi- 
dered as a favourable omen. The name 

of an elephant remarkable for his fidelity to 
king Pyrrhus. [the age of Aristophanes. 

NICO'CHARES, a Greek comic poet in 

NIC'OCLES, a familiar friend of Phocion, 

condemned to death.— P/u. A king of 

Sal amis, celebrated for his contest with a 
king of Phoenicia, to prove which of the 

two was most effeminate. A king of Pa- 

phos who reigned under the protection of 
Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He revolted from 
his friend to the kinsr of Persia, upon which 
Ptolemy ordered one of his servants to put 
him to death, to strike terror into the other 
dependant princes. The servant, unwilling 
to murder the monarch, advised him to kill 
himself. Niocles obeyed, and all his family 
followed his example, 310 years before the 

christian era. An ancient Greek poet, 

who called physicians a happy race of men, 
because light published their good deeds to 
the world, and the earth hid all their faults 

and imperfections. A king of Cyprus, 

who succeeded his father Evagoras o'n the 
throne, 374 years before Christ. It was 
with him that the philosopher Isocrates cor- 
responded. A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed 

by means of Aratus the Achaean. — Plu.Aial. 

NICO'CRATES, a tyrant of Cyrene. 

An author at Athens. A king of Salamis 

in Cyprus, who made himself known by the 
valuable collection of books which he had, 
— Ath. l. 

NICOCREON, a tyrant of Salamis, in the 
age of Alexander the Great. He ordered 
the philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded 
to pieces in a mortar. 

MCODE'MUS, an Athenian appointed by 
Conon over the fleet which was going to the 
assistance of Artaxerxes. — D'u 14. A ty- 
rant of Italy, Stc. An ambassador sent to 

Pompev by Aristobulus. 

NICODO'RUS, a wrestler of Mantinea, 
who studied philosophy in his old age. — Ml. 

O. H. 2, 22.— Sui. An Athenian archon. 

NICODRO'MUS, a son of Hercules and 

Nice.— Apol. An Athenian who invaded 

yEgina, &c. 

NICOLA'US, a philosopher. A cele 

brUed Syracusan, who endeavoured, in t 
pathetic speech, to dissuade his countrymen 
f rom offering violence to the Athenian pri- 
soners who had been taken with Nicias their 
general. His eloquence was unavailing. 
-An officer of Ptolemy against Antigo- 



NOCO MACHA, a daughter of Themis- 
tocles. 

NICOMACHUS, the father of Aristotle, 
whose son also bore the same name. The 
philosopher composed his ten books of mo- 
rals for the use and improvement of his sou, 
and thence they are called Nicomachea. — 

Sui. One of Alexander's friends, who 

discovered the conspiracy of Dymus.— Curt. 
6. An excellent painter. A Pythago- 
rean philosopher. A Lacedaemodian ge- 
neral, conquered by Timotlieus. A writer 

in the fifth ceRturv, &c. 

NICOMEDES f. a king of Bithynia, about 
278 years before the Christian era. It was 
by his exertions tha t this part of Asia became 
a monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty 
to his brothers, and built a town which he cal- 
led by his o mi name, Nicomedia.—Jus. — Pa. 

Sec. II., was ironically sunsamed Philo- 

pater, because he drove his father Prusias 
from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused 
him to be assassinated, B.C. 149. He reigned 
.59 years. Mithridates laid claim to his king- 
dom, but all their disputes were decided by 
the Romans, who deprived Nicomeiies of the 
province of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious 
rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affec- 
tions of his subjects by a courteous beha- 
viour, and by a mild and peaceful govern- 
ment.— Ju. III., son and successor of the 

preceding, was dethroned by his brother So- 
crates, and afterwards by the ambitious Mi- 
thridates. The Romans're-established him 
on his throne, and encouraged him to make 
reprisals upon the king of Pontus. He fol- 
lowed their advice, and he was, at last, ex- 
pelled another time from his dominions, tii' 
Sy Ha came into Asia, who restored him tc 
hisfoimer power and affluence. — Sir. — Apf. 

The fourth of that name, was son and 

successor of Niccmedcs III. He passed his 
life in an easy and tranquil manner, and 
enjoyed the peace which his alliance with 
the Romans had procured him. He died 
B.C. 75, without issue, and left nis king- 
dom with all his possessions to the Roman 
people.— Str. \2.—App. Mi.—Ju. 38, 2, &c. 

— Fl. 3, 5. A celebrated geometrician iu 

the age of the philosopher Eratosthenes. 
He made himself known by his useful ma- 
chines, &c. An engineer in the army of 

Mithridates. One of the preceptors of 

the emperor M. Antoninus. 

NICOMF/D1 A, (now Isnikmid,') a town of 
Bithynia, founded by Nicomedus 1. It was 
the capital of the country, and it has been 
compared, for its beauty and greatness, to 
Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. It became 
celebrated for being, for some time, the re- 
sidence of the emperor Constantine, and 
most of his imperial successors. Some sup- 
pose that it was originally called Astacus, 
and Olbia, though it was generally believed 
that they were all different cities. — Am. 17. 
—Pa. 5, 12.— PL 5, Sec— Str. 12, &c. 

NICON, a pirate of Phaere, in Pelopon- 
nesus, &c. — Poly. A native of Tarentum. 

NICONIA, a town of Pontus. [Vide Nico. 
NTCOPHANES, a famous painter ' 



mis. A peripatetic philosopher and histo- 1 Greece, whose pieces are mentioned with 



nan iu the Augustan age, 



commendation. — PL 35, 10. 



NIC— NIG 4 

NICO'PHRON, a comic poet of Athens 
some time after the age of Aristophanes. 

NICOPO'LIS, a city of Lower Egypt. 

A town of Armenia, built by Pompey the 
Great in memory of a victory which he had 
there obtained over the forces of Mithiidates. 

—Sir. 12. Another, in Thrace, built on 

t\e banks of the Ne&tus by Trajan, in me- 
mory of a victory which he obtained there 

over the barbarians. A town of Epirus 

built by Augustus, after the battle of Actium. 

Another, near Jerusalem, founded by 

the emperor Vespasian. Another, in Mce- 

sia. Another, in Dacia, built by Trajan 

to perpetuate the memory of a celebrated 

battle. Another, near the bay of Issus, 

built by Alexander. 

NICOSTRA'TA, a courtezan who left all 

her possessions to Sylla. The same as 

Carmente, mother of E\ander. 

NICOSTRATUS,a man of Argos of great 
strength. He was fond of imitating Hercu- 
les by clothing himself in a lion's skin.— Di. 
16.— — One of Alexander's soldiers. He con- 
spired against the king's life, with Hermo- 

laus.— Curt. 8. A painter who expressed 

great admiration at the sight cf Helen's pic- 
ture by Zeuxis.— /El. 14, 47. A dramatic 

actor of Ionia. A comic poet of Argos. 

An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of 

the emperor M. Antoninus. A son of Me- 

nelaus and Helen.— Pa. 2, 18. A general 

of the Achaeans, who defeated the Mace- 
donians. 

N1COTELEA. a celebrated woman of 
Messenia, who said that she became preg- 
nant of Aristomeues bv a serpent. — Pa. 4, 14. 

NICO'TELES, a Corinthian drunkard, Sec. 
— ML V. H. 2, 14. 

NIGER, a friend of M. Antony, sent to 

him by Octavla. A surname of Clitus, 

whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunken- 
ness. C. Pescinnius Justus, a celebrated 

governor in Syria, well known by his 
valour in the Roman armies, while yet a 
private man. At the death of Pertinax he 
was declared emperor of Home, and his 
claims to that elevated station were sup- 
ported by a sound understanding, prudence 
of mind, moderation, courage, and virtue. 
He proposed to imitate the actions of the 
venerable Antoninus, of Trajan, of Titus, 
and M. Aurelius. He was remarkable for 
his fondness for ancient discipline, and ne- 
ver suffered his soldiers to drink wine, but 
obliged them to quench their thirst with 
water and vinegar. He forbad the use of 
silver and gold utensils in his camp, all the 
bakers and cooks were driven away, and 
the soldiers ordered to live, during the ex- 
pedition they undertook, merely upon bis- 
cuits. In his punishments Niger was inex- 
orable : he condemned ten of his soldiers to 
be beheaded in the presence of the army, 
because they had stolen and eaten a fowl. 
The sentence was heard with groans : the 
army interfered; and when Niger consented 
to diminish the punishment lor fear of kin- 
dling rebellion, lie yet ordered the criminals 
to make each a restoration of ten fowls to 
the person whose property they had stolen ; 
they were, b Mes, ordered not to light a 



3 NIG— NIL 

fire the r?st of the campaign, but to live 
upon cold aliments, and to drink nothing but 
water. Such great qualifications in a gene- 
ral seemed to promise the restoration of 
the ancient discipline in the Roman armies^ 
but the death of Niger frustrated every hope 
of reform. Severns, who had also been in- 
vested with the imperial purple, marched 
against him ; some battles were fought, and 
Niger was, at last, defeated, A.D. 194. His 
head was cut off, and fixed to a long spear, 
and carried in triumph through the streets 
of Rome. He reigned about one year.— 
Herod. i.—Eut. 

NIGER, or NIGRIS, (ids') a river ot 
Africa, w hich rises in ./Ethiopia, and falls by 
three mouths into the Atlantic, little known 
to the ancients, and not yet satisfactorily 
explored by the moderns. — PL 5, 1 6c 8.— 
Me. 1, 4, 1. 3, 10.— Ptol. 4, 6. 

NIGIDIUS F1GULUS, P., a celebrated 
philosopher and astrologer at Rome, one of 
the most learned men of his age. He was 
intimate with Cicero, and gave his most un- 
biassed opinions concerning the conspirators 
who had leagued to destroy Rome with Ca- 
tiline. He was made praetor, and honoured 
with a seat in the senate. In the civil wars 
he followed the interest of Pompey, for 
which he was banished by the conqueror. 
He died in the place of his banishment, 47 
years before Christ. — Ci. Fa. 4, e. 13.— 
Luc. 1, v. 639. 

NIGRIT^i, a people of Africa, who dwell 
on the banks of the Niger. — Me. 1, c. 4. — 
PL 5, 1. 

N1LEUS, a son of Codrus, who conducted 
a colony of Iunians to Asia, where he built 
Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, 
Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenae, 6ic.—Pa. 7, 2, 
&c. A pnilosopher who had in his pos- 
session all the writings of Aristotle.— Ath. 1. 

NILUS, a king of Thebes, who gave his 
name to the river which flows through the 
middle of Egypt, and falls into the Mediter- 
ranean sea. The Nile, anciently called 
JEgyptus, is one of the most celebrated ri- 
vers in the world. Its sources were un- 
known to the ancients, and the moderns 
were equally ignorant of their situation, 
whence an impossibility is generally meant 
by the proverb of Niti caput quarere. It 
flows through the middle of Egypt in a 
northern direction, and when it conies to 
the town of Cercasorum, it then divides 
itself into several streams, and falls into 
the Mditerranean by seven mouths. The 
most eastern canal is called the Pelusian, 
and the most western is called the Canopic 
mouth. The other canals are the Sebcnuy- 
tican, that of Sais, the Mendesian, Bolbiti- 
nic, and Bucolic. They have all been 
formed by nature, except the two last, 
which have been dug by the labours of men. 
The island which the Nile forms by its divi- 
sion into several streams is called Delta, 
from its resemblance to the fourth letter ot 
the Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly over- 
flows the country, and it is to those regular 
inundations that the Egyptians are indebted 
for the fertile produce of their lands. It 
begins to rise in the month of May for 100 



NIN— NIN 



444 



NIN— NIP 



s;; -r:cs>ive day-;, and then decreases gradu- I 1500 towers, each 200 feet high. Ninus was 
it it does not ; taken by the united armies of Cyaxaresaud 



ally the ;<aine number of da 
-e a* high as id cubits, a taniine is ?ene- 
liy expected, but if it exceeds this by ma- 
( cubits, it is of the most dangerous conse- 



Nabat.oiassar king of Babvion. B.'C. 606.-Str. 
\.—Di. 2.— Her. 1, 165, &'c— Pa. 8, 33.— Lu. 



son of Ninus and Semiramis, 

queuces; liouses are overturned, the cattle I king- of Assyria, who succeeded his mother, 
ire drowned, and a great number of insects j who had voluntarily abdicated the crown, 
ure produced from the mud, which destroy the ■ Some suppose that Semiramis was put to 
fruits of the earth. The river, therefore, : death by her own son, because she had en- 



couraged him to commit incest. The reig 
of Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and 



proves a blessing or a calamity to Esrypt 
and the prosperity of the nation'depend's so -■ 

much upon it, tliat the tributes of the in- i extravagance. The prince left the caie of 
habitants were in ancient times, and are still the government to his favourites and niinis- 
under the present government, proportioned : ters, and gave himself up to pleasure, riot, 
to the rise of the waters. The causes of the i and debauchery, and never appeared in pub- 



verriovv 



i of the Nile, which remained 
the ancients, though searched I 



His successors imitated the example of 
voluptuousness, and therefore their 



with the greatest application, are owing to ! names or history are little known till the 



the heavy rains which regularly fall ... 
-fEthiopia^ in the months of April and May, | 
and which rush down like torrents upon ti* 



age of Sardanapalus.— Ju. 1, 2.—DI. 1, &c. 

NTOBE, a daughter of Tantalus, king of 
Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione. She mar- 



country, and lay it all under water. These j ried Aruphioii the son of Jasus, by whom 
causes, as some people suppose, were well she had ten sons and ten daughters, accord- 
known to Homer, as he seems to show it. iug to Hesiod, or two sous and three daugh- 
by saying, that the Nile flowed down from j ters according to Herodotus. Homer and 
heaven, The inhabitants of Egypt, near the Properlius say, that she had six daughters 
banks of the river, were called Niliaei, Nili- and as many 'sons ; and Ovid, Apollodorus, 
gence, &c. and large canals were also from I &c. according to the more received opinion, 
this river denominated Nili or Euripi.—Ci. \ support that she had seven sons and seven 



Le. 2, i. Q.fr. 3, e. 9.— At. II, e. 12,— Sir. 

17.— Ov. Me. 5, 1S7, I. 15, v. 753 Me. 1, 

9, 1. 3, 9.— Sen. qu. Nat. A.-Lue. 1, 2, fee. 
—Clau. Nil.— Virg. G. 4, 288.— /En. 6, 800, 
1. 9, 31.— Di. 1, &c.— Her. 2.—Lucr. 6, 712. 

—Am. 22.— Pa. 10, 32.— PI. 5, 10. One of 

the Greek fathers who flourished A. D. 440. 
His works were edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 
1668 & 1678. 
NINTAS. Fide Ninyas. 
NINNII1S, a tribune who opposed Clodius, 
the enemy of Cicero. 
NINUS, a son of Belus, who built a city 



daughters. The sons were Sipylus, Minytus, 
Tantalus, Agenor, Phaedimus, Damasasich- 
thon, and Ismenus ; and those of the daugh- 
ters, Cleodoxa, Ethodaea, or Thera, Asty- 
oche, Phthia, Pelopia, or Chloris, Asticratea, 
and Ogygia. The number of her children 
increased her pride, and she had the impu- 
dence not only to prefer herself to Latona, 
who had only two children, but she even 
insulted her," and ridiculed the worship 
which was paid to her, observing, that she 
had a better claim to altars and sacrifices 
than the mother of Apollo and Diana. This 



to which he gave his own name, and founded I insolence provoked Latona. She entreated 
the Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the her children to punish the arrogant Niobe. 
fiest sovereign, B.C. 2059. He was very | Her prayers were heard, and immediately 
warlike, and extended his conquests from all the sons of Niobe expired by the darts 
Egypt to the extremities of India and Bac- of Apollo, and all the daughters except 
triana. He became enamoured of Semira- Chloris, who had married Neleus king of 
mis the wife of one of his officers, and he Pylos, were equally destroyed by Diana ; 
married her after her husband had destroyed j and Niobe, struck at the suddenness of her 
himself through fear of his powerful rival. I misfortunes, was changed into a stone. The 
Ninus reigned" 52 years, and at his death he carcasses of Niobe's children, according to 
left his kingdom tb the care of his wife Se- Homer, were left unburied in the plains for 
niramis, by whom he had a son. The his- nine successive days, because Jupiter changed 



tory of Ninus is very obscure, and even fa- 
bulous according to" the opinion of some. 
Ctesias is the principal historian from whom 
it is derived, but little reliance is to be 
placed upon him, when Aristotle deems him 
unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death 



into stones all such as attempted to inter 
them. On the tenth day they were honoured 
with a funeral by the sods.— H. II. 2A.—EI. 
V. H. 1236. Apol. 3, 5. Ov. Me. 5. Hyg. fa. 9. 

—Hot. 4, o. 6.— Pro. 2, e. 6. A daughter 

Phoroneus, king of Peloponnesus, by 



received divine honours, and became the Laodice. She was beloved by Jupiter, by 



Jupiter of the Assvrians and the Hercules I 
of the Chaldeans.— Cte.—Di. 2.—Ju. l,c. l. 

— Her. 2. A celebrated city, now Nino, 

the capital of Assyria, built ou'the banks of 
the Tigris by Ninus, and called Nineveh in 
Scripture. It was, according to the relation 
of Diodorus Siculus, fifteen miles long, nine 
broad, and forty-eight in circumference. It 
was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high. 



hom she had a son called Argus, who gave 
his name to Argia or Agrolis, a country of 
Peloponnesus. — Pa. 2, 22. — Apol. 2, 1, 1. 3, 8. 

NTPHiEUS, a man killed by horses, &c— 
V. £n. 10, 570. 

NIPHA'TES, a mountain of Asia, which 
divides Armenia from Assyria, and from 
, which the Tigris takes its rise.— Virg. G. 3, 
30.— Str. II.— Me. 1, 15. A river of Ar- 



on the top of which three chariots could i menia, falling into the Tigris.— Hor. 2, e. 9, 
puss together abreast, and was defended by I 20.— Lite. 3, 245. 



NIP— NIS 

NTPHE, one of Diana's companions.— Ov. 
Me. 3, 245. 

NIRbHiS, a king of Naxos, son of Charops 
and Agiaia, celebrated for his beauty. He 
was one of the Grecian chiefs during the 
Trojan war.—//. //. 2.—Hor. 2, o. 20. 

NISA, a town of Greece.—-//. II. 2. A 

country woman.— V. Eel. 6. A place. — 

Fide Nysa. A celebrated plain of Media 

near the Caspian sea, famous for its horses. 
—Her. 3, 106. 

NIS^EA, a naval station on the coasts of 

Megaris.— Str.S. Atown of Parthia, called 

also Nisa. 

NISjEE, a sea nvtnph.— V. JEn. 5, 826. 

NFS EI A. — Vide Nisus. 

NT'SIBIS, a town of Mesopotamia, built by 
a colony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and 
celebrated as being a barrier between the 
provinces of Rome and the Persian empire 
during the reign of the Roman emperors. 
It was sometimes called Antiochia Mygdo- 
nica.— Joseph. 20, 2.— Sir. 11. — Am. 25, &c. 
—PL. 6, 13. 

NISUS, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount 
Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with 
yEneas, and signalized himself by his valour 
against the Rutulians. He was united in 
the closest friendship with Euryalus, a young 
Trojan, and with him he entered, in the 
dead of night, the enemy's camp. As they 
were returning victorious, after much blood- 
shed, they were perceived by the Rutulians, 
who attacked Euryalus. Nisus endeavour- 
ing to rescue his "friend from the enemy's 
darts, perished himself with him, and their 
heads were cut off and fixed on a spear, and 
carried in triumph tothecamp. Their death 
was greatly lamented by all the Trojans, 
and their great friendship, like that of a 
Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and 
Pirithous, is become proverbial. — V. JEn. 9, 
176, &c. A king of Duliehium, remarka- 
ble for his probity and virtue. — H. Od. 16. 

A king of Megara, son of Mars, or more 

probably of Pandion, He inherited his fa- 
ther's kingdom with his brothers, and re- 
ceived as his portion the country of Megaris. 
The peace of the brothers was interrupted 
by the hostilities of Minos, who wished to 
avenge the death of his son Androgeus, who 
had been murdered by the Athenians. Me- 
gara was besieged, and Attica laid waste. 
The fate of Nisus depended totally upon a 
yellow lock, which, as long as it continued 
upon his head, according to the words of 
an oracle, promised him life, and success to 
his affairs. His daughter Scylla (often 
called Niseia Virgo), saw from the walls of 
Megara the royal besieger, and she became 
desperately enamoured of him. To obtain a 
more immediate interview with this object 
of her passion, she stole away the fatal hair 
from her father's head as he was asleep ; 
the town was immediately taken, but Minos 
disregarded the services of Sylla, and she 
threw herself into the sea. The "gods changed 
her into a lark, and Nisus assumed the na- 
ture of the hawk at the very moment that 
he gave himself death, not to fall into the 
enemy's hands. These two birds have con- 
tinually been at variance with each other 



NIS— NOL 
and Scylla by her apprehensions at the sight 
of her" father, seems to suffer the punish- 
ment which her perfidy deserved.— Apol. 3, 
15.— Pa. 1, IS.— Str. 9.—Ov. Me. 8, 6, &c— 
Virg. G. 1, 404, &c. 

NISY'ROS, an island in the ^Egean sea, 
at the west of Rhodes, with a town of the 
same name. It was originally joined to the 
island of Cos, according to" Pliny, and it 
bore the name of Porphyris. Neptune, who 
was supposed to have separated them with 
a blow of his trident, and to have then over- 
whelmed the giant Polybotes, was worship- 
ped there, and called Nisyreus.—Apol. i, 6. 
—Me. 2, 7.— Str. 10. 

NITE'TIS, a daughter of Apries, king of 
Egvpt, married by his successor Amasis to 
Cyprus.— Poly. 8. 

NITIOBRIGES, a people of Gaul, sup- 
posed to be Agenois, in Guienne.— Cces. J3. 
G. 7, 7. 

NITO'CRIS, a celebrated queen of Baby- 
lon, who built a bridge across the Euphrates, 
in the middle of that city, and dug a number 
of reservoirs for the superfluous waters of 
that river. She ordered herself to be buried 
over one of the gates of the city, and placed 
an inscription on her tomb, which signified 
that her successors would find great trea- 
sures within, if ever they were in need of 
money, but that their labours would be but 
ill repaid if ever they ventured to open it 
without necessity. Cyrus opened it through 
curiosity, and was struck to find within these 
words: " If thy avarice had not been insati- 
able, thou never wouldst have violated the 

monuments of the dead."— Her. 1, l»5. 

A queen of Egypt who built a third pyramid. 

NITRIA, a country of Egypt with two 
to\vns of the same name above Memphis. 

NIVARlA,an island at the west of Africa, 
supposed to be Teneriff, one of the Canaries. 
— PL 6, 32. 

NOAS, a river of Thrace falling into the 
Ister.— Her. 4, 46. 

NOCMON, a Trojan killed bv Turnus.— 
V. JEn. 9, 767. 

NOCTILU'CA, a surname of Diana. She 
had a temple at Rome on mount Palatine, 
where torches were generally lighted in the 
night.— Var. L. L. A.—Hor. "a, o. fi, 38. 

NOLA, an ancient town of Campania, 
which became a Roman colony before the 
first Punic war. It was founded by a Tus- 
can, or according to others by an "Eubaean 
colony. It is said that Virgil had introduced 
the name of Nola in his Georgics, but that 
when he was refused a glass of water by the 
inhabitants as he passed through the city, 
he totally blotted it out-of his poem, and 
substituted the word ora, in the 225th line 
of the second book of his Georgics. Nola 
was besieged by Annibal, and bravely de- 
fended by Marcellus. Augustus died there 
on his return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells 
were first invented there in the beginning 
of the fifth century, from which reason they 
have been called 'Nola or Campance, in La- 
tin. The inventor was St. Paulinus, the 
bishop of the place, who died A.D. 431, 
though many imagine that bells were known 
long before, and only introduced into 



445 



NOM-NOR 



446 



NOR— NOV 



c hurches by that prelate. Before his time 
congregations were called to the church by 
the noise of wooden rattles (sacra lignaj— 
Pat. I, 7.— Sue. Au.—Si. 8, 517, I. 12, 161.— 
— A. Gel. 7, -20.— Li. 23, 14 & 39, 1. 24, 13. 

NO'MADES, a name given to all those 
uncivilized people who had no fixed habita- 
tion, and who continually changed the place 



where he founded a town, to which he gave 
the name of Nora.— Pa. 10, 17. 
NORBA, a town of the Yolsci. —Li. 2, 

34. Caesarea, a town of Spain on the 

Tagus. 

NORBA'NUS, C, a young and ambitious 
Roman who opposed Svlia, and joined his 
Interest to that of young Mariiis. In his 



of their residence, to go in quest of fresh consulship he marched against Svlla, by 

pasture, for the numerous cattle which they whom he was de(ealed,&c— Plu. -A friend 

tended. There were Nomades iu Scythia, ' and general of Augustus employed in Ma- 
India, Arabia, and Africa. Those of Africa cedonia against the republicans. He was 
were afterwards called Numidians, by a defeated by Brutus, &c. 
small change of the letters whicn composed | NO'RICUM, a country of ancient Illyri- 
their name.— It. l, 215.— PL. 5, 3.— Her. l, I cum, which now forms a part of modern 



15, 1. 4, 167.— Str.l.— Me. 2, I, 1. 3, 4.— Virg. 
G. 3, 343.— Pa. 8, 43. 

NOMjE, a town of Sicily — Di. 11.— Si. 
14, 26. 

NOMENTA'N"US,an epithet applied to L. 
Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He i: 
mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxun 
and dissipation.— Hor. 1, S. 2, 102 6c atibi.' 

NOMENTUM, a town of the Sabines ir. 
Italy, famous for wine, now called Lamen- 
tan'a. The dictator, Q. Servilius Priscus, 
gave the Vientes and Fidenates battle there, 
A.U.C. 312, and totally defeated them.— Of. 
F. 4, 905.— Li. 1, 3b, 1. 4, 22.— V. i£n.6,773. 

NOMU, mountains of Arcadia. — Pa. 

NOMIUS, a surname given to Apollo, be- 
cause he fed (nemo, pascoj the flocks of 
king Admetus in Thessaly.— Ci. Sat. D. 3,23. 

NONA'CRIS, a town of Arcadia, which 
received its name from a wife of Lycaon. 
There was a mountain of the same name in 
the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes 
called Sonacrius heros, as being an Area 
dian by birth, and Atalanta Sonacria, as be- 
ing a native of the place.— Curt. 10, c. lo.— 
Ov. F. 5, 97.— Me. 8, f. 10.— Pa. 8, 17, &c. 

NONIUS, a Roman soldier, imprisoned 
far paying respect to Galb^'s statues, &c— 

Ta. Hist. 1, 56. A Roman who exhorted 

his countrymen after the fatal battle of 
Pharsalia, and the flight of Pompey, by ob- 
serving that eight standards (aquilce) still 
remained in the camp, to which Cicero an- 
swered, recte, si nobis cum graculis bellum 

^ONNIUS MARC ELLUS, a grammarian, 
whose treatise de varia significatione ver- 
borum was edited by Mercer, 6vo. Paris, 1 61 4. 

NONNUS, a Greek writer of the fifth cen- 
tury, who wrote an account of the embassy 
he had undertaken to ./Ethiopia, among the 
Saracens, and other eastern nations. He is 
also known by his Dionysiaca, a wonderful 
collection of 'heathen mythology and erudi- 
tion, edited 4to, Antwerp, 1569. His_p«?-a- 
phrase on John was edited by Heinsius, 8vo. 
L. Bat. 1627. 

NONUS, a Greek physician, whose book 
de omnium morborum curatione was edited 
in 12mo. Argent. 1563. 

NOPIA or CINOPIA, a town of Bceotia, 
where Amphiarus had a temple. 

NO'RA, now Nour, a place of Phrygia, 
where Eumenes retired for some time, 6cc. 
— C. Nep. A town.— Vide Norax. 

NORaX, a son of Mercury and Eury thaea, 
who led a colony of Iberians into Sardinia, 



Bavaria and Austria. It extended between 
the Danube, and part of the Alps and Vin- 
delicia. Its savage inhabitants, who were 
once governed by Kings, made many incur- 
sions upon the Romans, and were* at last 
conquered under Tiberius, and the country 
became a dependent province. In the reign 
of Dioclesian, Noricum was divided into 
two parts, Ripense and Mediterranean. The 
iron that was drawn from Noricum was es- 
teemed excellent, and hence Soricus ensis 
was used to express the goodness of a sword. 
—Di. Per.—Str. 4.— PL. 34, 14.— Ta. Hist. 
3, 5 — Hor. 1, e. 16, 9.— Ov. Me. 14, 712. 
NORTHIPPUS, a Greek tragic poet. 
NORTIA, a name given to the goddess of 
fortune among the Etrurians.— Li. 7, 3. 

NOTHUS, a son of Deucalion. A sur- 
name of Darius, king of Persia, from his 
illegitimacy. 

NOTIUM.atown of jEolia near the Cay- 
ster. It was peopled by the inhabitants of 
Colophon, who left their ancient habitations 
because Notium was more conveniently si- 
tuated in being on the sea-shore. — Li. 37, 26, 

38, 39. 

NOTUS,the south wind, called also Auster. 

NOViE (laberncej, the new shops built in 
the forum at Rome, and adorned with the 

shields of the Cimbri — Ci. Or. 2, 66. The 

Veteres labernte were adorned with those of 
the Samnites.— Li. 9, 40. 

NO VARIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
now Sovara in Milan.— To. Hist. 1, 70. 

NOVA'TUS,a man who severely attacked 
the character of Augustus, under a fictitious 
name. The emperor discovered him, and 
only fined him a small sum of money. 

NOVESIUM, a town of the Ubii, on the 
west of the Rhine, now called Nuys, near 
Cologne.— Ta. Hist. 4, 26, 6cc. 

NOVIODU'NUM, a town of the Mdai in 
Gaul, taken by J. Caesar. It is pleasantly 
situated on the Ligeris, and now called No- 
yon, or as others suppose, Nevers.—Cces. B. 
G. 2, 12. 

NOYTOMAGUS orNEOMAGUS, a town 
of Gaul, now Sizeux in Normandy. Ano- 
ther called also Semetes, now Spire. ■ 

Another in Batavia, now Nimeguen, on the 
south side of the Waal. 

NOV1UM, a town of Spain, now Noya. 

NOVIUS PRISCUS, a man banished from 
Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was 
accessary to Piso's conspiracy.— Ta. An. 
15, 71. A man who attempted to assassi- 
nate the emperor Claudius. Two brothers 



NOV— NUM 



447 



NUM— NUM 



abscurely born, distinguished in the age of 
Horace for their officiousness.— HorA, S. 6. 

NOVUM COM DM, a town of Insubria on 
the lake Larinus, of wliicli the inhabitants 
were called Novoco menses. — Ci. Di. 13,3,5-5. 

NOX, one of the most ancient deities 
among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. 
From her union with her brother Erebus, 
she gave birth to the Day and the Light. 
She was also the mother of the Parca?, Hes- 
perides, Dreams, of Discord, Death, Mo- 
nms, Fraud, &c. She is called by some of 
the poets the mother of all things, of gods 
as well as of men, and therefore she was 
worshipped with great solemnity by the an- 
cients. She had a famous statue in Diana's 
temple at Ephesus. It was usual to offer 
her a black sheep, as she was the mother of 
the Furies. The cock was also offered to 
her, as that bird proclaims the approach of 
day, during the darkness of the night. She 
is represented as mounted on a chariot, and 
covered with a veil bespangled with stars. 
The constellations generally went before her 
as her constant messengers. Sometimes she 
is seen holding two children under her arms, 
one of w hich is black, representing death or 
rather night, and the other white, repre- 
senting sleep, or day. Some of the mo- 
derns have described her as a woman veiled 
in mourning, and crowned with poppies, 
and carried on a chariot drawn by owls and 
bats.— V. JEn. 6, 950. -Ov. F. 1, 455.— Pa. 
10, 38.— Hes. Th. 125 & 212. 

NUCEKIA,a town of Campania taken by 
Annibal. It became a Roman colony under 
Augustus, and was called Nuceria Constan- 
tia, or Alfatcrna. It now bears the name 
of tfocera, and contains about 30,000 inhabi- 
tants.— Luc. 2, 4T2.—LL 9, 41, 1. 27, 3.-//. 

Z, 531.— Ta. An. 13 Si 14. A town of Um- 

briaatlhe foot of the Apennines.—^?-. — PL. 

NUITHONES, a people of Germany pos- 
sessing the country now called Mecklenberg 
and Pomerania.— Ta. G. 40. 

NUMA MARCIUS, a man made governor 
of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was son- 
in-law of Numa Pompiiius, and father to 
Ancus Martins. — Ta. A. 6, 11.— Li. I, 20. 

NUMA POM PI LI US, a celebrated philo- 
sopher, born at Cures, a village of the Sa- 
bi lies, on the day that Romulus laid the 
foundation of Rome. He married Tatia the 
daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, 
and at her death he retired into the country 
to devote himself more freely to literary 
pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the Ro- 
mans fixed upon him to be their new kinp, 
and two senators were sent to acquaint him 
with thed cisionsof the senate andof the peo- 
ple. Numa refused their offers, and it was 
not but at the repeated solicitations and 
prayers of his friends, that he was prevailed 
upon to accept the royalty. The beginning 
of his reign was popular, and he dismissed 
the 300 body guards which his predecessor 
had kept around his person, observing that 
he did not distrust a people who had eom- 

rielled him to reign over them. He was not 
ike Romulus, fond of war and military ex- 
peditions, but he applied himself to tame the 
ferocity of his sub'ects, to inculcate in their 



minds a reverence for the deity, and to 
quell their dissentions by dividing all the 
citizens into different classes. He established 
different orders of priests, and taught the 
Romans not to worship the deity by images ; 
and from his example no graven or painted 
statues appeared in the temples or sanctu- 
aries of Rome for upwards of 160 years. He 
encouraged the report which was spread of 
his paying regular visits to the nymph Ege- 
ria, and made use of her name to give sanc- 
tion to the laws and institutions which he 
had introduced. He established the college 
of the vestals, and told the Romans that the 
safety of the empire depended upon the pre- 
servation of the sacred ancyle or shield, 
which, as was generally believed, had drop- 
ped down from heaven. He dedicated a 
temple to Janus, which, during his whole 
reign, remained shut, as a mark of peace 
and tranquility at Rome. Numa died after 
a reign of 43 years, in which he had given 
every possible encouragement to the useful 
arts, and in which he had cultivated peace, 
B.C. 672. Not only the Romans, but also 
the neighbouring nations, were eager to 
pay their last offices to a monarch whom 
they revered for his abilities, moderation, 
and humanity. He forbad his body to be 
burnt according to the custom of the Ro- 
mans, but he ordered it to be buried near 
mount Janiculum, with many of the books 
which he had written. These books were 
accidentally found by one of the Roniap 
about 400 years after his de^th, and as they 
contained "nothing new or interesting, but 
merely the reasons why he had made inno- 
vations in the form of worship and in the 
religion of the Romans, they were burned by 
order of the senate. He left behind one 
daughter called Pompilia, who married 
Numa Marcius, and became the mother ot 
Ancus Martins, the fourth king of Rome. 
Some say that lie had also four sons, but 
this opinion is ill founded.— Phi. vi.—Var. 
—Li. 1, 18.— PI. 13 Sc 14, Sec.—Fi. 1, 2.— V. 
JEn. 6, H09. 1. 9, 562.— Ci. ISat. D. 3, 2 & 17. 
— Va. Ma. 1, 2.—Dio. H. 2, 59.— Ov. F. 3, 

Sec. One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in 

the night by Nisus and Euryalus.— Vide 
JEn. 9, 454, 

NUMA'NA, a town of Picenum in Italy, of 
which the people were called Humanities. 
—Me. 2, 4. 

NUMANTIA, a town of Spain near th( 
sources of the river Durius, celebrated for 
the war of 14 years, which, though unpro- 
tected by walls and towers, it bravely main- 
tained against the Romans- The inhabitants 
obtained some advantages over the Roman 
forces till Scipio Africanus was empowered 
to finish the war, and to see the destruction 
of Numantia. He began the siege with an 
army of 60,000 men, and was bravely op- 
posed by the besieged, who were no more 
than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both 
armies behaved with uncommon valour, 
and the courage of the Numantines was 
soon changed into despair and fury. Their 
provisions began to fail, and they "fed upon 
the flesh of their horses, and afterwards on 
that of their dead companions, and at last 



NUM-NUM 



44;' 



NUM-XTO 



were necessitated to draw lots lo k ii! and 
devour one another. The melancholy sit- 
uation of their affairs obliged some to sur- 
render to the Roman general. Scipio de- 
manded them to deliver themselves up on 
the morrow; they refused, and when a 
longer time had been granted to their peti- 
tions, they retired and set fire to their houses, 
and all destroyed themselves B. C. i33, so 
that not even one remained to adorn the 
triumph of the conqueror. Some.historians, 
however, deny that, and support that a num- 
ber of Numantines delivered '.hemselves into 
Scipio's hands, and that 50 of them were 
drawn in triumph at Rome, and the rest 
were sold as slaves. The fall of Numantia 
was more g-lorious than that of Carthage or 
Corinth, though inferior to them. The 
conqueror obtained the surname of IS'uman- 
tintts.—Fl. 2, IS— App. Ib.— Pat. 2, 3.— Ci. 
I . off.—Stv.3.—Me.2,6.—Plu.—Hor.2.o. ! 2. 1 . 

NUMANTl'NA, a woman accused under 
Tiberius, of making- her husband insane by 
enchantments, &c. — Ta. An. 4, 22. 

NUMA'NUS REMULUS, a Rutulian who 
accused the Trujans of effeminacy. He 
had married the younger sister of Turnus, 
and was killed by Ascanius during- the Ru- 
tulian war.— V. £n. 9, 592, &c. 

NUME'NES, a follower of the doctrines 
of Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea 
in Syria. He flourished in the reign of M. 
Ar toil in us. 

N OMEN I A, or NEOMENIA, a ftsrival 
observed by the Greeks at the beginning- of 
every lunar month, in honour of all the 
gods, but especially of Apollo, or the sun, 
who is justly deemed the author of light 
and of whatever distinction is made in the 
months, seasons, days, and nights. It was 
observed with game's and public entertain- 
ments which were provided at the expense 
of rich citizens, and which were always 
frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers 
were offered at Athens during the solemnity, 
for the prosperity of the republic. The de- 
migods as well as the heroes of the ancients 
were honoured and invoked in the festival. 

N L" MEN IUS,a philosopher, who supposed 
that Chaos, from which the world was cre- 
ated, was animated by an evil and malefi- 
cient soul. He lived in the second century. 

NUMENTA'NA VIA, a road at Rome 
which led to mount Sacer through the gate 
Viminalis.— Li. 3, 52. 

NUMERfA, a goddess at Rome who pre- 
sided over numbers. — Au. Ci. D. 4, II. 

N I'MERIA'NUS, M. Aurelius, a son of 
the emperor Carus. He accompanied his 
father into the east with the title of Caesar, 
and at his death he succeeded him with his 
brother Carious, B. C. 282. His reign was 
short. Eight months after his father's death, 
ne was murdered in his litter by his father- 
in-law Arrius Aper, who accompanied him 
in an expedition. The murderer, who 
hoped to ascend the vacant throne, con- 
tinued to follow the litter as if the emperor 
was alive, till he found a proper opportu- 
nity to declare his sentiments. The stench 
of "the body, however, soon discovered his 
perfidy, and he was sacrificed to the fury of \ 



the soldiers. Numeriauus has been admired 
for his learning as well as his moderation. 
He was naturally an eloquent speaker, and 
in poetry he was inferior to no writer of 

his a»e. A friend of the emperor Severu>. 

NUMERIUS, a man who favoured the 

escape of Marius to Africa, See. A friend 

of Pompey taken by J. Caesar's adherents, 
kc.-Pl. 

NOMICIA VIA, one of the great Roman 
roads, which led from the capital to the 
town of Brundusium. 

NUMI'CUS, a small river of Latium, near 
Lavinium, where tbe dead body of jEneas 
was found, and where Anna, Dido's si*ter, 
drowned herself.— V. JEn. 7, 150, be— Si. 1, 

359.— Or. Me. 14, 358, &c. F. 3, 613. A 

friend of Horace to whom he addre>sed 1 e.6. 

NUMIDA, a surname given by Horace 1, 
od. 36, to one of the generals of Augustus, 
from his conquests in Nuniidia. Some sup- 
pose that it is Pomponius; others, Plotrus. 

NUMIDIA, an inland country of Africa, 
which now forms the kingdom of Algiers 
and Bildulgerid. It was bounded on the 
north by the Mediterranean sea, south by 
Gaetulia, west by Mauritania, and east by a 
part of Libya, which was called Africa Pro- 
pria. The inhabitants were called Nomades, 
and afterwards Numidm. It was the king- 
dom of Masinissa, which was the occasion 
of the third Punic war, on account of the 
offence he had received from the Cartha- 

finians. Jugurtha reigned there, as also 
uba the father and son. It was conquered, 
and became a Roman province, of which 
Sallust was the first governor. The Numi- 
dians were excellent warriors, and in their 
expeditions they always endeavoured to en- 
gage with the enemy in the night-time. 
They rode without saddles or bridles, whence 
they have been called infreeni. Tliey had 
their wives in common, as the rest of the 
barbarian nations of antiquity.— Scl. J. Ft. 
2, 15.— Str. 2 & 17.— Mela, i, 4, Sec.— Op. 
Me. 15, 754. 

NUM1DIUS QUADRATUS, a governor 
of Syria under Claudius.— Ta. An. 12. 

NL'MISTRO, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
—Li. 45, 17. 

NUMI'TOR, a son of Procas, king of 
Alba, who inherited his father's kingdom 
with his brother Amulius, and began to 
reign conjointly with him. Amulius was 
too avaricious to bear a colleague on the 
throne ; he expelled his brother, and that 
he might more safely secure himself, he put 
to death his son Lausus and consecrated his 
daughter Ilia to the service of the goddess 
Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy. 
These great precautions were rendered 
abortive. Ilia became pregnant, and though 
the tv*o children whom she brought forth 
were exposed in the river by order of the 
tyrant, their life was preserved, and Numitor 
was restored to his throne by his grandsons, 
and the tyrannical usurper was put to death. 
— Bio. H.—Li. I, o.—Plu. R.—Ov. F. 4, 

55, &c— V. jE?i. 6, 768. A son of Phorcus 

who fought with Turnus against jEueas.— 

V. /En. 10, i.42. A rich and dissolute 

Roman in the age of Juvenal, 7, 74. 



NUM — NYM 



449 



NYM — NYM 



NUMITO'RIUS, a Roman who defended 
Virginia, to whom Appius wished to offer 
violence. He was made military tribune. 

Q. PULLUS, a general of Fregellae, &c. 

— Ci. In. 2, 34. 

NUMONIUS. Vide Vala. 

NUNCOK.EUS, a son of Sesostris king of 
Egypt, who made an obelisk, some ages 
alter brought to Rome, and placed in the 

Vatican.— PI. 36, 11. He is called Pheron 

by Herodotus. 

NUNDl'NA, a goddess whom tiie Romans 
invoked when they named their children. 
This happened the ninth day after their 
oirth, whence the name of the goddess, Nona 
dies.— Mac. S. J, 16. 

NUNDI'NiE. Vide Ferise. 

NURS.E, a town of Italy.— V. Mn. 7, 744. 

NURSCIA, a goddess who patronized the 
Etrurians. — Juv. 10, 74. 

NURS1A, now Norza, a town of Picenum 
whose iuhabitants are called Nursini. Its 
situation was exposed, and the air considered 
as unwholesome.— Si. It. 8, 416. — V. JEn.l, 
716.— Mart. 13, e. 20.— Li. 28, 45. 

NUTRIA, a town of Illyricum.— Pol. 2. 

NYCTEIS, a daughter of Nycteus, who 

was mother of Labdaous. A patronymic 

of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother 
of Araphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who 
had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy 
her com pan v.— Ov. Me. 6, 110. 

NYCTELI'A, festivals in honour of Bac- 
chus, [Vide Nvctelius,] observed on mount 
Cithaeron.— Phi. Sym. 

NYCTELIUS, a surname of Bacchus, be- 
cause his orgies were celebrated in the night 
Cnyx u nox," "teleo" perficio.) The words la- 
tex Nuctelivs thence signify wine.— Sen.CEd, 
—Pa. 1, 40. -Ov. Me. 4, 15. 

NYCTEUS, a ron of Hyrieus and Clonia, 
A son of Chthonius. A son of Nep- 
tune by Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of 
Lesbos, or of Thebes, according to the more 
received opinion. He married a nympth of 
Crete called Polyxo, or Amolthae, by whom 
he had two daughters, Nyctimene and An- 
tiope. The first of these disgraced herself 
by her criminal amours with her father, 
into whose bed she introduced herself by 
means of her nurse. When me father knew 
the incest he had committed, he attempted 
to stab his daughter, who was immediately 
changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus 
made war "against Epopeus, who had carried 
away Antiope, and died of a wound which 
he had received in an engagement, leaving 
hi> kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he 
entreated to continue the war, and punish 
Antiope for her immodest conduct. [Vide 
Antiope.]— Pi. 2, 6.— Hyg. fa, 157 & 204.— 
Ov. Me. 2, 500, 6iC. 1. 6, 110, &c. 

NYCTIMENE, a daughter of Nycteus. 
[Vide Nveteus.] 

NYCT'l'MUS, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
cadia. He died without issue, and left his 
kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of 
Caliisto.— Pa. 8, 4. 

NYMBjEUM, a lake o D eloponnesus in 
Laconia.— Id. 3, 23. 

NYMPH/E, certain female deities among 
the ancients. They were generally divided 



into two classes, nymphs of the land and 
nymphs of the sea. Of the nymphs of the 
earth, some presided over woods, and were 
called Dryades and Hamadryadcs ; others 
presided over mountains, and were called 
Orcades ; some presided over hills and dales, 
and were called Napex, &c. Of the sea. 
nymphs some were called Oceanides, Nere- 
ides, Naides, Potamides, Limnades, &c. 
These presided not only over the sea, but 
also over rivers, fountains, streams, and 
lakes. The nymphs fixed their residence 
not only in the sea, bnt also on mountains, 
rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos 
were beautified by evergreens and delightful 
and romantic scenes. The nymphs were 
immortal, according to the opinion of 
some mythologists ; others supposed that, 
like men, they were subject to mortality, 
though their "life was of long duration. 
They lived for several thousand years, accord- 
ing to Hesiod, or as Plutarch seems obscure- 
ly to intimate, they lived about 9720 years. 
The number of the nymphs is not precisely 
known. They were above 3000, according 
to Hesiod, whose power was extended over 
the different places of the earth, and the 
various functions and occupations of man- 
kind. They were worshipped by the an- 
cients, though not with so much solemnity 
as the superior deities. They had no tem- 
ples raised to their honour, and the only 
offerings they received were milk, honey, oil, 
and sometimes the sicrifice of a goat. They 
were generally represented as young and 
beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, 
and sometimes they held a vase, from which 
they seemed to pour water. Sometimes 
they had grass, leaves, and shells, instead of 
vases. It was deemed unfortunate to see 
them naked, and such a sight was grenerallv 
attended by a delirium, to which Propertiu's 
seems to allude in this verse, wherein he 
speaks of the innocence and simplicity of 
the primitive ages of the world :— 

Nec fuerat nudus pana videre Deas. 
The nymphs were generally distinguished by 
an epithet which denoted "the place of their 
residence : thus, the nymphs of Sicily were 
called Sicelides ; those of Corycus, Cory- 
cides, bc.—Ov. Me. 1, 320, 1. 5, 412, 1. 9, 
651, &C.—F. 3, 769.— Pa. 10, Z.—PLu. Or. 
def.—Orp. Arg.—Hes. Th.—Pro. 3, e. 12.— 
H. Od. 14. 
NYMPHiEUM, a port of Macedonia — 

Cres. b. c. A promontory of Epirus on the 

Ionian sea. A place near the walls of 

Apol Ionia, sacred to the nymphs, where 
Apollo had also an oracle. The place was 
also celebrated for the continual flames of 
fire which seemed to rise at a distance from 
the plains. It was there that a sleeping 
satyr was once caught and brought to Syila, 
as "he returned from the Mithridatic war. 
This monster had the same features as the 
poets ascribed to the satyr. He was inter- 
rogated by Sylia, and by his interprete d, 
but his articulations were unintelligible, 
and the Roman spurned from him a crea- 
ture which seemed to partake of the nature 
of a beast more than that of a man. — Flu 
Sy,—Dio. 41.— PI. 5, 29.-Str. ?.— Li. 42 



NYM— NYS 4. 

35, & 4?. A citv of Taurica Cbersonesns. 

The building at Rome where the nymphs 

were worshipped, bore also this name, being 
adorned with their statues and with foun- 
tains and water-falls, which afforded an 
agreeable and refreshing coolness. 

N VMPH^US, a man who went into Ca- 
ria at the head of a colonv of Melians, &:c. 
—Poly. 8. 

N Y MPHIDIUS, a favourite of Nero, who 
said that he was descended from Caligula. 
He was raised to the consular dignity, and 
soon after disputed the empire with Galba. 
He was slain bv the soldiers, &cc.—Ta.An. 15. 

NYMPH IS, "a native of Heraclea, who 
wrote an historv of Alexander's life and ac- 
tions, divided into 24 books. — Ml. 7, An. 

NYMPHODO'RUS, a writer of Amphipo- 

lis. A Syracusan who wrote an history oi 

Sicily. 

NYMPHOLEPTES, or Nymphomanes, 
possessed by the nymphs. This name was 
given to the inhabitants of mount Cithaeron, 
who believed that they were inspired by the 
nvmphs.— Pin. Ar. 

NYMPHON, a native of Colophon, &c— 
Ci.fr. i. 

NYPSIUS, a general of Diony sins, the ty- 
rant who took Syracuse, and put all the in- 
habitants to the sword. — Di. 16. 

NYSA or NYSSA, a town of .Ethiopia, at 
ihe south of Egvpt, or according to others, 
of Arabia. This city, with another of the 
same name in India, was sacred lo the god 
Bacchus, who was educated there by the 
nymphs of the place, and who received the 
name of Dionvsius, which seems to be com- 
pounded of Dios and N-'sa, the name of 
his father, and that of the place of his edu- 
cation. The god made this town the seat of 
his empire and the capital of the conquered 
nations of the east. Diodorus, in his third 
and fourth books, has givin a prolix account 
of the birth of the god at Nysa, and of his 
education and heroic actions.— Me. 3, 7. — 
Ov. Me. 4, 13, \c.—It. 7, 198.— Curt. 8, 10. 
— V. Mn. 6, 805. According to some geo- 
graphers there were no less thanteu places 
of the name of Nysa. One of these was on 
the coast of Eubcea, famous for its vines, 
which grew in such an uncommon manner, 
that if a twig was planted in the ground in 
the morning, it immediately produced grapes, 

which were full ripe in the evening. A 

city of Thrace. Another seated on the 

top of mount Parnassus, and sacred to Bac 
eh us.— Jut. 7, 63. 

N YS.EUS, a surname of Bacchus, because 
he was worshipped at Nysa. — Propert. 3, el. 

17, v. 22. A son of Dionvsius of Syracuse. 

— C. Nep. Di. 

NYSAS, a river of Africa, rising in iEthi- 
opia. 

NYSI51 PORTiE,asmall island of Africa 
NYSlADES, a name given to the nymphs 
of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter intrusted the 
education of his son Bacchus. — Ov. Me. 3, 
314, <Scc. 

NYSl'ROS, an island.— Vide Nisyros. 
NYSIUS, a surname of Bacchus, ?.£ the 
protecting god of Nysa. — Ci. Viae. 25. 
NYSSA, a sister of Mithridates the 'ireat. 



OAIi-OCE 



o. 



OARSES, the original name of Artax 
erxes Memnon. 

OARUS, a river of Sarmatia, falling into 
the Palus Mceotis.— Her. 4. 

OASIS, a town about the middle of Libya, 
at the distance of seven days' .journey from 
Thebes in Egypt, where the Persian army 
sent by Cambyses to plunder Jupiter Am- 
nion's temple" was lost in the sands. There 
were two other cities of that name very 
little known. Oasis became a place of ba- 
nishment under the lower empire. — Sir. 17. 
Zos. 5, 97.— Her. 3, 26. 

OAXES, a river of Crete which received 
its name trom Oaxus the son of Apollo.— 
V. Eel. 1 , 66. 

OAX US, a town of Crete where Etearchus 

reigned who founded Cyrene. A son of 

Apollo and the nvmph Anchiale. 

OBRINGA, now Ahr, a river of Germany, 
falling into the Rhine above Rimmasen. 

ORULTROMUS, a quaestor put to death 
bv Galba's orders, <&c— Ta. 

OCA LEA or OCALIA, a town of Boeotin. 

— H. 11. 2. A daughter of Mantineu*, 

who married Abas, son of Lynceus and Hy- 
permnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and 
Prcetus.— Apol. 2, 2. 

OCE1A, a woman who presided over tl e 
sacred rights of Vesta for 57 years witli the 
greater sanctity. She died in the reign of 
Tiberius, and the daughter of Domitius suc- 
ceeded her.— Ta. An. 2, 66. 

OCEANTDES & OCEANTTIDES, sea 
nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom 
they received their name, and of the goddess 
Tet'hys. They were 3000 according to Apol- 
lodorus, who mentions the names of seven 
of them : As-ia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eury- 
nome, Arnphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod 
speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 
41 : Pitho, Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rhodia, 
Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, Idyia, 
Pasitiioe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Gal'uxaure, Plex- 
aure, Persei's, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, Me- 
lobolis, Dione, Cerceis, Xanthe, Acasta, 
lanira, Telestho, Europa, Menestho, Petrea, 
Eudora, Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crista, 
Amphiro, with those mentioned by Apollo- 
dorus, except Arnphitrite. Hyginus men- 
tions 16, whose names are almost all dif- 
ferent from those of Apollodorus and Hesiod, 
which difference proceeds from the mutila- 
tion of the original text. The Oceanides, 
as the rest of the inferior deities, were ho- 
noured with libations and sacrifices. Pray er.i 
were offered to them, and they were "en 
treated to protect sailors from storms and 
dangerous tempests. The Argonauts, 
before they proceeded to their expedition, 
made an offering of flour, honey, and oil, 
on the sea shore, to all the deities of the sea, 
and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated 
their protection. When the sacrifice wad 
made on the sea-shore, the blood of the vic- 
tim was received in a vessel, but when it 
was in the open sea, i ne blood was per 



OCE — OCR 



451 



OCT— OCT 



mitteJ to ran down into the waters. When 
ttie sea was calm the sailors generally of- 
fered a lamb or a young pi?, but if ic was 
agitated by the winds, and rough, a black 
bull was deemed the most acceptable victim. 
— H. Od. 3—Hor.—Apol.Ar.-Virg.G.4, 
JU.-Hes. Th. 3A9.—Apol. 1. 

OCEA'NUS, a powerful deity of the sea, 
pon of Coelus and Terra. He married Te- 
thys, by whom he had the most principal 
rivers, "such as the Alpheus, Peneus, Stry- 
raon, &c. with a number of daughters who 
are called from him Oceanides.— [Vide 
Oceanides J According to Homer, Oceanus 
was the father of all the gods, and on that 
account he received frequent visits from 
the rest of the deities. He is generally re- 
presented as an old man with a long flowing 
beard, and sitting upon the waves of the 
n»a. He often holds a pike in his hand, 
hi 1st ships under sail appear at a distance, 
<ir a sea monster stands near lain. Oceanus 
presided over every part of the sea, and 
even the rivers were subjected to his power. 
The ancients were superstitious in their 
worship to Oceanus, and revered with 
great solemnity a deity to whose care they 
entrusted themselves when going on any 
voyage.— Hes. Th.-Ov. F. 5, 81, &cc.—Apol. 
\.—Ci. Nat. D. 3, 20.— H. 11. 

OCELLUS, an ancient philosopher of 
Lucania.— Vide Lucanus. 
OCE'LUM, a town of Gaul.— Cx. B. G.l, 10. 
OCHA, a mountain of Eubcea, and the 

name of Eubcea itself. A sister of Ochus, 

buried alive bv his orders. 

OCHESIUS," a general of jEtolia in the 
Trojan war.— H. 11. 5. 

OCHUS, a surname given to Artaxerxes 
the third king of Persia. [Vide Artaxerxes.] 

A man of Cyzicus who was killed by the 

Argonauis. — Flac. 3. A prince of Persia, 

who refused to visit his native country for 
fear of giving all the women each a piece of 

gold.— Phi. A river of India, or of Bac- 

triana.— PL 6. 16, 1. 31, 7. A king of 

Persia. He exchanged this name for that of 
Darius.— Vide Darius Nothus. 

OCNUS, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, 
who assisted iEneas against Tuniiis. He 
built a town which he called Mantua after 
his mother's name. Some suppose that he 
is the same as Bianor. — V. Eel. 9, Mn. 10, 

198. A man remarkable for his industry. 

He had a wife as remarkable for her pro- 
fusion; she always consumed and lavished 
away whatever the labours of her husband 
had earned. He is represented as twisting 
a cord, which an ass standing by eats up as 
soon as he makes it, whence the proverb of 
the cord of Ocnus, often applied to labour 
which meets no return, and which is totally 
lost.— Pro. 4, e. 3, 21.— Pi. 35, 11.— Pa. 10.29. 

OCRI'CULUM, now Otricoli, a town of 
Umbria near Rome.— Ci. Mi.— Li. 19, 41. 

OCRIDION, a king of Rhodes who was 
reckoned in the number of the gods after 
death. — Plu. Gr<e. q. 27. 

OCRISJA, a woman of Corniculum, who 
was one of the attendants of Tanaquil, the 
wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was 
throwing into the flames, as offerings, some 



of the meats that were served on the table of 
Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what 
Ovid calls obscani forma virilis. She infor- 
med the queen of it, and when by her orders 
she had approached near it, she conceived a 
son who was called Servius Tullus, and who 
being educated in the king's family, after- 
wards succeeded to the vacant throne.' Some 
suppose that Vulcan had assumed that form 
which was presented to the eyes of Ocrisia, 
and that the god was the father of the sixth 
king of Rome,— Plu. fo. Ro.—Pl.3Q, 27.— 
Ov. F. 6. 627. 

OCTACI L LI US , a slave who was manumit- 
ted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric at 
Rome. He had Pompev the Great in the num- 
ber of his pupils.— Sue'. Ph.— Mart. 10, e. 79. 

OCTA'VIA, a Roman lady, sister to the 
emperor Augustus, and celebrated for her 
beauty and virtues. She married Claudius 
Marcellus, and after his death, M. Antony. 
Her marriage with Antony was a political 
step to reconcile her brother and her hus- 
band. Antony proved for some time atten- 
tive to her, but he soon after despised her 
for Cleopatra, and when she attempted to 
withdraw him from this unlawful amour by 
going to meet him at Athens, she was se- 
cretly rebuked and totally banished from 
his presence. This affront was highly re- 
sented by Augustus, and though 0«tavia 
endeavoured to pacify him by palliating her 
husband's behaviour, he resolved to revenge 
her cause by arms. After the battle of Ac- 
tium and the death of Antony, Octavia, for- 
getful of the injuries she had received, took 
into her house all the children of her hus- 
band and treated them with maternal ten- 
derness. Marcellus her son by her first 
husband was married to a niece o"f Augustus, . 
and publicly intended as a successor to his 
uncle. His sudden death plunged all his 
family into the greatest grief. Virgil, whom 
Augustus patronized, undertook upon him- 
self to pay a melancholy tribute to the 
memory of a young man whom Rome re- 
garded as her future father and patron. He 
was desired to repeat his composition in the 
presence of Augustus and of his sister. Octavia 
burst into tears as soon as the poet began ; 
but when he mentioned, Tu Marcellus eris, 
she swooned away. This tender and pathetic 
encomium upon the merit and the virtue of 
young Marcellus was liberally rewarded by 
Octavia, and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces 
for every one of the verses. Octavia had 
two daughters by Antony, Antonia Major 
and Antonia Minor. The elder married L. 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom she had 
Cn. Domitius the father of' the emperor Nero 
by Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus. 
Antonia Minor, who was as virtuous and as 
beautiful as her mother, married Drusus 
the son of Tiberius, by whom she had Ger- 
manicus and Claudius, who reigned before 
Nero. The death of Marcellus continually 
preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died 
of melancholy about lu years before the 
Christian era. Her brother paid great re- 
gard to her memory, by pronouncing himself 
her funeral oration. " The Roman people 
also showed their respect for her virtues by 



OCT-OCY 



452 



OCY— ODI 



Cheir wish to pay divine honours.—- Sue. An. 
— Plu. Ant. Arc' A daughter of the em- 
peror Claudius by Messalina. She was be- 
trothed to Silamis, but by the intrigues of 
Agrippina, she was married to ;he emperor 
Nero in the I6t!i year of her age. She was 
soon after divorced on pretence of barren- 
ness, and the emperor married Poppaea, 
who exercised her enmity upon Octavia by 
causing 1 her to be banished into Campania. 
She was afterwards recalled at the instance 
of the people, and Poppaea, who was re- 
solved on her ruin, caused her again to be 
banished to an island, where she was or- 
dered to kill herself by opening: her veins. 
Her head was cut off and carried to Pop- 
psea. — Sue. Clau. 27. in Ne. 7 6c 35.— Ta. 
An. 12. 

OCTAVIANUS. or OCTAVIUS CESAR, 
the nephew of Caesar the dictator. After 
the battle of Actium and the final destruction 
of the Roman republic, the servile senate 
bestowed upon him the title and surname of 
Augustus, as expressive of bis greatness and 
dignity.— Vide Augustus. 

OCTAVIUS, a Roman officer who brought 
Perseus, king of Macedonia, a prisoner to 
the consul. He was sent by his countrymen 
to be guardian to Ptolemy Eupator, the 
young King of Egypt, where he behaved with 
the greatest arrotrance. He was assassinated 
bv Lysias, who was before rt gent of Egrypt. 

The murderer was sent to Rome. A n, an 

who opposed Metellus in the reduction of 
Crete by means of Pompey. He Mu obliged 

to retire from the island. A man who 

banished Cinna from Rome, and became re- 
markable for his probity and fondness of 
discipline. He was seized and put to death 
by order of his successful rivals Marius and 

Cinna. A Roman who boasted of being in 

the number of Caesar's murderers. His as- 
sertions were false, yet he was punished as 
if he had been accessary to the conspiracy. 

A lieutenant of Crassus in Parthia. He 

accompanied his general to the tent of the 
Parthian conqueror, and was killed by the 
enemy as he attempted to hinder them from 

carrying away Crassus. A governor of Ci- 

licia. He died in his province, an J Lucullus 

made applications to succeed him, Sec. A 

tribune of the people at Rome, whom Tib. 
Gracchus his colleague deposed. A com- 
mander of the forces of Antony aganst Au- 
gustus. An officer who killed himself, &zc. 

A tribune of the people, who debauched 

a woman of Poutus from her husband. She 
proved unfaithful to him, upon which he 
murdered her. He was condemned under 
Nero.— Ta. An. 6- Hist.— Plu. vi.—Fl.—Li. 

ice. A poet in the Augustan age intimate 

with Horace. He also distinguished himself 
as an historian. — Hor. l. S. 10, 82. 

OCTODU'RUS, a village in the modem 
countrv of Switzerland, how called Martig- 
ny.—Czs. B.G. 3, 1. 

OCTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little 
above the Mouth of the Iberus, now called 
Meqitinensar- fees. B. G. I, 61. 

OC ! OLOPHUM.a place of Greece. Li.3\ . ' 

OCYALUS, one of the Phaeacians with I 
Alciuous.- H. Mrf. i < 



OCY'PETE, one of the Harpies who in- 
fected whatever she touched. The name 
signifies swift flying.— Hes. Th. Tdi.—Apol. 
1, 9. — A daughter of Thaumas. — A daugh- 
ter of Danaus. 

O'CYROE, a daughter of Chiron by Cha- 
riclo, who had the gift of prophecy. She 
was changed into a mare. [Vide Mtlanippe.] 

Ov. Me. 2, 63S, 6cc. A woman, daughter 

of Chesias, carried away by Apollo, as she 
was going to a festival at Miletus. 

ODENVTUS, a celebrated prince ^"Pal- 
myra. He early inured himself to bear fa- 
tigues, and by hunting leopards and wild, 
beasts, he accustomed himself to the labours 
of a military life. He was faithful to the 
Romans ; and when Aurelian had been taken 
prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, Odenatus 
warmly interested himself in his cause, and 
solicited his release by writing a letter to the 
conqueror and sending him presents. The 
king of Persia was offended at the liberty of 
Odenatus ; he tore the letter, and ordered 
the presents which were offered to be thrown 
into a river. To punish Odenatus, who had 
the impudence, as he observed, to pay hom- 
age to so great a monarch as himself, he 
ordered him to appear before him, on pain 
of being devoted to instant destruction, vvitl» 
all his family, if he dared to refuse. Odena- 
tus disdained the summons of Sapor, and 
opposed force to force. He obtained some 
advantages over the troops of the Persian 
monarch, and took his wife prisoner with a 
great and rich booty. These services were 
seen with gratitude by the Romans ; and 
Gallienus, the then reigning emperor, 
named Odenatus as his colleague on the 
throne, and grave the title of Augustus to 
his children, and to his wife the celebrated 
Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new pow- 
er, resolved to signalize himself more con- 
spicuously by conquering: the northern bar- 
barians, but his exultation was short, and 
he perished by the dagger of one of his re- 
lations, whom" he had slightly offended in a 
domestic entertainment. He died at Emessa, 
about the 267th year of the Christian era. 
Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and 
honours. 

ODESSUS, a sea port town at the west of 
the Enxine sea in Lower Mcesia, below the 
mouths of the Danube.— Of. I, Tr. 9, 37. 

ODEUM, a musical theatie at Athens. — 
Vitr. 5. 9. 

ODl'NUS, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
who flourished about 70 years b fore the 
Christian era, in the northern parts of an- 
cient Germany or the modern kingdom of 
Denmark. He was at once a priest, a sol- 
dier, a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. 
He imposed upon the credulity of bis super- 
stitious countrymen, and made them believe 
that he could" raise the dead to life, and 
that he was acquainted with futurity. When 
he had extended his power, and increased 
his fame by conquest, and by persuasion, he 
resolved to die in a different manner from 
other men. He assembled his friends, \ta4 
with a sharp point of a lance he made on 
Iiis body nine different wounds in the form 
of a circle, and as lie expired he declared 



ODI (EBA 4 

lie was going into Scythia, where he should 
become one of the immortal gods. He further 
added, that he would prepare bliss and fe- 
licity for such of his countrymen as lived a 
virtuous life, who fousrht with intrepidity, 
and who died like heroes in the field of 
battle. These injunctions had the desired ef- 
fect, his countrymen superstitiously believed 
rim, and always recommended themselves 
io his protection whenever they engaged in 
a battle, and they entreated hini to receive 
l.he souls of such as had fallen in war. 

ODI' TES, a son of Ixion, killed by Mop- 
pus, at the nuptials of Pirithous.— Ov. Me. 

12, 457. A prince killed at the nuptials of 

Andromeda.— Id. ib. 5, 97. 

ODOA'CER, a king of the Heruli, who 
destroyed the western empire of Rome, and 
called himself kin? of Italy, A. D. 476. 

ODOMANTI, a people of Thrace on the 
eastern banks of the Strymon.— Li. 45, 4. 

ODONES, a people of Thrace. 

ODRYSiE, an ancient people of Thrace, 
between Abdera and the river Ister. The 



,3 (EBA- (EDI 

gophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom 

he had tiippocoon, Tvndarus, &c;— Pa. 3, I. 

—Apol. 3, 10. A son of Telon and the 

nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the neigh- 
bourhood ofNeapolisin Italv.— F". JEn. 7,734, 

(EBA RES, a satrap of Cyrus, against the 

Medes.— Poly. 7. A groom of Darius son 

of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his 
master obtained the kingdom of Persia, by 
liis artifice in making his horse neigh first. 
[Fide Darius I.]— Her. 3, 85.— Ju. 1, 10. 

(ECHALIA, a country of Peloponnesus in 
Laconia, with a small town of the same 
name. This town was destroyed by Hercules, 
while Eurytus was king over it, from which 
circumstance it was often called Eurytopo- 
lis. A small town of Euboaa, where, ac- 
cording to some,Eurvtus reigned, and not in 
Peloponnesus.— Str. 8,9, & 10.— F./En. 8,291. 
— Ov. Her. 9. Me. 9, 136.- Soph. Tra.UkSch. 

(ECU'DES, a patronymic of Amphiarus 
son of (Ecleus.— Ov. Me. 8, f. 7. 

GSCLEUS.— Vide Oicleus. 

(ECUMEN1US wrote in the middle of the 



epithet of Odtysius is often applied to a ' 10th century a paraphrase of some of the 
Thracian.— Ov. Me. 6, 490, 1. 13, 554.— St. j books of the New Testament in Greek, 
Ach. \, 184.— Li. 39, 53. 1 edited in 2 vols fol. Paris, 1631. 



ODYSSEA, one of Homer's epic poems, 
in which he describes in 24 books the ad- 
ventures of Ulysses on his return from the 
Trojan war, with other material circum- 
stances. The whole of the action compre- 
hends no more than fifty-five days. It is not 
so esteemed as the Iliad of that poet. Vide 
Homerus. 

ODYSSE'UM, a promontory of Sicily, at 
the west of Pachynus. 

(EA, a city of Africa, now Tripoli.— PI. 5, 

4.— Si. It. 3, 257. Also a place in /Egina. 

— Her. 5, 83. 

(EAGRUS or (EAGER, the father of Or- 
pheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, 
and from him mount Hsemus, and also the 
Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, 
have received the appellation of CEa grins, 
though Servius in his commentaries disputes 
the explanation of Diodorus, by asserting 
that the (Eagrus is a river of Thrace, whose 
waters supply the streams of the Hebrus. — 
Ov. Ib. 414.— Apol. 1, Ar.—Vhg. G. 4, 524. 
—It. 5, A63.—Di.—Apol. l, 3. 

G2ANTHE & (EANTHIA, a town of Pho- 
cis, where Venus had a temple.— Pa. 3 0, 38. 

(EAX, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. 
He was a brother to Falamedes, whom he 
accompanied to the Trojan war, and whose 
death he highly resented on his return to 
Greece, by raising disturbances in the family 
of some of the Grecian princes.— Die. Cr.— 
Apot. I.—Hyg. fa. 117. 

ffiBALIA, the ancient name of Laconia, 
which it received from king QZbalus, and 
thence QZbaUdes puer is applied to Hyacin- 
thus as a native of the country, and CEbalius 
sanguis is used to denominate his blood. — 

Pa. 3, 1. — Apol. 3, 10. The same name 

is given to Tarentum, because built by a 
Lacedaemonian colony, whose ancestors were 
governed by GEbalus.— Virg. G. 4, 125.— 
Si. 12, 451. 

CEBALUS, a son of Arg-al.us or Cynortas, 
who was king of Laconia. lie married Gor- 



(ED1POD1A, a fountain of Thebes in 
Bceotia. 

(EDIPUS, a son of Laius, king of Thebes 
and Jocasta. As being descended from Ve- 
nus by his father's side, OZdipus was born to 
be exposed to all the dangers and calamities 
which Juno could inflict upon the posterity 
of the goddess of beauty. Laius the father 
of CEdipus, was informed by the oracle, as 
soon as he married Jocasta, that he must 
perish by the hands of his son. Such dread- 
ful intelligence awakened his fears, and to 
prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he re- 
so. ved never to approach Jocasta; but his 
solemn resolutions were violated in a fit ot 
intoxication. The queen became pregnant, 
and Laius, still intent to stop this evil, or- 
dered his wife to destroy her child as soon 
as it came into the world. The mother had 
not the courage to obey, yet she gave the 
child as soon as born to one of her domes- 
tics, with orders to expose him on the moun- 
tains. The servant was moved with pity, but 
to obey the commands of Jocasta, he bored 
the feet of the child, and suspended him with 
a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithae- 
ron, where he was soon found by one of the 
shepherds of Polybus. king of Corinth. The 
shepherd carried him home ; and Peribcea, 
the wife of Polybus, who had no children, 
educated him as'her own child, with mater- 
nal tenderness. The accomplishments of 
the infant, who was named (Edipus, on ac- 
count of the swelling of his feet (" oideo," tu- 
meo," podes," pedes) soon became the admi- 
ration of the age. His companions envied his 
strength and his address ; and one of them, 
to mortify his rising ambition, told him he 
was an illegitimate child. This raised his 
doubts; he asked Periboea, who out of ten- 
derness told him that his suspicions were 
ill founded. Not satisfied with this, he 
went to consult the oracle at Delphi, and 
was there told not to return home, for if 
lie did, he must necessarily be the murderer 



CEDI-CEDI 



454 



(EME-CENI 



of his father, and the husband of his mother. 
This answer of the oracle terrified him ; 
he knew no home bnt the house of Polybus, 
therefore he resolved not to return to" Co- 
rinth, where such calamities apparently 
attended him. He travelled towards Phocis", 
and, in his journey, met, in a narrow road, 
Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. 
Laius haughtily ordered (Edipus to make 
way for him. (Edipus refused, and a con- 
test ensued, in which Laius and his arm- 
bearer were both killed. As (Edipus was 
ignorant of the quality and of the rank of 
the men whom he had just killed, he con- 
tinued his journey, and was attracted to 
Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This 
terrible monster, which Juno had sent to 
lay waste the country, [Fide Sphynx,] re- 
sorted in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and 
devoured all those who attempted to ex- 
plain, without success, the enigmas which he 
proposed. The calamity was now become 
an object of public concern, and as the suc- 
cessful explanation of an enigma would end 
in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who at 
the death of Laius h;id ascended the throne 
of Thebes, promised his crown and Jocasta 
to him who succeeded in the attempt. The 
enigma proposed was this : what anima] 
in the morning walks upon four feet, at 
noon upon two, and in the evening upon 
three ! This was left for (Edipus to ex- 
plain ; he came to the monster, and said, 
that man, in the morning of life, walks 
upon his hands and his feet ; when he has 
attained the years of manhood, he walks 
upon his two legs; and in the evening, he 
supports his old age with the assistance of 
a staff. The monster, mortified at the true 
explanation, dashed his head against a rock 
and perished. (Edipus ascended the throne 
of Thebes, and married Joca>ta, by whom 
he had two sons, Polynices and Eteoclrs, 
and two daughters, Is'mene and Antigone. 
Some years after, the Theban territories 
were visited with a plague ; and the oracle 
declared that it should cease only when the 
murderer of king Laius was banished from 
Bceolia. As the death of Laius had never 
been examined, and the circumstances that 
attended it never known, this answer of the 
oracle was of the greatest concern to the 
Thebans ; but (Edipus, the friend of his 
people, resolved to overcome every diffi- 
culty by the most exact inquiries. "His re- 
searches were successful, and he was soon 
proved to be the murderer of his father. 
The melancholy discovery was rendered the 
more alarming, when (Edipus considered, 
that he had not only murdered his father, 
but that he had committed incest with his 
mother. In the excess of his grief he put 
out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light, 
and banished himself from Thebes, or, as 
some say, was banished by his own sous. 
He retired towards Attica, led by his daugh- 
ter Antigone, and came near Colonos, 
where there was a grove sacred to the Fu- 
ries. He remembered that he was doomed 
by the oracle to die in such a place, and to 
become the source of prosperity to the coun- 
try in which his bones were buried. A mes- 



senger upon this was sent to Theseus, king 
of the country, to inform him of Ihe resolu- 
tion of (Edipus. When Theseus arrived, 
(Edipus acquainted him, with a prophetic 
voice, that the gods had called him to die in 
the place where he stood ; and to show the 
truth of this he walked, himself, without the 
assistance of a guide, to the spot where he 
must expire. Immediately the earth opened, 
and (Edipus disappeared. Some suppose 
that (Edipus had not children by Jocasta, 
and that the mother murdered "herself as 
soon as she knew the incest which had been 
committed. His tomb was near the Areo- 
pagus, in the age of Pausanias. Some of 
the ancient poets represent him in hell, as 
suffering the punishment which crimes like 
his seemed to deserve. According to some, 
the four children which he had were by Eu- 
ri^anea, the daughter of Periphas, whom 
he married after the death of Jocasta. — Apol. 
3, o.—Hyg. fa. 66, ac.—Eur. Pha. 6cc— 
Soph. (Ed. Ty. & Co. An. Scc.—Hes. Tk. l. 

— H. Od. 11, 270.— Pa. 9, 5, be. -St. Th. 8, 
642.— Sen. (Ed.— Pin. O. 2.—DL r o.—Ath. 
6 6c 10. 

(EME, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
—Apol. 

(EN'ANTHES, a favourite of young Ptole- 
my king of Egvpt. 

(ENE, a small town of Argolis. The peo 
pie were called (Eneadtc. 

(ENEA, a river of Assyria.— Am. 

CENEUS, a king of Calydon in vEtolia, 
son of Parthaon or Portheus, and Euryte. 
He marned Althaea the daughter of Thes- 
tius, by whom he had Clvmenus, Meleager, 
Gorge, and Dejanira. After Althaea's death, 
he married Peribcpa the daughter of Hippo- 
nous, by whom he had Tydeus. In a gene- 
ral sacrifice, which (Eneus made to all the 
grods upon reaping the rich produce of nis 
fields, he forgot Diana, and the goddess, to 
revenge this unpardonable neglect, incited 
his neighbours to take up arms against him, 
and besides she sent a wild boar to lay waste 
the country of Calydonia. The animal was 
at last killed by Meleager and the neigh- 
bouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated 
chace, known by the name of the chace or 
the Calydonian' boar. Some time after, 
Meleager died, and (Eneus was driven from 
his kingdom by the sons of his brother 
Agrius. Diome'des, however, his grandson, 
soon restored him to his throne ; but the 
continual misfortunes to which he was ex- 
posed, rendered him melancholy. He exiled 
himself from Calydon, and left his crown to 
his son-in-law Andreuion. He died as he 
was going to Argolis. His body was buried 
by the care of Diomedes, in a town of Ar- 
golis, which from him received the name of 
CEnoe. It is reported that (Eneus received 
a visit from Bacchns, and that he suffered the 
god to enjoy the favours of Althaea, and to 
become the' father of Dejanira, for which 
Bacchus permitted that the wine of which 
he was the patron should be called among 
the Greeks bv the name of (Eneus (oinosj. 

— Hyg. fa. 129.— Apol. I, 8.—H. II. 9, b69. 
—Di. A.— Pa. 2, c. 25.— Ov. Me. 8, 510. 

(ENTAD^E, a town of Acarnania.— Li. 26 
24, 1. 38, 11. 



(ENI-CENO 



455 



(E NO— (ETA 



CEM'DES, a patronymic of Meleager, sou 
of (Eneus.— Ov. Me. 8, 10. 

CENOE, a nymph who married Sicinus, 
the son of Thoas king of Lemnos. From 
her the island of Sicinus has been called 

(Enoe. Two villages of Attica were also 

called (Enoe.— Her. 5, 74.— PL 4, 7. A 

city of Argolis, where (Eneus fled when dri- 
ven from Cafydon.— Pa. 2, 25. A town of 

Eiis in the Peloponnesus.— Str.—Apol. 1,8. 
—Pa. 1 , &c. 

CENOMAUS, a son of Mars by Steropethe 
daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in 
Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Evarete, 
daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa, the 
daughter of Danaus. He was informed by 
the oracle that he should perish by the hands 
of his son-in-law ; therefore, as he could 
skilfully drive a chariot, he determined to 
marry his daughter only to him who could 
outrun him, on condition that all who en- 
tered the list should agree to lay down their 
life, if conquered. Many had already pe- 
rished ; when Pelops son of Tantalus pro- 
posed himself. He previously bribed Myr- 
lillus the charioteer of iEnomaus, by pro- 
mising him the enjoyment of the favours 
of Hippodamia, if he proved victorious. 
Myrtilus gave his master an old chariot, 
whose axle-tree broke on the course, w hich 
was from Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, 
and CEnomaus was killed. Pelops married 
Hippodamia, and became king of Pisa. 
As he expired, (Enomaus entreated Pelops 
to revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which 
was executed. Those that had been de- 
feated when Pelops entered the lists, were 
Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus, Eurymachus, 
Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycur- 
gus,Tricolonus, Prias,Aristomachus,iEolius, 
Eurythrus, and Chronius.— Apol. 2, 4. — Di. 
4.— Pa. 5, 17, 1. 6, 11, &cc.—Apol. Rh. 1.— 
Pro. I, e. 2, 20.— Ov. lb, ZQ1.—A. A. 2, v. 
i.—Hero. 8, 70. 

(EN ON, a part of Locris on the bay of 
Corinth. 

(ENO'NA, an ancient name of the island 
iEgina. It is also called (Enopia.—Her. 8, 

46. Two villaees of Attica are also called 

(Enona.or rather (Enoe. A town of Troas, 

the birthplace of the nymph (Enone. Str.u. 

(ENO'NE, a nymph of mount Ida, daugh- 
ter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. ' As she 
had received the gift of prophecy, she fore- 
told to Paris, whom she married before he 
was discovered to be the son of Priam, that 
his voyage into Greece would be attended 
with the most serious consequences, and the 
total ruin of his country, and that he should 
have recourse to her medicinal knowledge 
at the hour of death. All these predic- 
tions were fulfilled ; and Paris, when he had 
received I he fatal wound, ordered his body 
to be carried to (Enone, in hopes of being 
cured by her assistance. He expired as he 
came into her presence ; and (Enone was 
so struck at the sight of his dead body, that 
she bathed it with her tears aud stabbed her- 
self to the heart. She was mother of Cory- 
thus by Paris, and this son perished by the 
hand "of his father when he attempted, at 
the instigation of (Enone, to persuade him 



I to withdraw his affection from Helen.— 
i Die. Cr.—Ov. R. A. 457. -Hero. 5.—Luc.9. 
I (ENOPIA, one of the ancient names of the 
! island iEgina.— Ov. Me. 7, 473. 

(EXO'PiDES, a mathematician of Chios. 
-Di. 1. 

(ENOPrON, a son of Ariadne by Theseus 
or, according to others, by Bacchus. He 
married Helice, by whom he had a daughter 
called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant 
Orion became enamoured. The father, un- 
willing to give his daughter to such a lover, 
and afraid of provoking him by an open re- 
fusal, evaded his application's, and at last 
put out his eyes when he was intoxi- 
cated. Some suppose that this violence was 
offered to Orion after he had dishonoured 
Merope. QSnopion received the island of 
Chios from Rhadamanthus, who had con- 
quered most of the islands of the iEgean sea, 
and his tomb was still seen there in the age 
of Pausanias. Some suppose, and with more 
probability, that he reigned not at Chios, bu. 
at^Egina, which from him was called (Enopia. 
— Plu. Th.—Apol. 1, A.—Di.—Pa. 7, 4.— 
Apol. Rh. 3. 

C~ NOTRI, the inhabitants of ffinotria. 

(ENOTRIA, a part of italy which was 
afterwards called Lucania. It received this 
name from (Enotrus the son of Lycaon, who 
settled ttiere with a colony of Arcadians. 
The CEnotrians afterwards spread themselves 
into Umbria and as far as Latium, and the 
country of the Sabines, according to some 
writers. The name of CEnotria is some 
times applied to Italy. That part of Italy 
where CEnotrius settled, was before inha- 
bited by the Ausones.— Dio. H. 8, 11.— Pa. l, 
3. — V. JEn. 1 , 536, 1, 7, 85.— It. 8, 220. 

(ENO'TRIDES, two small islands on the 
coast of Lucania, where some of the Romans 
where banished by the emperors. They 
were called Iscia and Pontia. 

OZNO'TRUS, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. 
He passed into Magna Gracia with a co- 
lony, and gave the name of OEnotria to that 
part of the country where he settled. — Dio. 
H. 1, 11.— Pa. 1,3. 

(ENU'SZE, small islands near Chios.— PI. 

£, c. 31.— Th. 8. Others on the coast or 

the Peloponnesus, near Messenia.— Me. 2, 

C 17.— Pi. 4, 12. 

CENOUS, a son of Lycimnius, killed at 
Sparta, where he accompanied Hercules ; 
and as the hero had promised Licymnius to 
bring back his son, he burnt his body and 
presented the ashes to the afflicted father. 
From this circumstance arose a custom ot 
burning the dead among 'the Greeks. — Sch. 
H.Il. A small river ot Laconia.— Xi.34,2S. 

GSROE, an island of Bceotia, formed by 
the Asopus.— Her. 9, 50. 

(ETA, now Banina, a celebrated moun 
tain between Thessaly and Macedonia, upon 
which Hercules burnt himself. Its height 
has given occasion to the poets to feign that 
the sun, moon, and stars, rose behind it. 
Mount (Eta, properly speaking, is a long 
chain of mountains which runs from the 
streights of Thermopylae and the gulph of 
Ma'ia, in a western direction, to mount Pin- 
dus, and from thence to the bay of Ambra- 



<ETY— OGY 
cia. The streights or passes of M»u 
are called the streights of Thermopylae, f 
the hot baths and mineral waters which are 
in the neighbourhood. These passes are not 
more than 25 feet in breadth. — Me. 2 3. — 
Cat. 66, 54.— Apol. 2, 7.— Pa. 10, -JQ, ice— 
Ov. Hero. 9. Me. 2, 216, 1. 9, 204, <xc— F. Eel. 

8.— PL 25, .5.— Sen. M.—Luc. 3, He. A 

►mall town at the foot of mount (Eva. near 
Thermopylae. 

(ETYLCS or (ETYLDM, a town of Laeo- 
nia, which received its name from (Etylus, 
one of the heroes of Argus. — Serapis had a 
temple there.— Pa. 3, 25. 

OFELLUS, a man whom, though unpolish- 
ed, Horace represents as a cl.aracter ex- 
emplary for wisdom, economy, and modera- 
tion.— Hor. 2, S. 2, •-». 

OFI, a nation or Germany. — To. Gcr. 2S. 

OGDO'LAPIS, a uavigaide river flowing 
from the Alps.— Sir. 6. 

OGDO'RUS, a kin? of Esrvpt. 

OGLOSA, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, 
east of Corsica, famous for wine, and now- 
called Monte Chruto.— PL. 3, 6. 

OGMIUS, a name of Hercuies among the 
Gauls.— Lu. Her. 

OGOA, a deity of Mylassa in Cana, un- 
der whose temple, as was supposed, the sea 
pa>sed.— Pa. 8, 10. 

OGLLNIA LEX, by Q. and Cn.Ogulnius, 
tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It in- 
creased the number of pontiflces and augurs 
from four to nine. The addition was made 

to both orders from plebeian families, A 

Roman lady as poor as she was lascivious. — 
Jav. 6, 351 . 

OGY'GES, a celebrated monarch, the 
most ancieut of those that reigned in Greece. 
He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, 
of Neptune, and married Thebe thedaughter 
of Jupiter. He reigned in Bceotia, which, 
from him, is sometimes called Ogygia, and 
his power was also extended over Attica. 
If is supposed that he was of Egyptian orPhce- 
nician extraction; but his origin, as well as 
the agre in which he lived, and the duration 
of his reign, are so obscure and unknown, 
that the epithet of Ogygiun is often applied 
to every thing of dark antiquity. In the 
reisrn of O.^vges there was a deluge, which 
ho inundated the territories ofAttica, that they 
remained waste lor near 200 years. This 
though it is very uncertain, is supposed to 
have happened abo t 1764 years before the 
christian era, previous to the deluge of Deu- 
calion. According to some writers, it was 
owing to the overflowing of one of the 
rivers of the country. The reign of Ogyges 
was also marked by an uncommon appear- 
ance in the heavens, and, as it is reported, 
the planet Venus changed her colour, diame- 
ter, figure, and her course.— Far. R. R. 3, 
I.— Pa. 9, 5.—Au. Ci. D. 18, &c. 
OG VGIA, a name of one or" the gates of 

Thebes in Bceotia.— Luc. 1. 675. One of 

the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, chang- 
ed into stones. — Apol. — Pa. 9, 8. An an- 
cient name of Bceotia, from Ogyges, who 

reigned there. The island of Calypso, 

opposite the promontory of Lacinium in 
Magna Graecia, where Ulysses was si.ip- 



456 OGY— OLE 

(Efa i wrecked. The situation and even the exi*r 
' ence of Calvpso's island, is disputed bv some 
writers.— PL 3, \0.—H. Od.1,52 & 85. 1.5, 254. 
OGVRIS, an island in the Indian ocean. 
OICLELS, a son of Antiphates and Zeux- 
ippe, who married Hypermnestra, daughter 
of Thestius, by w hom" he had Iphianira, Po- 
lybcea, and Amphiaraus. He was killed by 
Laomedon when defending the ships which 
Hercules had brought tr> Asia when he made 
war against Trov.-f/. Od. 15.— Di. 4.— 
Apol. 1, 8, 1. 3, 6.— Pa. 6, 17. 

OI'LELS, a king of the Locrians. His 
father's name was Odoedocus, and his mo- 
ther's Agrianome. He married Eriope, bv 
whom he had Ajax, called Oileus from his 
father, to discriminate him from Ajax the 
son of Telamon. He had also another son 
called Medon, bv a courtezan called Rhene. 
Oiieus was one of the Argonauts. — V. £.n. 
1,45.— Apol. \.— Hyg.id.. 14A:l8.— H,Il. 13 
A: i5.— Apol. 3, 10. 

OLANE, one of the mouths of the Po. 

A mountain of Armenia. 
OLA N US, a town of Lesbos. 
OLASTRjE, a people of India.— Luc. 3, 
24'J. — PL 6, 20. 
OLBA or OLBUS, a town of Cilicia. 
OLB1A, a town of Sarmatia at the conflu- 
ence of the Hypanis and the Borysthenes, 
about 15 miles from the sea, according to 
Pliny. It was afterwards called Borysthenes 
and M'detopolis, because peopled by a Mile- 
sian colony, and is now supposed to be 

Oczakovj.—Str. 7.— PI. 4, 12. A town of 

Bithynia.— Me. 1, 19. A town of Gailia 

Narbonensis.— Me. 2, 5. The capital of 

Sardinia. — Clan. 
O LI BUS, a river of Arcadia.— Pa, 8, 14. 
OLBl IS, one of iEetes' auxiliaries.— Va. 
Fl. 6, 639. 

OLCK1NTUM, or OLCINTUM, now Dul- 
cigno, a town or Dalmatia, on tiie Adriatic. 
—Li. 45. 26. 
OLBADES, a people of Spain.— Li. 21, 5. 
OLE'AROS, or OLl'ROS, one of the Cy- 
clades, about 16 miles in circumference, se- 
parated from Paros bv a stieieht of seven 
miles.— V.£.n. 3, 126.— Or. Me. 7, 469.— Sir. 
10. — PI. 4, 12. [turn.— Sir. 

O LEATRl >I,a town of Spain, near Sagun- 
OLEN, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flou- 
rished some time before the age of Orpheus, 
and composed many hymns, some of which 
were regularly sung at Delphi, on solemn 
occasions. Some suppose tbat he was the 
first who established the oracle of Apollo at 
Delphi, where he first delivered oracies. — 
Her. 4,35. [Vu. Fl. 2, 164. 

OLENTUS, a Lemnian killed by his wife. 
OLENUS, a son of Vulcan who married 
Lethsea, a beautiful woman, who preferred 
herself to the goddesses. She and her hus- 
band w ere changed into stonesby the deities. 

— Ov. Me. 10, 6*. A famous soothsayer of 

Etruria. — Pi. 2S. 2. 

OLENUS, or OLENUM, a town of Pelo- 
ponnesus between Patrae and Cyllene. The 
eoat Arnaitliaea, which was made a constella- 
tion bv Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its 
residence there.— Pa. 7, 22.— Ov. Me. 3.— 
Str. 8.— Apol. 1, S. Another in .fltolia. 



OLE— OLY 



457 



OLY- OLY 



OLEORUS, one of the Cyclades, now An- 
tiparu. 

OLGASYS, a mountain of Galatia. 
OL! GYRTIS, a town of Peloponnesus. 
OLINTHUS. a town of Macedonia.— Fide 
Olvnthns. 

OLISIPO, now Lisbon, a town of ancient 
Spain on the Tagus, surnamed Felicitas Ju- 
lia, (Plin. 4, c. 22,) and called by some 
Ulvssippo, and said to be founded by Ulvsses. 
— Me. 3, 1.— Sol. 23. 

O LITINGI, a town of Liisitania.— Me. 3, 1 . 

OLI'ZON, a town of Magnesia in Thes- 
salv. — Horn. 

OLLIUS, T., the father of Poppaea, des- 
troyed on account of his intimacy with Se- 

janus, Ikc.—Ta. An. 13, 45. A river rising 

in the Alps, and falling into the Po, now 
called the Oglio.—Pl. 2, 103. 

OLLOVICO, a prince of Gaul called the 
friend of the republic by the Roman senate. 
—Cces. B. G. 7, 31. 

OLMIiE, a promontory near Megara. 

OLMIL1S, a river of Bceotia, near Heli- 
con, sacred to the Muses.— St. Tk. 7, 284. 

OLOOSON, now Alessone, a town of Mag- 
nesia.— Horn. 

OLOPHYXUS, a town of Macedonia on 
mount Athos.— Her. 7, 22. 

OLPi£, a fortified place of Epirus, now 
Forte Castri. 

OLHS, (untis) a town at the west of Crete. 

OLYMPEUM, a place of Deios. Ano- 
ther in Syracuse. 

OLYMPIA, (orum,) celebrated games 
which received their name either from 
Olympia, where they were observed, or from 
Jupiter Olympius, to whom they were de- 
dicated. They were, according to some, in- 
stituted by Jupiter after his victory over the 
Titans, and first observed by the Idsei Dac- 
tyli, B.C. 1453. Some attribute the institu- 
tion to Pelops, after he had obtained a vic- 
tory over OZnomaus, and married Hippoda- 
mia ; but the more probable, and indeed the 
more received opinion is, that they were 
first established by Hercules in honour of Ju- 
piter Olympius, after a victory obtained over 
Augias, B.C. 1222. Strabo objects to this opi- 
nion, by observing, that if they had been es- 
tablished in the age of Homer, the poet 
would have undoubtedly spoken of them, as 
he is in every particular careful to mention 
the amusements and diversions of the an- 
cient Greeks. But thy were neglected after 
their first institution by Hercules, and no 
notice was taken of them according to many 
writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the law- 
giver of Sparta, renewed them, and insti- 
tuted the celebration with greater solemnity. 
This re-institution, which happened B.C. 
864, forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian 
history, and is the beginning of the Olym- 
piad. [Vide Olympias.j They, however, 
were neglected for some time after the age 
of Iphitus, till Corcebus, who obtained a vic- 
tory B.C. 776, re-instituted them, to be re- 
gularly and constantly celebrated. The 
care and supenntendance of the games were 
intrusted to the people of Elis, till they were 
excluded by the Pisaeans, B.C. 364, after 
the destruction of Pisa. These obtained 



great privileges from this appointment ; 
they were in danger neither of violence nor 
war, but they were permitted to enjoy their 
possesions without molestation, as the 
games were celebrated within their territo- 
ries. Only one person superintended till 
the 50th olympiad, when two were appointed. 
In the 103d olympiad the number was in- 
creased to twelve, according to the number 
of the tribes of Elis. But in the following 
olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and 
afterwards increased to ten, which number 
continued till the reign of Adrian. The pre- 
sidents were obliged solemnly to swear that 
they would act impartially, and not to take 
any bribes, or discover why they rejected 
some of the combatants. They generally 
sat naked, and held before them the crown 
which was prepared for the conqueror. 
There were also certain officers to keep 
good order and regularity, called " alutai,-' 
much the same as the Roman lictors, of 
w hom the chief was called " alutarkes." No 
women were permitted to appear at the 
celebration of the Olympian games, and 
whoever dared to trespass this law, was im- 
mediately thrown down from a rock. This, 
however, was sometimes neglected, for we 
find not only women present at the celebra- 
tion, but also among the combatants, and 
some rewarded witlTthe crown. The pre- 
parations for these festivals were great. No 
person was permitted to enter the lists if he 
had not regularly exercised himself ten 
months before the "celebration at the public 
gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were 
allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe 
his adversary, was subjected to a severe fine. 
No criminals, nor such as were connected 
with impious and guilty persons, were suf- 
fered to present themselves as combatants ; 
and even the father and relations were ob- 
liged to swear that they would have recourse 
to no artifice which might decide the vic- 
tory in favour of their friends. The wrest- 
lers were appointed by lot. Some little balls 
superscribed with a letter, were thrown in- 
to a silver urn, and such as drew the same 
letter were obliged to contend one with the 
other. He who had an odd letter remained 
the last, and he often had the advantage, as 
he was to encounter the last who had ob- 
tained the superiority over his adversary. 
He was called ephedras. In these games 
were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling, 
boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which 
was called altogether pentathlon, or quin- 
quertium. Besides these, there were horse 
and chariot races, and also contentions in 
poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The 
only reward that the conqueror obtained, 
was a crown of olive ; which, as some sup- 
pose, was in memory of the labours of Her- 
cules, which were accomplished for the uni- 
versal good of mankind, and for which the 
hero claimed no other reward but the con- 
sciousness of having been the friend of hu- 
manity. So small and trifling a reward sti- 
mulated courage and virtue, and was more 
the source of great honours than the most 
unbounded treasures. The statues of the 
conquerors, called Olympionicae,werc erect- 
2 R 



OLY— OLY 4; 
ed at Olympia, in the sacred wood of Jupi- 
ter. Their return home was tliat of a war- 
like conqueror ; they were drawn in a cha- 
riot by tour horses, and every where re- 
ceived with the greatest acclamations. Their 
entrance into their native city was not 
through the gates, but to make it more 
grand and more solemn, a breach was made 
in the walls. Painters and poets were em- 
ployed in celebrating their names; and in- 
deed the victories severally obtained at 
Olympia are the subjects of the most beau- 
tiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were 
naked : a scarf was originally tied round 
their waist, but when it had entangled one 
of the adversaries, and been (he cause that 
he lost the victory, it was laid aside, and no 
regard was paid to decency. The Olympic 
games were observed every fifth year, or to 
speak with greater exactness, after a revo- 
lution of four years, and in the first month 
of the fifth year, and they continued for five 
successive days. As they were the most an- 
cient and the'most solemn of all the festivals 
of the Greeks, it will not appear wonderful 
that they drew so many people together, 
not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the 
neighbouring islands and countries. — Pin.O. 
1 & 2.— Sir. 8.— Pa. 5, 67, kc.—Di. 1, be. 
Plu. Th. Ly.kc.—£l. V. H. 10, 1.— Ci. Tu. 
1, 46.— Lu. Gy. Tv. Ly.— Avis.— St. Th. 6. 

— C. Sep. Pr<e.—Virg. G. 3, 49. A town 

of Elis in Peloponnesus, where Jupiter had 
a temple with a celebrated statue, 50 cubits 
high, reckoned one of the seven wonders of 
the world. The Olvmpic games were cele- 
brated in the neighbou>-hood.-S/r.H.-Pa.3,8. 

OLYM PlAS, a certa' -.space of time which 
elapsed between the ce.c<Kation of theolvm- 

Eic games. The Olympic games were cele- 
rated after the expiration of four complete 
years, whence some have said that they were 
observed every fifth year. This period of 
time was called Olympiad, and became a 
celebrated era among the Greeks, who com- 
puted their time by it. The custom of 
reckoning time by "the celebration of the 
Olympic games was net introduced at the 
first institution of these festivals, but to 
speak accurately, only the year in which 
Corcebus obtained the prize. This Olym- 
piad, which has always been reckoned the 
first, fell, according to the accurate and 
learned computations of some of the mo- 
derns, exactly 776 years before the Christian 
era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, 
and 23 years before the building of Rome. 
The games w ere exhibiteii at the time of the 
full moon, next after th" summer solstice ; 
therefore the olympiads were of unequal 
length, because the time of the full moon 
differs ll days every year, and for that rea- 
son they sometimes began the next day after 
the solstice, and at other times four weeks 
after. The computations by olympiads 
ceased, as some suppose, after the 364th, 
in the year 440 of the Christian era. It 
was universally adopted, not only by the 
Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring 
countries, though still the Pythian games 
serve as an epoch to the peopleof Delphi and 
to the Boeotians, the Is'eniean games to Jh* 



,3 OLY— OLY 

Arsrives and Arcadians, and the Isthmian to 
the Corinthians, and the inhabitants of the 
Pt-loponnesian isthmus. To the olympiads 
history is much indebted. They have served 
to fix the time of many momentous events, 
and indeed, before this method of computing 
time was observed, every page of history is 
mostly fabulous, and filled with obscurity 
and contradiction, and no true chronologi- 
cal account can be properly established and 
maintained with certainty. The mode of 
computation, which was used after the sup- 
pression of the olympiads and of the consu- 
lar fasti of Rome, was more useful, as it was 
more universal ; but while the era of the 
creation of the world prevailed in the east, 
the western nations in the 6th Cf ntury besaa 
to adopt with more propriety the Christian 
epoch, which was propagated in the 8th cen- 
tury, and at last, in the 10th, became legal 

and' popular. A celebrated woman, who 

was daugrhter of a king of Epirus, and who 
married Philip king of Macedonia, by whom 
she had Alexander the Great. Her haughti- 
ness, and, more probably, her infidelity , ob- 
liged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry 
Cleopatra, the niece of king Attalus. Olym- 
pius was sensible of this injury, and Alexan- 
der showed his disapprobation of his father's 
measures bv retiring from the court to his 
mother. The murder of Philip, which soon 
followed tl lis disgrace, and which some have 
attributed to the intrigues of Olympias, was 
productive of the greatest extravagancies. 
The queen paid the highest honour to her 
husband's murderer. She gathered his man 
gled limbs, placed a crown of gold upon his 
head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. 
The administration of Alexander, who had 
succeeded his father, was in some instances 
offensive to Olympias; but when the ambi- 
tion of her son was concerned, she did not 
scruple to declare publicly, that Alexander 
was not the son of Philip, but that he was 
the offspring of an enormous serpent which 
had supernaturallv introduced itself into her 
bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias 
seized the government of Macedonia, and 
to establish her usurpation, she cruelly put 
to death Aridaeus, with his wife Eurydice, as 
also Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, with 
100 leading men of Macedon, who were ini- 
mical to her interest. Such barbarities did 
not long remain unpunished ; Cassander be- 
sieged her in Pydna, where she had retired 
with the remains of her family, and she was 
obliged to surrender after an obstinate siege. 
The conqueror ordered her to be accused, 
and to be put to death. A body of 200 sol- 
diers were directed to put the bloody com- 
mands into execution, but the splendour and 
majesty of the queendisarmed theircourage, 
end she was at last massacred by those whom 
she had cruelly deprived of their children, 
about 316 vears before the Christian era.— 

Ju. 7, 6, 1." 9, \.—Plu. Al. — Curt. — Pa. 

A fountain of Arcadia, which flowed for one 
year and the nest was dry. — Pa. 8, 29. 
OLYMPIODORUS,amusician who taught 

Epaminondas music. — C. Nep. A native 

of Thebes, in Egvpt, who flourished under 
Theodosius [I., and wrote 22 books of his- 



OLY— OMA 



459 OMB-OMP 



tory, in Greek, beginning with the seventh 
consulship of Honorius, and the second of 
Theodosius, to the period when Valentinian 
was mads emperor. He wrote also an ac- 
count of an embassy to some of the bar- 
barian nations of the north, &c. His style 
ts censured by some as low, and unworthy 
of an historian. The commentaries of Olym- 
piodorus on the Meieom of Aristotle, were 

edited apud Aid. 1550, in fol. An Athenian 

officer, present at the battle of Plataea, where 
he behaved with great valour. — Plu. 

OLYIYlPIUS,asurname of Jupiter at Olym- 
pia, where the god had a celebrated temple 
and statue, which passed for one of the seven 
wonders of the world. It was the work of 

Phidias.— Pa. 7, 2. A native of Carthage, 

called also Nemesianus.— [FicteNemesianus.] 

A favourite at the court of Honorius, who 

was the cause of Stilicho's death. 

OLYMPUS,aphysician of Cleopatra queen 
of Egypt, who wrote some historical trea- 
tises.— Plu. Ant. A poet and musician of 

Mysia, son of Mseon and disciple to Mar- 
syas. He lived before the Trojan war, and 
distinguished himself by his amatory elegies, 
his hymns, and particularly the beautiful 
airs which he composed, and which were 
atill preserved in the age of Aristophanes. — 
Plato. Mi Arts. P. 8. Another musi- 
cian of Phrygia, who lived in the age of 
Midas. He is frequently confounded with 
the preceding.— Poll. 4, 10. A son of Her- 
cules and Euboea.— Apol. A mountain of 

Macedonia and Thessaly, now Lacha. The 
ancients supposed that it touched the hea- 
vens with its top ; and from that circum- 
stance, they have placed the residence of the 
gods there, and have made it the court of 
Jupiter. It is about one mile and a half in 
perpendicular height, and is covered with 
pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. On the 
top of the mountain, according to the no- 
tions of the poets, there was neither wind 
nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. 
— H. II. 1, Sic.—V. En. 2, 6, &c— Ov. Me. 

— Luc. 5. — Me. 2,3.— Sir. 8. A mountain 

of Mysia, called the Mysian Olympus, 

a name it still preserves. Another, in 

Elis. Another, in Arcadia. And ano- 
ther, in the island of Cyprus, now Santa 
Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia 

and of Cilicia to be the same. A town on 

the coast of Lycia. 

OLYMPUSA, a daughter of Thespius.— 
Apol. 

OLYNTHUS, a celebrated town and re- 
public of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the 
peninsula of Pallene. It became famous for 
its flourishing situation, and for its frequent 
disputes with the Athenians, the Lacedae- 
monians, and with king Philip, who destroy- 
ed it, and sold the inhabitants for slaves.— 
d. Ver.—Plu. Ir. co. &cc.-Me. 2, 2.— Her. 
1, \TI.—Cnrt. 8, 9. 

OLYRAS, a river near Thermopylae, which 
as the mythologists report, attempted to ex- 
tinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules 
was consumed.— Str. 9. 

OLYZOiN, a town of Thessaly. 

OMARIUS, a Lacedaemonian sent to Da- 
tiC^-Curt. 8, 13. 



OMBI and TENTYRA, two neighbouring 
cities of Egypt, whose inhabitants were al- 
ways in discord one with another. Juv.15,65. 
OMP.RI. Vide Umbri. 
OMOLE, or HOMOLE, a mountain of 

Thessaly.— V. En. 7, 675. There were 

some festivals called Homoleia, whic'o were 
celebratid in Bceotia in honour of Jupiter, 
surnamed Homoleius. 

OMOPHAGIA, a festival in honour of 
Bacchus. The word signifies the eating o) 
raw flesh. Vide Dionvsia. 

OMPHALE, a queen of Lydia, daughter 
of Jardauus. She married Tmolus, who, at 
his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. 
Omphale had been informed of the great 
exploits of Hercules, and wished to see so 
illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gra- 
tified. After the murder of Eurjtus, Her- 
cules fell sick, and was ordered to be sold 
as a slave, that he might recover his health, 
and the right use of his senses. Mercury 
was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale 
bought him, and restored him to liberty. 
The hero became enamoured of his mistress, 
and the queen favoured his passion, and had 
a son by him, whom some call Agelaus, and 
others Lamon. From this son were de- 
scended Gyges and Croesus; but this opinion 
is different from the account which makes 
these Lydian monarchs spring from Alcaeus, 
a son ot Hercules by Malis, one of the fe- 
male servants of Omphale. Herculesis repre- 
resented by the poets as so desperately ena 
moured of the queen that, to conciliate her 
esteem, lie spins by herside among her women, 
while she covers herself with the lion's skin, 
and arms herself with the club of the hero, 
and often strikes him with her sandals for 
the uncouth manner with which he holds the 
distaff, &c. Their fondness was mutual 
As they once travelled together, they came 
to a grotto on mount Tmolus, where the 
queen dressed herself in the habit of her 
lover, and obliged him to appear in a female 
garment. After they had supped, they both 
retired to rest in different rooms, as a sacri 
fice on the morrow to Bacchus required. In 
the night, Faunus, or rather Pan, who was 
enamoured of Omphale, introduced himself 
into the cave. He went to the bed of the 
queen, but the lion's skin persuaded him 
that it was the dress of Hercules, and there 
fore he repaired to the bed of Hercules, in 
hopes to find there the object of his affec 
tion. The female dress of Hercules de- 
ceived him, and he laid himself down by 
his side. The hero was awaked, and kicked 
the intruder into the middle of the cave. 
The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was 
discovered lying on the ground, greatly 
disappointed and ashamed.— Ov. F. 2, 305, 
<kc.—Apol. 1, 9, 1, 2, l.—Di. 4.— Pro. 2, 
e. II, 17. 

OMPHALOS, a place of Crete, sacred to 
Jupiter, on the border of the rive*' Triton. 
It received its namefrom the umbilical chord 
{omphalos,) of Jupiter, which fell there soon 
after his birth.— Di. 5. 

OMPH1S, a king of India, who delivered 
himself up to Alexander the Great.— Curt- 



ON.E-ONO 4( 

ON.EUM or OiENEinr, a promontory 
and town of Dalmatia. — Li. 43, 19. 

UNA R US, a priest of fcacchus, who is 
supposed to have married Ariadne after she 
liad been abandoned bv Theseus.— Plu. Tk. 

ONASIMUS, a sophist of Athens, who 
flourished in the reign of Constantine. 

ONATAS, a famous statuary of JEgim, 
son of Micon.— Pa. 8, 42. 

OXCH EMITES, a wind which blows 
from Onchesmus, a harbour of Epirus, to- 
wards Italy. The word is sometimes spelt 
Anchesiles and Anchemiles.— Ci. At. 7, e. 
"2. — Ptolcm&us. 

ONCHESTCS, a town of Boeotia, founded 
by Onchestus. a son of Nectune.— Pa. 9. 26. 

ONEIOX, a place of Arcadia.- Pa. 8, 25. 

ONESI'CRITUS, a cynic philosopher of 
/Egina, who went with Alexander into Asia, 
and was sent to the Indian Gvmnosophists. 
He wrote a history of the kind's life, which 
has been censured' for the romantic, exag- 
gerated, and improbable, narrative it gives. 
It is asserted, that Alexander, upon reading 
ir, said that he should be glad to come to 
life again for some time, to^see what recep- 
tion the historian's work met with. — Plu. 
Al.—Cnrt. 9, 10. 

ONE'SIMUS, a Macedonian nobleman, 
treated with great kindness by the Roman 
emperors. He wrote an account of the life 
of the emperor Frobus and of Cams, with 
great precision and elegance. 

OXESIPPUS, a son of Hercules.— Apol. 

OXESIUS, a king of Salamis, who re- 
volted from the Persians. 

ONETO'RIDES, an Anthenian officer, 
who attempted to murder the garrison 
which Demetrius had stationed at Athens, 
Z:c.—Polit. 5. [Corintii. 

ON I DM, a place of Peloponnesus, near 

ONOBA, a town near the coiumns of Her- 
cules.— Me. 3, t. 

ONOBA LA, a river of Sicilv. 

OXO'CHONUS.ariverof Thessaly, falling 
into the Penens. It was dried up by the 
armv of Xerxes.— Her. 7, 196. 

ONOM A'CRiTUS, a soo thsa ver of Athens, 
it is generally believed that the Greek poem, 
on the Argonau tic expedition, attributed to 
Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. The 
elegant poems of Musauis are also, by some, 
supposed to be the production of his pen. 
He flourished about 516 years before the 
Christian era, and was expelled from Athens 
by Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistra- 

tus. — Her. 7, 6. A Locrian, who wrote 

concerning laws. &c. — Aris. 2, P. 

OXOMARCHUS, a Phocian, son of Euthy 
crates, and brother to Philomelus, whom lie 
succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in 



ONO-OPI 

ONOMASTUS, a freed man of the empe 
ror Otho.— Ta. 

OXOPHAS, one of the seven Persians who 
conspired ag?.inst the usurper Smerdis. — Cte. 

An officer in the expedition of Xerxes 

agains* Greece. 

ONOSAXDER, a Greek writer whose book 
Be Imperatoris Insti'utione has been edited 
by Schwebel, with a French translation, fol. 
Xorimb. 1752. 

OXYTHES, a friend of £meas, killed by 
Turnus.— V. Mn. 12, 514. 

OPAL1A, festivals celebrated by the Ro- 
mans, in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the 
caleinls of January. 

OPHE'LAS, a general of Cyrcne, defeated 
by Agathocles. 

"OPHELTES, a son of Lycurgus, king of 
Thrace. He is the same as Archemorus.— 

{Vide Archemorus.] The father of Eury- 

alus, whose friendship with Xisus is pro- 
verbial. — V. JEn. 9, 201. One of the com- 
panions of Acoetes, changed into a dolphin 
bv Bacchus.— Ov. Me. 3, f. 8. [4, 50. 
"OPHEXSIS, a town of Africa.— Ta. His/. 
OPHI'ADES, an island on the coast of 
Arabia, so called from the great number of 
serpents found there. It belonged to the 
Egyptian kings, and was considered valua- 
ble for the topaz it produced. — Di. 3. 

OPHlAS. a patronymic given to Combe, 
as daughter of Ophius,an unknown person. 
— Ov. Me. 7, 382. 

OPHIONEUS, was an ancient soothsayer 
in the aire of Aristodemus. Me was born blind. 

OPHIS, a small river of Arcadia, which 
falls into the Alpheus. 
OPHIU'SA, the ancient name of Rhodes. 

A small island near Crete. A town o. 

Sarmatia. An island near the Beleares, 

so called from the number of serpents which 
it produced("oj»/m," serpens). It is now 
called Fornmttera. 

OPHRYNIU.M, a town of Troas on the 
Hellespont. Hector had a grove there.— 
Sir. 13. 

O'PICI, the ancient inhabitants of Campa- 
nia, from whose mean occupations the word 
Opicns has been used to express disgrace. 
—Juv. 3, 207. 

OPILIUS, a grammarian who flourished 
about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a 
book called Libri Musarum. 

OPIMIUS, L., a Roman who made himself 
consul in opposition to the interests and ef- 
forts of the Gracchi. He showed himself a 
most inveterate enemy to C. Gracchus and 
his adherents, and behaved, during his con- 
sulship, like a dictator. He was accused of 
bribery and banished. He died of want at 

Dyrra'chium. -Ci. Sext. PL Pi.— Phi. 

the sacred war. After exploits of valour j A Roman, who killed one of the Cimbri in 

and perseverance, he was defeated and slain single combat. A rich usurer at Rome, in 

in Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who or- i the age of Horace, 2, Sal. 3, v. 142. 

dered his body to be ignominiously hung up, I OPIS. a town on the Tigris, afterwards 

for the sacrilesre offered to the temple of called An tiochia. — Xen. An. 2. A nymph 

Deinh.. He did 353 B.C. — Aris. P. 5, 4.— who was among Diana's attendants.— V. Ain. 

Di. 16. A man to whose care Antigonus 11, 532 v 867.— — A town near the mouth of 

ntrusted the keeping of Eumenes.— C.AVp. the Tigris. One of Cyrene's attendants.— 



En. 

0\OMASTO'RIDES,aLacedaemonian am- 
bassador, sent to Darius, ike— Curl. 2, 13. 



Virg. G. 4, 343. 
I OPITER, a Roman consul, &c. 
I OPiTERGIXI, a people near Aquileia 



OPI—OPP 



46 i 



OPS-ORA 



on tlie Adriatic. Their chief city is called 
Opitergum, now Oderso. — Luc. 4, 416. 

OPITES, a native of Argos, killed by Hec- 
tor in the Trojan war. 77.//. [incontinence. 
OPPI A, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her 
OPPIA LEX, by C. Oppius, the tribune, 
A.U.C. 540. It required that no woman 
should wear above half an ounce of gold, 
have party-coloured garments, or be carried 
in any city or town, or to any place within 
a mile's distance, unless it was to celebrate 
some sacred festivals or solemnities. This 
famous law, which was made while Annibal 
was in Italy, and while Rome was in dis- 
tressed circumstances, created discontent, 
and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies peti- 
tioned the assembly of the people that it 
might be repealed. Cato opposed it strong- 
ly, and made many satirical reflections upon 
the women for their appearing in public to 
solicit votes. The tribune Valerius, who had 
presented their petition to the assembly, an- 
swered the objections of Cato, and his elo- 
quence had such an influence on the minds 
of the people, that the law was instantly 
abrogated with the unanimous consentof all 
the comitia, Cato alone excepted.— Li. 33 & 
34.— Ci. Or. 3. 

OPPIANUS,a Greek poet of Cilicia in the 
second century. His father's name was Age- 
silaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote 
some poems, celebrated for their elegance 
and sublimity. Two of his poems are now 
extant, five books on fishing, called alieuti- 
con, and four on hunting, called cynegeti- 
con. The emperor Caracalla was so pleased 
with his poetry, that he gave him a piece of 
gold for every verse of his cynegeticon ; 
from which circumstance the poem received 
the name of the golden verses of Oppian. 
The poet died of the plague in the 30th year 
of his age. His countrymen raised statues 
to his honour, and engraved on his tomb, 
that the gods had hastened to call back Op- 
pian in the flower of youth, only because he 
had already excelled all mankind. The best 
edition of his works is that of Schneider, 
8vo. Argent, 1776. 

OPPI Dl US, a rich old man introduced by 
Horace, 2 Sat. 3. v. 166, as wisely dividing 
his possessions among his two sons, and 
warning them against those follies, and that 
extravagance, which he believed he saw 
rising in them. 

OPPIUS, C. a friend of Julius Csesar, ce- 
lebrated for his life of Scipio Africanus, and 
of Pompey the Great. In the latter he paid 
not mnch regard to historical facts, and 
took every opportunity to defame Pompey, 
and to extol the character of his patron 
Cresar. In the age of Suetonius, he was 
deemed the true author of the Alexandrian, 
African, and Spanish wars, which some at- 
tribute to Caesar, and others to A. Hirtius. 

— 7 a. An. 12.— Sus. Ccr. 53. An officer 

sent by the Romans against Mithridates. 
He met with ill success, and was sent in 

chains to the king, &c. A Roman who 

saved his aged father from the dagger of tlie 
triu in virate. 

OPS, (opis) a daughter of Cceltis and 
Terra, the same as the Khea of the Greeks,, 



who married Saturn, and became mother of 
Jupiter. She was known among theancients 
by the different names of Cybele, Bona, 
Dea, Magna Mater, Thya, Tellus, Proser- 
pina, and even of Juno and Minerva; and 
the worship which was paid to these appa- 
rently several deities, was offered merely to 
one and tlie same person, mother of the gods. 
The word Ops seems to be derived from 
Opus ; because the goddess, who is the same 
as the earth, gives nothing without labour. 
Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She 
was generally represented as a matron, with 
her right hand opened, as if offering assist- 
ance to the to the helpless, and holding a 
loaf in her left hand. Her festivals were 
called Opalia, &c— Far. L. L. 4.—Dio. H. 
2, be— Tib. e. 4, 68.-PZ. 19, 6. 

OPTATUS, one of the fathers, whose 
works were edited by Dupin, fol. Paris, 1700. 

OP'TIMUS MAXIM US, epithets given to 
J upiter to denote his greatness, omnipotence, 
and supreme goodness. — Ci. N. D. 2, 25. 

ORA, a town of India, taken by Alexan- 
der. One of Jupiter's mistresses. 

OPUS, (opuntis), a city of Locris, on the 
Asopus, destroved by an earthquake.— Str. 
9.— Me. 2, 3.— "Li. 28, 7. 

ORA'CULUM, an answer of the gods to 
the questions of men, or the place where 
those answers were given. Nothing is more 
famous than the ancient oracles of Egypt, 
Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to 
be the will of the gods themselves, and they 
were consulted not only upon every impor- 
tant matter, but even in the affairs of pri- 
vate life. To make peace or war, to intro- 
duce a change of government, to plant a 
colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to 
marry, were sufficient reasons to consult the 
will of the gods. Mankind, in consulting 
them, showed that they wished to pay impli- 
cit obedience to the command of the divinity, 
and, when they had been favoured with an 
answer, they acted with more spirit, and with 
more vigour, conscious that the undertaking 
had met with the sanction and approbation of 
heaven. I n this, therefore, it will not appear 
wonderful that so many places were sacred to 
oracular purposes. The small province of 
Bceotia could once boast of her 25 oracles, 
and Peloponnesus of the same number. Not 
only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, 
in process of time, heroes were admitted to 
enjoy the same previleges ; and the oracles 
of a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon 
able to rival the fame of Apollo and of Jupi- 
ter. The most celebrated oracles of antiquity 
were those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Am- 
nion, &c. [Vide Dodona, Delphi, Amnion.] 
The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a su- 
periority over the other temples ; its fame 
was once more extended, and its riches were 
so great, that not only private persons, but 
even kings and numerous armies, made it 
an object of plunder and of rapine. The 
manner of delivering oracles was different. 
A priestess at Delphi [Vide Pythia,] was 
permitted to pronounce the oracles of the 
b od,and her delivery of the answers was al- 
ways attended with acts of apparent madnes* 
and df«oerate fury. Not only women, bui 



ORA— OKA 462 

even doves, were the ministers of the temple 
of Dodona, and the suppliant votary was 
often siartled to hear his questions readily 
answered by the decayed trunk,or the spread- 
ing branches of a neighbouring oak. Am- 
nion conveyed his answers in a plain and 
open manner ; but Amphiaraus required ma- 
ny ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, 



ORJE-ORC 

tion to oracles, and were so fully persuaded 
of their veracity, and even divinity, many 
of their leading men and of their philoso- 
phers were apprised of the deceit, and 
paid no regard to the command of priests, 
whom money could corrupt, and interposi- 
tion silence.* The Egyptians showed them- 
selves the most superstitious of mankind, 
and he generally communicated his oracles by their blind acquiescence in the imposition 
to nis suppliants in dreams and visions, j of the priests, who persuaded them that the 
Sometimes the first words that were heard safety and happiness of their life depended 
after issuing from the temple, were deemed upon the mere motions of an ox, or the 
the answers of the oracles, and sometimes tameness of a crocodile. — H. //. Od. 10 — 
the nodding or shaking of the head of the j Her. I & 2.— Xen. mem.— Sir. 5, 7, &c— 
statue, the motions of fishes in a neigh-; Pa. 1, &c— Plu. def. or. Ag. & Hor. mal. 
bouring lake, or their reluctance in ac- — Ci. Di. 1, 19.— Ju. 24. 6.— -Li. 37.— Ail. 
cepting the food which was offered to them, ' V. H. 6. — C. Nep. Ly.—Aris. Eq. & Plu. 
were as strong and valid as the most ex- j — Dem. P.—Ov. Me. I. 
press and the minutest explanations. The OR/EA, a small country of Peloponnesus. 

answers were also sometimes given in verse, ! Pa. 2, ^o. Certain solemn sacrifices of 

or written on tablets, but their meaning was fruits offered in the four seasons of the year, 
always obscure, and often the cause of to obtain mild and temperate weather, 
disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus, 1 They were offered to the goddesses who 
when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, presided over the seasons, who attended 
was told that, if he crossed the Halys, he upon the sun, and who received divine wor- 
should destroy a great empire; he supposed ; ship at Athens. [son of Pyrrhus. 

that that empire was the empire of his 1 ORASUS, a man who killed Ptolemy, the 
enemy, but unfortunately it was his own. j ORATES, a river of European Scytiiia. — 
The words of Credo te, JEacida, Romanos '■ Ov. Pon. 4, e. 10, 47. — As tins river is not 
vincere posse, which Pyrrhus received when now known, Vossius reids,— Cretes, a river 
he wi>hed to assist the Tarentines against 1 which is found in Scy thia.— Va. Flac. 41. 719. 
the Romans, by a favourable interpretation i — Th. 4. [Macedonia, 
for himself, proved his ruin. Nero was ORBE'LUS, a mountain of Thrace, or 
ordered, by the oracle of Delphi, to beware ORBIL1US PUPILLUS, a grammarian o. 
of 73 years ; but the pleasing idea that he i Beneventum, who was the first instructor of 
should live to that age, rendered him care- ! the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the 
less, and he was soon convinced of hismis- ! consulship of Cicero, and there, as a pub- 
take, when Galba, in his iZd year, had the ! lie teacher, acquired more fame than money, 
presumption to dethrone dm. It is a ; He was naturally of a severe disposition, of 
question among the lea' .ed, whether the j which his pupils often felt the effects. He 
oracles were given by the inspiration of lived almost to his 100th year, and lost his 



evil spirits, or whether they proceeded from 
the imposture of the priests. Imposture, 
however, and forgery, cannot long flourish, 
and falsehood becomes its own destroyer ; 
and, on the contrary, it is well known how 
much confidence an'enlightened age, there- 
fore, much more the credulous and the su- 
perstitious, place upon dreams and roman- 
tic stories. Some have strongly believed 
that all the oracles of the earth ceased at 
the birth of Christ, but the supposition is 
false. It was, indeed, the beginning of 
their decline, but they remained in repute, 
and were consulted, "though perhaps, not 
so frequently, tiil the fourth century, when 
Christianity began to triumph over pagan- 
ism. The oracles often suffered themselves 
to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it is 
well known that Lysander failed in the at- 
tempt. Herodotus" who first mentioned the 
corruption which often prevailed in the 
oracular temples of Greece and Egypt, has 
been severely treated for his remarks, by 
the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is 
also a witness of the corruption, and he ob- 
served, that the oracles of Greece were ser- 
vilely subservient to the will and pleasure of 
Philip king of Macedonia, as he beautiiuily 
expresses it by the word philippizein. If 
some of the Greeks, and other European 
and Asiatic countries, paid s> ~<»ich aueii- 



rnemorv some time before his death.— Sue. 
11. Gr.'9.—Hor. 2, e. 1, 71. [Li. 24, 20. 
ORB ITANIUM, a town of the' Samnites. 
ORBO'NA, a mischievous goddess at 
Rome, who, as it was supposed, made chil- 
dren die. Her temple at Rome was near 
that of the gods Lares.— Ci. Nat. D. 3. 25. 
-PL 2, 7. 

ORCADES, islands on the northern coasts 
of Britain, now called the Orkneys. They 
were unknown till Britain was discovered to 
be an island, by Agricola, who presided there 
as governor.— Ta. Ag.—Juv. 2, 161. 

ORCHA'LIS, an eminence of Boeotia, near 
Haliartus, called also Alopecos.— Plu. Ly. 

ORCHAMUS, a king of Assyria, father of 
Leucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his 
daughter alive for lier amours with Apollo. 
—Ov. Me. 4, 212. 

OR'CHIA LEX, by Orchius the tribune, 
A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the 
number of guests that were to be admitted 
at an entertainment ; audit also enforced, 
that during supper, which was the chief 
meal among the Romans, the doors of every 
house should he left open. 

ORCHO .MENUS, or ORCHOMENUM, a 
town of Bceolia, at the west of the lake Co- 
pals. It was anciently called Minyeia, and 
from that circumstance, the inhabitants were 
often called Minyans of Orchomenos. There 



ORC— ORE 



463 



ORE -ORE 



v.is at Orchomenos, a celebrated temple, , after Clytemnestra, according to Sophocles ; 
built by Eteocles, son of Cephisus, sacr-ed I and, in Euripides, Orestes is represented 



to the 'Graces, who were from thence called 
U-e Orcliomenian goddesses. The inhabi- 
tants founded Teos in conjunction with the 
lonians, under the sons of Courus.— PI. 4, 

ii.— Her. 1, 1-6.— Pa. 9, Zl.—Str. 9. A 

town of Arcadia, at the north of Mantinea. 

— H. II. 2. A town of Thessaly, with a 

river of the same name.— Sir.— A son of 
Lvcaon, king of Arcadia, who gave iiis name 

to' a city of Arcadia, &cc.—Paus. 8. A son 

of Minyas, king of Bceotia, who gave the 
Dame of Orchomenians to his subjects. He 
died without issue, and the crown devolved 
to Cly menus, the son of Presbon,&c. Pa. 9,36. 

OKCUS, one of the names of the god of 
hell, the same as Pluto, though confounded 
by some with Charon. He had a temple at 
Koine. The word Orcus is generally used 
to signify the infernal regions.— f/or. 1, o. 
29, Scc.—V. £n. 4, 502, &c— Ov. Me. 14, 116. 

ORCYNIA, a place of Cappadocia, where 
Eumenes was defeated by Antigone. 

ORDESSUS, a river of Scythia, which 
falls into the Ister.— Her. 

OK DO VICES, the people of North Wales, 
in Britain, mentioned by Ta. An. 12, 53. 

ORE'ADES, nymphs of the mountains, 
("oro*," mons), daughters of Phoroneus and 
Hecate. Some call them Orestiades, and 
give them Jupiter for father. They gene- 
rally attended upon Diana, and accompa- 
nied her in hunting.— V. Mn. 1, 504.— H. 
it. 6.— Sir. 10.— Ov. Me. b, 787. 
OREAS, a son of Hercules and Chryseis. 
ORES T/E, a people of Epirus. They re- 
ceived their name from Orestes, who fled 
to Epirus when cured of his insanity.— Luc. 

3, 219. Of Macedonia.— Li. 33, 34. 

ORESTES, a son of Agamemnon and Cly- 
temnestra. When his father was cruelly 
murdered by Clytemnestra and iEgisthus, 
young Orestes was saved from his mother's 
dagger by means of his sister Electra, called 
Laodicea'by Homer, and he was privately 
conveyed to the house or Strophius, who was 
king of Phocis, and who had married a sister 
of Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated 
by Strophius, who educated him with his 
son Pylades. The two young princes soon 
became acquainted, and, from their famili- 
arity, arose the most inviolable attachment 
and friendship. When Orestes was ar- 
rived to years of manhood, he visited My- 
cenae, and avenged his father's death by 
assassinating his mother Clytemnestra, and 
her adulterer jEgisthus. The manner in 
which lie committed this murder is vari- 
ously reported. According to jEschylus, he 
was commissioned by Apollo to avenge his 
father, and ihetetorehe introduced himself, 
with his friend Pylades, at the court of My- 
cenae, pretending to bring the news of the 
death of Orestes from king Strophius. He 
was at first received with coldness, and 
when became into the presence of iEgisthus, 
who wished to inform himself of the particu- 
lars, he murdered him, and soon Clytem- 
nestra shared the adulterer's fate. Eu- 
ripides and Sophocles mention the same 
circumstances. /iLgisthus was assassinated 



as murdering the adulterer, while he offers 
a sacrifice to the nymphs. This murder, as 
the poet mentions, irritates the guards, who 
were present, but Orestes appeases their 
fury by telling them who he is, and imme- 
diately he is acknowledged king of the 
country. Afterwards, he stabs his mother, 
at the instigation of his sister Electra, after 
he has upbraided her for her infidelity and 
cruelty to her husband. Such meditated 
murders receive the punishment, which, 
among the ancients, was always supposed to 
attend parricide, Orestes is tormented by 
the Furies, and exiles himself to Argos", 
where he is still pursued by the avengeful 
goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and 
he is acquitted by the unanimous opinion of 
the Areopagites, whom Minerva herself in- 
stituted on this occasion, according to the 
narration of the poet vEschylus, who flatters 
the Athenians in his tragical story, by re- 
presenting them as passing judgment, even 
upon the gods themselves. According to 
Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the 
murder, not at Delphi, but at Troezene, 
where still was seen a large stone at the 
entrance of Diana's temple, upon which 
the ceremonies of purification bad been per- 
formed by nine of the principal citizens of 
the place". There was also, at Megalopolis 
in Arcadia, a temple dedicated to the 
Furies, near which Orestes cut off one of 
his lingers with his teeth in a fit of insanity. 
These different traditions are confuted by 
Euripides, who says, that Orestes, alter the 
murder of his mother, consulted the oracle 
of Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed 
that nothing could deliver him from the 
persecutions of the Furies, if he did not 
bring into Greece Diana's statue, which 
was in the Taurica Chersonesus, and which, 
as it is reported by some, had fallen down 
from heaven. This was an arduous enter- 
prise. The king of the Chersonesus always 
sacrificed on the altars of the goddess all 
such as entered the borders of his country. 
Orestes and his friend were both carried 
before Thoas, the king of the place, and 
they were doomed to be sacrificed. Iphige- 
nia" was then priestess of Diana's tern pie, 
and it was her office to immolate these 
strangers. The intelligence that they were 
Grecians delayed the preparations, and Iphi- 
genia was anxious to learn something about 
a country which had given her birth. [Fide 
Iphigenia.] She even interested herself in 
their misfortunes, and offered to spare the 
life of one of them, provided he would con- 
vey letters to Greece from her hand. This 
was a difficult trial ; never was friendship 
more truly displayed, according to the 
words of Ov., Pon. 3, 2 : — 
Ire j Tibet Pylades rarum morilurus Oreslem, 
Hie negat; inque vicem pngnat uterque mo; i. 
At last Pylades gave way to the pressing 
entreaties "of his friend, and consented to 
carry the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. 
These were addressed to OroUs himself 
arid, therefore, these circumstances sooa 



ORE - ORE 

led to a total discovery of the connection 
of the priestess with the man whom she 
was going- to immolate, Iphigenia was con- 
vinced that he was her brother Orestes, 
and, when the causes of their journey had 
been explained, she resolved, with the two 
friends, to fiv from Chersonesus, and to 
carry away the statue of Diana. Their 
flight was discovered, and Thoas prepared 
to pursue them ; but IMinerva interfered, 
and told him, that all hid been done by the 
will and approbation of the gods. Some 
suppose, that Orestes came to Cappadocia 
from Chersonesus, and that there he left 
the statue of Diana at Comana. Others 
contradict this tradition, and, according- to 
Pausanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was 
the same as that which had been carried 
away from the Chersonesus. Some also 
suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, 
in Italy, where Diana's worship was es- 
tablished. After these celebrated adventures 
Orestes ascended the throne of Argos, where 
he reisrned in perfect security, and mar- 
ried Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus, 
and gave his sister to his friend, Pylades. 
The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is 
a matter of dispute among the ancients. 
All are agreed that she had been promised 
to the son of Agamemnon, but Meuelaus 
had married her to Neoptolemus, the son 
of Achilles, who had shown himself so truly 
interested in his cause during the Trojan 
war. The marriage of Hermione with Ne- 
optolemut displeased Orestes; he remem- 
bered that she had been early promised to 
him, and therefore he n-solved to recover 
her by force or artifice. This he effected 
by causing Neoptolemus to be assassinated. 



464 ORE-ORI 

directed by an oracle to bring his bones to 
Sparla. They were some time after disco- 
vered at Tesrea, and his statue appeared to 
be seven cubits, according to the traditions 
mentioned by Herodotus and others. The 
friendship of Orestes and Pylades became 
proverbial, and the two friends received t> 
vine honours among the Scythians, and were 
worshipped in temples.— Pa. I, 2, 4, &c— 
Pat. 1, 1 k 3—Apol. 1, kc.—Str. 9 Se 13.— 
Ov. Hero. 8. Pon. 3, e. 2. Me. 15. Ib.— 
Eur. Or. An. See. Tph.—Soph. Et. kc. — 
/Esc. Eu. As- kc.—Her. 1, 69.— Hyg. fa. 
120 k 261.— Plu. Ly.—Dic. 6, kc—Piu. Py. 
2.— PI. 33.-V.JEk. 3, kc.—H. Od. 3, 304. 

I. 4, 530. — Tz. Ly. 1374, A son of Ache- 

lous. — Apol. A man sent as ambassador, 

by Attila, king of the Huns, to the emperor 
Theodosius. He was highly honoured at 
the Roman court, and his son Augustulus 
was the last emperor of the western empire. 

A governor of Egypt under the Roman 

emperors. A robber of Athens, who pre- 
tended madness, &c— Arist. ach.A, 7. A 

general of Alexander.— Curt. 4, 103. 

ORESTEUM, a town of Arcadia, about 
18 miles from Sparta, ft was founded by 
Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally 
called Oresthesium, and afterwards Or«- 
teum, from Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, 
who resided there for some time after the 
murder of Clytemnestra. — Pa. s, 8. — Eur. 

ORESTI'DiE, the descendants or subjects 
of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon. They 
were driven from the Peloponnesus by the 
Heraclidse, and came to settle in a country 
which, from them, was called Orestida, at 
the south-west of Macedonia. Some sup- 
pose that that part of Greece originally re- 



ar assassinating him himself. According- to ' ceived its name from Orestes, who fled and 



Ovid's epistle of Hermione to Orestes, Her- 
mione had always been faithful to her first 
lover, and even it was by her persuasions 
that Orestes removed her' from the house of 
Neoptolemus. Hermione was dissatisfied 
with the partiality of Neoptolemus for An- 
dromache, and her attachment for Orestes 
was increased. Euripides, however, and 
others, speak differently of Hermione's at- 
tachment to Neoptolemus : she loved him 
so tenderly, that she resolved to murder An- 
dromache, who seemed to share, in a small 
degree, the affectious of her husband. She 
was ready to perpetrate the horrid deed 
when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was 
easily persuaded by the foreign prince to 
withdraw herself, in her husband's absence, 
from a country which seemed to contribute 
so much to her sorrows. Orestes, the better 
to secure the affections of Hermione, assas- 
sinated Neoptolemus. [Vide Neoptolemus,] 
and retired to his kingdom of Argos. His 
o.'d age waf crowned with peace and secu- 
rity, and he died in the 90th year of his age, 



built there a city, which gave its founder'* 
name to the whole province.— T/t. 2.— Li. 31. 

ORESTILLA, AUREL., a mistress of Ca- 
tiline.— Ci Di. 7, 7. 

ORESTIS, or ORESTIDA, a part of Ma- 
cedonia.— Cz. Ha. 16. 

O'RETrE, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, 
on the Euxine sea. 

ORETAN1, a people of Spain, whose ca- 
pital was Orelum, now Orelo. — Li. 21, ll, 
1. 35, 7. 

OKETILIA, a woman who married Ca- 
ligula, bv whom she was soon after banished. 

ORE'UM, one of the principal towns of 
Euboea.— Li. 28, 6. 

OKGA, or ORGAS, a river of Phrygia, 
falling into the Maeander.— Str.— PI. [31,27. 
ORGESSUM, a town of Macedonia.— Li. 
ORGETORIX, one of the chief men of 
the Helvetii, while Cstsar was in Gaul. He 
formed a conspiracy against the Romans, 
and when accused, he destroyed himself.C^j. 

ORGIA, festivals in honour of Bacchug. 
They are the same as the Bacchanalia, Dio- 



leaving his throne to his son'Tisamenes,~by j nysia, kc, which were celebrated by the 
Hermione. Three years after, the Hera- ; ancients to commemorate the triumph of 
clidae recov-jred the Peloponnesus, and ban- j Bacchus in India.— Fide Dionysia. 
ished the descendants of Menelaus from the ORl'BASUS, a celebrated physician, 
•hrone of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, j greatly esteemed by the emperor Julian, in 
4s s ime suppose, by the bite of a serpent ; j whose reien he flourished. He abridged 
and the Lacedaemonians, who had becnm° ! the w orks of Galenus, and of all the most 
'lis s injects at tne death of IVJf elaus, were respectable writer* on physic, at the rv- 



ORI— ORI 



465 



ORI— ORI 



quest of the emperor. He accompanied I 
Julian into the east, but his skill proved -in- 1 
effectual in attempting to cure, the fatal 
wound which his benefactor had received. 
After Julian's death, he fell into the hands 
of the barbarians. The best edition of his 
works is that of Dundas, 4to. L. Bat. 1745. 

One of Actseon's dogs, cb " oros," mons, 

and " baina,'' scando. — Ov. Me. 

O'RICUM or 0'RICUS,atown of Epirus, 
on the Ionian sea, founded by a colony from 
Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called 
Dardania, because Helenus and Andro- 
mache, natives of Troy or Dardania, 
reigned over the country after the Trojan 
war. It had a celebrated harbour, and was 
greatly esteemed by the Romans on account 
of its situation, but'it was not well defended. 
The tree which produces the turpentine grew 
there in abundance.— V. Mn. 10, 136.— Li. 
24, AO,— PL. 2, 89.— Cass. b. Ci. 3. 1, &c— 
Luc. 3, 187. 

ORIENS, in ancient geography, is taken 
for all the most eastern parts of the world, 
such as f'arthia, India, Assyria, &c. 

ORI GEN, a Greek writer, as much cele- 
brated for the easiness of his manners, his 
humility, and modesty, as for his learning 
and the sublimity of his genius. He was 
surnamed Adamantus, from his assiduity, 
and became so rigid a Christian that he 
made himself an eunuch, by following the 
literal sense of a passage in the Greek testa- 
ment, winch speaks of the voluntary eu- 
nuchs of Christ. He suffered martyrdom in 
his 69th year, A. C. 254. His works were 
excellent and numerous, and contained 
number of homilies, commentaries on the 
holy scriptures, and different treatises, be- 
sides the Hexapla, so called from its being 
divided into six columns, the first of which 
contained the Hebrew text, the second the 
same text in Greek characters, the third the 
Greek version of the Septuagint, the fourth 
th-at of Aquila, the fifth that of Svmmachus, 
aisd the sixth Theodosian's Greek version. 
This famous work first gave the hint for 
the compilation of our Polysrlot Bibles. 
The works of Origen have been learnedly 
edited by the Benedictine monks, though 
the whole is not vet completed, in four vois. 
fol. Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hex- 
apla was published in 8vo. at Lips. 1769, by 
Car. Frid. Bahrdt. [Hor. \, S. 2, 55. 

ORl'GO,a courtezan in the age of Horace. 

OR IN US, a river of Sicily. 

ORIO BA TES, a general of Darius at the 
battle of Arbela, kc.—Curt 4. 

ORI'ON, a celebrated giant sprung from 
the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. 
These three gods, as they travelled over 
Boeotia, met with great hospitality from Hy- 
rieus, a peasant of the country, who was 
ignorant of their dignity and* character. 
They were entertained with whatever the 
cottage afforded ; and, when Hyrieus had 
discovered that they were gods, because 
Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter's cup with 
wine, after he had served it before the rest, 
the old man welcomed them by the voluntary 
sacrinee of an ox. Pleased with his piety, 
the gods promised to grant him whatever lie 



required, and the old man, who had late'? 
lost his wife, to whom he had promised never 
to marry again, desired them, that as he was 
childless, they would give him a son without 
another marriage. The gods consented, 
and they ordered him to bury in the ground 
the skin of the victim, into which they had 
all three made water. Hyrieus did as they 
commanded, and when, nine months after, 
he dug for the skin, he found in it a beau- 
tiful child, whom he called Vrion, ab urina. 
The name was changed into Orion, by the 
corruption of one letter, as Ovid says, Per- 
didit antiquum Utter a prima sonum. Orion 
soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana 
took him among her attendants, and even 
became deeply enamoured of him. His gi- 
gantic stature, however, displeased OZno- 
pion, king of Chios, whose daughter Hero 
or Merope he demanded in marriage. The 
king, not to deny him openly, promised to 
make him his son-in-law as soon as he de- 
livered his island from wild beasts. This 
task, which GLnopion deemed impractica- 
ble, was soon performed by Orion, who 
eagerly demanded his reward. OZnopion, 
on pretence of complying, intoxicated his 
illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on the 
sea-shore, where he had laid himself down 
to sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when 
he awoke, was conducted by the sound of 
a neighbouring forge, where he placed one 
of the workmen on his back, and by his di- 
rections, went to a place where the rising 
sun was seen with the greatest advantage. 
Here he turned his face towards the lumi- 
nary, and, as it is reported, he immediately 
recovered his eye-sight, and hastened to 
punish the perfidious cruelty of GZnopion. 
it is said that Orion was an excellent work- 
man in iron; and that he fabricated a sub- 
terraneous palace for Vulcan. Aurora, 
whom Venus had inspired with love, carried 
him away to the island of Delos, to enjoy his 
company with the greater security ; but Di- 
ana, who was jealous of this, destroyed Orion 
with her arrows. Some say that Orion had 
provoked Diana's resentment, by offering 
violence to Opis, one of her female attend- 
ants, or, according to others, because he had 
attempted the virtue of the goddess herself. 
According to 0\id, Orion died of the bite of 
a scorpion, which the earth produced, to 
punish his vanity in boasting that there was 
not on earth any animal which he could not 
conquer. Some say that Orion was the son 
of Neptune and Euryale, and that he had 
received from his father the privilege and 
power of walking over the sea without wet- 
ting his feet. Others make him son of 
Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had 
married a nymph called Sida before his con- 
nection with the family of (Enopion ; but 
Sida was the cause of tier own death, by 
boasting herself fairer than Juno. According 
to Diouorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, 
superior to the rest of mankind by his 
strength 2nd uncommon stature. He built 
the port of Zancle, and fortified the coast 
of Sicily against the frequent inundations 
of the sea, by heaping a mound of eartb, 
called Pelorum, on which he built a temple 



ORI— ORM 4t 

to the gods of the sea. After death, Orion 
was placed in heaven, where one of the con- 
stellations still bears his name. The con- 
stellation of Orion, placed near the feet of 
the bull, was composed of 17 stars, in the 
form of a man holding a sword, which has 
given occasion to the poets often to speak 
of Orion's sword. As the constellation of 
Orion, which rises abont the ninth day of 
March, and sets about the 2 1st of June, is 
generally supposed to be accompanied, at 
its rising, with great rains and storms, it has 
acquired the epithet of aquosus, given it by 
Virgil. Orion was buried in the island of 
Delos, and the monument which the people 
of Tanagra in Boeotia showed, as containing 
the remains of this celebrated hero, was 
nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of 
Orion distinguished themselves as much as 
their father, and, when the oracle had de- 
clared that Boeotia should not be delivered 
from a dreadful pestilence before two of 
Jupiter's children were immolated on the 
altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and 
voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the 
good of their country. Their names were 
Menippe and Metioche. They had been care- 
fully educated by Diana, aud Venus and 
Minerva had made them very rich and va- 
luable presents. The deities of hell were 
struck at the patriotism of the two females, 
aud immediately two stars were seen to 
arise from the earth, which stiil smoked I 
with the blood, and they were plated in the 
heavens in the form of a crown. According : 
to Ovid, their bodies were burned by the 
Thebans, and, from their ashes, arose two 
persons whom the gods soon atier changed I 
into constellations. — Di. H. Od. 5, 121, U, ! 
309. — V. JEn. 3, 517.— Apol. I, 4.— Of. Me. 
8 6c 13. F. 5, Sec— Hyg. fa. 125, Sc P. A. 2, ■ 
44, ike— Pro. 2, e. 13.— V. £n, I, Scc-Hor. I 
2, o. 13, 1. 3, o. 4 Si 27. Epo. 10, Sec— Luc. j 
1, kc— Cat. Ber.—Pat. I.— Par. er. 20. 

ORISSl S, a prince of Spain, who put Ha- : 
milcar to flight, &c. 

ORISULLA LIVIA, a Roman matron,; 
taken away from Piso, See. 

ORI' I'M, a people of India, who submitted 
to Alexander, See— Sir. 15. 

OR1THYIA, a daughter of Erechtheus, j 
king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was 
courted and carried away by Boreas, king ; 
of Thrace, as she crossed 'the Uissus, and be- 1 
came mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetes, I 
and Calais.— Apoll. \.—Apol. 3, 15.— Grp.— j 
Or. Me. 6, 706. F. 5, 204.— Pa. 1, 19, 5, 

19. One of the Nereides. A daughter 

of Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon. ! 

One of the Amazons, famous for her war- j 

like and intrepid spirit.— Ju. 2, 4. 

ORITl'AS, one of the hunters of the Caly- 
donian boar.— Of. Me. 8. f. 8. [31. j 

ORICNDUS,ariver of Ilivricum.— Li. 44, 

OR'MENUS, a king of Thessaly, son of 
Cercaphus. He built a town which was 
called Ormenium. He was father of Amvn- 

tor.— H. II. 9, 448. A man who settled 

at Rhodes. A son of Eurypjlus, &c. 

ORNEA, a town of Argolis, "famous for a 
battle fought there between the Lacedaemo- 
nians and A'rgives.— Di. 



6 ORN— ORO 

ORNEUS, a centaur, son of Ixion and 

of the Cloud.— Ou. Me. 12, 302. A son of 

Erechtheus, king of Athens, who built Or- 
nea, in Peloponnesus.— Pa. 2, 25. 

ORNITHINE, a wind blowing from the 
north in the springs, and so called from the 
appearance of birds («' ornithts," aves).— 
Col. 11, 2. [Tyre and Sidon. 

ORN I' I RON, a town of Phoenicia between 
ORNITUS, a friend of Mnez*, killed bv 
Camilla in the Rutulian wars.— V .JEn. 11,677'. 

ORNOSPADES, a Parthian, driven from 
his country by Artabanus. He assisted Ti- 
berius, and was made governor of Mace- 
donia, Sic.—Ta. An. 6, 37. 

ORNYTION, a son of Sisvphus, king of 
Corinth, father of Phocus.— Pa. 9, 17. 

ORNYTOS, a man of Cyzicus, killed by 
the Argonauts, Scc—Va. Fl. 3, 173. 

O ROAN DA, a town of Pisidia, now Ha- 
viran. — Li. 33, 18. 
OROB1A, a town of Euboea. 
OROBII, a people of Italy, near Milan. 
ORO'DES, a prince of Parthia, who mur- 
dered his brother Mithridates, and ascended 
his throne. He defeated Crassus, the Ro 
man triumvir, and poured melted gold down 
the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach 
him for his avarice and ambition. He fol- 
lowed the interest of Cassius and Brutus at 
Philippi. It is said, that, when Orodes be- 
came old and infirm, his thirty children ap- 
plied to him, and disputed, in his presence, 
their right to the succession. Phraates, the 
eldest of them, obtained the crown from 
his father, and, to hasten him out of the 
world, he attempted to poison him. The 
poison had no effect; and Phraates, stilt 
determined on his father's death, strangled 
him with his own hands, about 37 years be- 
fore the Christian era. Orodes had then 
reigned about 50 years.— Ju. 42,4.— Pat. 2, 30. 

Another king of Parthia, murdered for 

his cruelty .— Jo*.l8.J. A son of Artabanus, 

king of Armenia. — Ta. An. 6, 33. — -One of 
the friends of jEneas in Italy, killed bv Me- 
zentius.— V. JEn. 10, 732, &c. 

ORCETES, a Persian governor of Sardis, 
famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. 
He died B. C. 521.— Her. 

ORO'MEDON, a lofty mountain in the is- 
land of Cos. — Theo. 7. A giant.— Pro. 

3, e. 7, 48. 

ORONTAS, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent 
to Cyprus, where he made peace with Eva- 
goras, Sec— Poly. 7. 
OR'ONTES, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, 

who rebelled from Artaxerxes, <kc. — Id. 

A governor of Armenia. — Id. A king ot 

the Lyceans during the Trojan war, who 
followed iEneas, and perished in a ship- 
wreck— V. JEn. 1, 117, 1. 6, 34. A river 

of Syria, (now A&i,) rising in Ccelosyria, 
and falling, after a rapid and troubled 
course, into the Mediterranean, below An- 
tioch. According to Strabo, who mention* 
some fabulous accounts concerning it, the 
Orontes disappeared under ground, for the 
space of five miles. The word Oronteus is 
often used as Svrius.— Dion. Per.—Ov. Me, 
2, 248.— Str. 1Q.—Pa. 8, 20. 
OROPH ERNES, a man who seized the 



OKO-ORP 4 

kingdom of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 154. 

OKO'PUS,a town of Boeotia,on the borders 
of Attica, near the Euripus, which received 
its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. 
itwas the frequent cause of quarrels between 
the Boeotians and the Athenians, whence 
some have called it one of the cities of Atti- 
ca, and was at last confirmed in the posses- 
sion of the Athenians, by Philip, king- of 
Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. 

—Pa. l, M.—Str. 9. A small town of 

Eubcea. Another in Macedonia. 

OROSIU5, a Spanish writer, A. D. 416, 
who published an universal history, in seven 
books, from the creation to his own time, 
in which, though learned, diligent, and 
pious, he betrayed a great ignorance of the 
knowledge of historical tacts, and of chro- 
nology. The best edition is that of Haver- 
camp. 4to. L. Bat. 1767. 

OROSPED*,a mountain of Spain.— Str. 3. 

ORPHEUs, a son of CLager, by the muse 
Calliope. Some suppose him to "be the son 
J Apollo, to render his birth more illus- 
trious. He received a lyre from Apollo, or 
according to some, from Mercury, upon 
which he played with such a masterly hand, 
that even the most rapid rivers ceased to 
flow, the savage beasts' of the forest forgot 
their wildness, and the mountains moved to 
listen to his song. Ail nature seemed 
charmed and animated, and the nymphs 
were his constant companions. Eurydice 
was the only one who made a deep impres- 
sion on the melodious musician, and their 
nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness, 
however, was short: Aristaeus became en- 
amoured of Eurydice, and as she fled from 
her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in 
the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the 
poisonous wound. Her loss was severely 
felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover 
her, or perish in the attempt. With his 
lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal 
regions, and gained an easy admission to 
the palace of Pluto. The" king of hell 
was charmed with the melody of his strains ; 
and, according to the beautiful expressions 
of the poets, the wheel of Ision stopped, 
the 6tone of Sisyphus stood stili ; Tantalus 
forgot his perpetual thirst ; and even the 
Furies relented., Pluto and Proserpine were 
moved with his sorrow, and consented to 
restore him Eundice, provided he toibore 
looking behind till he had come to the ex- 
tremest borders of hell. The conditions 
were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was al- 
ready iu sight of the upper regions of the 
air, when he forgot his promise, and turned 
back to look at his long-lost Eurydice. He 
saw her, but she instantly vanishe'd from his 
eyes. He attempted to follow her, but he 
w'as refused admission ; and the only com- 
fort he could find, was to soothe his grief 
at the sound of his musical instrument, in 
grottos, or on the mountains. He totally 
separated himself from the society of man- 
kind ; and the Thracian women, whom he 
had oft'ended by his coldness to their amo- 
rous passion, or, according to others, by his 
unnatural gratifications and impure indul- 
gences, attacked .him while they celebrated; 



$7 ORP-ORS 

the orgies of Bacchus, and after they had 
torn his bodv to pieces, they threw his' head 
into the Hebrus, which still articulated the 
words Eurydice ! Eurydice ! as it was car- 
ried down the stream into the iEgean sea. 
Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which 
celebrated expedition he wrote a poetica. 
account, still extant. This is doubted by 
Aristotle, who says, according to Cicero, 
that there never existed an Orpheus, but 
that the poems which pass under his name, 
are the compositions of a Pythagorean phi- 
losopher named Cercops. According to some 
of the moderns, the Argonautica, and the 
other poems attributed to Orpheus are the 
production of the pen of Onomacritus, a 
poet who lived in the age of Pisistratus, 
tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, however, and 
Diodorus Sicuius, speak of Orpheus as a 
great poet and musician, who rendered 
himself equally celebrated by his knowledge 
of the art of war, by the extent of his under- 
standing, and by the Jaws which he enacted. 
Some maintain that he was killed by a 
thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria in 
Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The 
inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb 
was in their city, aud the people of mount 
Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same ho- 
nour, and farther observed, that the night- 
ingales which built their nesfs near his 
tomb, sang with greater melody than all 
other birds. Orpheus, as some report, after 
death, received divine honours, the muses 
gave an honourable burial to his remains, 
and his lyre became one of the constellations 
in the heavens. The best edition of Orphe- 
us, is that of Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1764.— Di. 
\,6cc.—Pa. 1, tic. — Apol. 1, 9, &c. — Ci. Nat. 
D. I, 3H.—ApoU. l.—V. £n. 6, 645. G. 4, 
457, kc.—Hyg. fa. 14, &c— Qv. Me. 10, f. 
1, &c. 1. 11, l.— Plat. P. 10.— Hor. \, o. 13 
6i 35.— Orp. 

OR'PHJCA, a name by which the orgies 
of Bacchus were called, because they had 
been introduced in Europe from Egypt, by 
Orpheus. 

ORPHNE, a nymph of the infernal regi- 
ons, mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron. — 
Ov. Me. 5, 542. [Metharme.— Apol. 

ORSE'DICE, a daughter of Cinyras and 
ORSEJS, a nymph who married Helen. — 
Apol. 

ORSILLUS, a Persian who fled to Alex- 
ander, when Bessus murdered Darius.— 
Curt. 5, 31. 

ORS'iLOCHUS, a son of Idomeneus, kil- 
led by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c. — H. 

Od. 13, 260. A son of the river Alpheus. 

A Trojan killed by Camilla in the Ru- 

tulian wars, Scc.—F. Mn. 11, 636 & 690. 

ORS1NES, one of the officers of Darius, at 
the battle of Arbela.— Cart. 10, 1. 

ORSIPPUS, a man of Megara, who was 
preventedfrom obtaining a prize at theOiym- 
cpicgames, because his clothes were entan- 
gled as he ran. This circumstance was the 
cause that, for the future, all the combat- 
ants were obliged to appear n?ked.— Pa. \ ,44. 

ORTALUS, M., a grandson of Hortensius, 
who was induced to marry by a present 
from Augustus, who wished that ancient fa- 



ORT— OSC 



468 



OSC-OSC 



mily not to be extinguished 
—Va.Ma. 3, 5.— Sue. Tib. 

ORTHA'GORAS, a man who wrote a trea- 
tise on Iudia,<vc. — El. An. A musician in 

l!;e age of Epaminondas. A tyrant of Si- 

cyou, wiio mingled severity with justice in 
his government. The sovereign anthorityre- 
mained upwards of 100 years in his family. 

ORTH/EA,a daughter of Hyacinlhus. Jpo7. 

ORTHE, a town of Magnesia.— PI. 

ORTHIA, a surname of Diana at Sparta. 
In her sacrifices it v*as usual for bovs to be 
whipped. [Vide Diamastisrosis.J.P^'.TVj.Ax. 

ORTHOS1A, a town of Caria.— Li. 45, 25. 
Of Phoenicia.— PL 5, 20. 

ORTHRUS, or ORTHOS, ado? which be- 
longed to Gervon, from whom and the Chi 



Ta. An. 2, 37. | father was to be apprised of bis success. 

This neglect was fatal to ^Esreus, who threw 
himself into the sea and perished. Theseus 
no sooner reached the land, than he sent a 
herald to inform his father of his safe return, 
and in the mean time he began to make the 
sacrifices which he vowed when he first set 
sail from Crete. The herald, on his entrance 
into tiie city, found the people in great agi- 
tation. Some lamented the king's deaih, 
while others, elated at the sudden news of 
the victory of Theseus, crowned the herald 
with garlands in demonstration of their joy. 
The herald carried back the garlands on his 
staff to the sea-shore, and after he had wait- 
ed till Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he 
related the melancholy story cf the kind's 



niaera sprung 'the Sphynx and the Nemsean death. Upon this, the"people ran in crouds 
lion. He had two heads, and was sprung to the city, showing their grief by cries and 
from the union of Echidna and Typfaon. He lamentations. From that circumstance, 
was destroyed by Hercules.— He s. Th. 310. therefore, at the feast of Oschophoria, not 
- Apof. 2, 5. the herald but bis staff is crowned with 

ORTO'NA. Vide Artona. i garlands, and all the people that are present 

ORTVGIA, a grove near Ephesn«.— Ta. always exclaim 14 eleleu, iou,tou." the first 

An. 3, Cl. A small islaud of Sicily, within of which expresses haste, and the others a 

the bay of Syracuse, which formed once one consternation, or depression of spirits. The 
of the four quarters of that great city. It historian further mentions, that Theseus, 
was in this island that the celebrated "foun- when he went to Crete, did not take with 
tain Arethu>a arose. Ortygia is now the him the usual number of virgins, but that, 
only part remaining of the once famed Syra- insJead of two of them, he filled up the num- 
cuse, about two miles in circumference, "and ber with two youths of his acquaintance, 
inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered whom he made pass for women, by disguising 
like the towns on the eastern coast, by the their dress, and by using them to the oint- 
eruptions of jEma.— V. En.i, 691.— H. Od. '. ments and perfumes of women, as well as by 

15, 403. An ancient name of the island of a long and successful imitation of their voice". 

Delos. Some suppose that it received this The imposition succeeded, their sex was not 
name from Latona, who fled thither when discovered in Crete, and w hen Theseus had 
changed into a quail, "or/«x," by Jupiter,to triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with these 
avoid the pursuits of Juno. Diana was two youths, led a procession with branches 
called Ortygia, as being born there ; as also in their hands, in the same habit which is 
Apollo.— Off. Me. 1, 651.— F. 5, 692.— V. En. still used at the celebration of the Osco- 
3, 124. [V. En. 9, 573. i phoria. The branches which were carried 

ORTYGIUS. a Rutulian killed by Ataeajs. were in honour of Bacchus or of Ariadne, or 
ORUS, or HORUS, one of the gods of the because they returned in autumn when the 
Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He as- grapes were" ripe. Besides this procession, 
sisttd his mother in avenging his father,who ; there was also a race exhibited, in which 
had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was only young men whose parents were both 
skilled in medicine, he was acquainted with alive, were permitted to engage. It was 
futurity, and he made the good and the hap- ' usual for them to run from the temple of 
piness of Ids subjects the sole objects of his : Bacchus to that of .Minerva, which was on 
government. He was the emblem of the sun the sea-shore. The place where they stop- 
among the Egyptians, and he was generally j ped was called " oschophorion," became 
represented as an infant, swathed in va- J the boughs which they carried in their hands 
negated clothes. In one hand he held a j were deposited there*. The reward of the 
staff, which terminated in the head of a hawk, i conqueror was a cup called " penla ploa, 1 ' 
in the other a whip with three thongs.— Her. Jive-fold, because it contained a mixture o 

2.— Pin. Is. <v Of. — Di. 1. The first king | live different things, wine, honey, cheese, 

of Trcezene.— Pa. 2, 30. j meal, and oil. — Plu. Th. 

ORYANDER, a satrap of Persia, &c— OSCI, a people between Campania and 
Poly. 7. [Pa. 8, 25. the country of the Volsci, who assisted Tur- 

ORYX, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. | nus against iEneas. Some suppose that 
OSASES, a Parthain general, who re- . they are the same as the Opici, the word 
ceived a mortal wound from Cassius.-Ci.-J/. Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation of 
Sj e. 20. [Arragon.— Li. 34, 10. ! the other. The language, the plays, and 

OSCA, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in \ ludicrous expressions of this nation, are of- 
OSCOPHORIA, a festival observed by the ■ ten mentioned by the ancients, and from 
Athenians. It receives its name " cp'o ton i their indecent tendency some suppose the 
pherein tas oschas," from carrying boughs j \\ or dobsccenum, (quasi oscenum,) is derived. 
hung up with grapes called " oschai." Its j —Ta. An. 4, 14.— Ci. F. 7, e. 1.— Li. 10, 2J. 
original institution is thus mentioned by Plu. ; —Sir. 5. — PI. 3, 5.— V. En. 7, 730. 
Th. Theseus, at his return from Crete, for- j OSCI US, a mountain w ; th a river of the 
got to hang out the white sail by which his same name in Thrace.— Th. 



OSC— OSI 

OSCUS, a general of the fleet of the em- 
peror Otho.— T. I, Hist. 17. 

OS f . a people of Germany.— Ta.G.2S & 43. 

OSINIUS, a king of Clusium, who assisted 
/Eneas against Turnus.— V. JEn. 10, 655. 

OSI'RIS, a great deity of the Egyptians, 
son of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients 
ereatly differ in their opinions concerning 
this celebrated god, but they all agree that, 
as king of Egypt, he took i articular care to 
civilize his subjects, to polish their morals, 
to give them good and salutary laws, and to 
teach them agriculture. After he had ac- 
complished a reform at home, Osiris re- 
vived to go and spread civilization in 
!he other parts of the earth. He left his 
J-.ingdom to the care of his wife Isis, and 
of her faithful min.ister Hermes oi Mercury. 
The command of his troops at home whs 
left to the trust of" Hercules, a warlike offi- 
cer. In this expedition Osiris was accom- 
panied by his brother A polio, and by Anu- 
bis, Macedo, and Pan. His march was 
through Ethiopia, where his army was in- 
creased by the addition of the Satyrs, z 
hairy race of monsters, who made dancim 
and playing on musical instruments theii 
chief study. He afterwards passed through 
Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the 
kingdoms of Asia and Europe, where he en 
lightened the minds of men by introducing 
among them the worship of the gods, and 
a reverence for the wisdom of a supreme 
being. At his return home Osiris found the 
minds of his subjects roused and agitated 
His brotherTyphon had raised seditions, and 
endeavoured to make himself popular. Osi- 
ris, whose sentiments were always of the 
most pacific nature, endeavoured fo con 
vince his brother of his ill conduct, but ht 
fell a sacrifice to the attempt. Tvphon 
murdered him in a secret apartment, and 
cut his body to pieces, which were divided 
among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, 
according to Plutarch, shut up his brother 
ia a coffer and threw him into the Nili 
The inquiries of [sis discovered the hody < 
her husband on the coasts of Phoenicia, 
where it bad been conveyed by the waves, 
but Typhon stole it as it was being carried 
to Memphis, and he divided it amongst his 
companions, as was before observed. This 
cruelty incensed Isis; she rever-g-ed her 
husband's death, and with her son Orus, she 
defeated Typhon and the partizans of his 
conspiracy. She recovered the mangled 
pieces of her husband's body, the genitals 
excepted, which the murderer had thrown 
into the sea; and to render him all the 
honour which his humanity deserved, she 
made as many statues of wax as there were 
mangled pieces of his body. Each statue 
contained a piece of the flesh of the dead 
monarch ; and Isis, after she had summoned 
to her presence, one by one, the priests of all 
the different deities in her dominions, gave 
them each a statue, intimating, that in doing 
that she had preferred them to all the other 
communities of Egypt, and she bound tnem 
by a solemn oath that they would keep se- 
cret that mark of her favour,and endeavour 
»o show their sense of it by establishing a 



osr— oss 

worship and paying divine honours 



4fi9 

form of 

to their prince." They were further directed 
to choose whatever animals they pleased to 
represent the person and the" divinity of 
Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the 
greatest reverence to that representative 
of divinity, and to bury it when dead with the 
greatest solemnity. To render their estab- 
lishment more popular, each sacerdotal 
body had a certain portion of land allotted 
to them to maintain them, and to defrav the 
expenses which necessarily attended their 
sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part 
of the body of Osiris which had not been 
recovered, was treated with more particular 
attentoin by I»is, and she ordered that it 
should receive honours more solemn, and 
at the same time more mysterious, than the 
other members. [Vide Phallica.j As 
Osiris had particularly instructed his sub- 
jects in cultivating the ground, the priests 
chose the ox to represent him, and paid 
the most superstitious veneration to that 
animal. [Vide Apis.] Osiris, according to 
the opinion of some mythologists, is the 
same as the s«n, and the adoration which 
is paid by different nations to an Anubis, a 
Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. 
is the same as that which Osiris received 
in the Egyptian temples. Isis also after 
death received divine honours as well as her 
husband, and as the ox was the symbol of 
the sun, or Osiris, so the cow was the em- 
blem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can 
give a clearer idea of the power and great- 
ness of Osiris than this inscription, which 
has been found on some ancient monuments : 
Saturn, the youngest of all the gods, teas my 
father ; I am Osiris, who conducted a large 
and numerous army as far as the deserts 
of India, and travelled over the greatest 
part of the world, and visited the streams 
of the Ister, and the remote shores of the 
ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the in- 
habitants of the earth. Osiris was generally 
represented with a cap on his head like a 
mitre, with two horns ; he held a stick in 
his left hand, and in his right a whip with 
three thongs. Sometimes he appears with 
the head of a hawk, as that bird, by its 
quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem 
of the sun. — Plu. Is. and Of. — Her. 2, 144. 

— Di. l.— H. Od. 12, 323. Ml. An. 3.— 

Lu. de DeaSy.—Pl.S. A Persian general, 

who lived 450 B. C. A friend of Turnus, 

killed in the Rutulian war. — V. Mn. 12, 458. 

OSISMII, a people of Gaul in Britany.— 
Me. 3, 2.— Ces. B. G. 2, 34. [31 , 39 

OS'PHAGUS, a river of Macedonia.— Li. 
OSRHOE'NE, a conntry of Mesopota 
mia, which received this name from one of 
its kings called Osrhoes." 

OSSA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, one* 
the residence of the Centaurs. It was for 
merly joined to mount Olympus, but Her 
cules, as some report, separated them, and 
made between them the celebrated valley 
of Tempe. This separation of the two 
mountains was more probably effected bv 
an earthquake, which happened, as fabu- 
lous accounts represent, about lb«5 years be- 
foie the christian era. Ossa wa9 oneof thos*. 
IS 



OST-OTH 4; 
mountains which the giants, in their wars 
against the gods, heaped up one on the other 
to stale the heavens with more facility. — 
Me. 2, 3.— Ov.Me. 1, 155, J. 2, 225, 1. 7,'J24.— 

F. 1, 307. 3, 4-41.— Sir. 2.— Luc. 1 &6.— Virg. 

G. I, 28!. A town of Macedonia. 

OS TEO'DES,an island near the Lipari isles. 

OsTIA, a town built ot the mouth of the 
river Tiber by Ancus Martiusking of Rome, 
about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had 
a celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly 
situated that the Romans generally spent 
a part of the year there as in a country seat. 
There was a small tower in the port like 
the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the 
wreck of a large ship which had been sunk 
there, and which contained the obelisks of 
Egypt with which the Roman emperors in- 
tended to adorn the capital of Italy. In the 
age of Strabo the sand and mud 'deposited 
by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and 
added much to the size of the holy islands, 
which sheltered the ships at the" entrance 
of the river. Ostia and her harbour, called 
Portus, became gradually separaled, and 
are now at a considerable'dUtanee from the 
sea.— FL 1, 4, 3, 21.— Li. I, 33.— Me. 2, 4.— 
Sue.- PL 

OSTORIUS SCA'PUI.A, a man made go- 
vernor of Britain. He died A. D. 55.— 7a. 

An. 16, 23. Another, who put himself to 

death when accused before Nero, &c. — Id. 

14,48. SABINUS, a man w4io accused 

Soranus, in Nero's reign.— Id. 16, 33. 

OSTRACINE, a town of Egypt, on the 
confines of Palestine.— .P/. 5, 12. 

OSYMANDYAS, a magnificent king of 
Egypt in a remote period. 

OTACILIUS, a Roman consul sent against 
the Carthaginians, &c. 

OTA'NES, a noble Persian, one of the 
seven who conspired against the usurper 
Smerdis It was through him that the 
osurpation was first discos ered. He was 
afterwards appointed by Darius over the 
sea-coast of Asia IWinor, and took Byzan- 
tium.— Her. 3, 70, &c. 

OTHO, M. SALVIUS, a Roman emperor 
descended from the ancient kings of Etru- 
ria. He was one of Nero's favourites, and 
as such he was raised to the highest offices 
of the state, and made governor of Panno- 
nia by the interest of Seneca, who wished 
to remove him from Rome, lest Nero's love 
lor Poppae should prove his ruin. After 
Nero's death Otho conciliated the favour of 
Galba the new emperor; but when he did 
not gain his point, and when Galba had re- 
fused to adopt him as his successor, he re- 
solved to make himself absolute, without 
any regard to the age or dignity of his 
friend. The great debts which he had con- 
tracted encouraged his avarice, and he 
caused Galba to be assassinated, and he 
made himself emperer. He was acknow- 
ledged by the senate r.nd the Roman people, 
tut the sudden revolt of Viteliius in Ger- 
many rendered his situation precarious 
and it was mutually resolved that their re- 
spective right to the empire should be de- 
tided by arms. Otho obtained three victories 
o«-er his enemies, but in a general eng3ge- 



OTH-OTH 

ment near Brixellum, his forces were dp- 
feated, and he stabbed himself when all 
hopes of success were vanished, after a 
reign of about three months, on the 20th of 
April,A. D. 69. It has been justly observed, 
that the last moments ofOtho's life were 
those of a philosopher. He comforted his 
soldiers who lamented his fortune, and he 
expressed his concern for their safety, when 
they earnestly solicited to pay him the last 
friendly offices before he stabbed himself, 
and he observed that it was better that one 
man should die, than that all should be in- 
volved in ruin for his obstinacy. His nephew 
was pale and distressed, fearing the anger 
and haughtiness of the conqueror ; but Otho 
comforted him, and observed, that Viteliius 
would be kind and affectionate to the friends 
and relations of Otho, since Otho was not 
ashamed to say, that, in the time of their 
greatest enmity, the mother of Viteliius had 
received every friendly treatment from his 
hands. He also burnt the letters, which, by 
falling into the hands of Viteliius, might 
provoke his resentment against those who 
had favoured the cause of an unfortunate 
general. These noble and humane senti- 
ments in a man who was the associate of 
Nero's shameful pleasures, and who stained 
his hand in the blood of his master, have 
appeared to some wonderful, and passed for 
the features of policy, and not of a naturally 
virtuous and benevolent heart.— PLu. vi.— 

Sue.—Ta. 2, Hist. 50, \c.—Juv. 2, 90. 

ROSCIUS, a tribune of the people who, in 
Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to 
permit the Roman knights at public specta- 
cle* to have the 14 first rows after the sev^s 
of the senators. This was opposed with 
virulence bv some, but Cicero ably defended 

it, kc.—Hor. e. 4, 10. The father of the 

Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of 
Claudius. 

OTHR V'ADES, one of the 300 Spartans 
who fought against 300 Argives, when those 
two nations disputed their respective right 
to Thyrea. Two Arrives, Alcinorand Cro- 
nius, "and Othryades, survived the battle. 
The Argives went home to carry the news 
of their victory, but Othryades, who had 
been reckoned among the' number of the 
slain on account of his wounds, recovered 
himself, and carried some of the spoils of 
which he had stripped the Argives, into 
the camp of his countrymen ; and after he 
had raised a trophy, and had written with 
his own blood the word vici on his shield, 
he killed himself, unwilling to survive the 
death of his countrymen.— Fa. Ma, 3, 2.— 

Plu. Par. A patronymic given to Pan- 

theus, the Trojan priest'of Apollo, from his 
father Othvras.— V. 2En. 2, 319 

OTHRYONEUS, a Thracian who came 
to the Trojan war in hopes of marrying 
Cassandra. He was killed bv Idomeneus. — 
H. II. 13 

OTHRYS, a mountain, or rather a chain 
of mountains inThessa I v, the residence of the 
Centaurs.— Sir. 9. Her. 7, 129.— V. Mn. 
7, P75. 

OTREUS, a King of Phrygia, son o. 
Cisseus, and brother to Hecuba. 



OTR — OVt 47 

OTRCEDA, a small town on the confines 
of Bithvnia. [Vide Aloides. 

OTUS & EPHIALTES, sons of Neptune. 

OTYS, a prince of Paphlagonia, who 
revolted fromthePersians toAgesilaus.— Xen. 

OVlA,aRoman matron, wife of C.Lollius. 
—Ci. At. 21. 

OVID1US, P. NASO, a celebrated Ro- 
man poet born at Sulino, on the 20th of 
March, about 43 B. C. As he was intended 
for the bar, his father sent him early to 
Rome, and removed him to Athens in the 
sixteenth year of his age. The progress of 
Ovid in the study of eloquence was great, 
but the fathers expectations were frus- 
trated ; his son was born a poet, and 
nothing could deter him from pursuing his 
natural inclination, though he was often re- 
minded that Homer lived and died in the 
greatest poverty. Every thing he wrote 
was expressed in poetical numbers, as he 
himself says, etquod lentabum icribere ver- 
sus erat. A lively genius and a fertile ima- 
gination soon ga'ined him admirers ; the 
learned became his friends. Virgil, Proper- 
tius, Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him 
with their correspondence, and Augustus 
patronized him with the most unbounded 
liberality. These favours, however, were 
but momentary, and the poet was soon 
after banished to Tomos on the Euxine sea, 
by the emperor. The true cause of this 
sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute 
it to a shameful amour with Livia the wife 
of Augustus, while others support that it 
arose from the knowledge which Ovid had 
of the unpardonable incest of the emperor 
with his daughter Julia. These reasons are 
indeed merely conjectural: the cause was of 
a very private and very secret nature, of 
which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as il 
arose from error and not from criminality. 
It was, however, something improper in 
the family and court of Augustus, as these 
lines seem to indicate : 

Cur aliquid vidi? Curnoxia lumina feci ' 
Cur imprudenti cognila culpa miliiest? 
Inscius Actizon vidit fine vcste Dianam ; 

Prceda fuit canibus uon minus ille suis. 
Again, 

Inscia quod crimen viderunl lumina pi eel or, 
Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. 

And in another place, 
Perdlderunt ceum me duo crimina,carmen 
et error. 

Alter ius facti culpa silenda mihi est. 
In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusil- 
lanimity, and howe\er afflicted and distres- 
sed his situation wa6, yet the flattery and 
impatience which he showed in his writings 
are a disgrace to his pen, and expose him 
more to ridicule than pity. Though he 
prostituted his pen and his time to adula- 
tion, yet the emperor proved deaf to all 
entreaties, and refused to listen to his most 
ardent friends at Rome, who wished for the 
return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly 
wished for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her 
tyrannical Augustus, continued his flattery 
even to meanness; and when the emperor 
died, he was so mercenary as to consecrate 
a temple to the departed tyrant on the 



1 OVI-OVI 

shore of the Euxine, where he regularly 
offered frankincense every morning. Tibe- 
rius proved as regardless as his predecessor, 
to the entreaties which were made for Ovid, 
and the poet died in the 7th or 8th year of 
his banishment, in the 59th year of his age. 
A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the 
year 1508 of the Christian era, the following 
epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern 
kingdom of Austria : 
Hie situs est vates quern Divi Casaris ira 

Augusti patria cedere jussit humo. 
Seepe miser voluil patriis occumbere terris, 

Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum. 
This, however, is an imposition to ren- 
der celebrated an obscure corner of the 
world, which never contained the bones of 
Ovid. The greatest part of Ovid's poems 
are remaining. His Metamorphosis in 15 
books are extremely curious, on account of 
the many different 'mythological facts and 
traditions which they relate, but they can 
have no claim to an epic poem. In com- 
posing this the poet was more indebted to 
the then existing traditions, and to the theo- 
gony of the ancients, than to the powers of 
his own imagination. His Fasti were divided 
into 12 books, the same number as the con- 
stellations in the zodiac ; but of these, six 
have perished, and the learned world have 
reason to lament the loss of a poem which 
must have thrown so much light upon the 
religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and 
sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, as we may 
judge from the six that have survived the 
ravages of time and barbarity. His Tristm, 
which are divided into five books, contain 
much elegance and softness of expression, 
as also his Elegies on different subjects. The 
Heroides are nervous, spirited, and diffuse, 
the poetry is excellent, the language varied, 
but the expressions are often too wanton 
and indelicate, a fault which is common in 
his compositions. His three books of Amo- 
rum, and the same number de Arte Amandi, 
with the other de Remedio Amoris, are 
written with great elegance, and contain 
many flowery descriptions ; but the doctrine 
which they "hold forth is dangerous, and 
they are to be read with caution, as they seem 
to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap 
the foundations of virtue and morality. 
His Ibis, which is written in imitation of" a 
poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is 
a satirical performance. Besides these, 
there are extant some fragments of other 
poems, and among these some of a tragedv 
called Medea. The talents of Ovid as a 
dramatic writer have been disputed, and 
some have observed that he who is so often 
void of sentiment, was not born to shine as 
a tragedian. Ovid has attempted, perhaps, 
too many sorts of poetry at once. On what- 
ever he has written, he has totally exhausted 
the subject, and left nothing unsaid. He 
every where paints nature with a masterly 
hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar- 
expressions. It has been judiciously ob- 
served, that his poetry, after his banishment 
from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and 
vivacity which we admire in his other com- 
positions. His Fasti are perhaps the best 



oyi— ozo 



47 



2 



PAC-PAC 



written of all his peoms, and after them we 
may fairly rank his love verses, his Heroides, 
and after all his Metamorphoses, which were 
not totally finished when Augustus sent him 
into banishment. His Epistles fromPontus are 
the language of an abject and pusillanimous 
flatterer. However critics may censure the 
indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it 
is to be acknowledged that his poetry con- 
tains great sweetness and elegance, and, 
like that of Tibullus, charms the ear and 
captivates the mind. Ovid married three 
wives, but of the last alone he speaks with 
fondness and affection. He had only one 
daughter, but by which of his wives is un- 
known ; and she herself became mother of 
two children, by two husbands.— Or. TV. 3 

& 4, &c— Pal. 2.— Mart. 3 6i 8. A man 

who accompanied his friend Caesonins when 
banished from Rome by Nero. Mart. 7, e. 43. 

OVINIA LEX, was enacted to permit the 
censors to elect and admit among the uum- 
ber of the senators the best and the wor- 
thiest of the people. 

OVIN1US, a freed man of Vafinins, the 

friend of Cicero, &c.—Quin. 3, 4 QL IN- 

TUS, a Roman senator, punished by Augus- 
tus, for disgracing his rank in the court of 
Cleooatra. — Eut. 1. 

OXATHRES, a brother of Darius, greatly 
honoured by Alexander, and made one of 
hi> generals. — Curt. 7, 5. Another Per- 
sian, who favoured the cause of Alexander. 
—Curt. 

OXl'DATES, a Persian whom Darius 
condemned to death. Alexander took him 
prisoner, and some time alter made him go- 
vernor of Media. He became oppressive 
and was removed. — Curt. 8, 3, 1. 9, 8. 

OXIMES, a people of European Sarinatia. 

OXIONiE, a nation of Germans, whom 
oiiperstitious traditions represented as having 
the countenance human, and the rest of the 
body like that of beasts.— Ta. Ger. 16. 

OXUS, a lar?e river of Bactriana, now 
Gihun, falling into the east of the Caspian 
sea.— PI. 16, 6. Another in Scythi a. 

OXYARES, a kin? of Bactriana, who sur- 
rendered to Alexander, [of Alexander, ice. 

OX YCA'NUS, an Indian prince in the age 

OX Y'DRACiE, a nation of India.CM/J.9,4. 

OX'YLUS, a leader of the Heraclidae,wben 
they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was 
rewarded with the kingdom of Elis.— Pa. 5, 

4. A son of Mars and Protogenia. — 

ApoK 1, 7. [He reigned 12 years. 

OXYNTHES, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. 

OXYPORUS, a son of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme.— Apol. 3, 14. [Nile.— Str. 

OXYRYNCHUS, a town of Egypt on the 

OZl'NES, a Persian imprisoned by Crate- 
rus, because he attempted to revolt from 
Alexander.— Curt. 9, 10. 

O'ZOLiE or OZO LI ,a people who inhabited 
the eastern parts of /Etolia, which were called 
Ozoiea. Tins tract of territory lay at the 
north of the bay of Corinth, and extended 
about 12 miles northward. Theyreceivtd their 
name from the bad stench ("oze,") of their 
bodies and of their clothing, which was the 
raw hides of wild beasts, or from the offen- 
sive smell of the body of Nessus the centaur 



which after death was left to putrify iu th* 
country without the ho-nours of a burial 
Some derive it with more propriety from tli£ 
stench ot the stagnated waters in the neigh- 
bouring lakes and marshes. According to a 
fabulous tradition, they received their name 
from a very different circumstance. During 
the reigu of a son of Deucalion, a bitch 
brought into the world a stick instead of 
whelps. The stick was planted in the 
ground by the king, and it grew up to a 
large vine and produced crapes, from which 
the inhabitants of the country were called 
Ozolee, not from " ozein" to smell bad, but 
from " 0205," a branch or sprout. The name 
of Ozolae. on account of its indelicate sieni- 
fication, highly displeased the inhabitants, 
and thev exchanged it soon for that of zEtu- 
lians.— Pa. 10, 38.— Her. 8, 32. 



P. 

PACATIANUS, TITUS, JULIUS, a gene- 
ral of the Roman armies, who proclaimed 
himself emperor iu Gaul, about the latter 
part of Philip's reign. He was soon aiter 
defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, ice. 

PACClDS, an insignificant poet in the 
age of Domitian.— Juv. 7, 12. 

PACH ES, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, 
£- r> /iris, p. 4. 

PACH I'NUS.or PACH YNUS.nowPawaro, 
a promontory of Sicily, projecting about 
two miles into the sea, in the form of a pe- 
ninsula, at the south-east corner of the is- 
land, with a small harbour of the same name. 
Str. 6.— Me. 2, l.—V. JEn. 3, 6*9.— Pa. 5, 2-5. 

PACON1US, M., a Roman put to death by 
Tiberius &c— Sue. Tib. 61. A Stoic phi- 
losopher, son of the preceding. He was ba- 
nished from Italy by Nero, and he retired 
from Rome w ith the greatest composure and 
indifference. — Arr. 1, 1. 

PA'CORUS, the eldest of the 30 sons of 
Orodes, king: of Parthia, sent agaiust Cras- 
sus, whose army he defeated, and whom he 
took prisoner. "He took Syria from the Ro- 
mans, and supported the republican party 
of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius 
Caesar. He was killed in a battle by Venti- 
dius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (911; 
of June) that Crassus had been defeated.— 

Fl. 4, 9.—Hor. 3, 6, 9. A kin? of Parthia, 

who made a treaty of alliance with the Ro- 
mans, ice. Another, iutimate with king 

Decebalus. 

PACTO'LUS,a celebrated river of Lydia, 
rising: in mount Tmolus, and falling into the 
Hermus after it has watered the city of Sar- 
des. It was in this river that Midas" washed 
himself when he turned into gold whatever 
he touched, and from that circumstance it 
ever after rolled golden sand, and received 
the name of Chrysorrhcas. It is called 
Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo ooserves, t lat it had 
no eolden sands in his age.— V. En. 10, 142. 
-Sir. l&.-Ov. Me. 11, 86.— Her. 5, 110.— 
PI. 33, 8. 

PACTYAS, a Lydian entrusted with the 
cure of the treasures of Crcesus a* Sardos. 



PAC — PAD 



473 



PiEA— PAG 



The immense riches which he could com- 
mand, corrupted him, and to make himself 
independent, lie gathered a large arm.y. 
He laid siege to the citadel of Sardes, but 
the arrival of one of the Persian generals 
soon put him to flight. He retired to Cumae 
and afterwards to Lesbos, where he was de- 
livered into the hands of Cyrus.— Her. 1, 154. 
&c— Pa. 2,35. [sonesus. 

PACT YE, a town of the Thracian Cher- 

PACTYES, a mountain of Ionia, near 
Ephesus.— Sir. 14. 

PA'CUVIUS, M., a native of Brundusium, 
son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who 
distinguished himself by his skill in painting, 
and by his poetical talents. He wrote satires 
and tragedies which were represented at 
Rome, and of some of which the names are 
preserved, as Peribcea, Hermione, Atalanta, 
llione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes was 
considered as the best-finished performance; 
the sty le, however, though rough and with- 
out either purity or elegance, deserved the 
commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, 
who perceived strong rays of genius and 
perfection frequently beaming through the 
clouds of the barbarity and ignorance of the 
times. The poet in his old age retired to 
Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, 
about 131 years before Christ. Of all his 
compositions about 437 scattered lines are 
preserved, in the collections of Latin poets. — 
('%. Or. 2. Her. 2, 27.— Hot: 2, e. 1, 56.— 
Quin. 10, 1. 

PADiEI, an Indian nation, who devoured 
their sick before they died. — Her. 3, 99. 

PA DIN (J M, now Bondeno, a town on the 
Po, where it begins to branch into different 
channels.— PI. 3, 15. 

PA'DUA, a town called Paiavivm, in the 
country of the Venetians, founded by Ante- 
nor immediately after the Trojan war. It 
was the native place of the historian Livy. 
The inhabitants were once so powerful, that 
they could levy an army of 20,000 men.— 
Str. 5.— Me. 2, A.—V. Mn. 1, 251. 

PADUS (now called the Po), a river in 
Italy, known also by the name of Eridanus, 
which forms the northern boundary of the 
territories of Italy. It rises in Mount Ve- 
sulus, one of the highest mountains of the 
Alps, and after it has collected in its course 
the waters of above 30 rivers, discharges 
itself in an eastern direction into the Adriatic 
sea by seven mouths, two of which only, 
the Plana or Volane, and the Padusa, were 
formed by nature. It was formerly said, 
that it rolled gold dust in its sand, which 
was carefully searched by the inhabitants. 
The consuls, C. Flaminius Nepos, and P. 
Furinus Philus, were the first Roman gene- 
rals who crossed it. The Po is famous for 
the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets 
mention, was thrown down there by the 
thunderbolts of Jupiter.— Ov. Me. 2, 258, &c. 
—Me. 2, A.— Luc. 2, &c— V. Mn. 9, 680.— 
Str. 5. — PI. 37, 2. 

PA DU'SA, the most southern mouth of the 
Po, considered by some writers as the Po 
itself. [Vide Padus.] It was said to abound 
in swans, and from it there was a cut to the 
town of Ravenna. -V. Mn.'n, 455. 



PiEAN, a surname of Apollo, derive/1 
from the word p&an, an hymn which was 
sung in his honour, because he had killed 
the serpent Python, which had given cause 
to the people to exclaim Io paan ! The ex 
clamation of lo Paean was made use of in 
speaking to the other gods, as it often was 
a demonstration of joy. — Juv. 6, 171.— Ov. 
Me. 1, o38, 1. 14, 720.— Luc. I, &cc.—Str. 18. 

P/EDARETUS, a Spartan, who on not 
being elected in the number of the 300 sent 
on an expedition, &c, declared, that in- 
stead of being mortified, he rejoiced that 
300 men better than himself could be found 
in Sparta.— Plut. in Lyc. 

P/EDIUS, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in 
Spain, who proposed a law to punish with 
death all such as were concerned in the 
murder of his patron, &c. 

PjEMA'NI, a people of Belgic Gaul, sup- 
posed to dwt II in the present country at the 
west of Luxemburg.— C*s. G. 2, 4. 

PJEON, a Greek historian.— Plu. Th. 

A celebrated physician who cured the wounds 
which the gods received during the Trojan, 
war. From him, physicians are sometimes 
called Pteonii, and herbs serviceable in me- 
dicinal processes, Paonics herbce. — V. Mu.l 
769 — Ov. Me. 15, 535. 

PHONES, a people of Macedonia, who 
inhabited a small part of the country called 
Paonia. Some believe that they were des- 
cended from a Trojan colony.— Pa. 5, 1.— 
Her. 5, 13, &c. 

PiE'ONIA, a country of Macedonia at the 
west of the Strymon. It received its name 
from Paeon, a son of Endymion, who set- 
tled there.— Li. 42, 51, 1. 45, 29. A small 

town of Attica. 

PjEONIDES, a name given to the daugh- 
ters of Pierus, who were defeated by the 
Muses, because their mother was a native of 
Pa?onia.— Ov. Me. 5, ult . f. 

P^EOS, a small town of Arcadia. 

PiESUS, a town of the Hellespont, called 
also Apcpsos, situated at the north of Lamp- 
sacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabi- 
tants migrated to Lampsacus, where they 
settled. They were of Milesian origin.— Str. 
13.— H. II. 2. 

PjESTUM, a town Of Lucania, called also 
Neptunia and Posidonia by the Greeks, 
where the soil produced roses which blos- 
somed twice a year. The ancient walls of 
the town, about three miles in extent, are 
still standing, and likewise venerable re- 
mains of temples and porticos. The Sinus 
Pastanus on which it stood is now called 
the Gulf of Salerno.— Virg. G. 4, 1 J9. — Ov. 
Me. 15, 708.— Pon. 2, e. 4, 28. 

PjETOVIUM, a town of Pannonia. 

PjETUS,C.£C1NNA, the husband of Arria. 

[Vide Arria.] A governor of Armenia, 

under Nero. A Roman who conspired 

with Catiline against his country. A man 

drowned as he was going to Egypt to col- 
lect money.— Pro. 3, e. 7, 5. [PI. 4, 3. 

PAG/E, a town of Megaris. Of Locris. 

PAGAS^E or PAGASA, a town of Magne- 
sia, in Macedonia, with a harbour and a 
promontory of the same name. The ship 
Argo was built there, as some suppose, and 
ib3 



PAG— PAL 



474 



PAL-PAL 



according to Propertius, the Argonauts st-.t sow salt instead of barley into the fur- 
sail from that harbour. From that circura- rows. The deceit was soon perceived by 
stance uot only the ship Argo, but also the Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part 
Argonauts themselves, were ever after dis- from his wife Penelope, whom he had lately 
tinguiahed by the epithet of Pagasteus. married, was the only reason of the pre- 
Pliuy confounds Pasasae with Demetrias, tended insanity of Ulysses ; aud to demou- 
but they are different, and the latter was strate this, Palamedes took Telemachus, 
peopled by the inhabitants of the former, whom Penelope had lately brought into <he 
who prefefred the situation of Demetrius for world, aud put him before the plough of 
its convenience*.— Oo. Me. 7, U 6, 349. — , his father. Ulysses showed that he was uot 
Luc. 2, 715, 6, 1. 400.— Me. 2, 3&c7.— Sir. 9.— '■ insane, by turning the plough a different 
Pro. 1, e. 20, 11.— PI. 4, K. — Apol. Rh. 1, way, not to hurt hit. child. This having been 
£38, kc. [V. /En. 11, 67u. discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend 

PAGASUS, a Trojan killed by Camilla. — the Greek princes to the war, but an im- 

PAGR/E, a town of Syria, on the borders j mortal enmity arose between Ulysses and 
of Cilicia.— Sir. 16. Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved 

PAGUS, a mountain of .Eolia.— Pa. 7, 5. ' to take every opportunity to distress him : 

PALA'CIUM, orPALATIUM,a town of the | and when all his expectations were frus- 

Thracian Chersonesus. A small village, 

on the Palatine hill, where Rome was after- 
wards built. [St. Bonifacio. 

PALjE, a town of the south of Corsica, now 

PALi£A,a town of Cyprus. Of Cephal- 

lenia. [of Spain— Sir. 

PALjEA'POLIS, a small island on the coast 

PALiEMON, or PA LEMON, a sea deity, 
son of Athamas and Ino. His original name 
was Melicerta, and he assumed that of Pa- 
laemon, after he had been changed into a 
pea deity by Neptune.— [ Vide Melicerta. "j 
A noted grammarian at Rome in the age 
of Tiberius, who made himself ridiculous 
by his arrogance and luxury.— Juv. 6, 451. 

—Mart. 2, e. 86. A son of Neptune, who 

was amongst the Argonouts.— Apol. 

PALiEPAPHOS, the ancient town of Pa- 
phos in Cvprus, adjoining to the new. Sir. 14. 

PAL/EPHARSALUS, the ancient town of 
Pharsalus in Thessalv. — C<bs. B. A. 49. 

PAL&PHATUS, an ancient Greek phi- 
.osopher, whose age is unknown, though it 
can be ascertained that he flourished be- 
tween the times of Aristotle and Augustus. 
He wrote 5 books de incredibilibus, of 
which only the first remains, and in it he 
endeavours to explain fabulous and mytho- 
logical traditions by historical facts. The 
ue?t edition of Palaephatus is that of J. Frid. 

Fischer, in 6vo.— Lips. 1773. An heroic 

poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the 
creation of the world. A disciple of Aris- 
totle, born at Abydos. An historian of 

Egvpt. 

PAL&POL1S, a town of Campania, built 
by a Greek colony, where Naples after- 
wards was erected.— Li. 8, 22. 

PALiESTE, a village of Epirus near Ori- 
cus, where Caesar first landed with his fleet. 

—Luc. 5, 460. 

PALJESTINA, a province of Syria, Sec. — 
Her. I, 105.— Si. It. 3, 606.— Sir. 16. 

PAL./ESTINUS, an ancient name of the 
river Strvmon. [the continent.— Str. 16. 

PALjEYYRUS, the ancient town of Tyre. 

PALAME'DES, a Grecian chief, soil of 
Nauplius, king of Eubcea by Clymene. He 
was sent by the Greek princes, who were 
going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to 
the camp, — who, to withdraw himself from 
the expedition, pretended insanity, and the 
better to impose upon his friends, used to 
harness different animals to a plough, and 



trated, he had the meanness to bribe one of 
his servants, and to make him dig a hole in 
his master's tent, and there conceal a larg« 
sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a 
letter in Phrygian characters, which king 
Priam was supposed to have sent to Pala- 
medes. In the letter the Trojan king 
seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into 
his hands the Grecian army, according to 
the conditions which had been previously 
agreed upon, when he received the money. 
This forged letter was carried by means of 
Ulysses before the princes of the Grecian 
army. Palamedes was summoned, and he 
made the most solemn protestations of in- 
nocence, but all was in vain : the money 
that was discovered in his ttnt served only 
to corroborate the accusation. He wa» 
foui:d guilty by all the army, and stoned ro 
death. Homer is silent about the miserable 
fate of Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions 
that it had been reported by some, that 
Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned him in 
the sea as he was fishing on the coa>t. 
Philostratus, who mentions the tragical 
story above related, adds that Achilles an„ 
Ajax buried his body with great pomp on 
the sea-shore, aud that they raised upon it a 
small chapel, where sacrifices were regu- 
larly offered by the inhabitants of Troas. 
Palamedes was a learned man as well as a 
soldier, and according to some he com- 
pleted the alphabet of Cadmus by the addi- 
tion of the four letters th, xi, ch'i,ph, dur- 
ing the Trojan war. To him also is attri- 
buted the invention of dice and backgam- 
mon ; and it is said he was the first who re- 
gularly ranged an army in a line of battle, 
and who placed sentinels round a camp, 
and excited their vigilance and attention bv 
giving them a watch- word.— Hyg. f. 95, 
105, 6cc— Apol. 2, &c.—Dic. Cre. 2, 15.— 
Ov. Me. 13, 56 6c 308.- Pa. 1, 31.— Man. 4, 
205.— Phil. 10, 6.— Eur. Pha.—Mart. 13, 
e. 75. — PI. 7> 56. 

PA LA NT I A. a town of Spain.— Me. 2, 6. 

PALATJ'NUS MONS, a celebrated hill, 
the largest of the seven hills on which 
Rome was built. It was upon it that Ro- 
mulus laid the first foundation of the capital 
of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there 
also he kept his court, as well as Tullus 
Hostilius, and Augustus, and ail the suc- 
ceeding emperors, troni which circumstances 



PAL PAL 



475 



PAL -PAL 



tlie word Palalium has ever since been I was soon abolished, and the deities were 

Qrit-.iiDfl tn tin* rc'<*ii\(>nt*tJ ri f u mnn^rfii r\ r w^ti^fi^J Hu>ip ii^hiI ^. ff. . 17 , 



applied to the residence of a monarch -or 
prince. The Palatine hill received its name 
from the goddess Pales, or from the Pala- 
tini, who originally inhabited the place, or 
from balare "or palare, the bieetings of 
sheep, which were frequent there, or per- 
haps from the word palantes, wandering', 
because Evander, when he came to settle in 
Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made 
them all one society, There were some 
games celebrated in honour of Augustus, 
and called Palatine, because kept on the 
hill.— Di. Ca. 53.— It. 12, 709.— Li. 1, 7 & 
33.— Ov. Me. 14, B22.— JuVt 9, 23.— Mart, t, 

e. 1\.—Var. L. L. 4. 3— Ci. C. 1. Apollo, 

who was worshipped on the Palatine hill, 
was also called Palatinus. His temple there 
had been built, or rather repaired, by Au- 
gustus, who had enriched it with a [ibrary, 
valuable for the various collections of Greek 
and Latin manuscripts which it contained, 
as also for the Sibylline books deposited 
there.— Hnr. l. e. 3, 17. 

PALANTIUM, a town of Arcadia. 

PALtlS, or PALjE, a town in the island 
of Cephallenia.— Pa. 6, 15. 

PALES, the jroddess of sheepfolds and of 
pastures among the Romans. She was wor- 
shipped with great solemnity at Rome, and 
her festivals, called Pali'.ia,\\ere celebrated 
the very day that Romulus began to lay the 
foundation of the citv of Rome.— Virg. G. 
3, 1 & 294. -Ov. F. 4* 722, iiC.—Pat. 1, 3. 

PALFURIUS SURA, a writer, removed 
from the senate by Domitian, who suspected 
him of attachment to Vitellius,&c. — Juv.4,53. 

PALIBOTHRA, a city of India, supposed 
now to be Patna, or according to others, 
AUahabnd.—Str. 15. 

PALI'CI, or PALISCI, two deities, sons 
of Jupiter bv Thalia, whom iEschylus calls 
iElna, in a tragedy which is now lost, ac- 
cording to the words of Macrobius. The 
nymph ./Etna, when pregnant, entreated her 
lover to remove her from the pursuits o" 
Juno. The god concealed her in the bowel 
of the earth, and when the time of her de- 
livery was come, th** earth opened, and 
brought into the world two children, who 
received the name of Palici, " apo tou palin 
akesthai," because they came again into the . 
world f rom the bowels of the earth. These • 
deities were worshipped with great cere- 
monies by the Sicilians, and near their tem- 
ple were two small lakes of sulphureous 
w ater, which were supposed to have sprung 
out of the earth, at the same time that they 
were born. Near these pools it was usual 
to take the most solemn oaths, by those who 
wished to decide controversies and quarrels. 
If any of the persons who took the oaths 
perjured themselves, they were immediately 
punished in a supernatural manner; and 
those whose oath, by the deities of the place, 
was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici 
had also an oracle which was consulted 
upon great emergencies, and which ren- 
dered the truest and most unequivocal an- 
swers. In a superstitious age, the altars of 
the Palici were stained with the blood of 
human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom 



satisfied with their usual offerings.— V. 2b>i. 
2, 585.— Ov. Me. 5, 5'JG.— Di. 2.— Mac. Sa. 
5, ]0.—It. 14, 219. 

PALl'LIA, a festival celebrated by the 
Romans, in honour of the goddess Pales. 
The ceremony consisted in burning heaps- 
of straw, and in leaping over them. No sa- 
crifices were offered, but the purifications 
were made with the smoke of horses' blood, 
and with the ashes of a calf that had been 
taken from the belly of its mother, after it 
had been sacrificed, and with the ashes of 
beans. The purification of the docks was 
also made with the smoke of sulphur, of 
the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rose- 
mary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled 
wine, and cakes of millet, were aferwards 
made to the go<ide»s. This festival was ob- 
served on the 21st of April, and it was dur- 
ing the celebration that Romulus first be- 
gan to build his city. Some call this festi- 
val Parilia quasi a pariendo, because the 
sacrifices were offered to the divinity for 
the fecundity of the flocks.— Ov. Me. 14, 
774, F. 4, 721 ,&c, 1.6, 257.— Pro. 4, e. I, 19. 
— Tib. e. 5, 87. 

PALIXL'RUS, a skilful pilot of the ship 
of yEneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, 
and was three days exposed to the tempests 
and the waves of the sea, and at last came 
safe to the sea-shore near Velia, where the 
cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him 
to obtain his clothes. His body was left un- 
buried on the sea-shore, and as, according 
to the religion of the ancient Romans, no 
person was suffered to cross the Stygian 
lake before 100 years were elapsed, it his 
remains had not been decently buried, we 
find iEneas, when he visited the infernal 
regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assur- 
ing him, that though his bones w ere deprived 
of a funeral, yet the place where his body 
was exposed should soon be adorned with 
a monument and bear his name, and ac- 
cordingly a promontory was called Palinu- 
rus, now Palinuro.—V. Mn. 53, 13, 5, 840, 
<fec. 6, 341.— Ov. Ro. oil.— Me. 2, i.—Slr.— 
Hor. 3, o. 4, 28. 

PALlSCO'RUM,orPALICORi]M,STAG- 
NUM, a sulphureous pool in Sicily.— Fide 
Palici. 

PALIURUS, now Nahil, a river of Africa, 
with a town of the same name at its mouth, 
at the West of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. 
— Sir. 17. 

PALLADES, certain virgins of illustrious 
parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter 
by the Thebans of Egypt.- It was required 
that they should prostitute themselves, an 
infamous custom which was considered as a 
purification, during which they were pub- 
licly mourned, and afterwards they were 
permitted to marry.— Str. 17. 

PALLADIUM.a'ceiebrated statue of Pal- 
las. It was about three cubits high, and 
represented the goddess as sitting and hold- 
ing a pike in her right hand, and in her 
left a distaff and a spindle. It fell down 
from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as that 
prince was building the citadel of Ilium. 
Some nevertheless suppose that it fell at 



PAL— PAL 



475 



Pessinua in Phrygia, or according to ntliers, 
Dardanus received it as a present from his 
mother Electra. There are some authors 
who maintain that the Palladium was made 
with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but 
Apollodorus seems to say, that it was no 
more than a piece of clock-work which 
moved of itself. However discordant the 
opinion of ancient authors be about this fa- 
mous statue, it is universally agreed, that 
on its pre>ervation depended' the safety of 
Trov. This fatality was well known to the 
Creeks, during the Trojan war, and there- 
fore Ulvsses and Diomedes were commis- 
sioned to steal it away. They effected their 
purpose; and if we rely upon the authority 
of some authors, they were directed how to 
carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, 
who proved, 'in this, unfaithful to his country, 
because his brother Delphobus, at the death 
of Paris, had married Helen, of w hom he 
was enamoured. Minerva was displeased 
with the violence which wns offered to her 
statue, and according to Virgil, the Palla- 
dium itself appeared to have received life 
and motion, and by the dashes which started 
from its eyes, and "its sudden springs from 
the earth, "it seemed to show the resentment 
of the godddss. The true Palladium, as 
some authors observe, was not carried away 
from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of 
the statues of similar size and shape, which 
were placed near it, to deceive whatever 
sacrilegious persons attempted to steal 
The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was 
conveyed safe from Troy to Italy by /Eneas, 
tnd It was afterwards preserved by the Ro- 
mans with the greatest secrecy and venera- 
tion, in the temple of Vesta, acircumstance 
which none but the vestal virgins knew.— 
Herod. I, 14, Ov. F. 6, 442, Sec. Me. 

13, 3:j6. — Die. Cr. I , b.—Apol. 3, 12.— Dio. 
H. I, &C — H. II. 10.— V. £n. 2, 166, 9, I 
— Phi. re. R.—Lnc. 9.- Da. Ph.—Juv. 3,1 

PALLaDIOS, a Greek physician, whose 
treatise on fevers was edited 8vo., L. Bat. 
1745. A Roman under Adrian, &c, cele- 
brated for his learning-. 

PALLANTEUM, a town of Italy, or per- 
haps more properly a citadel built" by Evan- 
der, on mount Palatine, from whence 
name originates. Virgil says, it was called 
after Pallas, the grandfather of Evander; 
biit Dionysius derives its name from Palan- 
tium,a town of Arcadia. Dion. 1, 31. V.Mn.1, 
54 (Sc 341. [cia, on the river Cea.— Me, 2, 6 

PALLANTIA, a town of Spain, now Palen 

PaLLANTIAS, a patronymic of Aurora 
as being related to the giant Pallas.— Ov.Me. 
9, f. 12. 

PALLANT1DES, the 50 sons of Pallas, the 
son of Pandion, and the brother of iEgeus. 
They were all kiiled by Theseus, the son of 

iEgeus, whom they opposed when he 

to take possession of his father's kingdom. 
This opposition they showed in hopes of suc- 
ceeding to the throne, as Mgeus left no chil- 
dren except Theseus, whose legitimacy was 
even disputed, as he was born at Troezene. 
— PL Th. Fa. 1, 22. 

PALLAS (adis), a daughter of JupUer, I 
the same as Minerva. The goddess received ! 



PAL 

rer beca* 



-PAM 



he killed Hie giant 
Pallas, or perhaps from the spear which she 
seems to brandish in her hands ("pa//«»i,") 
For the functions, power, and character of 
the goddess, vide Minerva. 

PALLAS (antis), a son of kin? Evander, 
__nt with some troops to assist /Eneas. He 
was killed bv Turnus, the king of the Rtituh, 
after he had made a great slaughter of the 

enemy.— V. /En. 8, 101, &c. One of the 

giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was 
killed by Minerva, who covered herself with 
> skin, whence, as some suppo>e, she is 

lied Pallas.— Apol. 3, 12. A son of 

Crius and Enrybia, who married the nymph 

a* u u_ i .... i v:/ib>mi v . «•-■ 



Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valour. Sir. 

—Hes. Th. A son of Lycoan. A son of 

Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes.— Ov.Me. 
7, f. M.—Apol. A freed man of Claudius- 
famous for the power and the riches he ob, 
lamed. He advised the emperor, ins master, 
to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son 
Nero for his successor. It was by his means, 
and those of Agrippina, that the death of 
Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was 
raised to the throne. Nero forgot to whom 
i« was indebted for the crown. He discarded 
Pallas, and some time after caused him to 
be put to death, that he might make himself 
master of his great riches, A.D. 61. — Ta. 12. 
An. 53. 

PALLE'NE, a small peninsula of Macedo- 
nia, formerly called Phlegra, situate above 
the bay of Thermae on the iEgean sea, and 
containing five cities, the principal of which 
is called Pallene. It was in this place, ac- 
cording to some of the ancients, that an en- 
gagement happened between the gods and 
the giants.— Li. 31, 1 45, 30.— Vire. G. 4, 

391.— Ov. Me. lb, 357. A village of Attica, 

wlx-re Minerva had a temple, and where the 
Pallantides chiefly resided. -Her. l, 161.— 
Plu. Th. 

PALLENSES, a people of Cephallenia, 
whose chief town was called Pala, or Palaea. 
—Li. 3P, 18.— Pol. 3, 3. 

PALM A, a governor of Syria. 
PALM ARIA, a small island opposite Tar- 
racina in Latium. — PI. 3,6. 

PALMY'RA, the capital of Palmer ene, a 
country on the eastern boundaries of Syria, 
now called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is 
famous for being the seat of the celebrated 
Zenobia and of Odenatus, in the reign of the 
emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and 
the splendour and magnificence of its por- 
ticos, temples, and palace now attract the 
curious and the learned.— PI. 6, 26 & 30. 

PALPHURIUS, one of the flatterers of 
Domitian.— Juv. 4, 53. [Li. 10. 4-3. 

PALUMBINUM, a town of Samnium.— 
PAMISOS, a river of Thessaly, falling 
into the Peneus.— Her. 7, 129.— PL 4, c. 8. 

Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. 

PAMMENES, an Athenian general, sent 
to assist Megalopolis, against the Mantineans, 

tec. An astrologer. A learned Grecian 

who was preceptor to Brutus.— Ci. Br. 97, 
Or. 9. [—Apol. 
PAMMON, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
PAM PA, a village near Tentvra in Thrace. 
Juv. 15, 76. 



PAM— PAN 



477 



PAN— PAN 



PAMPH1LUS, a celebrated painter of 
Macedonia, in the age of Philip, distin- 
guished above his rivals by a superior know- 
ledge of literature, and the cultivation of 
those studies which taught him to infuse 
more successfully grace and dignity into his 
pieces. He was founder of the school for 
painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which 
was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over 
Greece, that none but the children of noble 
and dignified persons should be permitted to 
learn painting. Apelles was one of his pu- 
pils. — JJiog. A son of Neoclides, among 

the pupils of Plato. — Diog. 

PA MP HQS, a Greek poet supposed to have 
lived before Hesiod's age. 

PAM'PHYLA, a Greek woman who wrote 
a general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign. 
This history, so much commended by thean- 
cients, is lost. 

PAM'PHVLIA, a province of Asia Minor, 
anciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on 
the south by a part of the Mediterranean, 
called the Pamphylian Sea, west by Lycia, 
north by Pisidia, and east by Cilieia. It 
abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, 
and was peopled by a Grecian colony. — Sir. 
14.— Me. J. — Pa. 7, 3.— PI. 5, 26.— Li. 37, 
23 6c 40. 

PAN was the god of shepherds, of hunts- 
men, and of all the inhabitants of the coun- 
try. He was the son of Mercury, by Dry- 
ope, according: to Homer. Some give him 
Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others 
Jupiter and Ybis orOneis. Lncian, Hyginus, 
&c, support that he was the son of Mercury 
and Penelope, the daughter of Icarius, and 
that the god gained the affections ot the 
princess under the form of a goat, as she 
tended her father's flocks on mount Tayge- 
tus, before her marriage with the king of 
Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Pene- 
lope became mother of Pan, during the ab- 
sence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and 
that he was the offspring of all the suitors 
that frequented the palace of Penelope, 
whence he received the name of Pan, which 
signifies all or every thing. Pan was a 
monster in appearance : he had two small 
horns on his head, his complexion was 
ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, 
and feet, were those of a goat. The educa- 
tion of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of 
Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, accord- 
ing to Homer, terrified at the sight of such 
a monster, fled away and left him. He was 
wrapped up in the skin of beasts by his 
father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter 
and the gods long entertained themselves 
with the oddity of his appearance. Bacchus 
was greatly pleased with him, and gave him 
the name of Pan. The god of shepherds 
chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods 
and the most rugged mountains were his 
habitation. He invented the flute with seven 
reeds, which he called Syrinx, in honour 
of a beautiful nymph of the same name, to 
whom he attempted to offer violence, and 
who was changed into a reed. He was con- 
tinually employed in deceiving the neigh- 
bouring nymphs, and often with success. 
Though deformed in his shape and features 



yet he had the good fortune to captivate 
Diana, and to gain her favour, by trans- 
forming himself into a beautiful white goat. 
He was also enamoured of a nymph of the 
mountains called Echo, by whom he had a 
son called Lynx. He also paid his addresses 
to Omphale, queen of Lydia, and it is well 
known in what manner" he was received. 
[Vide Omphale.] The worship of Pan was 
well established, particularly in Arcadia, 
where he gave oracles on mount Lycaeus. 
His festivals, called by the Greeks Lyc&a, 
were brought to Italy by Evander, and they 
were well known at Rome by the name of 
the Lupercalia. [Vide Lupercalia.] The 
worship, and the different functions of Pan, 
are derived from the mythology of the an- 
cient Egyptians. This god was one of the 
eight great gods of the Egyptians,who ranked 
before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans 
called Consentes. He was worshipped with 
the greatest solemnity over all Egypt. His 
statues represented him as a goat, not be- 
cause he was really such, but this was done 
for mysterious reasons. He was the emblem 
of fecundity, and they looked upon him as 
the principle of all things. His horns, as 
some observe, represented the rays of the 
sun, and the brightness of the heavens was 
expressed by the vivacity and the ruddiness 
of his complexion. The star which he wore 
on his breast, was the symbol of the firma- 
ment, and his hairy legs and feet denoted 
the inferior parts of the earth, such as the 
woods and plants. Some suppose that he 
appeared as a goat because, when the gods 
fled into Egypt, in their war against the 
giants, Pan transformed himself into a goal, 
an example w hich was immediately followed 
by all the deities. Pan, according to some, 
is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief 
of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, that 
in the reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary 
v oice was heard near the Echinades, in the 
Ionian sea, which exclaimed that the great 
Pan was dead. This was readily believed by 
the emperor, and the astrologers were con- 
sulted, but they were unable to explain the 
meaning of so supernatural a voice, which 
probably proceeded from the imposition of 
one of the courtiers who attempted to ter- 
rify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of 
Mendes, which word also signifies a goat, 
there was a sacred goat kept with the most 
ceremonious sanctity. The death of this 
animal was always attended with the great- 
est solemnities, and like that of another Apis, 
became the cause of an universal mourning. 
As Pan usually terrified the inhabitants of 
the neighbouring country, that kind of fear 
which often seizes men, and which is only 
ideal and imaginary, has received from him 
the name of panic fear. This kind of ter- 
ror has been exemplified, not only in indi- 
viduals, but in numerous armies, such as 
that of Brennus, which was thrown into the 
greatest consternation at Rome, without 
any cause or plausible reason.— Ov. F. \, 
396. 1. 2, 277. Me. 1, 6b9.— Vivg. G. 1. 17, Mu. 
8, 343, G. 3, 392.— JtlV. 2, 124.— Pa. 8, 30.— 
It. 13, 327.— Var. L. L. 5, 3.— Li. 1, o.— 
Bio. ti. l.— Her. 2, 46 & H5, 6ic.-Li, ].— 



PAN — PAN 



478 



PAN— PAN 



Orp hy. 10. H. hy. Pa.—Lu. Di. M. & P, 
—Apol. 1, 4. 

PANACE'A, a goddess, daughter of jEscu- 
iapius, who presided over health.— Luc. 9, 
918. — PI. 35, 11, 6iC. 

PAN\£TIUS, a stoic philosopher of 
Rhodes, 138 B. C. He studied at Athens 
for some time, of which he refused to be- 
come a citizen, observing, that a good and 
modest man ought to be satisfied with one 
country. He came to Rome, where he 
reckoned among his pupils Lselius and Sci- 
pio, the second Africanus. To the latter he 
was attached by the closest ties of friend- 
ship and familiarity : he attended him in his 
expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures 
and amusements. To the interest of their 
countrymen at Rome, the Rhodians were 
greatly indebted for their prosperity and 
tne immunities which they for some time 
enjoyed. Panaetius wrote a treatise on the 
duties of man, the merit of which can be as- 
certained from the encomiums which Cicero 
bestows upon it. — Ci. off. Di. 1. — Ac. 2, 2. 

A T . D. 2, 46. A tyrant of Leontini in Si- 

cilv, B. C. 613.— Poly. 5. 

PANjETOLIUM, a general assembly of 
the iEtolians.— Li. 31, 29, 1. 35, 32. 

PANARES, a general of Crete, defeated 
by Metellus, &c. 

PANARISTE, one of the waiting-women 
of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus.— 
Poly. 8. 

PAN ATHENjEA, festivals in honour of 
Minerva, the patroness of Athens. They 
were first instituted by Erechtheus or Or- 
pheus, and called Athencea, but Theseus af- 
terwards, renewed them, and caused them 
to be celebrated and observed by all the 
tribes of Athens, which he had united into 
one, and from which reason the festivals re- 
ceived their name. Some suppose that they 
are the same as the Roman Quinquatria,dis 
they are often called by that name among 
the Latins. In the first years of the institu- 
tion, they were observed only during one 
day, but afterwards the time was prolonged, 
and the celebration wasattended w ith greater 
pomp and solemnity. The festivals were 
two : the great Panathencea ( melaga), which 
were observed every fifth year, beginning 
on the 22d of the month called Hecalom- 
bmon, or 7th of July, and the lesser Pana- 
thentea (mikra) ; which were kept every 3d 
year, or rather annually, beginning on the 
21st or 20th of the month called ThargeJion, 
corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the 
month of May. In the lesser festivals there 
were three games conducted by ten presi- 
dents chosen from the ten tribes of Athens, 
who continued four years in office. On the 
evening of the first day there was a race 
with torches, in which men on foot, and 
afterwards on horseback, contended. The 
same was also exhibited in the greater fes- 
tivals. The second combat was gymnical, 
and exhibited a trial of strength and bodily- 
dexterity. The last was a musical conten- 
tion, first instituted by Pericles. In the 
songs they celebrated the generous under- 
taking of Harmodius and Aristositon, who 
opposed the Pisistratidae, and of Thrasybu- 



lus, who delivered Athens from its thirty 
tyrants, Phrynis of Mitylene was the first 
who obtained" the victory by playing upon 
the harp. There were besides other musical 
instruments, on which they played in con 
cert, such as flutes, &c. The poets con- 
tended in four plays, called from their num- 
ber tretalogia. The last of these was a 
satire. There was also at Sunium an imi- 
tation of a naval fight. Whoever obtained 
the victory in any of these games was re- 
warded with a vessel of oil, which he was 
permitted to dispose of in whatever man- 
ner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any 
other person to transport that commodity. 
The conqueror also received a crown of 
the olives which grew in the groves of Aca- 
demus, and were sacred to Minerva, and 
called " moreiai" from " moros," death, in 
remembrance of the tragical end of Hallirho- 
tius the son of Neptune, who cut off his own 
legs when he attempted to cut down the 
olive which had given the victory to Mi- 
nerva in preference to his father, when 
these two deities contended about giving a 
name to Athene. Some suppose that the 
word isderived from "tneros, v apart, because 
these olives were given by contribution by 
all such as attended at the festivals. There 
was also a dance called Pyrrhichia, per- 
formed bv young boys in armour, in imi- 
tation of Minerva, who thus expressed her 
triumph over the vanquished Titans. Gladi- 
ators were also introduced when Athens be- 
came tributary to the Romai.s. During the 
celebration no person was permitted to ap- 
pear in dyed garments, and if any one trans- 
gressed he was punished according to the 
discretion of the president of the games. 
After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice 
was offered, in which every one of the 
Athenian boroughs contributed on ox, and 
the whole was concluded by an entertain- 
ment for all the company with the flesh that 
remained from the sacrifice. In the greater 
festivals, the same rites and ceremonies 
were usually observed, but with more so 
lemnity and magnificence. Others were also 
added, particularly the precession, in which 
Minerva's sacred "peplos," or garment, was 
carried. This garment was woven by a select 
number of virgins, called l 'egrophik~a," from 
" ergon," icork. They were superintended 
by two of the u arrephoroi, "or young virgins, 
not above seventeen years of age nor under 
eleven, whose garments were white and set 
off with ornaments of gold. Minerva's pep- 
lus was of a white colour, without sleeves, 
and embroidered with gold. Upon it were 
described the achievements of the goddess, 
particularly her victories over the giants. 
The exploits of Jupiter and the other gods 
were also represented there, and from that 
circumstance men of courage and bravery are 
said to be "achioipeplou," worthy to be pour- 
trayed on Minerva's sacred garment. In 
the" procession of the peplus, the following 
ceremonies were observed. In the cera- 
7niciis, without the city, there wag an engine 
built in the form of a ship, upon which 
Minerva's garment was hung as a sail, and 
the whole was conducted, not by be ast*. as 



PAN— PAN 47 
fome have supposed, but by subterraneous 
machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, 
and from thence to the citadel, where the 
peplus was placed upon Minerva's statue, 
which was laid upon a bed woven or 
strewed with flowers, which was called 
" plates." Persons of all ag es, of every sex 
and quality, attended the procession, which 
was led by old men and women carrying 
©live-branches in their hands, from which 
reason they were called il thallophoroi "bear- 
ds of green boughs. Next followed men 
of full age with shields and spears. They 
were attended by the " metoikoi," or foreign- 
ers,who carried small boats as a token of their 
foreign origin, and from that account they 
were called " skaphephoroi," boat-bearers. 
After them came the women attended by the 
wives of the foreigners called "udriapho'roi," 
because they carried water-pots. Next to these 
came young men crowned with millet and 
singing hymns to the goddess, and after 
them followed select virgins of the noblest 
families,called "kanephoroi," basket -bearers, 
because they carried baskets, in which were 
certain things necessary for the celebration, 
with whatever utensils were also requisite. 
These several necessaries were generally in 
the possession of the chief manager of the 
festival ca.\\ed"architheoros,"viho distributed 
them when occasion offered. The virgins 
were attended by the daughters of the 
foreigners who carried umbrellas and little 
6eats,,from which they were named " diphre- 
phoroi, , ' J 'seat-carriers. The boys, called "pat 
damikos," asitmay be supposed, led the rear 
clothed in coats generally worn at proces- 
sions. The necessaries for this and every 
other festival were prepared in a public 
hall erected for that purpose, between the 
Piraean gate and the temple of Ceres. The 
management and the care of the whole was 
entrusted to the "unomophulakes ," or people 
employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies 
properly observed. It was also usual to 
set all prisoners at liberty, and to present 
golden crowns to such as had deserved well 
of their country. Some persons were also 
chosen to sing some of Homer's poems, a 
custom which was first introduced by Hip- 
parchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also 
customary in this festival, and every other 
quinquennial festival, to pray for the pros- 
erity of the Plataeans, whose services had 
een so conspicuous at the battle of Mara- 
thon.— Plu. Th.-Pa. Ar. 2.—Mlian. V. H. 
8, c. I.—Apol. 3, 14. 

PANCHjEA, PANCHEA, or PANCHA1A, 
an island of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter 

Triphylius had a magnificent temple. A 

part of Arabia Felix, celebrated for the 
myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which it 
produced.— Virg. G. 2. 139, 1. 4, 379.— Cu. 
VI.— Ov. Me. 1, 309, Sic.—Di. 5.—Lu. 2, 417. 

PANDA, two deities at Rome, who pre- 
sided, one over the openings of roads, and 
the other over the openings of towns. — Var. 
de P. R. 1. 

PANDAMA, a girl of India, favoured by 
Hercules, Sec— Poly. I. 

PANDARIA, or PANDATARIA, a small 
island of the Tyrrhene sea. 



'9 PA?7— PAN 

PANDA RUS, a son of Lycaon, who as- 
sisted the Trojans in their war against the 
Greeks. He went to war without a chariot, 
and therefore he generally fought on foot. 
He broke the truce which "had been agreed 
upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and 
wounded Menelaus and Diomedes, and 
showed himself brave and unusually courage- 
ous. He was at last killed by Diomedes ; and 
JEneas, who then carried him in hischariot, 
by attempting to revenge his death, nearly 
perished by the hands of the furious enemy. 
—Die. Cr. 2, 35. — H. It. 2 & b.—Uyg. fa. 1 12. 

— V. 3Ln. 5, 495.— Ser. in loco. A son of 

Alcanor killed with his brother Bitias by Tur- 

nus.— V. JEn. 9, 735. A native of Crete 

punished with death for being accessary to 
the theft of Tantalus. What this theft was 
is unknown. Some, however, suppose that 
Tantalus stole the ambrosia and the nectar 
from the tables of the gods to which he had 
been admitted, or that he carried away a 
dog which watched Jupiter's tempie in Crete, 
in which crime Pandai us was concerned,and 
for which he suffered. Pandarus had two 
daughters, Camiro and Clytia, who were also 
deprived of their mother by a sudden death, 
and left without friends or protectors. 
Venus had compassion upon them, and she 
fed them upon milk, honey, and wine. The 
goddesses were all equally interested in 
their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom and 
beauty ; Diana a handsome figure and regu- 
lar features ; and Minerva instructed them 
in whatever domestic accomplishments can 
recommend a wife. Venus wished sttll to 
make their happiness more complete ; and 
when they were come to nubile years, the 
goddess prayed Jupiter to grant them kind 
and tender husbands. But in her absence 
the Harpies carried away the virgins and 
delivered them to the Eumenides to share 
the punishment which their father suffered. 
—Pa. 10, W.—Pin. 

PANDARUS, or PANDAREUS, a man 
who had a daughter called Philomela. She 
was changed into a nightingale, after she 
had killed, by mistake, her son I ty 1 us, whose 
death she mourned in the greatest melan- 
choly. Some suppose him to be the same as 
Pandion, king of Atnens. 

PANDATARIA, an island on the coast of 
Lucania, now called Santa Maria. 

PAN DATES, a friend of Datames at the 
court of Artaxerxes. — C. Nep. D. 

PANDEMIA, a surname of Venus, ex- 
pressive of her £reat power over the affe*. 
tions of mankind. 

PAN DEM US, one of the.surnames of the 
god of love, among the Egyptians and the 
Greeks, who distinguished two Cr.pids, one 
of whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, 
and another of a purer and more celestial 
origin. —Plu. Er. 

PAN D I A, a festival at Athens established 
•by Pandion, from whom it received its name, 
or because it was observed in honour of Ju- 
piter,whocan i( tapanla dig eueW move, and 
turn all things as he pleases. Some suppose 
that it concerned the moon, because it does 
"panto te'enai, ,f move incessantly ,by showing 
itself day and night, rather Chan the sun 



PAN -PAN 



430 



PAN-PAN 



which never appears but in the daytime. It 
was celebrated after the Dionysia, because 
Bacchus is sometimes taken for the Sun or 
A polio, and therefore the brother, or,as some 
will have it, the son of the moon. 

PAN DION, a kin» of Athens, son of 
E rich ton and Pasithea, who succeeded his 
father, B. C. 1437. He became father of 
Procne and Philomela, Erectheus, and 
Butes. During- his reign there was such an 
abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it 
was publicly reported that Bacchus and 
Minerva had* personally visited Attica. He 
waged a successful war against Labdacus, 
king- of Boeotia,and gave his daughter Procne 
in marriage to Ttreus, king of Thrace, who 
had assisted him. The treatment which 
Philomela received from her brother-in-law, 
Tereus [fide PhilomeVa"], was the source 
of infinite grief to Pandion, and he died 
through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 
40 years. There was also another Pandiou, 
son of Cecrops II., bv Metiaduca, who suc- 
ceeded to his father, *B. C. 130. He was 
driven from his paternal dominions, and fled 
to Pylas, king- of Megara, who gave him his 
daughter Peiia in marriage, and resigned 
his crown to him. Pandion became father 
of four children, called from him Pandion- 
id<e, /Egeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The 
eldest of these children recovered his fa- 
ther's kingdom. Some authors have con- 
founded the two Pandions together in such 
m indiscrimate manner, that they seem 
to have been only one and the same person. 
Many believe that Philomela and Procne 
were the daughters, not of Pandion the First, 
but of Pandion the Second.— Ov. Me. 6,676.— 

Apol. 3, 15.— Pa. 1, 5.-Hyg. fa. 48. A 

son of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of 

his eye-sight by his father. — Apnl. 3, 15. 

A son of ^Egyptus and Hephestina. A 

king of the Indies in the age of Augustus. 

PANDO'RA, a celebrated woman, the first 
mortal female that ever lived, according to 
the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was 
made with clay by Vulcan at the request of 
Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety 
and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a 
wife. When this woman of clay had been 
made by the artist, and received life, all the 
gods vied in making her presents. Venus 
gave her beauty and the heart of pleasing ; 
the Graces gave her the power of capthat- 
ing; Apollo taught her how to sing; Mer- 
cury instructed her in eloquence ; and Mi- 
nerva gave her the most rich and splendid 
ornaments. From all these valuable pre- 
sents, which she had received from the gods, 
the woman was called Pandora, which in- 
timates that she had received every neces- 
sary giftf'pan rforoit."Jupiter after this gave 
her a beautiful box, which she was ordered 
to present to the man who married her ; 
and by the commission of the god. Mercury 
conducted her to Prometheus. The artful 
mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he 
had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the 
rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire 
away from the sun to animate his man of 
clay, he sent away Pandora without suffering, 
himself to be captivated by her -ha«-«™ s 



His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of 
the same p'rudence and sagacity. He mar- 
ried Pandora, and when he opened the box" 
which she presented to him, there issued 
from it a multitude of evils and distempers, 
which dispersed themselves all over the 
worid, and which, from that fatal moment 
have never ceased to afflict the human race. 
Hope was the only one who remained at the 
bottom of the box, and it is she alone who 
has the wonderful power of easing the la- 
bours of man, and of rendering his troubles 
and his sorrows less painful in life.— Hes. 
Th. &c Di.—Apol. I, 7.— Pa. 1, 24.— Hyg. 

14. A daughter of Erectheus king of 

Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who 
sacrificed herself for her country at the be- 
ginning- of the Boeotian war. [Athens. 

PANDO'RUS, a son of Erectheus, king of 

PAN DOS! A, a town in thecountrv of the 
Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander, 

king of the Molossi, died there. — Sir. 6. 

A town of Epirus.- PL 4, l. 

PANDROSOS, a daughter of Cecrops, 
king of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. 
She was the otdy one of the sisters, who had 
not the fatal curiosity to open a basket which 
Minerva had entrusted to their care, [Vide 
Erichthonius,] for which sincerity a temple 
was raised to her, near that of Minerva, and 
a festival instituted in her honour, called 
Pandrolia.—Ov. Me. 2, 738.— Apol.3.— PaJ. 

PAN ENUS, or PAN^US, a celebrated 
painter who was for some time engaged in 
painting the battle of Marathon.— PI. 35. 

PANG^EUS, a mountain of Thrace, an- 
ciently called Mons Caraminus, and joined 
to mount Rhodope near the sources of the 
river Nestus. It was inhabited by four dif- 
ferent nations. It was on this mountain that 
Lycurgus, the Thracian king., was torn to 
pieces', and that Orpheus called the attention 
of the wild beasts, and of the mountains and 
woods to listen to his song. It abounded in 
gold and silver mines. — Her. 5, 16, &c. 7, 1 13. 
—Virg. G. A, 462.— Ov. F. 3, 739.— Th. 2.— 
Luc. I, 679, 1, 7, 482. 

PAMASlS,a man who wrote a poem upon 
Hercules, &c. Vide Panvasis. 

PANlONIUM,a place at the footof mount 
Mycale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia 
Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was 
in this place that all the states of Ionia as- 
sembled, either to consult for their own 
safety and prosperity, or to celebrate fes- 
tivals, or to offer a sacrifice for the good of 
all the nation, whence the name"poniorjion," 
all Ionia. Thedeputies of the twelve Ionian 
cities which assembled there were those of 
Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos, 
Colophon, Clazomenae, Phocae, Teos, Chios, 
Samos, and Erythrae. If the bull offered in 
sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen 
of" the highest favour, as the sound was 
particularly acceptable to the god of the 
sea, as in some manner it resembled the roar- 
ing of the waves of the ocean. — Her. 1, H8, 
&cc.~Str. M.—Me. 1, 17. 

PANICS, a i lace of Ccelo-Syria, where 
Antiochus defeated Scopis. B. C. 198. 

PANNONIA, a large country of Europe, 
bounded on the east by Upper Mcesia, south 



PAN— PAN 
by Dalmatia, west by Noricnm, and north I 
by the Danube. It was divided by the an- 
cients in co Lower and Upper Pannonia. The 
inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were 
first invaded by J. Caesar, and conquered in 
the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son 
Alexander some ages before had successively 
conquered it. Sirmium was the ancient 
capital of all Pannonia, which contains the 
modern provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Scla- 
vonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March witu part of 
Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and 
Austria.— Luc. 3, 95, I. 6, 220.— Tib. 4, e. 1, 
109.— PL 3,—Di. Ca. 46.— Str. 4 &7.—Jorn. 
—Pat. 2, 9.- Sue. An. 20. [Suidas. 
PANOLBIUS, a Greek poet, mentioned by 
PANGMPHiEUS, a surname of Jupiter, 
cither because he was worshipped by every 
nation on earth, or because he heard the 
prayers and the supplications which were 
addressed to him, or because the rest of the 
gods derived from him their knowledge of 
futurity, (pas" omnis,omphe,"vox.)—Ov.Me. 
11, I9B. — H. II. 8. 

PANOPE, or PANGPE'A, one of the Ne- 
reides, whom sailors generally invoked in 
storms. Her name signifies, giving every 
assistance, or seeing every thing.— Hes. Th. 
251.— V. £n. 5, 825. — -One of the daughters 

of Thespius.— Apol.2,1. A townof Phocis, 

called also Panopeus.— Uv. Me. 3, 19.— Li. 
2, 18— Pa. 10, 4.—St. Th. 7, 344.— H. II. 2, 
2, 7. Od. II, 5c0. 

PA'NOPES, a famous huntsman among 
the attendant? of Acesies, king of Sicily, 
who was one of those that engaged in the 
games exhibited by iEneas,— V. JEn. 5, 300. 

PANOPEUS, a son of Phocu? and Aster- 
odia, who accompanied Amphitryon when 
he made war against the Teleboans. He 
was father to Epeus, who made the cele- 
brated wooden horse at the siege of Troy.— 

Pa. 2, 2, ±9.—Apol. 2, 4. A town of Phocis 

between Orchomenos and the Cephisus.— 
Pa. 10, 4.—Str. 9. 

PANOPION, a Roman saved from death 
by the uncommon fidelity of his servant. 
When the assassins came to murder him as 
being proscribed, the servant exchanged 
clothes with his master, and let him escape 
by a back door. He afterwards went into 
his master's bed, and suffered himself to be 
hilled as if Panopion himself.- Fa. Ma. 

PANOPOLIS. the city of Pan, a town of 
Egypt, called also Chemmis. Pan had there 
a temple, where he was worshipped with 
great solemnity, and represented in a statue 
fascino longissimo el ereclo.—Di. 5. — S/r.17. 

PANOPTES, a name of Argus, from the 
power of his eyes.— Apol. 2. 

PANORMUS, now called Palermo, a town 
of Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the 
north-west part of the island, with a good 
and capacious harbour. It was the strongest 
hold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it 
was at last taken with difficulty by the Ro- 
mans.— Me. 2, 7.— It. 14, 262, A town of' 

the Thracian Chersonesus A town of 

Ionia, near Ephesus, another in Crete. 

in Macedonia, Achaia, Samos. — 

A Messe.iian who insulted the religion of 
*ue Lacedaemonians— Vide Gonippu*. 



PAN— PAN 
PANOTTT, a people of Scythia, said to 
have very large ears.— Pi. 4, 13. 

PANSA,C.VTBIUS, a Roman consul, who, 
with A. Hirlius, pursued the murderers of 
J. Caesar, and was killed in a battle near 
Mutina. On his death-oed he advised young 
Octavius to .inite his interest with that of 
Antony, if he wisneu to revenge the death 
of Julius Caesar, and from his friendly 
advice soon after arose the second triumvi- 
rate. Some suppose that Pansa was put to 
death by Octavius himself, or through him, 
by the physician Glicon, who poured poison 
into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and 
Hirtius were the two last consuls who en- 
joyed the dignity of chief magistrates of 
Rome with full power. The authority of 
the consuls afterwards dwindled into a 
shadow.— Pal. 2, Q.—Dio. 46'.— Ov. Tr. 3, 
e. 5. — Pin. &c App. 

PANTAGNOS TUS, a brother of Polycra- 
tes, tyrant of Samos.— Poly. 1. 

PANTAGYAS, a small river on the east- 
ern coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea, 
after running ashort space in roughcasades 
over ruirged stones and precipices. 
— V. jEn. 3, 689.— It. 14, 232.-Ov.F.4, 471. 

PANTALEON, a king of Pisa, who pre- 
sided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664, after 
excluding the Eleans, who, on that account, 
expunged the Olympiad from the Fasti, and 
called it the second Anolympiad. They had 
called for the same reason the eighth the 
first Anolvmpiad, because the Lisaeans pre- 
sided. -"An iEtolian chief.— Li. 42, 15. 

PANTANUS LACUS, the lake of Lesina, 
is situated in Apulia at the mouth of the 
Frento.— PI. 3, 12. 

PANTAUCHUS, a man appointed over 
iEtolia by Demetrius, &c.—Plu. 

PANTEUS, a friend of Cleomenes, king 
of Sparta, 6ic.—Plu. 

PANTHIDES, a man who married Italia, 
the daughter of Themistocles, 

PANTHEA, the wife of Abradates, cele- 
brated for her beauty and conjugal aflection. 
She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who re- 
fused to visit her, not to be ensnared by the 
power of her personal charms. She killed 
herself on the body of her husband, who 
had been slain in a battle, &c. [Vide Abra- 
dates.] — Xen.— Cyr. — Sui. The mother 

of Eumaeus, the faithful servant of Ulysses. 

PANTHEON, a celebratd temple at Rome, 
built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, 
and dedicated to all the gods, whence the 
name "pas theos." It was struck with lighr- 
ning some time after, and partly destroyed. 
Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at 
Rome, converted into a. christian temple, 
the admiration of the curious.— PL 36, 15. 
—Mar. 16, 10. 

PANTHEUS or PAN THUS, a Trojan, son 
of Othryas the priest of Apollo. When his 
country" was burnt hy the Greeks, he fol- 
lowed the fortune of vEneas, and was killed. 
— V. JEn. 2, 429. 

PANTHO'lDES, a patronymic of Euphor 
bus, the son of Panthous. Pythagoras is 
sometimes called by that name, as he as- 
serted that he was Euphorbus during the 
Trojan war.— Hor. 1, o. 2«, 10.— Ov. Me. 

2 T 



481 



PAN-PAP 4 

15, 161. A Spartan general killed' by 

Pericles at the battle of Tanasrra. 

PANTICAPjEUM, now Kercke, a town of 
r.iurica Chersonesus, built by the Milesians 
and governed some time by its own laws, 
and afterwards subdued by the kings of 
Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, 
the capital of the European Bosphorus. 
Mithridates the Great died there.— PL —Sir. 

PANTICAPES, a river of European 
Scythia, which falls into the Borysthenes, 
supposed to be the Samara of the moderns. 
— Her. 4, 51. 

PANTILIUS,a buffoon,ridiculed'bv/7or.l. 
S. 10, 78. 

PANYASIS, an ancient Greek, uncle to 
trie historian Herodoius. He celebrated 
Hercules in one of his poems, and the 
lonians in another, and was universally 
esteemed.— Ath. 2. 

PANYASUS, a river of Illyricum, falling 
into the Adriatic, near Dyrrhacium.- Ptol. 

PAP-/EDS, a name of jupiter among the 
Scvthians.— Her. 4. 

PAPHAGES, a king of Ambracia, killed 
by a lioness deprived of herwhelps.Oi , .///..S02. 

PAPHIA, a surname of Venus, because 

the goddess was worshipped at Paphos. 

An ancient name of the island of Cyprus. 

PAPH L AGONIA, now Peuderdchia, a 
country of Asia Minor, situate at the west 
of the river Halys, bv which it was sepa- 
rated from Cappadotia. It was divided on 
the west from the Bithvnians, hy the river 
Parthenius.— Her. 1, 72.— Sir. A.'— Me.— PI. 
—Curt. 6, 11*— -Ci. Rui. 2, 2& \9. 

PAPHOS, now Bafo, a famous city of the 
island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, 
about 1181 years before Christ, by Agapenor, 
at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The 
goddess of beauty was particularly wor- 
shipped there, and all male animals were 
offered on her altars, which, though a hun- 
dred in number, daily smoked with the pro- 
fusion of Arabian frankincense. The inhabi- 
tants were \ tryeffeminate and lascivious*, and 
the young virgins were permitted by the law* 
of the place to sret adowrv bv prostitution. 
— Sir. 8. be— PI. 2, 96.— Me'. 2,7.— H. Od. 
8. — V. JEn. 1, 419, &c. 10, 51, ikc.—Hor. l. 
o. 30, 1.— Ta. A. 3, 62. H. 2, 2. 

PAPHUS, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue 
which had been changed into a woman bv 
Venus. [Vide Pygmalion.]— Ov. itfe.10,297'. 

PAPIA LEX, deperegrinis,hs Papius the 
trityne, A. U. C. 6s8, which required that 
all strangers should be driven away from 
Rome. It was afterwards confirmed and 

extended by the Junian law. Another, 

called Papia Poppcca, because it was 
enacted by the tribunes, M. Papius Mutilus, 
and Q. Poppaeus Secundum, who had re- 
ceived consular power from the consuls for 
six months. It was called the Julian law, 
after it had been published by order of Au- 
gustus, who himself was of the Julian family. 
\Vide Julia lex de Maritand-is ordinibus.} 

Another, to empower the high priest to 

choose 20 virgins for the service of the god- 
dess Vesta. Another in the age of Au- 
gustus. It gave the patron a certain right 
to the property of his client, if he had Ibft 



12 PAP— PAP 

a specified sum of money, or if he had not 
three children. 

PAPIANUS, a man who proclaimed him- 
self emperor some time after the Gordians. 
He was put to death. 

PAPIAS, an early christian writer, who 
first propagated the doctrine of the Millen- 
nium. There are remaining some historical 
fragments of his. 

PAPINTANUS, a writer, A.D. 212. Vide 
Emvlius Papinianus. 

PAPINTUS, a tribune who conspired 

against Caligula. A man who destroyed 

himself. Sec— Ta. An. 6, 49. 

PAPl'RIA, the wife of Paulus Emvlius. 
She was divorced.— Plu. 

PAPl'RIA LEX, by PAPIRIUS CARBO, 
A.U.C. 621. It required that, in passing or 
rejecting laws in the comitia, the votes 

should be given on tablets. Another, by 

the tribune Papirius, which enacted that no 
person should consecrate any edifice, piace, 
or thine, without the consent and permis- 
sion of the people. —Ci. dom.50. Another, 

A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and* in- 
crease the value of the Roman as. An- 
other, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom of the 

city to the citizens of Aeerrae. Another, 

A. "U. C. 623. It was proposed, but not 
passed. It recommended the right of 
choonng a man tribune of the people as 
often as he wished. 

PAPIRIUS,a centurion engaged tomurder 
Piso, the proconsul of Africa.— Ta. Hisl. 4, 

4, 9. A patrician, chosen rex sacrontm, 

after the expulsion of the Tarquins from 

Rome. A Roman who wished to gratify 

his unnatural desires upon the body of one 
of his slaves called Pubilius. The slave re- 
fused, and was inhumanly treated. This 
called for the interference of justice, and a 
decree was made which forbad any person 
to be detained in fetters, but only for a 
crime that deserved such a treatment, and 
only till the criminal had suffered the pu- 
nishment which the laws directed. Credi- 
tors also had a right to arrest the goods, and 
not the person of their debtors.— Li. 8, 28. 
CARBO, a Roman consul who under- 
took the defence of Opimius, who was ac- 
cused of condemning and putting to death 
a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, 
without the formalities of a trial. His client 

was acquitted. CURSOR, a man who 

first erected a sun-dial in the temple of 
Quirinus at Rome, B. C. 293 ; from which 
time the days began to be divided into hours. 

A dictator who ordered his master of 

horse to be put to death, because he had 
fought and conquered the enemies of the 
republic, without his consent. The people 
interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. 
Cursor made war against the Sabines and 
conquered them, and also triumphed over 
the Samnites. His sreat severity displeased 
the people. He fidurished about 320 years 
before the Christian era.— Li. 9, 14. — -One 
of his family surnamed Prtelextalus, from 
an action of his whilst he wore the prce- 
texta, a certain gown for young men. His 
father, of the same name, carried him to 
the s( nate-house, where affairs of the 



PAP— PAP 



433 



PAR— PAR 



greatest importance were then in debate 
before the senators. The mother of young 
Papirius wished to know what had passed 
in the senate ; but Papirius, unwilling to 
betray the secrets of that august assembly, 
amused his mother by telling her that it 
had been considered whether it would be 
more advantageous to the republic to give 
two wives to one husband, than two hus- 
bands to one wife. The mother of Papirius 
was alarmed, and she communicated the 
secret to the Roman matrons, and, on the 
morrow, they assembled in the senate, pe- 
titioning that one woman might have two 
husbands, rather than one husband two 
wives. The senators were astonished at 
this petition, but young Papirius unravelled 
the whole mystery, aed from that time it 
was made a law among the senators, that 
no young man shuold, for the future, be 
introduced into the senate-house, except 
Papirius. This law was carefully observed 
till the age of Augustus, who permitted 
children of all aares to hear the debates of j 

the senators. -Mac. S. 1, 6. CAR BO, a 

friend of Cinna and Marius. He raised 
cabals asainst Sylla and Pompey, and was 
at last put to death by order o'f Pompey, 
after he had rendered "himself odious by a 
tyrannical consul-hip, and after he had 
been proscribed by Sylla. A consul de- 
feated by the armies" of the Cimbri. 

CRASS US, a dictator who triumphed over 

the Samnites. A consul murdered by the 

Gauls, 6cc. A son of Papirius Cursor,"who 

defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a 

temple to Romulus Quirinus. MASO, a 

consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, 
and reduced them into the form of a pro- 
vince. At his return to Rome, be was re- 
fused a triumph, upon which he introduced 
a triumphal procession, and walked with 
his victorious army to the capitol, wearing 
a crown of myrtle upon his head. His 
example was afterwards followed by such 
generals as were refused a triumph by the 

Roman senate.— Fa. Ma. 3, 6. The 

family of the Papirii was patrician, and 
long distinguishd for its services to the 
state. It bore the different surnames of 
Crassus, Cursor, Mugdlanus, Maso, Prce- 
lextatus, and Pectus, of which the three first 
branches became the most illustrious. 

PAPPIA LEX was enacted to settle the 
rights of husbands and wives, if they had no 

children. Another, by which a person less 

than 50 vears old, could not marry another 
of 60. 

PAPPUS, aptii.osopher and mathematician 
of Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the 
Great. 

PAPYRIUS.— Vide Papirius. 

PA RAB YSTON,atribunal of Athens where 
causes of inferior consequences were tried bv I 
11 judges.— Pa. 1, 40. 

PAItADISUS, a town of Syria or Phoeni- 
cia.— Pi. 5, 23.— Sir. 16. In the plains of 

Jericho there was a large palace, with a gar- 
den beautifully planted with trees, and called 
Balsami Paradisus. 

PARiETACiE, or TACENI, a people be- 
tween Media and Persia, where An igonus 



was defeated bv Eiimenes.— C. Nep. Eu. 8.- 
Str. 11 6c 16.— PI. 6, 26. 

PAR/ETONTUM, a town of Egypt at the 
west of Alexandria, where Isis was wor- 
shipped. The word Paratonius is used to 
signify Egyptian, and is sometimes applied 
to Alexandria, which was situate in the neigh- 
bourhood.— Sir. 17.— Fl. 4, 11. — Luc. 3, 295, 
1. 10, 9.—Ov. Me. 9, 712. A. 2, e. 13, 7. 

PARALI, a division of the inhabitants of 
Attica: they received this name from their 
being near the sea-coast, "para" and "a/si.-' 
PARALUS, a friend of Dion, by whose as- 
sistance he expelled Dionysius. A sou of 

Pericles. His premature death was greatly 
lamented by his father.— Plu. 
PARASIA, a country at the east of Media. 
PARAS1US, a son of Philonomia by a shep- 
herd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his 
mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their 
lives were preserved. 

PARCtE, powerful goddesses, who presided 
over the birth and the life of mankind. 
Thev were three in number, Clotho, l.ache- 
sis, and Atropos, daughters of Nox and Ere- 
bus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and 
Themis, according to the same poet in ano- 
ther poem. Some make them daughters of 
the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, 
presided over the moment in which we are 
born, and held a distaff in her hand ; Lache- 
sis spun out all the events and actions of our 
life; and Atropos, the eldest of the three, 
cut the thread of human life with a pair of 
scissors. Their different functions are we.il 
expressed in this ancient verse : 
Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, & Atro- 
pos oecat. 

The name of the Parcse, according to Varro, 
is derived a partu or parluriendo, btcau<e 
they presided over the birth of men, and by 
corruption, the word parca is formed from 
parta or partus, but, according to Servius, 
they are called so by antiphrasis, quod ne- 
mini parcant. The power of the Parcse was 
great and extensive. Some suppose that 
they were subjected to none of the gods but 
Jup'iter ; while others support, that even Ju- 
piter himself was obedient to theircommands, 
and indeed we see the father of the gods, in 
Homer's Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus 
perish, yet obliged by the superior power of 
the Fates to abandon him to his destiny. Ac- 
cording to the more received opinions, they 
were the arbiters of the life and death of 
mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls 
us in the world, immediately proceeds from 
the Fates of Parcte. Some make them mi- 
nisters of the king- of hell, and represent 
them as sitting at the foot of his throne ; 
others represent them as" placed on radiant 
thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed 
in robes spangled with stars, and wearing 
I crowns on their heads. According to 
Pausanias, the names of the Parcae were 
different from those already mentioned. 
The most ancient of all, as the geogra- 
pher observes, was Venus Urania, who 
presided over the birth of men ; the second 
was Fortune; Uythia was the third. To 
these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who 
often disputes with Atropos the right of cut- 



PAR — PAR 



484 



PAR— PAR 



ling- tlie thread of Immau life. The worship 
of the Fa rose was well established in some 
cities of Greece, and though mankind were 
well convinced that they were inexorable, 
and that it was impossible to mitigate them, 
yet they were eager to show a proper re- 
spect to their divinity, by raising them tem- 
ples and statues. They received the same 
worship as the Furies, * and their votaries 
yearly sacrificed to them black sheep, during- 
which* solemnity the priests were obliged to 
wear garlands of flowers. The Parcse were 
generally represented as three old women 
with chaplets made with wool, and inter- 
woven with the flowers of the narcissus. 
They were covered with a white robe, and 
fillet of the same colour, bound with chap- 
lets. One of them held a distaff, another the 
spindle, and the third was armed with scis- 
sors, with which she cut the thread which 
her sisters had spun. Their dress is diffe- 
rently represented by some authors. Clotho 
appearsin a variegated robe, and on her head 
is a crown of seven stars. She holds a dis- 
taff in her hand, reaching from heaven to 
earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was 
variegated with a geat number of stars, and 
near her were placed a variety of spindles. 
Atropos was clothed in black ; she held scis- 
sors in her hand, with clues of thread of dif- 
ferent sizes, according to the length and 
shortness of the lives, whose destinies they 
seemed to contain. Hyginus attributes to them 
the invention of the Greek letters, alpha, be- 
ta, eta, theta, tan, upsilon, and others call 
them the secretaries of heaven, or the keepers 
of the archives of eternity. The Greeks 
call the Parea? by the different names of 
" Moira, Aisa, Ker, Ei?7larmene, ,, w hich are 
expressive of their power and of their inexor- 
able decrees.— Hes. Th. & sc. H.—Pa. 1, 40, 
1. 3, 11, 1. 5, \b.—H.It. 20. Od. l.—Theo.—Cal. 
m.—Ml. An. lO.-Pin. 0. 10. N. 7.— Eur. 
Iph. — Phi. fa. Lun. — Hyg. prce. fa. & fa. 
277.— Var.—Orp. hy. bf>.—Apol. i,kc.—Clau. 
P.— Lye. &c Tz. &c.—Hor. 2, o. 6, &cc.—Ov. 
Me. 5, 533.— Luc. 3.—V. Eel. 4. £n. 3, &c. 
—Sen. H. F.—St. Th. 6. 

PARENTALIA, a festival annually ob- 
served at Rome in honour of the dead. The 
friends and relations of the deceased assem- 
bled on the occasion, when sacrifices were 
offered, and banquets provided. iEneas first 
established it.— Ov. F. 2, 544. [PI. 3, 19. 
PARENTIUM, a port and town of" Istria. 
PARIS, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by 
Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was 
destined, even before his birth, to become 
the ruin of his country ; and when his mo- 
ther, in the first month of her pregnancy, 
had dreamed that she should bring- forth a 
torcn w hich would set fire to her palace, the 
soothsayers foretold the calamities which 
might be expected from the imprudence of 
her future son, and which would end in the 
destruction of Troy. Priam, to prevent so 
great and so alarming an evil, ordered his 
slave Archelaus to destroy the child as soon 
as born. The slave, either touched with hu- 
manity, or influenced by Hecuba, did notd<- 
stiqy him, but was satisfied to expose him 
ou mount Ida, wheie the shepherds of the 



place found him, and educated him as their 
own son. Some attribute the preservation 
of his life, before he was found by the shep- 
herds, to the motherly tenderness of a she 
bear which suckled him. Young Paris, though 
educated among shepherds and peasants, 
gave early proofs of courage and intrepidity, 
and from "his care in protecting the flocks "of 
mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild 
beasts, he obtained the name of Alexander 
(helper or defender J. He gained the esteem 
of all the shepherds, and his graceful coun- 
tenance and manly deportment recommend- 
ed him to the favour of CEnone, a. nymph of 
Ida, whom he married, and with w'hom he 
lived with the most perfect tenderness. 
Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. 
Al the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the 
goddess of discord, who had not been invited 
to partake of the entertainment, showed her 
displeasure by throwing into the assembly of 
the gods who were at the celebration of the 
nuptials, a golden apple on which were 
written the words, Itetur pulchriori. All 
the goddesses claimed it as their own ; the 
contention at first became general, but at 
last only three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, 
wished "to dispute their respective right to 
beauty. The gods, unwilling to become ar- 
biters in an affair of so tender aud so deli- 
cate a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge 
the prize of beauty to the fairest of the 
goddesses, and indeed the shepherd seemed 
properly qualified to decide so great a con- 
test, as his wisdom was so well established, 
and his prudence and sagacity so well known. 
The goddesses appeared before their judge 
without any covering or ornament, arid each 
tried by promises and entreaties to gain the 
attention of Paris, and to influence his judg- 
ment. Juno promised him a kingdom ; Mi- 
nerva, military glory ; and Venus, the fairest 
woman in the world, for his wife, as Ovid 
expresses it, Her. 17, v. 118. 

Vnaque cum regnum ; belli daret altera 
laudeiii ; 

Tyndaridis conjux, Tertia dixit, eris. 
After he had heard their several claims and 
promises, Paris adjudg-ed the prize to Venus, 
and gave her the golden apple, to which, 
perhaps, she seemed entitled as the goddess 
of beauty. This decision of Paris in favour 
of Venus, drew upon the judge and his fa- 
mily the resentment of the two other god- 
desses. Soon after Priam proposed a contest 
among his sons and other princes, and pro- 
mised to reward the conqueror with one of 
the finest bulls ot mount Ida. His emissa- 
ries were sent to procure the animal, and it 
was found in the possession of Paris, who 
reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was 
desirous of obtaining again this favourite 
animal, and he went to Troy, and entered 
the list of the combatants. He was received 
with the greatest applause, and obtained the 
victory over his rivals, -Nestor, the son of 
Neleus ; Cycnus, son of Neptune ; Polites, 
Helenus, and Deiphobus, sons of Priam. He 
also obtained a superiority over Hector him- 
self, and the prince, enraged to see himself 
conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued 
him closely, and Paris must hate fallen a 



PAR — PAR 

victim to liis brother's resentment, had he 
not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred 
retreat preserved his life, and Cassandra, the 
daughter of Priam, struck with the similarity 
of the features of Paris with those of her 
brothers, inquired his birth and his age. 
From these circumstances she soon discovered 
that he was her brother, and as such she in- 
troduced him to her father and to his chil- 
dren. Priam acknowledged Paris as his son, 
forgetful of the alarming dream which had 
influenced him to meditate his death, and all 
jealousy ceased among the brothers. Paris 
did not long suffer himself to remain inac- 
tive ; he equipped a fleet as if willing to re- 
deem Hesione, his father's sister, whom Her- 
cules had carried away, and obliged to marry 
Telamon the son of iEacus. This was the 
pretended motive of his voyage, but the 
causes were far different. Paris recollected 
that he was to be the husband of the fairest 
of women, and if he had been led to form 
those expectations while he was an obscure 
shepherd of Ida, he had now every plausi- 
ble reason to see them realized since he was 
acknowledged son of the king of Troy. Helen 
was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus 
had promised her to him. On these grounds, 
therefore, he visited Sparta, the residence 
of Helen, who had married Menelaus. He 
was received with every mark of respect, 
but he abused the hospitality of Menelaus, 
and while the husband was absent in Crete, 
Paris persuaded Helen to elope with him, 
and to flyto Asia. Helen consented, and Priam 
received her into his palace without diffi- 
culty, as his sister was then detained in a 
foreign country, and as he wished to shew 
himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. 
This affair was soon productive of serious 
consequences. When Menelaus had mar- 
ried Helen, all her suitors had hound them- 
selves by a solemn oath to protect her per- 
son, and to defend her from every violence 
[Vide Helena], and therefore the injured 
husband reminded them of their engage- 
ments, and called upon them to recover 
Helen. Upon this, all Greece took up 
arms in the cause of Menelaus ; Agamemnon 
was chosen general of all the combined 
forces, and a regular war was begun. [Fide 
Troja.] Paris, meanwhile, who had refused 
Helen to the petitions and embassies of the 
Greeks, armed himself with his brothers and 
subjects to oppose the enemy. ; but the suc- 
cess of the war was neither hindered nor ac- 
celerated by bis means. He fought with 
little courage, and at the very sight of Me- 
nelaus, whom he had so recently injured, all 
his resolution vanished, and he retired from 
the front of the army where he walked be- 
fore like a conqueror. In a combat with 
Menelaus, which he undertook at the per- 
suasion of his brother Hector, Paris must 
have perished had not Venus interfered and 
stolen him from the resentment of his ad- 
versary. He nevertheless wounded, in ano- 
ther battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Dio- 
medes, and according to some opinions, 
he killed with one of his arrows the 
great Achilles. [Vide Achilles.] The death 
of Paris is differently related: some suppose 



PAR — PAR 
that he was mortally wounded by one of the 
arrows of Philocletes, which had been once 
in the possession of Hercules, and that when 
he found himself languid on account of his 
wounds, he ordered himself to be carried to 
the feet of (Enone, whom he had basely 
abandoned, and who, in the years of his ob- 
scurity, had foretold him that he woidd so- 
licit her assistance in his dying moments. 
He expired before he came into the presence 
of CEnone, and the nymph, still mindful of 
their former loves, threw herself upon hi* 
body and stabbed herself to the heart, after 
she had plentifully bathed it with her tears. 
According to some authors, Paris did not 
immediately go to Troy when he left the 
Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the 
coast of Egypt, where Proteus, who was 
king of the country, detained him, and, 
when he heard of the violence which, had 
been offered to the king of Sparta, he kept 
Helen at his court, and permitted Paris to 
retire. [Vide Helena.]— Die. Cr. 1, 3 & 4, 
—ApoL 3, 12.—//. II.— Ov. Hero. 5, 16, & 
17.— Q. Cal. 10, 2.90.— Hor. o. 3.— Eur. Iph. 
— Hyg. fa. 92 .& 273.— V. JEn. l, &c. Ml. 
V. H. 12, 42.— Pa. 10, 27.— Ci. Di.~Lyc. &c 

Tz. Ly. A celebrated player at Rome, in 

the good graces of the emperor Nero, &c. — 
Ta. An. 13, 19, &c. 
PARISADES, a king of Pontus in the age 

of Alexander the Great. Another, king of 

Bosphorus. 

PARI'SIl, a people and a city of Celtic 
Gaul now called Paris, the capital of the 
kingdom of France.— Cm. B. G. 6, 3. 

PARISl)S,ariver of Pannonia, falling into 
the Danube.— Sir. 

PAR1UM, now Camanar, a town of Asia 
Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus 
was born, as some say. — Str. 10.— PI. 7, 2, 

1. 36, 5. 

PARMA, a town of Italy, near Cremona, 
celebrated for its wool, and now for its 
cheese. The poet Cassius and the critic 
Macrobius, were born there. It was made 
a Roman colony, A. U. C. 569. The inhabi- 
tants are called Parnienses and Parmani.— 
Ci.Phil. 14.— Li. 39,55.— Str. 5.— Hor. l,e.4, 
3.— Ci. Phil. 14, 3.— Far. L. L. 7, 31.— Mart. 

2, e. 43, V. 4, 1. 5, e. 13, V. 8 & 14, V. 155. 
PARME'N IDES, a Greek philosopher of 

Elis, who flourished about 505 years before 
Christ. He was son of Pyres of Elis, and 
the pupil of Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, 
according to some. He maintaind that there 
were only two elements, fire and the earth ; 
and he taught that the first generation of 
men was produced from the sun. He first dis- 
covered that the earth was round, and habit- 
able only in the two temperate zones, and that 
u was suspended in tlie centre of the uni- 
verse, in a fluid lighter than air, so that all 
bodies left to themselves fell on its surface. 
There were, as he supposed, only two sorts 
of philosophy,— one founded on reason, and 
the other on opinion. He digested this un- 
popular system in verses, of which a few 
fragments remain. — Diog. 

PARME'NIO, a celebrated geneal in the 
armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's 
confidence, and was more attached to hi* 
2 T 3 



485 



PAR—PAR 



486 



PAR— PAR 



person as a man than as a monarch. When 
Darius kin? of Persia offered Alexander all 
the country which lies at the west of the 
Euphrates, with his daughter Statira in 
marriage, and 10,000 talents of gold, Par- 
menio took occasion to observe, that he 
would without hesitation accept of the>e 
conditions if he were Alexander, so would 
/, were I Parmenio, replied tlie conqueror. 
This friendship, so true and inviolable, was 
sacrificed to a moment of resentment and 
suspicion; aud Alexander, who had too 
eagerly listened to a light and perhaps a 
false accusation, ordered Parmenio and liis 
son to be put to death, as if guilty of treason 
against his person. Parmenio was in the 
70th year of his age, B. C. 330. He died in 
the greatest popularity, and it has been ju- 
diciousiy observed, that Parmenio obtained 
many victories without Alexander, but Alex- 
ander not one without parmenio.— Curt. 7, 
&c— Plu. Al. 

PARN ASSUS, a mountain of Phocis, anci- 
ently called Larntissos, from tl.e boat of Deu- 
caliou, u tarnax," which was carried there in 
tlie universal deluge. It received the name of 
Parnassus, from Parnassus the son or" Nep 
tune, byCJeobula, and was sacred to ihe Muses, 
and to Apollo and Bacchus. '1 he soil was 
barren, but the valleys aud the green woods 
that covered its sides, rendered it agree- 
able, and fit for solitude ana meditation. 
Parnassus is one of the highest mountains of 
Europe, and it is easily seen from the cita- 
del of Corinth, though at the distance of 
about SO miles. According to the compu'a- 
tion of the ancients, it is one day's journey 
round. Ar the north of Parnassus, there is 
a large plain about eight miles in circum- 
ference. The mountain, according to the 
poets, had only two tops, called Hyampea 
and Tithorea, "on one of which the city of 
Delphi was situated, and thence it "was 
called Biceps.— Str. 8, 9.— Or. Me. 1, 3l7, 
L 2,221,1. 5, 27e.— Luc 5, 71, 1.3, 173.— Li. 42, 
16.— Si. It. 15, 311.— Mc. 2, X.-Pa. 10, 6.— 

Pro. 2, e. 23, L 13, 3, e. il. 54. A son of 

Neptune, who gave his name to a moun- 
tain of Phocis. 

PARNES (etis), a mountain of Africa 
abounding in vines.— St. 12, Th. 620. 

PARNESbl'S, a mountain of Asia near 
Bactriana. — Die. Per. 131. 

PARNI, a tribe of the Scythians, who in- 
vaded Parthia. — Str. II. 

PA RON and HERACLIDES, two youths 
who killed a man who had insulted their 
father.— Pitt. Av. 

PAROPAMISUS, a ridge of mountains at 
the north of India, called the Stony Girdle, 
or Indian Caucasus.— Sir. 15. 

PAROPl'S, now Colisano, a town at the 
north of Sicily, on the shores of tlie Tyrh- 
ene sea.— Pol. 1, 24. 

PAROREI A, a town of Thrace, near 

•nount Haemus. — Li. 39, 27. A town of 

Peloponnesus. A distict of Pnrvgia Mag- 
na.— Str. 12. 

PAROS, a celebrated island among the 
Cyciades, about l\ miles distant from ^axos, 
and 28 from Delos. According to Plinv, it 
is half as large as Naxos, that fa> about j6 



or 37 miles in circumference, a measure 
which some of the moderns have extended 
to 50 aud even 80 miles. It has borne the dif- 
erent names of Pactia, Minoa, Hiria, Deme- 
trias, Zacynthus, Cabarnis, and Hyieassa. 
It received the name of Faros, which it still 
bears, from Paros, a son of Jason, or, as 
some maintain, of Parrhasius. The island 
of Paros was rich and powerful, and well 
known for its famous marble, which was 
always used by the best statuaries. The 
best quarries were those of Maipesus, a 
mountain where still caverns of the most 
extraordinary depth are seen by modern 
travellers, and admired as the sources from 
whence the labyrinth of Egypt aud the por- 
ticoes of Greece received "their splendour. 
According to Piiny, the quarries were so 
uncommonly deep, that, in the clearest 
weather, the workmen were obliged to use 
lamps, from which circumstance tlie Greeks 
have called the marble Lychnites, worked 
by the light of lamps. Paros is also famous 
for the fine cattle which it produces, and 
for its partridges and wild pigeons. The 
j capital city was called Paros. It was first 
peopled by the Phoenicians, aud afterwards 
I a colony of Cretans settled in it. The 
i Athenian's made war against it, because it 
j had assisted the Persians in the invasion of 
I Greece, and took it, and it became a Ro- 
! man province in the age of Pompey. Ar- 
chilochus was born there. The Parian mar- 
| bles, perhaps better known by the appella- 
tion of Arundeluin, were engraved in this 
island in capital letters, B. C. 264, and, as a 
valuable chronicle, preserved the most cele- 
: brated epochas of Greece, from the year 
; 1582 B. C. These \aluable pieces of auti- 
' quity were procured originally by M. de 
I Peirisc, a Frenchman, and afterwards pur- 
chased by the Earl of Arundel, by whom 
j they were given to the university of "Oxford, 
! where they are still to be seen. Prideaux 
| published "an account of all the inscriptions 
i in 1676.— Me. 2, c 7.— Str. o.—C. Nep. M. 
6c Al.— V. jEii. I, 593, G. 3, 34.— Of. Me. 3, 
419, 1.7,466.— PI. 3, 14,1. 56,17. — Di. 5, & Th. 
I.— Her. h.&ic.—Hor. 1, o. 19, 6. 

PARPHORLS, a native of Colophon, 
who, at the head of a colony, built a town 
at the foot of Ida, which was abandoned 
for a situation nearer his native city.— Str. 
i 14.— Pa. 7, 3. 

I PARRHASI'A, a town of Arcadia, founded 
' by Parrhasius, the sou of Jupiter. The Ar- 
I cadians are sometimes called Parrhasians, 
and Areas Parrhasis, and Carnienta, Evan- 
der's mother, Parrhasiadea. — Luc. 2, 2^7.— 
V. Mn. 8. 334.— Ov. Me. 8, 315, F. 1, 61 o. 
Tr. 1, 190.— Pa. 8, 27. 

PARK HASP IS, a famous painter, son oj 
Evenor of Ephesus, in he a^e of Zeuxis, 
about 415 years before Christ. He was a 
great master of his profession, and particu- 
larly excelled in strongly expressing the 
violent passions. He was biessed with a great 
genius, and much invention, and he was 
particularly happy in his designs. He ac- 
quired himself great reputation by bis 
i leces, but by none more than that in which 
he aliegorically represented the people o' 



PAR— PAR 



Athens, with all the injustice, the clemency, 
tne fickleness, timidity, the arrogance and 
inconstancy, which so eminently character- 
ised that celebrated nation. He once en- 
tered the lists againstZeuxis, and when they 
had produced their respective pieces, the 
birds came to pick with the greatest avidity 
the grapes which Zeuxis had painted. Imme- 
diately Parrhasius exhibited his piece, and 
Zeuxis said, remove your curtain, that we 
may see the painting. The curtain was the 



487 PAR— PAR 

sacre was to be done at a general assembly 



and the signal was the throwing of a cap in 
the air. The whole, however, was dis- 
covered through the diffidence and the ap- 
prehensions of the Helots ; and when the 
people had assembled, the Partheniae dis- 
covered that all was known, by the voice of 
a crier, who proclaimed that no man should 
throw up his cap. The Partheniae, though 
apprehensive of punishment, were not visi- 
bly treated with greater severity ; their ca- 



painting, and Zeuxis acknowledged himself lamitous condition w as attentively examined, 
conquered, by exclaiming, Zeuxis has de- \ and the Spartans, afraid of another couspi- 



has deceived - racy, and awed by their numbers, permitted 
grew so vain of them to sail for Italy, with Phalautus their 



ceived birds ; but Parrh 
Zeuxis himself. Parrh 

his art, that he clothed himself in purple, ringleader at their head. They settled 
and wore a crown of gold, calling himself 1 Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum, about 
the king of painters. He was lavish in his I 707 years before Christ.— Ju. 3, 5.— Sir. 6. 
own praises, and by his vanity too often ex- '—Pa. La. kc. — Plu. Ap. 



posed himself to the ridicule of his enemies. 
— Plu. Th.—Pa. 1, '28.— PI. 35, \Q.—Hor 



PARTHENT'AS, a river of Peloponnesus, 
flowing by Elis. — Pa. 6, 21. • The ancient 



lia. [the rei°rn of Trajan. ! nesus at the north of Tegea. — Pa. 

ARTHAMIS1RIS, a king of Armenia, in j PARTHENl'US, a river of Papl 



. 8. A son of Jupiter, or according to name of Samos.— PI. 5, 31. 

some, of Mars, by a nvmph called Pnilo- i PARTHENTON, a mountain of Pelopon- 

noiuia. r * K ~ — ; e rr ~~- — ! ""<*"■* «* — ••■ ^ — - — 

PAR' 

PAR THAON, a son of Agenor and Epi- 
cate, who married Euryte, daughter of Hip- 
podamus, by whom he had many children, 
among whom were (Eneus and' Sterope. 
Parthaon was brother to Demonice, the 
mother of Evenus, by Mars, and also to Mo- 
lus, Pylus, and Thestius. He is called Por- 
theus by Homer.—//. 14.— Apol. 1, 7.—Hyg, 



phlagonia, 

which, after separating Bithynia, falls into 
the Euxine sea, near Sesamum. It received 
its name either because the virgin Diana, 
(parthenos) bathed herself there, or perhaps 
it received it from the puritv and mildness 

of its waters.— Her. 2, 104.— PI. 6, 2. A 

mountain of Arcadia, which was said to 
abound in tortoises. Here Telephus had a 



fa* 129 ic 239. A son of Peripetus and temple. Atalanta was exposed "on its top 

faiher of Aristas. — Pa. 8. | and brought up there. — Pa. 8, 54. — Ml. V. 

PARTH ENIJE and PARTHENII, a cer- j H. \3.~Apol. 2, 7. A favourite of the 

tain number of desperate citizens of Sparta, emperor Domitian. He conspired against 
During the Messenian war, the Spartans ! his imperial master, and assisted to murder 

were absent from their city for the space of \ him. A river of European Sarmatia.— Ov. 

*~i years, and it was unlawful for them to I Pon. 4, e. 10, 49. A friend of /Eneas killed 



return, as they had bound themselves by _ 
solemn oath, not to revisit Sparta before they 
had totally subdued Messenia. This long 
absence alarmed the Lacedaemonian women, 
as well as the magistrates. The Spartans 
were reminded by their wives, that if they 
continued in their resolution, the state must 
at last decay for want of citizens, and when 
they had duly considered this embassy, thev 
empowered all the voung men in the army', 
wl>o had come to tfie war while yet under 
age, and who therefore were not" bound by 
the oath, to return to Sparta, and, by a fa- 
miliar and promiscuous intercourse with all 
the unmarried women of the state, to raise 
a future generation. It was carried into 
execution, and the children that spran? 
from this union were called Partheniae, or 
sons of virgins, (parthenos). The war with 
Messenia was some time after ended, and 
the Spartans returned victorious: but the 
cold indifference with which they looked 
upon the Partheniae was attended with se- 
rious consequences. The Partheniae knew 
they had no legitimate fathers, and no in- 
heritance, and that therefore their life de- 
pended upon their own exertions. This 
drove them almost to despair. They joined 
with the Helots, whose maintenance was as 
precarious as their own, and it was mutually 
agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, 
and to seize their possessions. This mas- 



taly.— V.Mn. 10,748. A Greek writer, 

whose'romance de Amatoriis Ajfectionibus, 
has been edited in 12mo. — Basil. 1531. 

PARTHENON, a temple of Athens, sacred 
to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Per- 
sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles in 
a more magnificent manner. All the cir- 
cumstances which related to the birth of Mi- 
nerva, were beautifully and minutely repre- 
sented in bas relief, on the front of the en- 
trance. The statue of the goddess, 26 cubits 
high, and made of gold and ivory, passed for 
one of the masterpieces of Phidias.— PI. 34. 

PARTHENOP/EUS, a son of Meleager 
and Atalanta, or, according to some, of 
Milanion and another Atalanta. He was 
one of the seven chiefs who accompanied 
Adrastus the king of Ars^os in his expedition 
against Thebes. He was killed bv Amphidicus. 

—Apot. 3, 9.— Pa. 3, 12, 1. 9, 19. A sou of 

Talaus. 

PARTH F.NOPE, one of the Sirens. A 

daughter of Stymphalus.— Apol. A city of 

Campan.ia, afterwards called Neapolis, or the 
new city., when it had been beautified and 
enlarged by a colony from Eubcea. It is now 
called Naples. It received the name of Par- 
thenope from one of the Syrens, whose body 
was found on the sea-shore there.— Virg. 6. 
4, 564.— Sir. 1 6c 5.— Pat. 1, A.—H. Od. 12, 
167.— It. 12, 33. 

PARTH I A, a celebrated country of Asia, 



PAR-PAR 



483 



PAS— PAS 



bounded on the west by Media, south by 
Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and east by 
Aria, Stc, containing, according to Ptolemy, 
25 large cities, the most capital of which was 
called Hecatompylos, from its hundred gales. 
Some suppose that the present capital of the 
country is built ou the ruins of Hecatompy- 
los. According to some authors, the Par- 
tisans were Scythians by origin, who made 
an invasion on "the more" southern province? 
of Asia, and at last fixed their residence near 
Hyrcania. They long remained unknown 
aiid unnoticed, and became successively tri- 
butary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, 
and Persians. When Alexander invaded Asia, 
the Parthians submitted, like the other de- 
pendent provinces of Persia, and they weie 
for some time under the power of Eumenes, 
Antigonus, Seleucus,Nicaner,and Antiochus, 
till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, 
a lieutenant of the latter, roused their spirit, 
and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of 
obscure origin, but blessed with great military- 
powers, placed himself at the head of his 
countrymen, and laid the foundation of the 
Parthian empire, about 230 years before the 
Christian era. The Macedonians attempted 
in vain to recover it; a race of acti»e and 
vigilant princes, who assumed the surname 
of Arsacides, from the founder of their king- 
dom, increased its power, and rendered it so 
formidable, that, while it possessed 16 king- 
doms between the Caspian and Arabian seas, 
it even disputed the empire of the world 
with the Romans, and could never be subdued 
by that nation, which had seen no people on 
earth unconquered by their arms. It re- 
ni .lined a kingdom till the reign of Artabanus. 
who was killed about the year 229 of the 
Christian era, and from that time it became 
a province of the newlv re-established king- 
dom of Persia, under Artaxerxes. The Par- 
thians yvere naturally strong and warlike, 
and were esteemed the most expert horsemen 
and archers in the world. The peculiar cus- 
tom of discharging their arrows yvhile they 
were retiring full speed, has been greatly 
celebrated by the ancients, particularly by 
the poets, yvho all observe that their flight 
was more formidable than their attacks. 
This manner of fighting, and the wonderful 
address and dexterity with which it was per- 
formed, gained them many victories. They 
were addicted much to drinking, and to 
every manner of lewdness, and their laws 
permitted them to raise children even by 
their mothers and sisters. — Str. 2, 6, &c— 
Curt. 6, II.— Fl. 3, 5.— Virg. G. 3, 31. &c— 
£n. 7, 606.— Of. a. Am. 1, Scc.—F. 5, 5S0.— 
Dio. Ca. AO.—Ptol. 6, b.—Plin. 6, 25.— Pol. 
5, tec— Mar.— Herod. 3,&c— Luc. I, 230, I. 6, 
50, L 10, 53.— Ju. 41, 1.— //or. 1. o. 19, 1. 11, 2. 
o. 13, 17. 

PARTHIM, a people of Illvricum.— Lt. 
29,12, 1.33,34, 1.44, 30.—Sue.Au.\9.— Ci.Pi.40. 

PARTHYE'XE, a province of Parthia, 
according to Ptolemy, thousrh some authors 
support that it is the name of Parthia itself. 

PARY'SADES, a kin? of Pontus, B.C. 310. 

— Di. A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 

who flourished~264 B. C. 

P ARV'SATIS, a Persian princess, wife of 



Diriiis Oc'nus, by whom she had Artaxerxes, 
Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was 
so extremely partial to her vounrjer son, that 
she committed the greatest cruelties to en 
courage his ambition, and she supported him 
with all hei interest in his rebellion against 
his brother Meninon. The death of Cyrus 
at the battle of Cunaxa was reyen°-ed witli the 
grossest barbarity , and Pvtrvsatis sacrificed 
to her resentment all such as she found con- 
cerned in his fail. She also poisoned Statira 
the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and ordered 
one of the eunuchs of the court to be flead 
alive, and his skin to be stretched on two 
poles before her eves, because he had, bv 
order of the king, cut off the hand and the 
head of Cyrus. These cruelties offended 
Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to be 
confined in Babylon; but thev were soon 
alter reconciled, and Parvsatis* regained all 
her power and influence till the time of her 
death.— Phi. Arl.—Cle. 

P ASARG ADA, a town of Persia, near Car- 
mania, founded by Cyrus, on the very spot 
where he had conquered Astyages. The 
kings of Persia yvere always croyviied there, 
and the Pasargadae yvere the noblest families 
of Persia, in the number of which were the 
Achaemenide*.— Sir. 15.— PI. 6, 26.— Her. 1, 
1 25. -Me. 3, 8. 

PAS EAS,a tvrantof Sicvon in Peloponnesus, 
father to Abantidas, 6cc.'—Piu. A. 

PASICLES, a grammarian, &c. 

PASICRA'TES, a king of part of the is- 
land of Cyprus.— Plu. 

PASIPHAE, a daughter of the Sun and of 
Perseis, yvho married Minos king of Crete, 
She disgraced herself by her unnatural pas- 
sion for a bull, which, "according to some 
authors, she was enabled to gratify by means 
of tiie artist Daedalus. This' celebrated bull 
had been given to Minos by Neptune, to be 
offered on his altars. But as the monarch 
refused to sacrifice the animal on account of 
his beauty, the god revenged his disobedi- 
ence by inspiring Pasiphae wkh an unnatu- 
ral love for it. This fabulous tradition, 
which is universally believed by the poets, 
who observe that the Minotaur "was the fruit 
of this infamous commerce, is refuted by 
some writers, who suppose that the infidelity 
of Pasiphae to her husband was betrayed in 
her affection for an officer called Taurus : 
and that Daedalus, by permitting his house 
to be the asy'um of the two lovers, was look- 
ed upon as accessary to the gratification of 
Pasiphae's lust. From this amour with Tau- 
rus, as it is farther remarked, the queen be- 
came mother of tyvins, and the name of 
Minolanrus arises from the resemblance of 
the children to the husband and th« lover 
of Pasiphae. Minos had four sous by Pasi- 
phae. Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and 
Androgeus, and three daughters, Hecate, 
Ariadne, and Phaedra. {Vide Miiiotaarus.j 
Plat. ML— Plu. Th.— Apol.2, I. — V. £n.6, 
21.— Hug, fa. 40.— Di. 4.— Of. //er.4,57 &i65. 

PASi'THEA, one of the Graces, also call- 
ed Aglaia. — Pau. 9, 33. One of the Nere- 
ides.— Hes. A daughter of Atlas. 

PAS1T1GR.IS, a name given to the river 
T\g\ \*.-Str. 15.— PI. 6, 20. 



PAS— PAT 



4S0 



PAT— PAT 



PASSARON, a town of Epirus, wnere, after 
acrihcing to Jupiter, the kings swore to 
govern according to law, and the people to 
obev and to defend the country. — Plu. Pyr. 
-Li. 45, 26 & 33. ' 

PASSIE'NUS, a Roman who reduced Nu- 
midia, &c. — Ta. An.-^ — Paulus, a Roman 
knight, nephew to the poet Propertius, 
whose elegiac compositions he imitated. He 
likewise attempted lyric poetry, and with 
success, and chose for his model the writings 

of Horace.— PL e. 6 & 9. Crispus, a man 

distinguished as an orator, but more as the 
husband of Domitia, and afterwards of Agrip- 
pina, Nero's mother, 6cc.—Ta. An. 6, 20. 

PASUS,aThessaliaiiinAlexander'sarmv,&c. 

FATA LA, a harbour at the mouth of the 
Indus, In an island called Palate. The 
river here begins to form a Delta like the 
Nile. Flinv places this island within the 
torrid zone.— PL 2, 73.— Curt. 9, l.—Str. 15. 
—Arr. 6, 17. 

FATARA (oruni), now Patera, a town of 
Lycia, situate on the eastern side of the 
mouth of the river Xanthus, with a capa- 
cious harbour, a temple, and an oracle of 
Apollo, surnamed Palareus, where was pre- 
served and shown, in the age of Fausanias, 
a brazen cap, which had been made by the 
bands of Vulcan, and presented by the god 
to Telephus. The god was supposed by 
>ome to reside for the six winter months at 
Fatara, and the rest of the year at Delphi. 
The city was greatly embellished by Ptole- 
my Philadelphus, who attempted in vain to 
change its original name, into that of his 
wife Artiuoe.— Li. 37, 15.— Sir. 14.— Pa. 9, 
4 1 .—Hor. 3,0.14,64 . — Ov. Me.\,b 16. — Me. 1,15. 

PATAVIUM, a city of Italy, at the north 
of the Po, nn the shores of the Adriatic, 
now called Padua, and once said to b.- ca- 
pable of sending 20,000 men into the field. 
[Vide Padua.] It is the birth-place of Livy, 
from which reason some writers have deno- 
minated Patavinity, those peculiar expres- 
sions and provincial dialect, which they 
seem to discover in the historian's style, not 
strictly agreeable to the purity and retined 
language of the Roman authors who flourish- 
ed in or near the Augustan age. — Mart. 11, 
ep. 17, V. S.—Q.uin. 1, 5, 56, 1. 8, 13.— Zi. 
10, 2, 1. 41, W.—Str. 5.— Me. 2, 4. 

FATER'CULUS, a Roman, whose daugh- 
ter Sulpicia was pronounced the chastest 

matron at Rome.— PL 7, 35. VELLEIUS, 

au historian. Vide Velleius. 

PATIZ1THES, one of the Persian Magi, 
who raised his brother to the throne because 
be resembled Smerdis, the brother of Cam- 
bvses, tkc. — Her. 3, 61. 

'PATMOS, one of the Cyclades, with a 
sma.i town of the same name, situate at the 
south of lcaria,and measuring 30 miles in cir- 
cumference, accordingto Pliny, oronly ISae- 
cording to modern travellers." It has a large 
harbour, near which are some broken co- 
lumns, the most ancient in that part of Greece. 
TiieRomans generally banished their culprits 
there. It is now called Pahnosa. Str. Pt.A,\ 2. 

PATR^E, an ancient town at the north- 
west of Feloponnesus, anciently called Aroe. 
Diana had there a temple, and a famous 



statue of gold and ivory.— Pa. 7,6.— Ov.Me. 
6, 417. — Z-i. 27, 29.— Me. 2, 3. 

PATRO, a daughter of Thestius. — Apol. 

An epicurean philosopher intimate with 

Cicero.— Ci. Di. 13, l. 

PATRO'CLES, an officer who sailed with 
the fleet of Seleucus and Anticehus, and dis- 
covered several countries. He is also said to 
have written an history of the world. — Sir. 
—PL 6. 13. [Attica.— p a , 4> 5 . 

PATRO'CLI.asmall island on the coast of 

PATRO'CLUS, one of the Grecian chiefs 
during the Trojan war, son of Mencetius, by 
Sthenele, whom some call Philomela, or 
Polymela. The accidental murder of Clyso- 
nonymus, the son of Amphidamus, in the 
time of his youth,obliged him to fly from Opus, 
where his father reigned. He retired to the 
court of Peleus king of Flhia, where lie w as 
kindly received, and where hecontracted the 
most "intimate friendship with Achilles, the 
monarch's son. When the Greeks went to the 
Trojan war, Fatroclus also accompanied them 
at the express command of his father, who had 
visited the court of Feleus, and he embarked 
with ten ships from Pthia. He was the con- 
stant companion of Achilles, and he lodged in 
the same tent ; and when his friend refused 
to appear in the field of battle, because he had 
been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus 
imitated his example, and by his absence, 
was the cause of the overthrow of the 
Greeks. But at last Nestor prevailed on 
him to return to the war, and Achilles per- 
mitted him to appear in his armour. The 
valour of Patroclus, together with the terror 
which the sight of the arms of Achilles in- 
spired, soon routed the victorious armies of 
the Trojans, and obliged them to fly within 
their walls for safety. He would have bro. 
ken down the walls of the city ; but Apollo, 
who interested himself for the Trojans, 
placed himself to oppose him, and Hector, 
at the instigation of the god, dismounted 
from his chariot to attack him, as he at- 
tempted to strip one of the Trojans whom 
he had slain. The engagement was obstinate, 
but at last Patroclus was overpowered by 
the valour of Hector, and the interposition 
of Apollo. His arms became the property 
of the conqueror, and Hector would have 
severed his head from his body had not 
Ajax and Menelaus intervened. His body 
was at last recovered and carried to the 
Grecian camp, where Achilles received it 
with the bitterest lamentations. His funeral 
was observed with the greatest solemnity. 
Achilles sacrficed near the burning pile 
twelve young Trojans, besides four of his 
horses, and two of his dogs, and the whole 
was concluded by the exhibition of funeral 
games, in which the conquerors were 
liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death 
of Fatroclus, as it is described by Homer, 
gave rise to new events ; Achilles forgot his 
resentment against Agamemnon, and entered 
the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and 
his anger was gratilied only by the slaughter 
of Hector, w ho had more powerfully kindled 
his wrath by appearing at the head of the 
Trojan armies in the armour which had beer, 
.taken from the body of Patroclus. The pa- 



PAT- PA U 
tronymic of Actorides is ofJen applied to 
Patroclus, l>ecause Actor was father to Me- 
nceti us.— Die. Cr. 1, 6cc.—H. II. 9, &c— 
Apol. 3, \3.—Hyg. fa. 97 & 275.— Of. Me. 

l i. 273. A son of Hercules. — Apol. An 

officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

PATRON, an Arcadian at the games ex- 
hibited bv /Eneas in Sicily. — V. JEn. 5, 2! 



490 PAU-PAU 

was attended with great success, and tbt 
barbarians that had'revolted iu Spain were 
reduced with the greatest facility'under the 
power of the Romans. In his first consul- 
ship his arms were directed against the Li- 
gurians, whom he totally subjected. His ap- 
plications for a second" consulship proved 
abortive : but when Ptrseus the king of .Ma- 
PATROUS, a surname of Jupiter among- 1 cedonia had declared war against Rome, the 
the Greeks, represented by his statues as j abilities of Paulus were remembered, and 
having three eyes, which some suppose to i he was honoured with the consulship about 
signify that he' reigned in three different the 60th year of his age. After this appoint- 



ment he behaved with uncommon vigour, and 
soon a general engagement was fought near 
Pydna. The Romans obtained the victory, and 
Perseus saw himself deserted by all his sub- 
jects. In two days the conqueror made him- 
self master of all" Macedonia, and soon after 
the fugitive monarch was brought into his 
presence. Paulus did not exult over his 



n enemy ; but when he had gently re- 



p laces, i n heaven, on earth, and in hell. — P<7.2. 

PATULC1US, a surname of Janu^, which 
he received apateo, because the doors of his 
temple were always open in the time of war. 
Some suppose that he received it because he 
presided over gates, or becanse the year 
began bv the celebration of his festivals. — 
Ov. F. I, 129. 

PAVENTIA, a goddess who presided over 
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to 
protect her votaries from its effects.— Aug. 
Ci.D.AyU. 

PA C LA, the first wife of the emperor He- 
liogabulus. She was daughter of the pre- 
fect of the pretorian guards. The emperor 
divorced her, and Paula retired to solitude 
and obscurity with composure. 

PAULINA, a Roman lady, who married I had sacked 70 cities of Epirusl and divided 
Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in the reign j the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus re- 
of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace \ turned to Italy. He was received with the 
was disturbed, and violence was offered to j usual acclamations, and though some of the 
her virtue by a young man called Mundus, ] seditious soldiers attempted to prevent his 
who was enamoured of her, and who had triumphal entry into the capitol, yet three 
caused her to come to the temple of Isis by days were appointed to exhibit the fruits of 
means of the priests of the goddess, who de- , his victories. Perseus with his wretched 
clared that Anubis wished to communicate family adorned the triumph of the conqueror, 
to her something of moment. Saturninus ; and as they were dragged through the streets 
complained to the emperor of the violence before the chariot ot Paulus, they drew tears 
which had been offered to his wife, and the . of compassion from the people. The riches 
temple of Isis was overturned and Mundus [ which the Romans derived from this conquest 

banished, &c. — Jos. A. 18,4. The wife of were immense, and the people were freed 

the philosopher Seneca, who attempted to from all taxes till the consulship of Hirtius 



faUt 

buked him tor his temerity in attacking the 
Romans, he addressed himself in a pathetic 
speech to the officers of his army who sur- 
rounded him, and feelingly enlarged on ihe 
instability of fortune, and the vicissitude 
of all human affairs. When he had finally 
settled the government of Macedonia with 
ten commissioners from Rome, and after he 



kill herself when Nero had ordered her hus- ; and Pa 



but while every one of the citi 



—The wife of the emperor Maximinus. 
PAULl'NTS POMPE1U3, an officer in Ne- 
reign, who had the command of the 



band to die. The emperor, however, pre- zensreceived some benefit from thevictories of 
vented her, and she lived some few years Paulus, the conqueror himself, was poor and 
after in the greatest melancholy. — Ta. An. appropriated for his own' use nothin? of the 

"5, 63, &c. A sister to the emperor Adrian. : Macedonian treasures except the library of 

Perseus. In the office of censor, to which 
he was afterwards elected, Paulus behaved 
with the greatest moderation, and at his 
German" armies, and finished the works on death, which happened about 168 years 
the hanks of the Rhine, which Drusus had before the Christian era, not only the' Ro- 
begun 63 years before.— Ta. An. 13, 53.— Sue. mans, but their very enemies, confessed, by 

A Roman general, the first who crossed their lamentations, the loss which they had 

mount Atlas with an army. He wrote a sustained. He had married Papiria, by 
history of this expedition in Africa, which is whom he had two sons, one of which was 
lost. "Paulinus also distinguished himself in adopted by the family of Maximus, and the 
Britain, Sx. He followed the arms of Otho other in that of Scipio Africanus. He had 

against Vitellius. — PI. 5, 1. V T ALERIUS, also two daughters, one of whom married a 

a friend of Vespasian. JULIUS, a Bata- son of Cato, and the other ./Elieus Tubero. 

vian nobleman, put to death by Fonteius He afterwards divorced Papiria ; and when 
Capito.on pretence of rebellion. — Ta.H. 4,13. his friends wished to reprobate his conduct 
PAULUS vEMYLlUS, a Roman, son of in doing so, by observing that she was young 
the vEmylius whp fell at Cannae, was cele- and handsome, and that she had made him 
brated for his victories, and received the father of a fine family, Paulus replied, that 
surname of Macedonicus from his conquest the shoe which he then wore was new and 
of Macedonia. In the early part of his life he w ell made, but that he was obliged to leave 
distinguished himself by his uncommon ap- it off, though no one but himself, as he said, 
plication, and by his fondness for military knew where it pinched him. He married a 
discipline. His first appearance in the field second wife, by whuin lie had two sons, 



PAU— PAU 



491 



PAP-PAP 



whose sudden death exhibited to the Romaas 
in the most engaging view, their lather's 
philosophy and stoicism. The elder of these 
sons died "five days before Paulus triumphed 
over Perseus, and the other three days after 
the public procession. This domestic ca- 
lamity did not shake the firmness of the con- 
queror ; yet before lie retired to a private 
station, he harangued the people, and in men- 
tioning the severity of fortune upon his 
family, he expressed Ids wish that every evil 
might be averted from the republic by the 
sacrifice of the domestic prosperity of an in- 
dividual.— Plu. vi.—Li. A3, 44, Sec— Jus. 

33, I, &lc. SAMOSATEMUS, an author in 

the reign of Gallienus. MAXIM US. [Vide 

Maxim us Fabius.] iEGlNETA, a Greek 

physician whose work was edited apud, Aid. 

fol. 1528. jEMYLIUS., a consul, who, 

when opposed to Annibal in Italy, checked 
the rashness of his colleague Varro, and re- 
commended an imitation of the conduct of 
the great Fabius, by harassing and not lacing 
the enemy in the field. His advice was re- 
jected, and the battle of Cannae, so glorious 
to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon fol- 
low, d. Paulus was wounded, but when he 
might have escaped from the slaughter, by 
accepting a horse generously offered by one 
ofhis officers, he disdained to'fly, and perished 
by the darts of the enemy. — Hot. o. 12, 3-. 

— Li. '22, 39. JULIUS", a Latin poet in] 

the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote 
some poetical pieces recommended by A. Gel- 

PAULUS. Vide jEmylius. [lius. 

PAUSANIAS, a Spartan general, who| 
greatly signalized himself at the battle of j 
Plataea, against the Persians. The Gieeks 
were very sensible of his services, and they 
rewarded his merit with the tenth of the 
spoils taken from the Persians. He was 
afterwards set at the head of the Spartan 
armies, and extended his conquests in Asia ; 
but the haughtiness of his behaviour created 
him many enemies, and the Athenians soon 
obtained a superiority in the affairs of Greece. 
Pausanias was dissatisfied with his country- 
men, and he offe red to betray Greece to the 
Persians, if he received in marriage, as the 
reward of his perfidy, the daughter of their 
monarch. His intrigues were discovered by- 
means of a youth, who was entrusted with 
his letters to Persia, and who refused to go, 
on the recollection that such as had been 
employed in that office before had never 
returned. The letters were given to the ! 
Ephori of Sparta, and the perlidy of Pausa- 
nias laid open. He fled for safety to a tern- j 
pie of Minerva, and as the sanctity of the 
place screened him from the violence of ids 
pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded ; 
with heaps of stones, the first of which was j 
carried there by the indignant mother of the 
unhappy man. He was starved to death in 
the temple, and died about 471 years before 
the Christian era. There was a fes.hal, and 
solemn game? instituted in his honour, in 
which only free-born Spartans contended. 
There was also an oration spoken in his 
praise, in which his actions were celebrated, 
particularly the battle of Plataea, and the 
defeat of Mardonios. C. Nep. vi.—P/u. 



is. & Hi.— Her. 9. A favourite of P' jHp 

king of Macedonia. He accompanied the 
! prince in an expedition against the Illyrians, 

i in which he was killed. Another, at the 

court of king Philip, very intimate with the 
preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally 
abused by Attalus, one of the friends of 
Philip, and when he complained of the inju- 
ries he had received, the king in some mea- 
sure disregarded his remonstrances, and 
wished them to be forgot. This incensed 
Pausanias: he resolved to revenge himself, 
and when he had heard from his master Her- 
mocrates the sophist, that the most effectual 
way to render himself illustrious, was to 
murder a person who had signalized him- 
self by uncommon actions, he stabbed 
Philip "as he entered a pubiic theatre. After 
this bloody action lie attempted to make his 
escape to his chariot, which waited for him 
at the gate of the city, but he was stopped 
accidentally by the twig of a vine, and fell 
down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other friends 
of Philip, who pursued him, immediately 
fell upon him and despatched him. Some 
support that Pausanias committed this mur- 
der at the instigation of Olympian, the wifr 
of Philip, and of her son "Alexander.— Di. 
16.— Jus. 9. — Plu. Ap. A king of Mace- 
donia, deposed by Amyntas, after a year's 
reign. — Di. — Another, who attempted to 
seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia, from 
which he was prevented by Iphicrates the 

Athenian. A friend of Alexander the 

Great, made governor of Sardis. A 

physician in the age of Alexander. Plu. 

A celebrated orator and historian, who settled 
at Rome, A.D. 17C. where he ded in a very- 
advanced age. He wrote an history of 
Greece, in ten books, in the Ionic dialect, in 
which he gives, with great precision and ge- 
ographical knowledge, an account of the 
situation of its different cities, their antiqui- 
ties, and the several curiosities which they 
contained. He has also interwoven mytho- 
logy in his historical account, and introduced 
many fabuious traditions and superstitious 
stories. In each book the author treats of a 
separate country, such as Attica, Arcadia, 
Messenia, Elis, kc. Some snppose that he 
gave a similar description of Phoenicia and 
syria. There was another Pausanias, a na- 
tive of Caesarea in Cappadocia, who wrote 
some declamations, and who is often con- 
founded with the historian of that name. 

The best edition of Pausanias is that of 

Khunias, fol. Li. Ic96. A Lacedaemonian 

who wrote a partial account of his country. 

A statuary of Apollonia, whose abilities 

were displayed in adorning Apollo's temple 

at Delphi.— Pa. 10, 9. A king of Sparta, 

of the family of the Eurystenidae, who died 
397 B.C. after a reijn of" 14 years. 

PAUSIAS, a painter of Sicyon, the first 
who understood how to apply colours to wood 
or ivory by means of fire, tie made a beau- 
tiful painting of his mistress Giycere, whom 
he represented as sitting on the grouud, and 
making gat lands with flowers, and from ibis 
circumstance the picture, which was bought 
afterwards by Lucullus for two talents, re- 
ceived the name of Stephanoplocon. Some 



PA U— PED 492 

(l-np after the death of Pausias, the Sieyoni- 
c us were obliged to part with the pictures 
iliey possessed to deliver themselves from an 
enormous debt, and M. Scaurus the Roman 
bought them all, in which were those of 
Pausias, to adorn the theatre, which had 
been built during' his edilship. Pausias lived 
about 350 vears before Christ. — PI. 35, II. 

PAUSILYPUS, a mountain near Naples, 
which receives its name from the beauty of 
its situation, " pauo Ivpe," ressare fario 
dolor. The natives show there the tomb of 
Virgil, and regard it with the highest vene- 
ration. There were near some fish ponds 
belonging to the emperor. The mountain is 
now famous for a subterraneous passage near 
half a mile in length, and 22 feet in breadth, 
which affords a safe and convenient passage 
to travellers. St. 4, Syl. 4, 52.— PI. 9, 53.— 
Sir. 5.— Sen. ep. 5 4c 57. 

PAYOR, an emotion of the mind which 
r eceived divine honours among the Romans, 
and was considered of a most tremendous 
power, as the ancients swore by her name 
in the most solemn manner. Tullus Hos- 
tilius, the third king of Rome, was the first 
who built her temple*, and rai-ed altars to 
her honour, as also to Pallor, tne goddess of 
paleness.— Ci. Nat. D. 3, 17. 

PAX, an allegorical divinity among the 
ancients. The Athenians raised' her a statue, 
which represented her as holding Plutus the 
go<l of wealth in her lap, to intimate that 

fieace gives rise to prosperity and to opu- 
ence, and they were the first who erected 
an altar to her honour after the victories ob- 
tained by Timotheus over the Lacedaemo- 
nian power, though Plutarch asserts it had 
been done after the conquests of Cimou over 
the Persians. She was represented amoi,g 
the Romans with the horn of plenty, a.id also 
carrying an olive-branch in her hand. The 
emperor Vespasian built her a celebrated 
temple at Rome, which was con "timed by 
fire in the reign of Commodns. It was cus"- 
tomary for men of learning to assemble in 
that temple, and even to deposit their writings 
there, as in a place of the greatest security. 
Therefore, when it was burnt, not only book's, 
but also many valuable things, jewels, and 
immense teasures, were lost in the general 
conflagration.— C. Ne. in Ti. 2.— Pi. ft.— 
Pa. 9, 1*. 

PAXOS, a small island between Ithaca and 
the Echinades, in the Ionian sea. 

PEAS, a shepherd, who, according to 
some, set on fire the pile on which Hercules 
was burnt. The hero gave him his bow and 
arrows.— Apol. 2. [Horn. I. 7. 

PED7EUS, an illegitimate son of Antenor. 

PEDACIA, a woman of whom Horace, 1 S. 
8, 39, speaks of as a contemptible character. 

PEDA'NT. Fide Pedum. 

PEDANT US, a prefect of Rome, killed by 
one of his slaves, for having denied him his 
liberty, 4cc. Tac. 14, An. e. 42. 

PEDASA (orum), a town of Caria, near 
Halicarnassns.— Liv. 33, 30. 

PEDASUS, a son of Bucolion, the son of 
Laomedon. His mother was one of the 
Naiads. He was killed in the Trojan war by 
Eur alus.— Horn. I. 6, 21- One of the 



PED— PEL 

four horses of Achillea. As he was not im- 
mortal like the other three, he was killed 

by Sarpedon.— Id. 16 A town near Pylos 

in the Peloponnesus. 

PEDIADIS.a part of Bactriana, through 
which the Ox us flows.— Pol. 
PEDIAS, the wife of Cranaus. 
PEDIUS BLiESUS, a Roman, accused bv 
the people of Cyrene, of plundering the 
temple of iEscula'pius, He was condemned 

under Nero, kc. Tar. An. 14, 18. A 

nephew of Julius Caesar, who commanded 

one of his legions in Gaul, &c. Popljcola, 

a lawyer in the age of Horace. His father 
was one of J. C*sar's heirs, ^and became 
consul with Augustus after Pansa's death. 
PEDO, a lawyer patronized bv Domitian. 

Jnv. 7, v. 1 2y.- ALBINOVANUS. Vide 

Albinouanus. [76. 
PEDIANUS ASCONIUS, flourished A. D. 
PEDUM, a town of Latium, about 10 
miles from Romp, conquered by Camillas. 
The inhabitants were called Pe'dani.—Liv. 
2, :<9, I. 8, 13, 14.— Hor. 1, ep. 4, v. 2. 

PEG£\ a fountain at the foot of mount 
Arganthus in Bithvnia, into which Hylas 
fell.— Prop. I, el, 20, v. 33. 

PE'GASIDES, a name given to the muses 
from the horse Pegasus, or from the foun- 
tain which Pegasus had raised from the 
ground, bv striking it with his foot. — Or. 
Her. 15, 27. 

PEG'ASIS, a name given to CEnone by 
Osid, (Her. 5.) because she was daughter of 
the n icer, " pege ," Cebrenus. 

P EGAS I II M STAGS UM, a lake near 
Ephesus, which arose from the earth when 
Pegasus struck it with his foot. 

PEGASUS, a winged horse sprung from 
the blood of Medusa, when Perseus had cut 
off her head. He received his name from 
his being born, according to Hesiod, near 
the sources, "pege," of the ocean. As seen 
as born he left the earth, and flew up into 
heaven, or rather, according to Ovid, he 
fixed his residence on mount Helicon, w here, 
by striking the earth with his foot, he in- 
stantly raised a fountain, which has been 
called Hippocrene. He became the favourite 
of the Muses; and being afterwards tamed 
by Neptune or Minerva, he was given to 
Bellerophon to conquer the Chimara. No 
sooner was this fiery monster destroyed, than 
Pegasus threw down his rider, because he 
was a mortal, or rather, according to the 
more received opinion, because he attempted 
to fly to heaven. This act of temerity in 
Bellerophon was punished by Jupiter, who 
sent an insect to torment Pega-us, which 
occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. 
Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, 
and was placed among the constellations by 
Juiiter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was 
mounted on the horse Pegasus, when he 
destroyed the sea monster which was going 
to devour Andromache. — Hes. Th. 282. — 
Hor. 4. o. 11, v. 20.— f/om. It. 6, t. 179.— 
Apol. 2, c. 3 6c A.—Lycop. 17.— Pa. 12, c. 
3 & 4.— Or. M. 4, v. 785.— Hyg. f. 57. 

PE'LAGO, an eunuch, one of Nero's fa- 
vourites, ice. — Tac. An. 14,59. 

PC LAG ON, a man killed bv a wild boar 



PEL-PEL 



493 



PEL-PEL 



Ovi. M. 8, v. 360. A son of A«opus and 

Metope. A Phocian, one of whose men 

conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, 
according 1 to theoracie, he was to build acitv. 

PELAGON I A, one of the divisions of Ma- 
cedonia at the north.— Liu. 26,25, 1. 3l,c. 28. 

PELARGE, a daughter of Potneus, who 
re-established the worship of Cere* in Bceotia. 
She received divine honours after death. — 
Pa. 9, 25. 

PELASGI, a people of Greece, supposed 
to be one of the most ancient in the world. 
They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, 
which Irom them received the name of Pe- 
lasgia, and about U83 years before the 
Christian era, they passed into iEmonia, 
and were afterwards dispersed in several 

Karts of Greece. Some of them fixed their 
abifation in Epirus, others in Crete, others 
in Italy, and others in Lesbos. From these 
different changes of situation in the Pelas- 
gians, all the Greeks are indiscriminately 
called Pelasgians, and their country Pelas- 
gia, though more properly speaking - , it 
should be confined to Thessaly, Epirus, and 
Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some Of the Pe- 
lasgians, that had been driven from Attica, 
settled in Lemnos, where some time after 
they carried some Athenian women, whom 
they had seized in an expedition on the 
coast of Attica. They raised some children 
by these captive females, but they afterwards 
destroyed them with their mothers, through 
jealousy, because they differed in manners 
as well as language from them. This horrid 
murder was attended by a dreadful pesti- 
lence, and they were ordered, to expiate 
their crime, to do whatever the Athenians 
commanded them. This was to deliver their 
possessions into their hands. The Pelas- 
gians seem to have received their name from 
Pelasgus, the first king and founder of their 
nation.— Pa. 8, c. I .—Sir. 5.— Her. 1 .- PL R. 
—Virg. Bn. l.—Ov. M.—Plac.—Sen. Me. Ag. 

PELASGIA or PELASGIOTIS, a country 
of Greece whose inhabitants are called Pe- 
lasgi or Pelasgiota. Every country of Greece 
and all Greece in general, is indiscriminately 
called Pelasgia, though the name should be 
more particularly confined to a part of Thes- 
saly, situate between the Peneus, the Alge- 
rnon, and the Sperchius. The maritime bor- 
ders of this part of Thessaly were afterwards 
called Magnesia, though the sea or its shore 
slill retained the name of Pelasgicus Sinus, 
now the gulph of Volo. Pelasgia is also one 
nf' the ancient names of Epirus, as also of 
Peloponnesus. Vide Pelasgi. 

PELASGUS, a son of Terra, or according 
to others, of J upiter and Niobe, who reigned 
in Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient 
inhabitants of Peloponnesus. 

PELETHRO'NIl, an epithet given to the 
Lapithse, because they inhabited the town of' 
Pel/thronium, at the foot of Mount Pelion 
in Thessaly ; or because one of their number 
bore the name of Pelethronius. It is to them 
that mankind is indebted for the invention of 
the bit with which they tamed their horses 
with so much dexterity.— Virg. G. 3, v. 115. 
— Ov Mr.. 12, v. \h1.—Lv.c. 6, v. 387. 
PELEUS, a king of Thessaly, son of jEacus 



and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron, lie 
married Thetis, one of the Nereids, and was 
the only one among mortals who married an 
immortal. He was accessary to the death of 
his brother Phoeus, and on 'that account he 
was obliged to leave his father's dominions. 
He retired to the court of Eurytus, the son 
of Actor, who reigned at Phthia, or accord- 
ing to the less received opinion of Ovid, he 
fled to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was 
purified of his murder by Eurytus, with the 
usual ceremonies, and the monarch gave him 
his daughter Antigone in marriage. Some 
time after this Peleus and Eurytus went to 
the chase of the Calydonian boar, where the 
father-in-law was accidentally killed by an 
arrow which his son-in-law had aimed at 
the beast. This unfortunate event obliged 
him to banish himself from the court of 
Phthia, and he retired to lolchos, where he 
was purified of the murder of Eurytus, by 
Acastus the king of the country. His resi- 
dence at lolchos was short; Astydamia, the 
wife of Acastus, became enamoured of him ; 
and when she found him insensible to her 
passionate declaration, she accused him of 
attempts upon her virtue. The monarch 
partially believed the accusations of his wife, 
hut not to violate the laws of hospitality, by 
putting him instantly to death, he ordered 
his officers to conduct him to mount Pelion, 
on pretence of hunting, and thereto tie him 
to a tree, that he might become the prey of 
the wild beasts of the place. The orders of 
Acastus were faithfully obeyed; but Jupiter, 
who knew the innocence of his grandson 
Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him at liberty. 
As soon as he had been delivered from dan- 
ger, Peleus assembled his friends to punish 
the ill treatment which he had received from 
Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos, drove 
the king from his possessions, and put to 
death the wicked Astydamia. After the 
death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of 
whose superior charms Jupiter himself had 
been enamoured. His pretensions, however, 
were rejected, and as he was a mortal, the 
goddess tied from him with the greatest ab- 
horrence ; and the more effectually to evade 
his inquiries, she generally assumed the 
shape of a bird, or a tree, or of a tigress. 
Peleus became more animated from her re- 
fusal ; he offered a sacrifice to the gods, and 
Proteus informed him that to obtain Thetis, 
he must surprise her while she was asleep in 
her grotto, near the shores of Thestaiy. 
This advice was immediately followed, and 
Thetis, unable to escape from the grasp of 
Peleus, at last consented to marry him. 
Their nuptials were celebrated with the 
greatest solemnity, and all the gods attended, 
and made them each the most valuable pre 
sents. The goddess of discord was the onlj 
one of the deities who was not present, ana 
she punished this seeming neglect by throw- 
ing an apple into the midst of the assembly 
of the gods, with the inscription of delur 
putchriori. [Vide Discordia.J From the mar- 
riage of Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles, 
whose education was early entrusted to the 
Centaur Chiron, and afterwards to Phoenix, 
the son of Amyiitor. Achilles went to the 
2 U 



PEL — PEL 



494 



PEL— PEL 



Trojan war, at the head of his father's troops, 
and Helens gloried in having a son who was 
superior to all the Greeks in valour and in- 
trepidity. The death of Achilles was the 
source of grief to Feleus ; and Thetis, to 
comfort her husband, promised him immor- 
tality, and ordered him to retire into the 
grottos of the island of Leuce, where he 
would see and converse with the manes of 
his son. Peleus had a daughter called Poly- 
dora, by Antigone.— H. II. 9, 482— Ear. An. 
—Cat. Nupt. P. & T.—Ov. Her. 5, F. 2.— 
Me. 11,/. 7 & 8.— Apol. 3, 12.— Pa. 2, 29.— 
Di. 4.— Hyg.f. 54. [Pelias. 
PEL FADES, the daughters of Pelias. Vide 
PELIAS, the twin brother of Neleus, was 
son of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of 
Salmoneus. His birth 'was concealed from 
the world by his mother, who wished her 
father to be" 'gnorant of her incontinence. 
He was exposed in the woods, but his life 
was preserved by shepherds, and he received 
the name of Pelias, from a spot of the colour 
of lead in his face. Some time after this 
adventure, Tyro married Cretheus, son of 
iEolus, king of Iolchos, and became mother 
of three children, of whom JEson was the 
eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his mother 
and was received in her family, and after 
the death of Cretheus, he unjustly seized the 
kingdom, which belonged to the children of 
Tyro, by the deceased monarch. To streng- 
then hinself in his usurpation, Pelias con- 
sulted the oracle, and when he was told to 
beware of one of the descendants of iEolus, 
who should come to his court with one foot 
shod, and the other bare, he privately re- 
moved the son of iEsou, after he had publicly 
declared that he was dead. These precau- 
tions proved abortive. Jason, the son of 
jEson, who had been educated by Chiron, 
returned to Iolchos, when arrived to years 
of maturity, and as he had lost one of his 
shoes in crossing the river Anaurus, or the 
Evenus, Peleus immediately perceived that 
this was the person whom he was advised so 
much to dread. His unpopularity prevented 
him from acting with violence against a 
stranger, whose i ncommon dress, and com- 
manding aspect, had raised admiration in his 
subjects. But his astonishment was excited 
when he saw Jason arrive at his palace, with 
his friends and his relations, and boldly de- 
mand the kingdom which he usurped. Pelias 
was conscious that his complaints were well 
founded, and therefore, to divert his atten- 
tion, he told him that he would voluntarily 
resign the crown to him if he went to Col- 
chis to avenge the death of Phryxus, the son 
of Athamas, whom JEetes had cruelly mur- 
dered. He further observed, that the expe- 
dition would be attended with the greatest 
glory, and that nothing but the infirmities of 
old age had prevented him himself from 
vindicating the honour of his country, and 
the injuries of his family, by punishii/g the 
assassin. This so warmly recommended, 
was as warmly accepted by the young hero, 
and his intended expedition was made known 
all over Greece. [ Fide Jason. ~\ During the 
absence of Jason, in the Argonautic expedi- 
tion, Pelias murdeved /Eson and all 'lis 



family ; hut, according to the more received 
opinion of Ovid, jEson was still living when 
the Argonauts returned, and he was restored 
to the vigour of youth by the magic of Medea. 
This sudden change in the vigour and the 
constitution of iEson, astonished all the in- 
habitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of 
Pelias, who had received the patronymic of 
Peliades, expressed their desire to see their 
father's infirmities vanish, by the same 
powerful arts. Medea, who wished to 
avenge the injuries which her husband Jasoit 
had received from Pelias, raised the desires | 
of the Peliades, by cutting an old ram to 
pieces, and boiling the flesh in a cauldron, 
and afterwards turning it into a fine young 
lamb. After they had seen this successful ex- 
periment, the Peliades cut their father's body 
to pieces after they had drawn all the blood 
from his veins, on the assurance that Medea 
would replenish them by her incantations. 
The limbs were immediately put into a caul- 
dron of boiling water, but Medea suffered 
the flesh to be totally consumed, and refused 
to give the Peliades the promised assistance, 
and the bones of Pelias did not even receive 
a burial. The Peliades were four in num- 
ber, Alceste, Pisidice, Pelopea, and Hippo- 
thoe, to whom Hyginus adds Medusa. Their 
mother's name was Anaxibia, the daughter 
of Bias, or Philomache, the daughter of 
Amphion. After this parricide, the Peliades 
fled to the court of Admetus, w here Acastus, 
the scn-in-law of Pelias, pursued them, and 
took their protector prisoner. The Peliades . 
died, and were buried in Arcadia.— Hyg. fa, 
12, 13, & 14.— Or. Me. l,f. 3 Ik A.—Her.o. 12, 
v. 129.— Pa. 6, U.— Apol. 1, 9.— Sen. Me.— 
Apol. Ar. I.— Pin. Py. A.—Di. 4. A Tro- 
jan chief wounded by .Ulysses during the 
Trojan war. He survived the ruin of his i 
country, and followed the fortune of jEneas. 

— V. Mn. 2, 435. The ship Argo is called 

Pelias arbor, built of the trees of mount 
Pelion.— The spear of Achilles. Vide Pelion. 

PELI'DES, a patronymic of Achilles, and 
of Pyrrhus, as being descended from Peleus. 

— V. Mn. 2, 264. 

PELIGNI, a people of Italy, who dwelt 
near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Cor- 
sinium and Sulmo for their chief towns. 
The most expert magicians were among the 
PeliETiii, according to Horace. — Li. 8, 6, &c 
29, 1. 9, c. 41.— Ov. Port. 1, e. 8, 42.— Str. 
—Hor. 3, o. 19, 8. 

PELIGNUS,a friend of the emperor Clau- 
dius, made governor of Cappadocia.— Ta. An. 

PELINjEUS, a mountain of Chios. [12, 49. 

PELINNjEUM, or PELINNA, a town of 
Macedonia.— Str. 14.— Li. 36, 10 & 14. 

PELION and PELIOS, a celebrated 
mountain in Thessaly, whose top is covered 
wiih pine-trees. In their wars against the 
gods, the giants, as the poets mention, placed 
mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale the 
heavens with more facility. The celebrated 
spear of Achilles, which none but the hero 
could vvield, had been cut down on this 
mountain, and was thence called Pelias. It 
was a present from his preceptor Chiron, 
who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed hit- 
residence here.— Or. Me. I, 155. 1. 13, 199.— 



PEL — PEL 



495 



PEL - PEL 



Me. 2, 3.— Sir. Q.—Virg. G. 1, 281, 1. 3, 94. 
—Sen. H. & M. 

PELIUM, a town of Macedonia. ~Zi.31, 40. 

PELLA, a celebrated town of Macedonia, 
on the Ludias, not far from the sinus Ther- 
maicus, which became the capital of the 
country after the ruin of Edessa. Philip, 
kin"- of Macedonia, was educated there, and 
Alexander the Great was born there, whence 
he is often called Pelleeus jnvenis. The 
tomb of the poet Euripides was in the 
neighbourhood. The epithet Pellmus is often 
applied to Egypt or Alexandria, because 
the Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of 
Macedonian orisrin.— Mart. 13, ep. 85, — Luc. 
5, 60, 1. 8,475 & 607,1. 9,1016 & 1073, 1. 10, 55.— 
Me. 2, 3.— Sir. 7.— Li. 42, 41. 

PELLA'NE, a town of Laconia, with a 
fountain whose waters have a subterraneous 
communication with the waters of another 
fountain.— Pa. 3, 21.— Sir. 8. 

PELLE'NE, a town of Achaia, in the Pe- 
loponnesus, at the west of Sicyon, famous 
for its wool. It was built by the giant Pal- 
las, or according to others by Pellen of 
Argos son of Phorbas, and was" the country 
of Proteus the sea god.— Str. S.—Pa. 7, 26. 
—Li. 33, 14. 

PELOPE'A or PELOPI'A, a daughter of 
Thyestes the brother of Atreus. She had a 
son by her father, who had offered her vio- 
lence in a wood, without knowing that she 
was his own daughter. Some suppose that 
Thyestes purposely committed this incest, 
as the oracle had informed him that his 
wrongs should be avenged, and his brother 
destroyed, by a son who should be born 
from him and his daughter. This proved 
too true. Pelopia afterwards married her 
nncle Atreus, who kindly received in his 
house his wife's illegimate child, called 
•fcEgysthus because preserved by goats 
{"aiges") when exposed in the mountains. 
iEgUthus became his uncle's murderer. 
[Vide vEgisth us.]— fa. 87, kc—Ml. V. 
H. 12.— Ov. Ib. 359.- Sen. Ag. 

PELOPETA, a festival observed by the 
people of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was 
kept in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed 
to Pelops in a trench, as it was usual, when 
the manes and the infernal gods were the 
objects of worship. 

PELOPI'A, a daughter of Niobe. A 

daughter of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. 

PELO'PIDAS, a celebrated general of 
Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He was de- 
scended of an illustrious family, and was re- 
markable for his immense possessions, which 
he bestowed with great liberality to the poor 
and necessitous. Many wer* the objects of 
his generosity ; but when Epaminondas had 
refused to accept his presents, Pelopidas 
disregarded all his wealth, and preferred be- 
fore it the enjoyment of his friend's con- 
versation and or his poverty. From their 
friendship and intercourse the Thebans de- 
rived the most considerable advantages. 
No sooner had the interest of Sparta pre- 
vailed at Thebes, and the friends of liberty 
and national independence been banished 
from the city, than Pelopidas, who was in 
the number of the exiles, resolved to tree his 



country from foreign slavery. His plan was 
bold and animated, and his deliberations 
were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who 
had been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as 
being in appearance a Aorthless and in- 
significant philosopher, animated the youths 
of the city ; and at last Pelopidas, with 
eleven of his associates, entered Thebes, 
and easily massacred the friends of the ty- 
ranny, and freed the country from foreign 
masters. After this successful enterprise, 
Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the 
head of the government, and so confident 
were the Thebans of his abilities as a gene- 
ral and a magistrate, that they successively 
re-elected him 13 times to fill the honour- 
able office of governor of Bceotia. Epami- 
nondas shared with him the sovereign 
power, and it was to their valour and pru- 
dence that the Thebans were indebted for a 
celebrated victory at the battle of Leuctra. 
In a war which Thebes carried on against 
Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, Pelopidas was 
appointed commander ; but his imprudence 
in trusting himself unarmed into the enemy's 
camp nearly proved fatal to him. He was 
taken prisoner, but Epaminondas restored 
him to liberty. The perfidy of Alexander 
irritated him, and he was" killed bravely 
fighting in a celebrated battle in which his 
troops obtained the victory, B. C. 364 yeari. 
He received an honourable burial ; the The- 
bans showed their sense for his merit by their 
lamentations: they sent a powerful army to 
revenge his death by the destruction of the 
tyrant of Pherae, and his relations and 
his children were presented with immense 
donations by the cities of Thessaly. Pelo- 
pidas is admired for his valour, as he never 
engaged an enemy without obtaining the 
advantage. The impoverished state of Thebes 
before his birth, and after his fall, plainly 
demonstrates the superiority of his genius 
and of his abilities, and it has been justly 
observed, that with Pelopidas and Epami- 
nondas the glory and the independence of 
the Thebans rose and set. — Plu. & C. Nep. 
vi.—Xen. Hist. G.—Di. 15.— Pol. 

PELOPONNESI'ACUM BELLl)M,acele- 
brated war which continued for twenty-seven 
years between the Athenians and the inhabit- 
ants of Peloponnesus, with their respective 
allies. I tis the most famous,and the most inte- 
resting of all the wars which have happened 
between the inhabitants of Greece ; and for 
the minute and circumstantial description 
which we have of the events and revolutions 
which mutual animosity produced, we are 
indebted more particularly to the correct 
and authentic writings ofThucydides and of 
Xenophon. The circumstances which gave 
birth to this memorable war are these : the 
power of Athens under the prudent and vi- 
gorous administration of Pericles, was al- 
ready extended over Greece, and it had pro- 
cured itself many admirers and more 
enemies, when the Corcyreans, who had 
been planted by a Corinthian colony . re- 
fused to pay to their founders those marks of 
respect and reverence which among the 
Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to 
its mother country. The Corinthians wished 



PEL-PEL 



49C 



PEL— PEL 



o punish that infidelity ; and when the peo- 
?"e of Epidamnus, a considerable town on 
the Adriatic, had been invaded by some of the 
barbarians of Illyricum, the people of 
Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians 
I hat assistance which had in vain been soli- 
cited from the Corcyreans, their founders 
and their patron*. The Corcyreans were 
offended at the interference of Corinth in 
the affairs of their colony ; they manned a 
fleet, and obtained a victory over the Co- 
rinthian vessels which had assisted the Epi- 
damnians. The subsequent conduct of the 
Corcvreans, and their insolence to some of 
the Elians who had furnished a few ships 
to the Corinthians, provoked the Pelopon- 
nesians, and the discontent became general. 
Ambassadors were sent by both parties to 
Athens to claim its protection, and to justify 
these violent proceedings. The greatest 
part of the Athenians heard their various 
reasonings with moderation and with com- 
passion, but the enterprising ambition of 
Pericles prevailed, and when the Corcyreans 
had reminded the people of Athens, that in 
all the states of Peloponnesus they had to 
dread the most malevolent enemies, and the 
most insidious of rivals, they were listened 
to with attention, and were promised sup- 
port. This step was no sooner taken than 
the Corinthians appealed to the other Gre- 
cian states, and particularly to the Lace- 
daemonians. Their complaints were accom- 
panied by those of the people of Megara 
and of iEgina, who bitterly inveighed against 
the cruelty, injustice, and insolence of the 
Athenians. This had due weight with the 
Lacedaemonians, who had long beheld with 
concern and with jealousy the ambitious 
power of the Athenians, and they deter- 
mined to support the cause of the Corin- 
thians. However, before they proceeded to 
hostilities, an embassy was sent to Atht-ns, 
to represent the danger of entering into a 
war with the most powerful and flourishing 
of all the Grecian states. This alarmed the 
Athenians, but when Pericles had eloquently 
spoken of the resources and the actual 
strength of the republic, and of the weak- 
ness of the allies, the clamours of his ene- 
mies were silenced, and the answer which 
was returned to the Spartans, was taken as 
a declaration of war. The Spartans were 
supported by all the republics of the Pelo- 
ponnesus, except Argos and part of Achaia, 
besides the people of Megara, Boeotia, Pho- 
cis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and Amac- 
torium. The Plataeans, the Lesbians, Ca- 
rians, Chians, Messenians, Acarnanians, 
Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians, and 
Thr'acians, were the friends of the Athenians, 
with all the Cyclades, except Eubcea, Samos, 
Melos, and Thera. The first blow had al- 
ready been struck, May 7, B. C. 431, by an 
attempt of the Boeotians to surprise Plat'uea ; 
and therefore Archidamus, king of Sparta, 
who had in vain recommended moderation 
to the allies, entered Attica at the head of 
an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the 
country by fire and sword. Pericles, who 
was at the head of the government, did not 
attempt to oppose them in the field ; but a I 



fleet of a hundred and fifty ships set sah 
without delay, to ravage tlie coasts of the 
Peloponnesus. Megara was also depopu- 
lated by an army of 20,000 men, and the 
campaign of the' first year of the war was 
concluded in celebrating:, with the most 
solemn pomp, the funerals of such as had 
nobly fallen in battle. The following year 
was remarkable for a pestilence which 
raged in Athens, and which destroyed the 
greatest part of the inhabitants. The pub- 
lic calamity was still heightened by the ap- 
proach of the Peloponnesian army on the 
borders of Attica, and by the unsuccessful 
expedition of the Athenians against Epi- 
daurus and in Thrace. The pestilence 
which had carried away so many of the 
Athenians proved also fatal to Pericles, and 
he died about two years and six months 
after the commencement of the Peloponne- 
sian war. The following years did not give 
rise to decisive events; but the revolt of 
Lesbos from the alliance of the Athenians 
was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene, 
the capital of the island, was recovered, and 
the inhabitants treated with the greatest 
cruelty. The island of Corey ra became also 
the seat of new seditions, and those citizens 
who had been carried away prisoners by the 
Corinthians, and for political reasons treated 
with lenity, and taught to despise the alli- 
ance of Athens, were no sooner returned 
home than they raised commotions, and en- 
deavoured to persuade their countrymen to 
join the Peloponnesian confederates. This 
was strongly opposed ; but both parties ob- 
tained by turns the superiority, and mas- 
sacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those 
w ho obstructed their views. Some time after 
Demosthenes the Athenian general invaded 
/ttolia, where his arms were attended with 
the greatest success. He also fortified Pylos 
in the Peloponnesus, and gained so many 
advantages over the confederates, that they 
sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens 
refused. The fortune of the war soon after 
changed, and the Lacedaemonians, under 
the prudent conduct of Brasidas, made them- 
selves masters of many valuable places in 
Thrace. But this victorious progress was 
soon stopped by the death of their general, 
and that of Cleon, the Athenian commander ; 
and the pacific disposition of Nicias, who 
was now at the head of Athens, made over- 
tures of peace and universal tranquillity. 
Plistoanax, the king of the Spartans, wished 
them to be accepted ; but the intrigues of 
the Corinthians prevented the discontinu- 
ation of the war, and therefore hostilities be- 
gan anew. But while war was carried on 
with various success in different parts of 
Greece, the Athenians engaged in a new ex- 
pedition; they yielded to the persuasive 
eloquence of Gorgias of Leontium, and the 
ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a 
fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian slates 
against the tyrannical power of Syracuse, 
B. C. 4)6. This was warmly opposed by Ni- 
cias ; but the eloquence of Alcibiades pre- 
vailed, and a powerful fleet was sent against 
the capital ol'Sicily. These vigorous, though 
impolitic measures of the Athenians, were 



PEL — PEL 



A27 



PEL— PEL 



not viewed with indifference by tlie confede- 
rates. Syracuse, in her distress, implored 
the assistance of Corinth, and Gylippus was 
sent to direct her operations, and to defend 
her against the power of her enemies. The 
events of battles were dubious, and though 
the Athenian army was animated by the pru- 
dence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the 
more hasty courage of Demosthenes, yet the 
pood fortune of Syracuse prevailed ; and 
after a campaign of two years of bloodshed, 
the fleets of Athens were'totally ruined, and 
the few soldiers that survived the destructive 
siege, made prisoners of war. So fatal a 
olow threw the people of Attica into con- 
sternation and despair, and while they sought 
for resources at home, they severely felt 
themselves deprived of support abroad, their 
allies were alienated by the intrigues of the 
enemy, aud rebellion was fomented in their 
dependent states and colonies on the Asiatic 
coast. The threatened ruin, however, was 
timely averted, and Alcibiades, who had been 
treated with cruelty by his countrymen, and 
'cvho had for some" time resided in Sparta, 
and directed her military operations, now 
exerted himself to defeat the designs of the 
confederates, by inducing the Persians to 
espouse the cause of his country. But a 
short time after, the internal tranquillity of 
Athens was disturbed, and AJcibiades," by 
wishing to abolish the democracy, called 
away the attention of his fellow" citizens 
from the prosecution of a war which had 
already cost them so much blood. This, 
however, was but momentary ; the Athen- 
ians soon after obtained a naval victory, and 
the Peloponnesian fleet was defeated by Al- 
cibiades. The Athenians beheld with rap- 
ture the success of their arms; but when 
their fleet, in ihe absence of Alcibiades, had 
been defeated and destroyed near Andros, 
by Lysander, the Laced-demonian admiral, 
they showed their discontent and mortifica- 
tion by eagerly listening to the accusations 
which were bronght against their naval 
leader, to whom they gratefully had ac- 
knowledged themselves indebted" for their 
former victories. Alcibiades was disgraced 
in the public assembly, and ten commanders 
were appointed to succeed him in the man- 
agement of the republic. This change of 
admirals, and the appointment of Callicra- 
tidas to succeed Lysander, whose office had 
expired with the revolving year, produced 
new operations. The Athenians fitted out 
a fleet, and the two nations decided their 
superiority near Arginr.sae, in a naval battle. 
Callicratidas was killed, and the Lacedee- 
monians conquered, but the rejoicings which 
the intelligence of this victory occasioned 
were soon stopped, when it was known that 
the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of 
the Athenians, and the bodies of the slain, 
had not been saved from the sea. The ad- 
mirals were accused in the tumultuous as- 
sembly, and immediately condemned. Their 
successors in office were not so prudent, but 
they were more unfortunate in their opera- 
tions. Lysander was again placed at the 
head of the Peloponnewan forces, instead 
*f Erconicus, who had succeeded to the 



command at-the death of Callicratidas. The 
age and the experience of this general 
seemed to promise something decisive, and 
indeed an opportunity was not long want- 
ing for the display of his military character. 
The superiority of the Athenians over that 
of the Peloponnesians, rendered the former 
insolent, proud, and negligent, and when 
they had imprudently forsaken their ship.-* 
to indulge their indolence, or pursue their 
amusements on the sea-shore at iEgospot- 
amus, Lysander attacked their fleet, and his 
victory -was complete. Of one hundred and 
eighty sail, only nine escaped, eight of which 
fled) .inder the' command of Conon, to the 
island of Cyprus, and the other carried to 
Athens the melancholy news of the defeat. 
The Athenian prisoners were all massacred; 
and when the Peloponnesian conquerors had 
extended their dominion over the states and 
communities of Europe and Asia, which 
formerly acknowledged the power of Athens, 
they returned home to finish the war by the 
reduction of the capital of Attica. The 
siege was carried on with vigour, and sup- 
ported with firmness, and the first Athenian 
who mentioned capitulation to his country- 
men, was instantly sacrificed to the fury and 
the indignation of the populace, and all the 
citizens unanimously declared, that the same 
moment would terminate their independence 
and their lives. This animated language, 
however, was not long continued ; the spirit 
of faction was not yet extinguished at 
Athens; and it proved, perhaps" more de- 
structive to the public liberty, than the ope- 
rations and assaults of the Peloponnesian 
besiegers. During four months, negotiations 
were carried on with the Spartans by the 
aristocratical part of the Athenians, and at 
last it was agreed that to establish the peace, 
the fortifications of the Athenian harbours 
must be demolished, together with the long 
walls which joined them to the city ; all 
their ships, except 12, were to be surren- 
dered to the enemy : they were to resign 
every pretension to their ancient dominions 
abroad ; to recall from banishment all the 
members of the late aristocracy ; to follow 
the Spartans in war, and, in "the time of 
peace, to frame their constitution according 
to the will and the prescriptions of their Pelo- 
ponnesian conquerors. The terms were ac- 
cepted, and the enemy entered the harbour, 
and took possession "of the city, that very 
day on which the Athenians h<id been ac- 
customed to celebrate the anniversary of 
the immortal victory which their ancestors 
had obtained over the Persians about 76 
years before, near the island of Salamis. 
The walls and fortifications were instantly 
levelled with the ground, and the con- 
querors observed, that in the demolition of 
Athens, succeeding ages would fix the era of 
Grecian freedom. The day was concluded 
with a festival, and the recitation of one of 
the tragedies of Euripides, in which the 
misfortunes of the daughter of Agamemnon, 
who was reduced to misery, and banished 
from her father's kingdom," excited a kin- 
dred sympathy in the bosom of the audience, 
who melted into tears at the recollection 

i U 3 



PEL-PEL 



498 



PEL— PEL 



that one moment hid likewise reduced to 
misery and servitude the capital of Attica, 
which wasonce called the common patroness 
of" Greece, and the scourge of Persia. This 
memorable event happened about 404 years 
before the Christian era, and 30 tyrants 
were appointed by Lysander over tlie go- 
vernment of the city.— 'Ken. Gra>. H.—Plu. 
Ly.Per.Al.Nic.6cAg.—DiAl,6cc.—Aristoph. 
— Th. — Pla. — Aris. — Li/s. — ho. — C. Nep. 
Ly. AL 6cc.—Ci. off. 1, 24. 

PELOPONNE'SUS. a celebrated peninsula 
which comprehends the most southern parts 
of Greece. It received this name from Pe- 
iops, who settled there, as the name indi- 
cates ("pelopos nepos," the island of Pelops). 
ft had been calle<! before Argia, Pelasgia, 
and Argolis, and in its form, it has been ob- 
served by the moderns, highly to resemble 
the leaf bf the plane-tree. Its present name 
is Morea, which seems to be derived either 
from the Greek word morea, or the Lalin 
morns, which signifies a mulberry-tree, 
which is found there in great abundance. 
The ancient Peloponnesus was divided into 
six different provinces, IWessenia, Laconia, 
Elis, Arcadia, Achaia Propria, and Argolis, 
fo which some add Sicyon. These provinces 
all bordered on the sea-shore, except Arca- 
dia. The Peloponnesus was conquered, 
some time after the Trojan war, by the He- 
raclidae, or descendants of Hercules, who 
had been forcibly expelled from it. The in- 
habitants of this peninsula rendered them- 
selves illustrious like the rest of the Greeks, 
by their genius, their fondness for the fine 
arts, the cultivation of learning, and the 
profession of arms, but in nothing nore than 
by a celebrated war, which they carried on 
against Athens and her allies for 27 years, 
and which from them received the name of 
the Peloponnesian war. [Vide Peloponne- 
siacum Bellum.] The Peloponnesus scarce 
extended 100 miles in length, and 140 in 
breadth, and about 563 miles in circumfer- 
ence. It was separated from Greece by the 
narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as being 
only five miles broad, Demetrius, Caesar, 
Nero, and some others, attempted in vain 
to cut, to make a communication between 
the bay of Corinth, and the Saronicus Sinus. 
Sir. S.— Th.—Di. 12, 6cc— Pa. 3, 21, 1.8, I.— 
Me. 2, 3.— PL 4, 6.— Her. 8, 40. 

PELOPE'A MCEN1 A, is applied to the 
cities of Greece, but more particularly to 
Mvcenae and Argos, where the descendants 
of" Pelops reigned.— V. £n. 2, 193. 

PELOPS, a celebrated prince, son of Tan- 
talus king of Phrygia. His mother's name 
was Euryanassa, or according to others Eu- 
prvtone, or Eurystemista, or Dione. He was 
murdered by his father, who wished to try 
the divinity of the gods who had visited 
Phrygia, by placing on their table the limbs 
of his son. ' The gods perceived his perfi- 
dious cruelty, and they refused to touch the 
meat, except Ceres, whom the recent loss 
of her daughter had rendered melancholy 
and inattentive. She eat one of the shoulders 
of Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter had 
compassion on his fate, and restored him to 
life, he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of 



that which Ceres had devoured. This shoul- 
der had an uncommon power, and il could 
heal l>v its very touch every complaint, and 
remove every disorder. Some time after, 
the kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by 
Tros, king of Troy, on pretence that he had 
carried away his son Ganymedes. This rape 
had been committed by Jupiter himself; the 
war, nevertheless, was carried on, and Tan- 
talus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to (ly 
with his son Pelops, and to seek a shelter in 
Greece. Tins tradition is confuted by some 
who support, that Tantalus did not fly into 
Greece, as he had been some time before 
confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions 
for his impiety, and therefore Pelops was 
the only one ' whom the enmity of Tros 
persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he 
became one of the suitors of Hippodamia, 
the daughter of king CEnomaus, and he en- 
tered the lists against the father, who pro- 
mised his daughter only to him who could 
outrun him in a chariot-race. Pelops was 
not terrified at the fate of the 13 lovers, who 
before him had entered the course against 
CEnomaus, and had, according to the con- 
ditions proposed, been put to death when 
conquered. He previou>ly bribed Myrtilus, 
the charioteer of CEnomaus, and therefore 
he easily obtained the victory. [Vide CEno- 
maus.] He married Hippodamia, ana threw 
headlong into the sea Myrtillus, when he 
claimed the reward of his 'perfidy. Accord- 
ing to some authors, Pelops had received 
some winged horses from Neptune, with 
which he was enabled to outrun CEnomaus. 
When he had established himself on the 
throne of Pisa, Hippodamiu's possession, 
he extended his conquests over the neigh- 
bouring countries, and from him the penin- 
sula, of which he was one of the monarchs, 
received the name of Peloponnesus. Pelop;., 
after death, received divine honours, and 
he was as much revered above ail the other 
heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was above the 
rest of the gods. He had a temple at Olym- 
pia, near that of Jupiter, where Hercules 
consecrated to him a small portion of land, 
and offered to him a sacrifice. The place 
where this sacrifice had been offered, was 
religiously observed, and the magistrates of 
the country yearly, on coming upon office, 
made there an offering of a black ram. 
During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was not 
allowed, as at other times, to have a share 
of the victim, but he alone who furnished 
the wood, was permitted to take the neck. 
The wood for sacrifices, as may be observed, 
was always furnished by some of the pi ie:-ts, 
to all such as offered victims, and they re- 
ceived a price equivalent to what they gave. 
The white poplar was generally used in 
the sacrifices made to Jupiter and to Pelops. 
The children of Pelops by Hippodamia we. e 
Pitheus, Troezen, Atreus, Thyestes, 6cc, be- 
sides some by concubines. The time of his 
death is unknown, though it is universally 
agreed, that he survived for some time Hi|»- 
podamia. Some suppose that the Palladium 
of the Trojans was made with the bones of 
Pelops. Hi? descendants were called Peio- 
pidce. Panpar who in his first Olympic, 



PEL— PEL 499 PEN -PEN 



sneaks of Pelops, confutes the traditions of 
his ivory sl>oulder,aiut says that Neptune took 
him up to heaven to become the cup-bearer 
to the gods, from which he was expelled, 
when the impiety of Tantalus wished to 
make mankind partake of the nectar and the 
entertainments of the gods. Some suppose 
that Pelops first instituted the Olympic 
games in honour of Jupiter, and to commem- 
orate the victory which he had obtained 
over CEnomaus.— Pa. 5, I, &cc.—Apol. 2, 5.— 
Eur. Iph.—Di. 3.— Sir. S.—Me. 1, 18.— Pin. 
O. i.—Virg. G. 3, l.—Ov. Me. 6, 404, &c. 
— Hyg.fa. 9, 82 & 83. 

PELOR, one of the men who sprang from 
the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. 
—Pa. 9, 5. 

PELORIA, a festival observed by the Thes- 
salians, in commemoration of the news which 
they received by one Pelorius, that the 
mountains of Tempe had been separated by 
an earthquake, and that the waters of the 
lake which lay there stagnated, had found a 
passage into the Alpheus, and left behind a 
vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, 
6iC.—Alh. 3. 

PELO'RUS, (v. is-idis. v. ias-iados), now 
cape Faro, one of the three great promon- 
tories of Sicily, on whose top is erected a 
tower to direct the sailor on his voyage 
t lies near the coast of ItaV, and received 
its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship 
which carried away Annibal from Italy. 
This celebrated general, as it is reported, 
was carried by the tides into the streights or 
Charybdis, and as he was ignorant of the 
coast, he asked the pilot of his ship the name 
of the promontory, which appeared at a 
distance. The pilot told him, it was one of 
the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no 
credit to his information and murdered him 
on the spot on the apprehension that he 
would betray him into the hands of the Ro- 
mans. He was, however, soon convinced of 
his error, and found that the pilot had 
spoken with great fidelity ; and therefore, 
to pay honour to his memory, and to atone 
for his cruelty, he gave him a magnificent 
funeral, and ordered that the promontory 
should bear bis name, and from that time 
it was called Pelorum. Some suppose that 
this account is false, and they observe, that 
it bore that name before the age of Annibal. 
—Va. Ma. 9, 8.— Me. 2, 7.— Sir. 5.— V. JEn. 
3, 4 1 1 , & 667.— Ov.Me. 5,350, 1. 13,727,1. 15,70o. 

PELTiE, a town of Phrygia. 

PELU'SIUM, now Tineh, a. town of Egypt, 
3ituate at the entrance of one of the mouths 
of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is 
about 20 stadia from the sea, and it has re- 
ceived the name of Pelusium from the lakes 
and marshes ("joe/os".) which are in its 
neighbourhood. It was the key of Egypt on 
the side of Phoenicia, as it was impossible 
to enter the Egyptian territories without 
passing by Pelusium, and therefore on that 
account it was always well fortified and 
garrisoned, as it was of such importance 
for the security of the country. It pro- 
duced lentils, and was celebrated for the 
linen stuff's made there. It is now in ruins. 

Me. 2, c. 9. -Col. b, 10.— Si. ft. 3, 25.— 



Luc. 8, 466, 1. 9, 83, 1. 10, 53.— Li. 44, 19, 1. o, 
11.— Str. n.—Virg. G. 1, 228. 

PENATES, certain inferior deities among 
the Romans, who presided over houses and 
the domestic affairs of families. They were 
called Penates, because they were generally 
placed in the innermost and most secret 
parts of the house, in penitissima mdhun 
■parte, quod, as Cicero says, penitus insident. 
The place where they stood was afterwards 
called penetralia, and they themselves re- 
ceived the name of Penetrates. It was in 
the option of every master of a family to 
chuse his Penates, and therefore Jupiter, 
and some of the superior gods, are often 
invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. Ac- 
cording to some, the gods Penates were di- 
vided into four classes; the first compre- 
hended all the celestial, the second the sea 
gods, the third the gods of hell, and the last 
all such heroes as had received divine 
honours after death. The Penates were 
originally the manes of the dead, but when 
superstition had taught mankind to pay un- 
common reverence to the statues and images 
of their deceased friends, their attention 
was soon exchanged for regular worship, 
and they were admitted by their votaries to 
share immortality and power over the world, 
with a Jupiter or a Minerva. The statues 
of the Penates were generally made with 
wax, ivory, silver, or earth, according to 
the affluence of the worshipper, and the 
only offerings they received were wine, in- 
cense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of 
lambs, sheep, goats, &c. In the earlv ages 
of Rome, human sacrifices were offered to 
them ; but Brutus, who expelled the Tar- 
quins, abolished this unnatural custom. 
When offerings were made to them, their 
statues were crowned with garlands, pop- 
pies, or garlick, and besides the monthly day 
that was set apart for their worship, their 
festivals were celebrated during the Saturna- 
lia. Some have confounded the Lares and 
the Penates, but they were different.— Ci. 
Na. D. 2, 27. Ver. 2.— Dion. i. 

PENDALIUM, a promontory of Cyprus, 

PE'NEIA or PENE'lS, an epithet applied 
to Daphne as daughter of Peneus.Ov.Mt>. 1,452. 

PEN ELI US, one of the Greeks killed in 
the Trojan war.—//. //. 2, 494. 

PENELOPE, a celebrated princess of 
Greece, daughter of Icarius, and wife of 
Ulysses, king of Ithaca. Her marriage with 
Ulysses was celebrated about the same time 
that Menelaus married Helen, and she re- 
tired with her husband to Ithaca, against 
the inclination of her father, who wished to 
detain her at Sparta, her native country. 
She soon after became mother of Telema- 
chus, and was obliged to part with great re- 
luctance from her husband, whom the 
Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan war. 
[Vide Palamedes.] The continuation of 
hostilities for ten years made her sad and 
melancholy ; but when Ulysses did not re- 
turn like the other princes ol Greece at the 
conclusion of the war, her fears and her 
anxieties were increase !. As she received 
no intelligence of his situation, she was sooo 
beset by a aumber af importuning •uitor^, 



PEN-PEN 



600 



PEN — PEN 



who wished her to believe that her husband 
was shipwrecked, and that therefore she 
ought not longer to expect his return, but 
forget his loss, and fix her choice and affec- 
tions ou one of her numerous admirers. She 
received their addresses with coldness and 
disdain ; but as she was destitute of power, 
and a prisoner as it were iu their hands, she 
yet flattered them with hopes and promises, 
and declared that she would make choice of 
one of them, as soon as she had finished a 
piece of tapestry, on which she was em- 
ployed. The work was done in a dilatory 
manner, and she bafiied their eager expec- 
tations, by undoing in the night what she 
had done in the day-time. This artifice of 
Penelope has given rise to the proverb of 
Penelope's web, w hich is applied to w hatever 
labour can never be ended. The return of 
Ulysses, after an absence of twenty years, 
however, delivered her from fears and 
from her dangerous suitors. Penelope is de- 
scribed by Homer as a model of female vir- 
tue and chastity, but some more modern 
writers dispute her claims to modesty and 
continence, and they represent her as the 
most debauched and voluptuous of her sex. 
According to their opinions, therefore, she 
liberally gratified the desires of her suitors 
in the absence of her husband, and had a 
son whom she called Pan, as if to show that 
he was the offspring of all her admirers. 
Some, however, suppose, that Pan was son 
of Penelope by Mercury, and that he was 
born before his mother's marriage with 
Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived 
Penelope, under the form of a beautiful goat, 
as she was tending her father'sflocks on one of 
the mountains of Arcadia. After the return 
of Ulysses, Penelope had a daughter, who 
was called Ptoiiporthe ; but if we believe 
the traditions that were long preserved at 
Mantinea, Ulysses repudiated his wife for 
her incontinence during his absence, and 
Penelope fied to Sparta, and afterwards to 
Mantinea, where she died and was buried. 
After the death of Ulysses, according to 
Hyginus, she married Telegonus, her hus- 
band's son by Circe, by order of the goddess 
Minerva. Some say that her original name 
was Arnea, or Amirace, and that she was 
railed Penelope, when some river birds 
called Penelopes had saved her from the 
waves of the sea, w hen her father had ex- 
posed her. learius had attempted to destroy 
her, because the oracies had told him tha"t 
his daugnter by Peribcea would be the most 
dissolute of her sex, and a disgrace to his 
familv.— Apol. 3, 10.— Pa. 3, 12.— H. II. & 
Od.—Ov. Hero. 1, Me.—Aris. H. an. 8.— 
Hyg. fa. 127.— Arisl. A.— PI. 37. 

PE'NEUS, a river of Thessaly, risins: on 
mount Pindus, and falling into the Ther- 
mean gulf, after a wandering course be- 
tween mount Ossa and Olympus, throu?h 
the plains of Tempe. ft received its name 
from Peneus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 
The Peneus anciently inundated the plains 
of Thessaly, till an earthquake separated 
the mountains Ossa and Olympus, and 
formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where 
the waters formerly stagnated. From this 



circumstance, therefore, it obtained the 
nameofAraxes,a& "arasso," scindo. Daphne, 
the daughter of the Peneus, according to 
the fables of the mythologists, was changed 
into a laurel on the' banks of this rive r. This 
tradition arises from the quantity of laurels 
which grow near the Peneus. Ov. Me.\, 
452, &c. — Sir. 9.— Me. 2, 3.— Vire. G. 4, 31?. 
—Di. 4. Also, a small river ot Elis in Pe- 
loponnesus, better known under the name 
of Araxes.— Pa. 6, 24.— Str. 8 & 11. 

PENT DAS, one of Alexander's friends, 
who went to examine Scythia under pre- 
tence of an embassy.— Curt. 6, 6. 

PENNI'Nffi ALPES, a certain part of the 
Alps.— Li. 21, 38. 

PEVTAPOLIS, a town of India. A part 

of Africa near Cyrene. It received this name 
on account of the five cities which it con- 
tained, Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptole- 

mais or Barce, and Apollonia.— PI. 5, 5. 

Also part of Palestine, containing the five ci- 
ties of Gaza,Gath,Ascalon,Azot'i>. and Ekron. 

PENTE'LICUS, a mountain' of Attica, 
where were found quarries of beautiful 
marble.— Sir. 9.— Pa. 1, 32. 

PENTHESILE'A, a qu?en of the Amazons, 
daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. 
She came to assist Priam in the last years 
of the Trojan war, and fought asrainst Achil- 
les, by whom she was slain. The hero was 
so struck with the beauty of Penthesilea, 
when he stripped her of her arms, that he 
even shed tears for having too violently sa- 
crifieed her to his fury. Thersites laughed 
at the partiality of the hero, for which ridi- 
cule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says, 
that Achilles slew Thersites because he had 
put out the eyes of Penthesilea when she 
was yet alive. The scholiast of Lycophron 
differs from that opinion, and declares, that 
it was commonly believed, that Achilles 
offered violence to the body of Penthesilea 
when she was dead, and that Thersites was 
killed because be had reproached the hero 
for this infamous action in the presence of 
all the Greeks. The death of Thersites so 
offended Diomedes that he dragged the body 
of Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw 
it into the Scamander. It is generally sup- 
posed, that Achilles was enamoured of the 
Amazon before he fought with her, and that 
she had bv him a son called Cayster. — Die. 
Cr. 3 & 4.— Pa. 10, 31.— Q. Cat. I . — V . 2En. 
1, 495, I. 11, 662.— Dar. Ph.— Lye. Ca. 99b, 
6cc.—Hvg. fa. 112. 

PEN'THEUS, son of Echion and Agave, 
was king of Thebes, in Bceolia. His refusal to 
acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus was at- 
tended with the most fatal consequences. He 
forbad his subjects to pay adoration to this 
new god ; and when the Theban women had 
gone out of the city to celebrate the orgies 
of Bacchus, Pentlieus, apprised of the de- 
bauchery which attended the solemnity, or- 
dered the god himself, who conducted the 
religious multitude, to be seized. His orders 
were obeyed with reluctance, but when 
the doors of the prison in which Bacchus had 
been confined, opened of their own accord, 
Pentheus became more irritated, and com- 
manded his soldiers to destroy the whole baud 



PEN— PER 



501 



PER— PER 



of the bacchanals. Tiiis^however,was not exe- 
cuted, for Bacchus inspired the monarch vvitli 
the ardent desire of seeing the celebration of 
the orgies. Accordingly, he hid himself in 
a wood on mount Cithaeron, from whence he 
could see all the ceremonies unperceived. 
Hut here his curiosity soon proved fatal : he 
was descried by the bacchanals, and they all 
rushed upon him. His mother was the first 
who attacked him, and her example was in- 
stantly followed by her two sisters, I no and 
Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. 
Furipides introduces Bacchus among his 
priestesses, when Pentheus was put to death ; 
but Ovid, who relates the whoie in the same 
manner, differs from the Greek poet only 
in saying, that not Bacchus himself but 
one ot his priests was present. The tree on 
which the bacchanals found Pentheus, was 
cut down by the Corinthians, by order of the 
oracle, and with it two statues of the god 
of wine were made, and placed in the fo- 
rum.— Hyg. fa. 184.— Theo. "26.— Ov. Me. 3, 
fa. 7, S, & 9.— V. JEn. 4, 469.— Pa. 2, 5.— 
ApoL 3, 5.— Eur. B. Sen. Ph<e. & Hip. 

PE'NTH I LUS, a son of Orestes by Erigone, 
the daughter of jEgisthus, who reigned con- 
jointly with his brother Tisamenus atArgos. 
He was driven some time after from his 
throne by the Heraclidae, and he retired to 
Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he 
planted a colony.— fa. 5,4.— Str.w,— Put. 

PE'NTHYLUS, a prince of Paphos, who 
assisred Xerxes with twelve ships. Me was 
seized by the Greeks, to whom he communi- 
cated many important things concerning the 
situation of the Persians, Ike— Her. 7, 195. 

PEPARE'THOS, a small island of the 
iEgean sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 
20 miles in circumference. It abounded in 
olives, and its wines have always been 
reckoned excellent. They were not, how- 
ever, palatable before thev were seven years 
old — PI. 4, 12.— Ov. Me. 7, 470.— Li. 23, 5, 
1. 31, 28. 

PEPHNOS, a town of Laconia.— Pa. 3, 26. 

PEPHRE'DO, a sea-nymph, daughter of 
Phorcys and Ceto. She was born with white 
hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had 
a sister called Envo.— Hes. Tli. '270.— ApoL 

PERjEa, or BERiEA, a country of Judaea, 

near E?ypt.— PL 5, 14. A part of Caria, 

opposite to Rhodes.— Li. 32, 33. A colonv 

of the Mityleneans in yEolia.— Li. 37, 21. 

PERAS1PPUS, an ambassador sent to 
Darius bytheLacedsemonians,&c— Cwr/.3.13. 

PERCO'PE, a city which assisted Priam 
during the Trojan war. Vide Percote. 

PEiiCOSlDs, a man acquainted with fu- 
turity. He attempted in vain to dissuade 
his two sons to go to the Trojan war by 
telling- them that they should perish there. 

PERCOTE, a town on the Hellespont, 
between Abydos and Lampsacus, near the 
sea-shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themisto- 
cles, to maintain his wardrobe. It is some- 
times called Pereope.— Her. 1, Ml.— Hom. , 

PERDICCA5, the fourth king of Mace- 
donia, B. C 729, was descended from Teme- 
nus. He increased his dominions by con- 
quest, and in the latter part of his life, he 
showed ids son Argeus where he wished to 



be buried, and told him that as long as the 
bones of his descendants and successors .>n 
the throne of Macedonia were laid in the 
same grave, so long would the crown re- 
main in their family. These injunctions 
were observed till the time of Alexander, 
who was buried out of Macedonia. — Her. 7 
& 8.— Jus. 7, 2. Another, king of Mace- 
donia, son of Alexander. He reigned during 
the Peloponnesian war, and assisted the 
Lacedaemonians against Athens. He be- 
haved with great courage on the throne, 
and died B. C. 413, after a long reign o, 
glory and independence, during which he ha*: 
subdued some of his barbarian neighbours, 

Another, king of Macedonia, who was 

supported on his throne by Iphicrates the 
Athenian, against the intrusions of Pausanias. 
He was killed in a war against the Illvriaiis 

B. C. 360.— Ju. 7, &c. One of the friends 

and favourites of Alexander the Great. At 
the king's death he wished to make himseif 
absolute ; and the ring which he had re- 
ceived from the hand of the dying Alexander, 
seemed in some measure to "favour his pre- 
tensions. The better to support his claims 
to the throne, he married Cleopatra, the 
sister of Alexander, and strengthened him- 
self by making a league with Eumenes. 
His ambitious views were easilv discovered 
by Anti^onus, and the rest of the generals of 
Alexander, who all wished, like Perdiccas, 
to succeed to the kingdom and honours of 
the deceased monarch. Antipater, Craterus, 
and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigouus against 
him, and after much bloodshed on both 
sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at 
last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by 
his own officers, about 321 years before the 
Christian era. Perdiccas had not the pru- 
dence and the address whicii were neces- 
sary to conciliate the esteem and gain th? 
attachment of his fellow soldiers, and this 
impropriety of his conduct alienated the 
heart of his friends, and at last proved his 
destruction. — Plu. AL—Di. 17 &c lb.— Curt, 
10.— C. l\ep. Eu.-Ml. V. H. 12. 

PERD1X, a young Athenian, son of the 
sister of Daedalus. He invented the saw, 
and seemed to promise to become a greater 
artist than had ever been known. His uncle 
was jealous of his rising fame, and he threw 
him down from the top of a tower, and put 
him to death. Perdix was changed into a 
bird which bears his name. — Hyg. fa. 39 «Sc 
274-— ApoL 3, l5.~Ov. Me. 8, 220, &e. 

PEHENNA. Vide Anna. 

PERENNIS, a favourite of the emperor 
Commodus. He is described by some as a 
virtuous and impartial ' magistrate, w hile 
others paint him as a cruel, violent, and op- 
pressive tyrant, who committed the greatest 
barbarities to enrich himself. He was put to 
death for aspiring to the empire.— Her. 

PEREUS, a son of Elatus and Laodice, 
grandson of Areas. He left only one daugh- 
ter, called Neaeia, who was mother of Auge 
and of Cepheus and Lycurgus. — ApoL 3.— 
Pa. 8, 4. [Li. 38, 57. 

PERGA.atownof Pamphvlia. Vide Pergc. 

PERGA'iMUS, PERGAM A, (plur.) the 
citadel of the city of Troy. The word i* 



PER— PER 502 
often used for Troy, [t was situated in the 
nio*t elevated part of the town, on the shores 
of the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to 
the top of this citadel when he reviewed his 
troops as lie marched to invade Greece. — 
Her. 7, 43.— V. ]En. I, 466, Sec. 

PER'GAMUS, now Bergamo, a town of 
Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus. It was 
the capital of a celebrated empire called the 
kingdom of Pergamus, whicli was founded 
by Philaeterus,an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, 
after the battle of Ipsus, had entrusted with 
the treasures which he had obtained in the 
war. Philseterus made himself master of 
the treasures and of Pergamus, in which 
they were deposited, B. C. -283, and laid the 
foundation of an empire, over which lie 
himself presided for 20 years. His successors 
began to reign in the following order: His 
nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 
B. C. ; Attalus, 241 ; Eumenes the second, 
J97; Attalus Philadelphia, 159; Attalus 
Philomator, I3S, who B. C. 133, left the 
Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as he 
had no children. The ripfht of the Romans, 
however, was disputed by an usurper, who 
claimed the empire as his own, and Acquilius 
the Roman general was obliged to conquer 
the different cities one by one, and to gain 
their submission by poisoning the water; 



PER— PER 

of his messenger, plucked in a field, all th« 
ears of corn which seemed to tower abo^a 
the rest. Periander understood the meaning 
of this answer. He immediately surrounded 
himself with a numerous guard, and put to 
death the richest and most powerfal citizens 
of Corinth. He was not only cruel to hi* 
subjects, but his family also were objects of 
his veng-eance. He committed incest with 
his mother, and put to death his wife Me- 
lissa, upon false accusation. He also ban- 
ished his sou Lycophron to the island of 
Corcyra, because the youth pitied and wept 
at the miserable end of his mother, and de- 
tested the barbarities of his father. Peri- 
ander died about 585 years before the Chris- 
tian era, in his 60th year, and by the mean- 
ness of his flatterers, he was reckoned one 
of the seven wise men of Greece. Thougli 
he was tyrannical, yet he patronised the tine, 
arts ; he was fond of peace, and he showed 
himself the friend and the protector of 
genius and of learning. He used to say, 
that a man ought solemnly to keep his word, 
but not to hesitate to break it if ever it 
clashed with his interest. He said also, that 
not only crimes ought to be punished, but 
also every wicked and corrupt thought. — 

Diog. vi.—Aris. 5, P. — Pa. 2. A tyrant of 

Ambracia, whom some rank wkli the seven 



which were conveyed to their houses, till j wise men of Greece and not the tyrant of 

the whole was reduced into the form of a I Corinth. A man distinguished as a phv- 

dependent province. The capital of the j sician, but contemptible asa poet. — Pin. Luc, 
Kingdom of Pergamus was famous for a PERIARCHUS, a naval commander of 
library of 200,000~volumes, which had been i Sparta, conquered by Conon.— hi. 
collected by the different monarchs who had j PERIBtEA, the second wife of (Eneus, 
reigned there. This noble collection was \ king of Calydon, was daughter of Hippo- 
afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopa- nous. She became mother of Tydeus. Some 
tra, with the permission of Antony, and it | suppose that CEneus debauched her, and 

adorned and enriched the Alexandrian li- 1 afterwards married her.— Hyg. fa. 69. A 

brary, till it was most fatally destroyed by [daughter of Alcathous, sold by her father on 



the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parchment was 
first invented and made use of, at Pergam 



uspicion that she was courted by Telamon 
son of ^Dacus, king of ./Egina. She was 



to transcribe books, as Ptolemy king of j carried to Cyprus, where Telamon, the 
Egypt had forbidden the exportation of pa- I the founder of Salamis, married her, and 
pyrus from his kingdom, in order to prevent J she became mother of Ajax. She also mar- 
Eumenes from making a library as valuable ried Theseus, according to some. She is 
and as choice as that of Alexandria. From also called Eribcea.— Pa. 1, 17 Si 42. — Hyg. 

this circumstanc e parchment has been called ;97. The wife of Polybus, king of Corinth, 

charta pergamena. Galenus the physician j who educated GZdipus as her own child. 

and Apollodorus the mythologist were born A daughter of Eurymedon, who became mo- 
there, itsculapius was the chief deity of ther of Nausithous by Neptune. The mo- 

the country. — PI. 5 & 15. — Is. 6, \\.—Str. , ther of Penelope, according to some author-. 
13.— Li. 29, II, I. 31, 46.— PI. 10, 21, I. 13, PERIBOMIUS, a noted debauchee, &c— 
11. Ason of Neoptolemus andAndroinache, Juv. 2, 16. 

who, as some suppose, founded Pergamus in I PE'RICLES, an Athenian of a noble family, 
Asia. — Pa. 1 , II. 1 son of Xanthippus and Agariste. Hewasnatii- 

PERGE, a town of Pamphylia, where ! rally endowed with great powers,which he im- 
Diana had a magnificent temple, whence proved by attending the lectures of Damon, of 
her surname of Pergae. Apollonius the ge- Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under these cele- 
ometriciau was born there.— Me. 1,14. — Slr.li. brated masters he became a commander, a 
PERGUS, a lake of Sicily near Enna, statesman, and an orator, and gained the aflec- 
where Proserpine was carried aw ay by tions of the people by his uncommon address 
Pluto.— Of. Me. 5, 386. ' and well-directed liberality. When he took a 

PERIANDER, a tyrant of Corinth, son of »harein the administration of public affairs, he 
Cvpselus. The first years of his government rendered himself popular by opposing Cimon, 



were mild and popular, but he soon learned who \ 



; the favourite of the nobiiitv, and 



to become oppressive, w hen he had consulted to remove every obstacle which K'ood in the 
the tvrant of Sicily about the surest way of way of his ambition, he lessened the dignity 
reigning. He received no other answer but and the power of thecourtof the Areopagu>, 
whatever explanation he-wished to place on 1 whom the people had been taught for ages 
the Sicilian tyrant's having, in the presence to respec t and to venerate. He also attacked 



PER— PER 



503 



PER— PER 



Cimon, and caused him to be banished by the 
ostracism. Thucydides also, who had suc- 
ceeded Cimon on Ids banishment, shared the 
same fate, and Pericles remained for 15 
years the sole minister, and as it may be 
said the absolute sovereign of a republic 
which always showed itself so jealous of her 
liberties, and which distrusted so much the 
honesty of her magistrates. In his minis- 
terial capacity Pericles did. not enrich him- 
self, but the prosperity of Athens was the 
object of his administration. He made war 
against the Lacedaemonians, and restored the 
temple of Delphi to the care of the Phocians, 
who had been illegally deprived of ihat 
honourable trust. He obtained a victory over 
the Sicyonians near Nemaea, and waged a 
successful war against the inhabitants of' Sa- 
mos at the request of his favourite mistress 
Aspasia. The Peloponnesian war was fo- 
mented by his arbitious views [Vide Pelo- 
ponnesiacum Bellum], and when he had 
warmly represented the flourishing state, the 
opulence, and actual power of his country, 
the Athenians did not hesitate a moment to 
undertake a war against the most powerful 
republics of Greece, a war which continued 
for 27 years, and which was concluded by 
the destruction of their empire, and the de- 
molition of their walls. The arms of the 
Athenians were for some time crowned with 
success; but an unfortunate expedition 
raised clamours against Pericles, and the 
enraged populace attributed all their losses to 
him, and to make atonement for their ill 
success, they condemned him to pay 50 talents. 
This loss of popular favour by republican 
caprice, did not so much affect Pericles as 
the recent death of all his children, and when 
the tide of unpopularity was passed by, he 
condescended to come into the pnhlic assem- 
bly, and to view with secret pride the con- 
trition of his fellow citizens, who universally 
begged his forgiveness for the violence 
which they had offered to his ministerial 
character. He was again restored to all his 
honours, and if possible invested with more 
power and more authority than before, but 
the dreadful pestilence which had diminished 
the number of his family, proved fatal to him ; 
and about 429 years before Christ, in his 
70th year, he fell a sacrifice to that terrible 
malady, which robbed Athens of so many of 
her citizens. Pericles was for 40 years at 
the head of the administration, 25 years with 
others, and 15 alone, and the flourishing state 
of the empire during his government gave 
occasion to the Athenians publicly to lament 
his oss, and venerate his memory. As he 
was expiring, and seemingly senseless, his 
friends that stood around his bed expatiated 
with warmth on the most glorious actions of 
his life, and the victories which he had won, 
when he suddenly interrupted their tears 
and conversation, bysaying that, in mentioning 
the exploits that he had achieved, and which 
were common to him with all generals, they 
had forgot to mention a circumstance which 
refleetea far greater glory upon him as a 
minister, a general, and above all, as a man. 
It is, says he, that not a citizen in Athens 
has been obliged to put on mourning on my 



account. The Athenians were so pleased 
with his eloquence that they compared it to 
thunder and lightening, and as to another 
father of the gods, they gave him the sur- 
name of Olympian. The poets, his flatter- 
ers, said that the goddess of persuasion, 
with all her charms and attractions, dwelt 
upon his tongue. When he marched at the 
head of the Athenian armies, Pericles ob- 
served that he had the command of a free 
nation, that were Greeks and citizens of 
Athens. He also declared, that not only 
the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes 
and his tongue, should be pure and unde- 
nted. Yet great and venerable as his 
character may appear, we must not forget 
the follies of Pericles. His vicious parti- 
ality for the celebrated courtezan Aspasia, 
subjected him to the ridicule and the censure 
of his fellow-citizens; but if he triumphed 
over satire and malevolent remarks, the 
Athenians had occasion to execrate the 
memory of a man who by his example cor- 
rupted the purity and innocence of their 
morals, and who made licentiousness re« 
spectable, and the indulgence of every im- 
pure desire the qualification of the soldier 
as well as of the senator. Pericles lost all 
his legitimate children by the pestilence, and 
to call a natural son by his own name he 
was obliged to repeal a law which he had 
made against spurious children, and which 
he had enforced with great severity. This 
son, called Pericle8, became one of the ten 
generals who succeeded Alcibiades in the 
administration of affairs, and like his col- 
leagues he was condemned to death by the 
Athenians, after the unfortunate battle of 
A r^inusse.— Pa. 1, 2o.~Plu.vi.-Q.uin. 12,9. 
— Ci.Or.3.— JELV. H.A, 10.— Xen. H.G.—Th. 

PERICLY'MENUS, one of the twelve sons 
of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Her- 
cules. He was one of the Argonauts, and 
had received from Neptune his grandfather 
the power of changing himself into whatever 
shape he pleased.— Apol. 

PERIDIA, a Theban woman, whose son 
was killed bv Turnus in the Rutulian war. 
— V. JEn. 12", 515. [Vide Dionysius. 

PERIEGE'TES, DfONYSIUS, a poet. 

PERI E'RES, a son of ^Eolus, or according 
to others of Cynortas. — Apol. The cha- 
rioteer of Menoeceus. — Id. 

PERI'GENES, an officer of Ptolemy, &c. 

PERl'GONE, a woman who had a son 
called Melanippus, by Thoseus. She was 
daughter of Synnis the* famous robber, whom 
Theseus killed. She married Deioneus the 
son of Eurytus. by consent of Theseus. — Plu. 
Th. 

PERILA'IJS, an officer in the army of 
Alexander the Great.— Curt. 10. A ty- 
rant of Argos. 

PERILOUS, a son of Icarius and Periboea. 

PERI LLA, a daughter of Ovid the poet. 
She was extremely fond of poetry and litera- 
ture.— Ov. F. 3, e. 7, 1. 

PERI LLUS, an ingenious artist at Athens, 
who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, ty- 
rant of Agrigentum. This machine wa6 
fabricated to put criminals to death by 
burning them alive, and it was such that 



PER— PER 504 PEP— PER 



their cries were like the roaring of a bull. 
When Perilhis gave it Phalaris, the tyrant 
made the first experiment upon the donor, 
ami cruelly put him to death by Pghting a 
flow fire under the bellv of the bull. — PL 

34, 8.— Or. in. A. 1, v. 653, ib. 439. A 1 uv- 

yer and usurer in the age of Horace.— Hor. 
2, s. 3, 75. 

PERI ME DE, a daughter of JEolns, who 

married Achelous. The wife of Licymnius. 

A woman skilled in the knowledge of 

herbs and of enchantments.— Theo. 2. 

PERIME'LA, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
thrown into the sea for receiving the ad- 
dresses of the Achelous. She was changed 
into an island in the Ionian sea, and became 
one of the Echinades.— Ov. Me. 8, 690. 

PERINTHIA, a play of Menander's.— 
Ter. An. pr. 9. 

w PERINTHUS, a town of Thrace, in the 
'Vopontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonica. 
It was afterwards called Heraclea,\\\ honour 
of Hercules, and now Erckli.—Me. 2, 2.— 
Pa. 1, 29.— PL 4, 11.— Li. 33, 30. 

PERIPATETIC!, a sect of philosophers 
at Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They re- 
ceived this name from the place wherethey 
were taught, called Peripaton, in the Ly- 
ceum, or because they received the philo- 
sopher's lectures as they walked, " peripa- 
tonntes." The Peripatetics acknowledged 
the dignity of human nature, and placed 
their summum bonum not in the pleasures 
of passive sensation, but in the due excercise 
of the moral and intellectual faculties. The 
habit of this exercise, when guided by 
reason, constituted the highest excel lence o"f 
man. The philosopher contended that our 
own happiness chiefly depends upon our- 
selves, and though he did not require in his 
followers that self-command to which others 
pretended, yt t he allowed a moderate degree 
of perturbation, as becoming human nature, 
and he considered a certain sensibility of 
passion totally necessary, as by resentment 
we are enabled to repel injuries, and the 
smart which past calamities have inflicted 
renders us careful to avoid the repetition. 
— Ci. Ac. 2, &c. 

PERIPHAS, a man who attempted, with 
Pyrrhus, Priam's palace, &c. — V. Mn. 2, 

476. A son of iEgyptus, who married 

Actaea.— Apol. 2, 1. One of the Lapithae. 

— Ov. Me. 12, 449. One of the first kings 

of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, ac- 
cording to some authors. 

PERIPHA'TUS, a robber of Attica, son of 
Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus. He is also 
called Corvne'es.— Hyg. 38.— Di. 5. 

PERIPHE'MUS, an ancient hero of 
Greece, to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, 
by order of the oracle. 
PERISADES, a people of Illyricum. 
PERIS'THENES, a son of iEgyptus, who 
espoused Electra. — Apol. 

PERITANUS, an Arcadian wno enjoyed 
the company of Helen after her eiopement 
with Paris. The offended lover punished 
the crime bv mutilation, whence mutilated 
persons were called Peritani in Arcadia.— 
Ptol. He. 1, in. Init. 
PER1TAS, a favourite dog ot Alex?nder 



the Great, in whose honour the rr.cnarcft 
built a citv. 

PERITONISM, a town of Egypt, on the 
western side of the Nile, esteemed of great 
importance as being one of the keys of the 
country. Antony was defeated there by C. 
Gall us, the lieutenant of Augustus. 

PERMESSUS, a river of Bceotia, rising in » 
mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. 
It received its name from Perme^sus the 
father of a nymph called Aganippe, who 
also gave her name to one of the fountains 
of Helicon. The river Permessus, as well 
as the fountain Aganippe, were sacred to 
the Muses.— Sir. 8.— Pro. 2, c. 8. 

PERO, or PERONE, a daughter of Ne- 
leus, king of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty 
drew many admirers, but she married Bias 
son of Amythaon, because he had, by the 
assistance of his brother Melampus, [Fide 
Melampus,] and according to her father's 
desire, recovered some oxen which Hercules 
had stolen awav, and she became mother of 
Talaus. — H. Od. 11, 284.— Pro. 2, e. 2, 17.— 
Pa. 4, 36. A daughter of Cimon, remark- 
able for her filial affection. When her fa- 
ther had been sent to prison, where his 
judges had condemned him to starve, she 
supported his life by giving him the milk of 
her breasts, as to her own child. — Va.Ma.1,4 

PEROE, a fountain of Bceofia called after 
Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus.— Pa. 9, 4 

PEROLA, a Roman who meditated the 
death of Hannibal in Italv. His father Pa- 
cuvius dissuaded him from assassinating the ! 
Carthaginian general. 

PERPENNA, M., a Roman who con- 
quered Aristonicus in Asia, and took him 

prisoner. He died B. C. 130. Another, 

who joined the rebellion of Sertorius, and 
opposed Pompey. He was defeated by Me- 
tellus, and some" time after l.e had the mean 
ness to assassinate Sertorius, whom he had 
invited to his house. He fell into the hands 
of Pompev, who ordered him to be put to 

death Pin. S.—Pat. 2, 30. A Greek 

who obtained the consulship at Rome. — Va. 
Ma. 3, 4. 

PERPERE'NE, a place of Phrygia, where, 
as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize 
of beautv to Venus. — Sir. 5. 

PERRANTHES, a hill of Epirus, near 
Ambracia.— Li. 38, 4. 

PERRHjEBIA, a part of Thessaly situate 
on the borders of the Peneus, extending 
between the town of Atrax and the vale of 
Tempe. The inhabitants were driven from 
their possessions by the Lapithpe, and re- 
tired into jEtolia, where part of the country 
received the name of Perrheebia.— Pro. 2, 
e. 5, 33.— Sir. 9.— Li. 33, 34, 1. 39, 34. 

PERSA, or PERSEIS, one of the Ocean 
ides, mother of j£etes, Circe, and Pasiphae, 
by Apollo.— He*. Th.—Apol. 3. [Per-ia. 

PERS/E, the inhabitants of Perssa. Vile 

PERSjEUS, a philosopher intimate with 
Antigonns, bv whom he was appointed over 
the Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 27 u— 
Diog. L. Z. 

PERSE'E, a fountain near Mycenae, in 
Peloponnesus. — Pa. 2, 16. 
| PLRSETS, one of the Oceanides. -A 



PER— PER 



505 



PER— PER 



patronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perses. 
— Ov. Me. 7, 69. 

PER'SEPHONE, a daughter of Jupiter 
and Ceres, called also Proserpine. Vide Pro- 
serpina. ) The mother of Ampliion byJasus. 

PER'SEPOLIS, a celebrated city, the 
capital of the Persian empire, ft was 
laid in ruins by Alexander after the 
conquest of Darius. The reason of this is 
unknown. Diodorus says that the sight of 
about 800 Greeks, whom the Persians had 
shamefully mutilated, so irritated Alexan- 
der, that he resolved to punish the barbarity 
of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of the 
neighbouring country, by permitting his 
soldiers to plunder their capita!. Others 
suppose that Alexander set it on fire at the 
instigation of Thais, one of his courtezans, 
when he had passed the day in drinking, 
and in riot and debauchery. ' The ruins of 
Persepolis, now Estakar, or Tehel-Minar, 
still astonish the modern traveller by their 
grandeur and magnificence.— Curt. 5, 7. — 
J)i. 17, &c— Arr.— Flu. A/.—Ju. II, 14. 

PERSES, a son of Perseus and Andro- 
meda. From hWn the Persians, who were 
originally called Cephenes, received their 

name.— Her. 7, 61. A king of Macedonia. 

Vide Perseus. 

PERSEUS, a son of Jupiter and Danae, 
the daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had 
confined his daughter in a brazen tower to 
prevent her becoming a mo4her, because he 
was to perish, according to the words of an 
oracle, by the hands of his daughter's son, 
Perseus was no sooner born [Vide Danae] 
than he was thrown into the sea with his 
mother Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were 
frustrated ; the slender boat which carried 
Danae and her son was driven by the winds 
upon the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one 
of the Cyclades, where they were found by 
a fisherman called Dictys, and carried to 
Polydectes the king of the place. They 
were treated with great humanity, and Per- 
seus was entrusted to the care of the priests 
of Minerva's temple. His rising genius and 
manly courage, however, soon displeased 
Polydectes, and the monarch, who wished 
to offer violence to Danae, feared the re- 
sentment of her son. Yet Polydectes re- 
solved to remove every obstacle. He in- 
vited all his friends to a sumptuous enter- 
tainment, and it was requisite that all such 
as came, should present the monarch with 
a beautiful horse. Perseus was in the num- 
ber of the invited, and the more particularly 
so, as Polydectes knew that he could not 
receive from him the present which he ex- 
pected from all the rest. Nevertheless, Per- 
seus, who wished not to appear inferior to 
the others in magnificence, told the king, 
that as he could not give him a horse, he 
would bring him the head of Medusa, the 
only one of the Gorgons who was subject 
to mortality. The offer was doubly agree- 
able to Polydectes, as it would remove 
Perseus from Seriphos, and on account of 
its setming impossibility, the attempt might 
perhaps end in his ruin. But the innocence 
of Perseus was patronized by the gods. 
Pluto lent him his helmet, which nad the 



wonderful power of making its bearer in 
visible; Minerva gave him tier buckhr, 
which was as resplendent as glass ; and he 
received from Mercury wings and the talaria, 
with a short dagger, made of diamonds, and 
called herpe. According to some, it was 
from Vulcan, and not from Mercury, that 
he received the herpe, which was in form 
like a scythe. With these arms Perseus be- 
gan his expedition, and traversed the air, 
conducted by the goddess Minerva. He went 
to the Graiae, the sisters of the Gorgons, 
who, according to the poets, had wings likfe 
the Gorgons, but only one eye and one 
tooth between them all, of which they made 
use, each in her turn. They were three in 
number, according to /Eschylus and Apol- 
lodorus ; or only two, according to Ovid 
and Hesiod. With PJuto's helmet, which 
rendered him invisible, Perseus was enabled 
to steal their eye and their tooth while they 
were asleep, and he returned them only 
when they had informed him where their 
sisters the Gorgons resided. When he l.ad 
received every necessary information, Per- 
seus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, 
which was situate beyond the western ocean, 
according to Hesiod and Apollodorus; or in 
Libya, according to Ovid and Lucan ; or in 
'he deserts of Asiatic Scythia, according to 
/Eschylus. He found these monsters asleep, 
and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon 
them, he should be instantly changed into a 
stone, he continually looked on his shield, 
which reflected all the objects as clearly as 
the best of glasses. He approached them, 
and with a courage which the goddess Mi- 
nerva supported, he cut off Medusa's head 
with one blow. The noise awoke the two 
immortal sisters, but Pluto's helmet ren- 
dered Perseus invisible, and the attempts 
of the Gordons to revenge Medusa's death 
proved fruitless : the conqueror made his 
way through the air, and from the blood 
which dropped from Medusa's head sprang 
all those innumerable serpents which have 
ever since infested the sand.y deserts of Libya. 
Chrysaor also, with his eolden sword, sprung 
from these drops of blood, as well as the 
horse Pegasus, which immediately flew 
through the air, and stopped on mount He- 
licon, where he became the favourite of the 
Muses. Meantime Perseus had continued 
his journey across the deserts of Libya, but 
the approach of night obliged him to alight 
in the territories of Atlas, king of Mauri- 
tania. He went to the monarch's palace, 
where he hoped to find a kind reception by 
announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, 
but in this he was. disappointed. Atlas re- 
collected that, according to an ancient ora- 
cle, his gardens were to be robbed of their 
fruit by one of the sons of Jupiter, and 
therefore lie not only refused Perseus the 
hospitality which he demanded, but he even 
offered violence to his person. Perseus 
finding himself inferior to his powerful ene- 
my, showed him Medusa's head, and in- 
stantly Atlas was changed into a large moun- 
tain, which bore the same name in the de- 
serts of Africa. On the nusTow Perseus 
continued his flight, and as he passed across 
2 X 



PER — PER 

the territories ot Libya, he discovered on 
the coasts of ./Ethiopia, the naked Andro- 
meda, exposed to a sea-monster. He was 
struck at the sight, and offered her father 
Cepheus to deliver her from instant death, 
if he obtained her in marriage as a reward 
of his labours. Cepheus consented, and im- 
mediately Perseus raised himself in the air, 
flew toward? the monster, which was ad- 
vancing to devour Andromeda, and he 
plunged his dagger in his right shoulder, 
and destroyed it. This happy event was at- 
tended with the greatest rejoicings. Perseus 
raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and 
Pallas, and after he had offered the sacri- 
fice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the 
nuptials were celebrated with the greatest 
festivity. The universal joy, however, was 
soon disturbed. Phineus, Andromeda's 
uncle, entered the palace with a number of 
armed men, and attempted to carry away 
the bride, whom he had courted and ad- 
mired long before the arrival of Perseus. 
The father and mother of Andromeda inter- 
fered, but in vain; a bloody battle ensued, 
and Perseus must have fallen a victim to 
the rage uf Phineus, had not he defended 
himself at last with the same arms which 
proved fatal to Atlas. He showed the Gor- 
gon's head to his adversaries, and they were 
instantly turned to stone, each in the pos- 
ture and attitude III which he then stood. 
The friends of Cepheus, and such as sup- 
ported Perseus, shared not the fate of Phi- 
neus, as the hero had previously warned 
them of the power of Medusa's liead, and 
of the services which he received from it. 
Soon after this memorable adventure, Per- 
seus retired to Seriphos, at the very mo- 
ment that his mother Danae fled to the altar 
of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit of Poly- 
dectes, who attempted to offer her violence. 
Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, 
and who, as some say, was the brother of 
Polydectes, defended" her against the at- 
tempts of her enemies, and therefore Perseus, 
sensible of his merit, an<l of his humanity, 
placed him on the throne of Seriphos, after 
he. had with Medusa's head turned into 
stones the wicked Polydectes, and the offi- 
cers who were the associates of his guilt. 
He afterwards restored to Mercury his ta- 
laria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to 
Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield ; 
bat as he was more particularly indebted to 
the goddess of wisdom for her assistance and 
protection, he placed the Gorgon's head on 
her shield, or rather, according to the more 
received opinion, on her aegis. After he had 
finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus 
expressed a wish to return to his native 
country ; and accordingly he embarked for 
the Peloponnesus, with his mother and An- 
dromeda. When he reached the Pelopon- 
nesian coasts, he was informed that Teuta- 
mais, king of Larissa, was then celebrating 
funeral games in houour of his father. This 
intelligence drew him to Larissa to signalize 
himself in throwing the quoit, of which, ac- 
cording to some, he was the inventor. But 
here he was attended by an evil fate, and had 
the misfortune to kill a man with a quo'v 



PER— PER 

which ne had thrown in the air. Tins was 
no other than his grandfather Acri>ius, who 
on the first intelligence that his grandson 
had reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his 
kingdom of Argos to the court of his friend 
and ally Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling 
of the oracle which had obliged him to treat 
his daughter with so much barbarity. Some 
suppose with Pausanias, that Acrisius had 
gone to Larissa to be reconciled to his grand- 
son, whose fame had been spread in every 
city of Greece ; and Ovid maintains that the 
grandfather was under the strongest obli- 
gations to his son-in-law, as through film he 
had received his kingdom, from which he 
had been forcibly driven by the sons of his- 
brother Proetus." This unfortunate murder 
greatly depressed the spirits of Perseus : by 
The death of Acrisius he was entitled to the 
throne of Argos, but he refused to reign 
there ; and to remove himself from a place 
which reminded him of the parricide he had 
unfortunately committed, he exchanged his 
kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the 
maritime coast of Argolis, where Megapen- 
thes the son of Prcetus then reigned. When 
lie had finally settled in this part of the Pe- 
loponnesus, fie determined to lay the foun- 
dations of a new city, which he made, the 
capital of his dominions, and which he called 
Mycene, because the pommel of his sword, 
called by the Greeks myces, had fallen there. 
The time of his death is unknown, yet it is 
universally agreed that he received divine 
honours like the rest of the ancient heroes. 
He had statues at Mycenae, and in the island 
of Seriphos, and the" Athenians raised him a 
temple, in which they consecrated an altar 
in honour of Dictys, who had treated Danae 
and her infant son with so much paternal 
tenderness. The Egyptians also paid par- 
ticular honour to his memory, and asserted 
that he often appeared among them wearing 
shoes two cubits long, which was always 
interpreted as a sign of fertility. Perseus 
had by Andromeda, Alceus, Sthenelus, Nes- 
tor, E'lectryon, and Gorgophone, and after 
death, according to some mythologists, he 
became a constellation in the heavens.— 
Her. 2, 91.— Apol. 2, 4, &c— Pa. 2, 16 & 
18, 1. 3, 17, &cc.~Apol. Ar. 4, 1509.—//. 9, 
U2.—Ov. Me. 4, fa. 16, 1. 5, fa. 1, &c— Luc. 
9, 668.— #?/g. fa. 64.— Hes. Tk. 270, & Sc. 
H.—Phi. Py. 7, & 0. 3—11. 9.— Pro. 2.— 

Ath. U.— H. II. 14.— Tz. Ly. 17. A son 

of Nestor and Anaxibia. — Apol. 1, 9. A 

writer who published a treatise on the re- 
public of Sparta. A philosopher, disciple 

to Zeno. Vide Persaeus. 

PERSEUS, or PERSES, a son of Philip 
king of Macedonia. He distinguished him- 
self like his father, by his enmity to the Ro- 
mans, and when he had made sufficient 
preparations, he declared war against them. 
His operations, however, were slow and in- 
judicious ; he wanted courage aud resolu- 
tion, and though he at first obtained some 
advantages over the Roman armies, yet his 
avarice and his timidity proved destructive 
to his cause. When Paul us was appointed 
to the command of the Roman armies in 
Macedonia, Perseus showed bis iufericri.'j 



PER -PER 



507 



PER— P^R 



by his imprudent encampments, and when 
be had at last yielded to the advice of his 
officers, who recommended a general en- 
gagement, and drawn up his forces near 
£he walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he was the 
first who ruined his own cause, and by flying 
as soon as the battle was begun, he left the 
enemy masters of the field. From Pydna, 
Perseus fled to Samothrace, but he was soon 
discovered in his obscure retreat, and 
brought into the presence of the Roman 
conqueror, where the meanness of his be- 
haviour exposed him to ridicule, and not to 
mercy. He was carried to Rome, and drag- 
ged along the streets of the city to adorn 
the triumph of the conqueror. His family 
was also exposed to the sight of the Roman 
populace, who shed tears on viewing in 
their streets, dragged like a slave, a mon- 
arch who had once defeated their armies, 
and spread alarm all over Italy, by the great- 
ness of his military preparations, and by 
his bold undertakings. Perseus died in 
prison, or, according to some, he was put 
to a shameful death the first year of his cap- 
tivity. He had two sons, Philip and Alex- 
ander, and one daughter, whose name is 
not known. Alexander the younger of these 
was hired to a Roman carpenter, and Jed 
the greatest part of his life in obscurity, till 
his ingenuity raised him to notice. Fe was 
afterwards made secretary to the senate. — 
Li. 40, &c— Jn. 33, \,&iC.—PLu. PauL—FL 
2, 12.— Pro. 4, e. 12, 39. 

PERSIA, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, 
which in its ancient state extended from the 
Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, 
and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, 
above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia 
was but small, and according to the descrip- 
tion of Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north 
by Media, west by Susianna, south by the 
Persian gulph, and east by Carmania. " The 
empire of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, 
was first founded by Cyrus the Great, about 
559 years before the Christian era, and un- 
der the succeeding monarchs it became one 
of the most considerable and powerful 
kingdoms of the earth. The kings of Per- 
sia began to reign in the following order: 
Cyrus, B. C. 5-59 ; Cambyses, 529 ; and after 
the usurpation of Smerdis for 7 months, 
Darius, 521 ; Xerxes the Great, 485 ; Arta- 
banus, 7 months, and Artaxerxes Longima- 
nus, 464 ; Xerxes II. 425 ; Sogdianus, 7 
months, 424 ; Darius II. or Nothus, 423 ; 
Artaxerxes II. or Memnon, 404 ; Artaxerxes 
III. or Ochus, 358 ; Arses or Arogus, 337 ; 
and Darius III. or Codomanus, 335, who 
was conquered by Alexander the Great, 331. 
The destruction of the Persian monarchy by 
the Macedonians was easily effected, and 
from that time Persia became tributary to 
the Greeks. After the death of Alexander, 
when the Macedonian empire was divided 
among the officers of the deceased con- 
queror, Seleucus Nicanor made himself mas- 
ter of tlie Persian provinces, till the revolt 
of the Parthians introduced new revolutions 
in the east. Persia was partly reconquered 
from the Greeks, and remained tiiburary to 
the Parthians foi near 500 years. Alter this 



the sovereignty was again placed into the 
hands of thePersians, by the revolt ofArtaxer- 
xes, a common soldier, A. D. 229, who be- 
came the founder of the second Persian mon- 
archy, which proved so inimical to the power 
of the Roman emperors. In their national 
character, the Persians were warlike, they 
were early taujht to ride, and to handle the 
bow, and by the manly exercises of hunting:, 
they were inured to "bear the toils and fa- 
tigues of a military life. Their national 
valour, however, soon degenerated, and 
their want of employment at home soon 
rendered them unfit for war. In the reiga 
of Xerxes, when the empire of Persia was 
in its most flourishing state, a small number 
of Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repel, 
for three successive days, an almost innu- 
merable army. This celebrated action, 
which happened at Thermopylae, shows in 
a strong light the superiority "of the Grecian 
soldiers over the Persians, and the battles 
that before, and a short time after, were 
fought between the two nations at Mara- 
thon, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, are 
asrain an incontestible proof that these Asi- 
atics had more reliance upon their numbers 
and upon the splendour and richness of their 
arms, than upon the valour and the disci- 
pline of their troops. Their custom, too 
prevalent among eastern nations, of in- 
troducing luxury into the camp, proved also 
in some measure" destructive to their military 
reputation, and the view which the ancients 
give us of the army of Xerxes, of his cooks, 
stage-dancers, concubines, musicians, and 
perfumers, is no very favourable sign of the 
sagacity of a monarch, who, by his nod, 
could command millions of men to flock to 
his standard. In their religion the Persians 
were very superstitious : they paid the great- 
est veneration to the sun, the moon, and the 
stars, and they offered sacrifices to fire, 
but the supreme deity was never represented 
by statues among them. They permitted 
polygamy, and it was no incest among them 
to marry a sister, or a mother. In their 
punishments they were extremely severe, 
even to barbarity. The monarch always 
appeared with the greatest pomp and dig- 
nity ; his person was attended by a guai d of 
15,000 men, and he had besides a body of 
10,000 chosen horsemen, called immortal. 
He styled himself, like the rest of the eastern 
monarchs, the king of kings, as expressive 
of his greatness and his power. The Per- 
sians were formerly called Cephenes, Achce- 
menians, and Artcei, and they are often con- 
founded with the Parthians by the ancient 
poets. They received the name of Persians 
from Perses'the son of Perseus and Andro- 
meda, who is supposed to have settled among 
them. Persepolis was the capital of the 
country. -Curt. 4,14,1. 5, 3.— Phi. Art. Al. 
ike— Me. 1, Scc.—Str. 2, \b.-Xen. Cyr.— 
Her. 1. 125, kc.—Apol. 2, —Mar. 23. 

PER'SICIJM MARE,orPersiciisSinus,apart 
of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and 
Arabia, now called the gulf of Balgora. 

PERSIS, a province of Persia bounded by 
Media. Carmania, Susiana, and the Persiaa 
gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself. 
2X2 



PER— PER m PER — PER 



PERSIUS, FLA CCUS, AULUSaLatiu poet 
of Volaierrae. He was of an equestrian 
family, and he made himself known bv his 
intimacy with the most illustrious Romans 
of the age. The earlv part of his life was 
spent in his native town, and at the age of 
sixteen he was removed to Rome, where he 
studied philosophy under Cornutus the cele- 
brated stoic. He also received the instruc- 
tions of Palemon the grammarian, and Vir- 
ginius the rhetorician. Naturally of a mild 
disposition, his character was un'im peached, 
his modesty remarkable, and his benevolence 
universally admired. He distinguished him- 
self by his satirical humour, and made the 
faults of the orators and poets of his age 
the subject of his poems. He did not even 
spare Nero, and the more effectually to ex- 
pose the emperor to ridicule, he introduced 
into his satires some of his verses. The 
torva mimalloneis implerunt comua bom bis t 
with the three following verses, are Nero's, 
according to some. But though he was so 
severe upon the vicious and ignorant, he 
did not forget his friendship tor Cornutus, 
and he showed his regard for his character 
and abilities by making mention of his name 
with great propriety in his satires. It was 
by the advice of his learned preceptor that 
he corrected one of his poems in which he 
had compared Nero to Midas, and at his re- 
presentation he altered the words Auriculas 
~sini Midu rex habet, into Auriculas asiiii 
quis uon habet ? Perseus died in the 30th 
year of his age, A. D. 62, and left all his 
books, which consisted of seven hundred 
volumes, and a large sum of money, to his 
preceptor; but Cornutus only accepted the 
books, and returned the monev to the sisters 
and friends of the deceased. The satires of 
Perseus are six in number, blamed by some 
for obscurity of style and of language. But 
though they may appear almost unintelli- 
gible to some, it ought to be remembered 
that they were read with pleasure and with 
avidity by his contemporaries, and that the 
only difficulties which now appear to the 
moderns, arise from their not knowing the 
various characters which they dscribed, the 
vices which they lashed, and the errors 
which they censured. The satires of Perseus 
are generally printed with those of Juvenal. 
— Mart. — Qnin. 10, 1. — Aug. Mag. 9.— Lac. 

A man whose quarrel with Rupilius, is 

mentioned in a ridiculous manner by Horace. 
— S. 7. He is called Hybrida, as being son 
of a Greek bv a Roman woman. 

PERTINAX, PUBLIUS HELVIUS, a Ro- 
man emperor after the death of Commodus. 
He was descended from an obscure family, 
and, like his father, who was either a slave 
or the son of a manumitted slave, he for 
some time followed the mean employment 
of drying wood and making charcoal. His 
indigence, however, did not prevent him 
from receiving a liberal education, and in- 
deed he was for some time employed in 
teaching a number of pupils the Greek and 
Roman languages in Etruria. He left this 
laborious profession for a military life, and 
by his valour and intrepidity, he gradually 
rose to offices of the highest trust in the 



army, and was made consul by M. Aurelius 
for his eminent services. He was afterwards 
entrusted with the government of Mcesia, and 
at last he presided over the city of Rome as 
governor. When Commodus was murdered, 
Pertinax was universally selected to succeed 
to the imperial throne, "and his refusal, and 
the plea of old age and increasing- infirmi- 
ties, did not prevent his being - saluted em- 
peror, and Augustus. He acquiesced with 
reluctance, but his mildness, his economy, 
and the popularity of his administration, 
convinced the senate and the people of the 
prudence and the justice of their choice. He 
forbad his name to be inscribed on such 
places or estates as were part of the impe- 
rial domain, and exclaimed that they be- 
longed not to him but to the public* He 
melted all the silver statues which had been 
raised to his vicious predecessor, and he ex- 
posed to public sale all his concubines, his 
horses, his arms, and all the instruments of 
his pleasure and extravagance. With the 
money raised from these he enriched the em- 
pire, and was enabled to abolish all the taxes 
which Commodus had laid on the rivers, 
ports, and highways through the empire. 
This patriotic administration gained him the 
affection of the worthiest and most discern- 
ing of his subjects, but the extravagant and 
luxurious raided their clamours against him, 
and when Pertinax attempted to introduce 
among the pretorian guards that discipline 
which was so necessary to preserve the 
peace and tranquillity of Rome, the flames of 
rebellion were kindled, and the minds of 
the soldiers totaly alienated. Pertinax was 
apprized of this mutinv, but he refused to 
fly at the hour of danger. He scorned the 
advice of his friends who wished him to with- 
draw from the impending storm, and he un- 
expectedly appeared before the seditious 
prrtorians, and without fear or concern, 
boldly asked them whether they who were 
bound to defend the person of their prince 
and emperor, were come to betray him and 
to shed his blood. His undaunted assurance 
and his intrepidity would have had the de- 
sired effect, and the soldiers had already 
begun to retire, when one of the most se- 
ditious advanced and darted his javelin at 
the emperor's breast, exclaiming, the sol- 
diers send you this. The rest immediately 
followed the example, and Pertinax, muffling 
up his head and calling upon Jupiter to 
avenge his death, remained unmoved, and 
was Instantly dispatched. His head was cut 
off, and carried upon the point of a spear 
as in triumph to the camp. This happened 
on the 28th of March, A. D. J93. Pertinax 
reigned only 87 days, and his death was the 
more universally lamented as it proceeded 
from a seditious tumult, and robbed the Ro- 
man empire of a wise, virtuous, and benevo- 
lent emperor. — Dio. — Herod.— Cap. 

PERTUNDA, a goddess at Rome, who 
presided over the consummation of marriage. 
Her statue was generally placed in the bri- 
dal chamber.— Far. Aug. Ci. D. 6. 9. 

PERPSIA, now Perugia, an ancient town 
of Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. 
L. Antonius was besieged there by Angus- 



PES— PET 
tus, and obliged to surrender — Str. 5.—Lvc. 
I, 4!.— Pat. 2, 74.— Li. 9, 37, J. JO, 30 & 37. 

PESCENNIUS. [Fide Niger.] A man 

intimate with Cicero. 

PESSr'NUS (linns'), a town of Phrygia, 
where Atys, as some suppose, was buried. 
It is particularly famous for a temple and a 
statue of the goddess Cybele, who was from 
thence called Pessinuntia. — Str. 12.— Pa. 7, 
17.— Li. 29, 10, & 11. 

PETAL! A, a town of Euboea. 

PE'TALUS, a man killed by Perseus at the 
court of Cepneus.— Ov. Me. 5, 115. [Petilia. 

PET ELI A, or PETELLIA, a town. Vide 

PETELI'NUS LACUS, a lake near one of 
the gates of Rome.— Li. 6, 20. [Str. 9. 

PETEON, a town of Boaotia.— St.Th. 7,333. 

PETEUS, a son of Orneus, and grandson 
to Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and 
became father of Menestheus, who went 
with the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is 
represented by some of the ancients as a 
monster, half a man and half a beast. — Apol. 
3, 10.— Pa. 10, 35. 

PET1LIA, now Strongoli, a town of Magna 
Graecia, the capital of Lncania, built, or 
perhaps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, 
after his return from the Trojan war, left 
his country Melibcea, because his subjects 
had revolted.— Me. 2, 4.— Li. 23, 20.— V. JEn. 
3, 402.— Str. 6. 

PETILIA LEX was enacted by Petilius 
the tribune, to make an inquiry and to know 
how much money had been obtained from 
the conquests over king Antiochus. 

PETILI1, two tribunes who accused Scipio 
Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted. 

PETI'LIUS, a praetor who persuaded the 
people of Rome to burn the books which had 
been found in Numa's tomb, about 400 years 
after his death. His advice was followed. 

~Plu. N. A plebeian decemvir, &c. 

A governor of the capitol, who stole away 
the treasures entrusted to his care. He was 
accused, but, though guilty, he was acquitted, 
as being the friend of Augustus.— Hor. 1. 
S. 4, 94. [of Egypt.— Juv. 6, 580. 

PETOSI'RIS, a celebrated mathematician 

PETRA, the capital town of Arabia Pe- 

traea. — Str. 16. A town of Sicily, near 

Hybla, whose inhabitants are called Petrini 

nnd Petrenses. A town of Thrace. — Li. 

40, 22. Another of Pieria in Macedonia. 

—Li. 39, 26.— Ci. Ver. 1, 39. An elevated 

place near Dyrrhachium.— Lvc. 6, 16, & 70. 
—Cees. Ci. 3, 42. Another in Elis. Ano- 
ther near Corinth. 

PETR/EA, one of the Oceanides.— Hes. 

Th. A part of Arabia, which has Syria at 

the east, Egypt on the west, Palestine on 
the north, and Arabia Felix at the south. 
This part of Arabia was rocky, whence it 
has received its name. It was for the most 
part also covered with barren sands, and 
was interspersed with some fruitful spots, 
its capital was called Petra. 

PETREIUS, a Roman soldier who killed 
his tribune during the Cimbrian wars, be- 
cause he hesitated to attack the enemy. He 
wis rewarded for his valour with a crown 

of grass.— PL 22, G. A lieutenant of C. 

Antonius. who defeated the troops of Cati- 



PET— PET 
line. He took the part of Pompey against 
Julius Caesar. When Caesar had been vie 
torius in every part of the world, Petreiusj 
who had retired into Africa, attempted to 
destroy himself by fighting with his friend 
king Jiiba in single combat. Juba was killed 
first, and Petreius obliged one of his slaves 
to run him through.— Sal. C.—App.—C<cs. 

!, Ci. A centurion in Csesar's army in 

Gaul, &c. Some read Petronius. [l,e. 5, 5. 
PETRI'NUM, a town of Campanio,.— Hor. 
PETROCORIf, the inhabitants of the mo- 
dern town of Perigord in France.— C<es. 7, 
B. G. 75. [Hist. 2, 64. 

PETRONIA, the wife, of Vitellius.— Ta. 
PETRO'NIUS, a governor of Egypt, ap- 
pointed to succeed Gallus. He behaved with 
great humanity to the Jews, aud made war 
against Candace queen of Ethiopia.— Str. 17. 

A favourite of Nero, put to death by 

Galba. A governor of Britain. A tri- 
bune killed in Parthia with Crassus. A 

man banished by Nero to the Cyclades, when 
Piso's conspiracy was discovered.— Ta. An. 

15. A governor of Britain in Nero's reign. 

He was put to death by Galba's orders. ■ 

MAXIMUS, a Roman emperor. [Vide Max- 
imus.] ARBITER, a favourite of the em- 
peror Nero, and one of the ministers and 
associates of all his pleasures and his de- 
bauchery. He was naturally fond of plea- 
sure and effeminate, and he passed his whole 
nights in revels and the days in sleep. He 
indulged himself in all the delights and gai- 
eties of life, but though he was the most vo 
luptuous of the age, yet he moderated his 
pleasures, and w ished "to appear curious and 
refined in luxury and extravagance. What- 
ever he did seemed to be performed with an 
air of unconcern and negligence. He was af- 
fable in his behaviour, and his witticisms and 
satirical remarks appeared artless and na- 
tural. He was appointed proconsul of Bi- 
thynia, and afterwards he was rewarded 
with the consulship, in both of which honour- 
able employments he behaved with all the 
dig-nity which became one of the successors 
of a Brutus or a Scipio, With his office he 
laid down his artificial gravity, and gave 
himself up to the pursuit of pleasure : the 
emperor became more attached to him, and 
seemed fonder of his company, but he did 
not long enjoy the imperial favours. Tigel- 
linus, likewise "one of Nero's favourites,jealous 
of his fame, accused him of conspiring against 
the emperor's life. The accusation was cre- 
dited, and Petronius immediately resolved 
to withdraw himself fromNero's punishment* 
by a voluntary death. This was performed 
in a manner altogether unprecedented, A. L). 
66. Petronius ordered his veins to be opened, 
but without the eagerness of terminating his 
ag-onies he had them closed at intervals. 
Some time after they were opened, and as if 
he wished to die in the same careless and 
unconcerned manner as he had lived, he 
passed his time in discoursing with his friends 
upon trifles, and listened with the greatest 
avidity to love verses, amusing stories, or 
laughable epigrams. Sometimes he man- 
umitted his slaves or punished them with 
stripes. In this ludicrous manner he spent 



5C9 



PET-PH.E 



510 



PELE — PHiE 



his last moments, till nature was exhausted, 
and before he expired he wrote an epistle 
to the emperor, in which he had described 
with a masterly hand his nocturnal extrava- 
gancies, and the daily impurities of his ac- 
tions. This letter was carefullv sealed, and 
after he had conveyed it privately to the em- 
peror, Petrouius broke his signet, that it 
might not after his death become a snare to 
the innocent. Petronius distinguished him- 
self by his writings, as well as bv his luxury 
and voluptuousness. He is the author o"f 
many elegant but obscene compositions still 
extant, among which is a poem on the civil 
wars of Pompey and Caesar, superior in some 
respects to the Pharsalia of Lucan. There 
is also the feast of Tnmalcion, in which he 
paints with too much licentiousness the plea- 
sures and the debaucheries of a corrupted 
court and of an extravagant monarch— re- 
flections on the instability of human life— a 
poem on the vanitvof dreams— another on the 
educationof theRomanyouth,twotreatises,&c. 

PETTIUS, a friend of Horace, to whom 
the poet addressed his eleventh epode. 

PETUS, an architect. Vide Satyr us. 

PEUCE, a small island at the 'mouth of 
the Danube. The inhabitants are called 
Peuca? and Peucini.—Str. 7.— Luc. 3, -202. 
—PL 4, 12. 

PEUCESTES, a Macedonian set over 
Egypt by Alexander. He received Persia at 
the general division of the Macedonian em- 
pire at the king's death. He behaved with 
great cowardice after he had joined himself 
to Eumenes.— C. Nep. Eu.— Plu.— Curl. 4, 
tf- An island which was visited by the Ar- 
gonauts at their return from the conquest of 
the golden fleece. 

PEUCETIA, a part of Magna Gnecia in 
Italy, at the north of the bay of Tarentum, 
between the Apennines and Lucania, called 
also Mesapia and Calabria. It received its 
name from Peucetus the son of Lycaon, of 
Arcadia.— Str. 6.— PI. 3, II.— Ov. Me. 14, 
513.— Pa. 10, 13. 

PEUCI'NI, a nation of Germany, called 
also Baslernce.—Ta. Ge. 46. 

PEUCOLA'tIS, an officer who conspired 
with Dymnus against Alexander's life. — 
fJitrt.fi. A nother,set over Sogdiana. — Id.7. 

PEXODC/RUS, a governor of Caria, who 
offered to give his daughter in marriage to 
Aridaeus the illegitimate son of Philip.— Plu. 

PHACIUM, a town of Thessaly.-Zi. 32, 
13, 1. 36, 13. [ern mouth of the Nile. 

PHACUSA, a town of Egypt on the east- 

PHiEA, a celebrated sow which infested 
the neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was de- 
stroyed by Theseus as he was travelling from 
Troezene to Athens, to make himself known 
to his father. Some suppose that the boar 
of Calydon sprang from this sow. Phaea, 
according to some authors, was no other 
than a woman who prostituted herself to 
strangers, whom she murdered, and after- 
wards plundered. — Phi. Th. — Str. 8. 

PHyEA'CIA, an island of the Ionian sea, 
near the coast of Epirus, anciently called 
Scheria, and afterwards Corcyra. "The in- 
habitants, called Phaaces, were a luxurious 
and dissolute people, from which reason a 



glutton was g-enerally stigmatized by the 
epithet of PJ eeax. When Ulysses was ship- 
wrecked on the coast of Phaeacia, AJcinous 
was then kinsr of the island, whose gardens 
have been greatlv celebrated.— Hor. 1, e. 
15, 2i.—Ov. Me. 13, 719.- Sir. 6 & 7.— Pro. 
3, e. 2, 13. 

PH.EAX, an inhabitant of the island of 

Phaeacia. [Vide Phaeacia.] A man who 

sailed with Theseus to Crete. An Athe- 
nian who opposed Alcibiades in his adminis- 
tration. [JEgean— PI. 4, 12. 

PHiECASlA, one of the Sporades in the 

PH/EDIMUS, one of Niobe's children.— 

Apol. 3, 5. A Macedonian general who 

beiraved Eumenes to Antis-onus. A cele- 
brated courier of Greece.— S/a. 6. 

PH/EDON, an Athenian put to death by 
the 30 tyrants. His daughters, to escape 
the oppressors and preserve their chastity, 

threw themselves together into a well. 'A 

disciple of Socrates. He had been seized by 
pirates in his younger days, and the philo- 
sopher, who seemed to discover something 
uncommon and promising in his countenance, 
bought his liberty for a sum of money, and 
ever after esteemed him. Phaedon, after 
the death of Socrates, returned to Elis his 
native country, where he founded a sect of 
philosophers called Elean. The name of 
Phaedon is affixed to one of the dialogues of 

Plato.— Mac. S. 1, 11.— Diog. An archon 

at Athens, when the Athenians were directed 
bv the oracle to remove the bones of The- 
seus to Attica.— Plu. Th. 

PH.EDliA, a daughter of Minos and Pa- 
siphae, who married Theseus, by whom she 
became mother of Acamas and Uemophoon. 
They had already lived for some time in con- 
jugal felicity, vvhen Venus, who hated all 
the descendants of Apollo, because that god 
had discovered her amours with Mars, in- 
spired Phaedra with an unconquerable pas- 
sion for Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by 
the Amazon Hippolyte. 1 his shameful pas- 
sion Phaedra long attempted to stifle, but 
in vain ; and therefore, in the absence of 
Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all 
the impatience of a desponding lover. Hip- 
polytus rejected her with horror and dis- 
dain ; bnt Phaedra, incensed on account of 
the reception she had met, resolved to punish 
his coolness and refusal. At the return of 
Theseus she accused Hippolytus of attempts 
upon her virtue. The credulous father listen- 
ed to the accusation, and without hearing 
the defence of Hippolytus, he banished him 
from his kingdom, and implored Neptune, 
who had promised to grant three of his re- 
quests, to punish him in some exemplary 
manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, 
his horses were suddeniy terrified by a huge 
;ea-monster, which Neptune had sent on the 
shore. He was dr tggtd through precipices 
and over rocks, and he was trampled under 
the feet of his hon-es, and crushed under the 
wheels of his chariot. When the tragical 
end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, 
Phaedra confessed her crime, and hung her- 
self in despair, unable to survive one whose 
death her wickedness and guilt had occa» 
sioned. Th* death of Hippolytus, and the 



PHJE-PHA 



511 



PHA— PHA 



infamous passion of Phaedra, are the subject 
of one of the tragedies of Euripides, and of 
Seneca. Phaedra was buried at Traezene, 
where her tomb was still seen in the age of 
the geographerPausanias, neai the temple of 
Venus, which she had built to render the 
goddess favourable to her incestuous passion. 
There was near her tomb a myrtle, whose 
leaves were all full of small holes, and it 
was reported, that Phaedra had done this 
with a hair-pin, when the vehemence of 
her passion had rendered her melancholy 
and almost desperate. She was represented 
in a painting in Apollo's temple at Delphi, 
as suspended by a cord, and balancing herself 
in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood 
near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her ; a 
delicate idea, by which the genius of the 
irtist intimated her melaucholv end. — Plu. 
l'h.~ -Fa. 1, 22, 1. 2, 32.— Di. A.—Hyg. fa. 47 
& 243.— Eur. k Sen. Hip.—V. JEn. 6, 445. 
— Ov. Hero. 4. 

PH^DRIA, a village of Arcadia. Pa. 8,35. 

PH/EDUS, one of the disciples of Socrates. 
— Ci. Nat. I). I. An Epicurean philoso- 
pher. A Thracian who became one of the 

freed-men of the emperor Augustus. He 
translated into iambic verses, the Fables of 
iEsop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. 
They are divided into five books, valuable 
for their precision, purity, elegance, and 
simplicity. They remained long buried in 
oblivion, till they were discovered in the li- 
brary of St. Remi, at Rheims, at the end of 
the 16th century. Phaedrus was for some 
time persecuted by Sejanus, because this 
corrupt minister believed that he was sati- 
rized and abused in the encomiums which 
the poet every where pays to virtue. 

PHiE'DYMA, a daughter of Olanes, who 
first di«c.overed that Smerdis, who had as- 
cended the throne of Persia at the death of 
Cambyses, was an impostor. — Her. 3, 69. 

PHiEMONO'E, a priestess of Apollo. 

PH^ENARE'TE, the mother of the philo- 
sopher Socrates. She was a midwife by 
orofession. 

PHjENIAS, a peripatetic philosopher, dis- 
ciple of Aristotle. He wrote an history of 
tyrants.— Diog. C 

PHiENNA, one of the two Graces, wor- 
shipped at Sparta, together with her sister 
Clita. Lacedsemon first paid them particu- 
lar honour.— Pa. 9, 25. 

PH.ENNIS, a famous prophetess in the 
age of Antiochus. — Pa. 10, 15. 

PHiESANA, a town of Arcadia. 

PHjESTUM, a town of Crete.— H. Od. 3, 
296. Another of Macedonia. — Li. 36, 13. 

PHA'ETON, a son of the sun, or Phcebus 
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was son of Cephalus and Aurora, according 
to Hesiod and Pausanias, or of Tithoims 
and Aurora, according to Apollodorus. He 
is, however, . more generally acknowledged 
to be the son of Phoebus and Ciymene. Phae- 
ton was naturally of a lively disposition, 
and a handsome figure. Venus became 
enamoured of him, and entrusted him 
with the care of one of her temples. This 
distinguishing favour of the goddess rendered 
him vain and aspiring ; and when Epaphus, 



the son of lo, had told him to check his 
pride, that he was not the son of Phcebus, 
Phaeton resolved to know his true origin, 
and at the instigation of his mother, he visited 
the palace of the sun. He begged Phcebus, 
that if he really were his father, he would 
give him incontestible proofs of his paternal 
tenderness, and convince the world of his 
legitimacy. Phcebus swore by the Styx, that 
he would grant him whatever he required, 
and no sooner was the oath uttered, than 
Phaeton demanded of him to drive his 
chariot for one day. Phcebus represented 
the impropriety of such a request, and the 
dangers to which it would expose him ; but 
in vain ; and, as the oath was inviolable, 
and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed 
his son how he was to proceed in his way 
through the regions of the air. His explicit 
directions were forgotten, or little attended 
to ; and no sooner had Phaeton received the 
reins from his father than he betrayed his 
ignorance and incapacity to guide the 
chariot. The flying horses' became sensible 
of the confusion of their driver, and imme- 
diately departed from the usual track. Phae- 
ton repented too late of his rashness, and al- 
ready heaven and earth were threatened 
with an universal conflagration, when Jupi- 
ter, who had perceived the disorder of the 
horses of the sun, struck the rider with one 
of his thunderbolts, and hurled him head- 
long from heaven into the river Po. His 
body, consumed with fire, was found by the 
nymphs of the place, and honoured with a 
decent burial. His sisters mourned his un- 
happy end, and were changed into poplars 
by Jupiter. [Vide Phaeton tiades.] Accord- 
ing to the poets, while Phaeton was unskil- 
fully driviug the chariot of his father, the 
blood of the ./Ethiopians was dried up, and 
their skin became black, a colour which is 
still preserved among the greatest part of 
the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The ter- 
ritories of Libya were also parched up, ac- 
cording to the same tradition, on account of 
their too great vicinity to the sun ; and eve( 
since, Africa, unable to recover her original 
verdure and fruitfulness, has exhibited a 
sandy country, and uncultivated waste. Ac- 
cording to those who explain this poetical 
fable, Phaeton was a Ligurian prince, who 
studied astronomy, ani in whose age the 
neighbourhood of "the Po was visited with 
uncommon heats. The horses of the sun 
are called Phaetontis equi, either because 
they were guided by Phaeton, or from the 
Greek word " phaethon," which expresses 
the splendour and lustre of that luminarv. 
V. JEn. 5, 105.— Hes. Th. 985.— Ov. Me. "l, 
f. 17, 1. 2, f. l, &c— Apol. 4, Ar.—Hor. \, o. 
U.-Sen. Me.—ApoL Hyg. f. 156. 

PHA'ETONTIADES, or PHA'ETON 
TIDES, the sisters of Phaeton, who were 
changed into poplars by Jupiter. — Ov. Me. 
2, 346. Vide Heliades. 

PHAETU'SA, one of the Heliades changed 
into poplars, after the death of their brother 
Phaeton.— Of. Me. 2, 346. 

PHiEUS, a town of Peloponnesus. 

PHAGESIA, a festival among the Greeks, 
observed during the celebration of the D»> 



PHA — PHA 



512 



PHA— PHA 



onysia. It received its name from the good 
eating and living that then universally 
prevailed, " phagein." 

PHALACRINE, a village of the Sabines, 
where Vespasian was born. — Sue. V. 2. 

PHALiE, wooden towers at Rome, erected 
in the circus.— Juv. 6, 589. 

PHALiECUS, a general of Phocis against 
the Boeotians, killed at the battle of Chero- 
naea. — Di. 16. 

PHAL^ESl A, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 35. 

PHA LAN NA, a town of Perrhasbia.— Li. 
42, 54. 

PHALANTHITS, a Lacedaemonian, who 
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of 
the Parthenbe. His father's name was Ara- 
cus. As he went to Italy he was shipwrecked 
on the coast, and carried to shore by a dol- 
phin, and from that reason there was a dol- 
phin placed near his statue in the temple of 
Apollo at Delphi. [Vide Parthenise.] He 
received divine honours after death. — Ju. 
3, 4.— Pa. 10, 10.— Hor. 2, o, 6, II.— Si. h. 

11, 16. A town and mountain of the same 

name in Arcadia. — Pans, a, 35. 

PHALARIS, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
made use of the most excruciating torments 
to punish his subjects on the smallest sus- 
picion. Perillus made him a brazen bull, 
and when he had presented it to Phalaris, 
the tyrant ordered the inventor to be seized, 
and the first experiment to be made on his 
body. These cruelties did not long remain 
Hnrevenged ; the people of Agrigentum re- 
volted in the tenth year of his Yeign, and put 
him to death in the same manner as he had 
tortured Perillus, and many of his subjects 
alter him, B. C. 552. The brazen bull of 
Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to Carthage ; 
when that city was taken by Scipio, it was 
delivered again to the inhabitants of Agri- 
gentum by the Romans. There are now 
some letters extant written by a certain 
Abaris to Phalaris, with their respective an- 
swers, but they are supposed by some to be 
spurious.— Ci.Ver. 4, At. 7, e'p. 12, off. 2. 
— Ov. A. A. 1, 663.— Jmi;. 8, 61.— PI. 34, 8. 

— Di. A Trojan killed by Turnus. — V. 

Mn. 9, 762. 

PHALARIUM, a citadel of Syracuse, 
where Phalaris's bull was placed. 

PHA LA R US, a river of Bceotia, falling 
into the Cephisus.— Pa. 9, 34. 

PHA LC 1 DON, a town of Thessaly. Poly A. 

PHA LEAS, a philosopher and legislator, 
&c— Aris. [metritis. 

PHALE'REUS DEMETRIUS. Vide De- 

PHALERIA,atownofThessalv.— Li.32,15. 

PHALE'RIS, a Corinthian who led a co- 
lonv to Epidamnus from Corcvra. 

PHALE'RON, or PHALERUM, or PHA- 
LERA, (oj-m/h,) or Phalereus portus, an an- 
cient harbour of Athens, about 25 stadia 
from the city, which, for its situation and 
smalluess, w"as not very fit for the reception 
of many ships. A place of Thessalv. 

PHA LE'RUS, a son of Alcon, one "of the 
Argonauts.— Orp. 

PHALIAS, a son of Hercules and Heli- 
( onis, daughter of Thestius. — Apol. 

rHAL'LICA, festivals observed by the 
Egyptians in honour of Osiris. They re- 



ceive their name from *' phallos,'''' simulu- 
chmm lignevm membri virilis. The insti- 
tution originated in this: after the murder 
of Osiris, Isis was unable to recover among 
the other limbs the privities of her husband i 
and therefore, as she paid particular honour 
to every part of his body, she distinguished 
that wiiich was lost with" more honour, and 
paid it more attention. Its representation, 
called phallus, was made with wood, and 
carried during the sacred festivals which 
were instituted in honour of Osiris. The 
people held it in the greatest veneration ; it 
was looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, 
and the mention of it among the ancients 
never conveyed any impure thought or las- 
civious reflection. "The festivals of the phal- 
lus were imitated by the Greeks, and intro- 
duced into Europe by the Athenians, who 
made the procession of the phallus part of the 
celebration of the Dionysia of the god of 
wine. Those that carried the phallus, at 
the end of a long pole, were called phallo- 
phori. They generally appeared among the 
Greeks, besmeared with dregs of wine, 
covered with skins of lambs, and wearing on 
their heads a crown of ivy. — Luc. Dea. S. 
—Plu. Is. & Os.— Pa. 1, 2. 

PHALYSIUS, a citizen of Naupactum, 
who recovered his sight by reading a letter 
sent him by /Esculapius.— Pa. 10, cap. till. 

PHAN./EUS, a promontory of the island of 
Chios, famous for its wines." It was called 
after a king of the same name, who reigned 
there.— Li. 36, W.— Virg. G. 2. 9S. 

PHANARiEA, a town of Cappadocia.— Sir. 
PHA N AS, a famous Messenian, &c, who 
died B. C. 6F.2. 

PHANES, a mat) of Halicarnassus, who 
fled from Amasis, king of Egypt, to the court 
of Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he ad- 
vised, when he invaded Egypt, to pasg 
through Arabia. — Her. 3, 4. 

PHANETA, a town of Epirus.— Liu. 32, 28. 
f'HA'NOCLES, an elegiac poet of Greece, 
who wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of 
which Socrates is accused by some. He sup- 
ported that Orpheus had been the first who 
disgraced himself by that filthy indulgence. 
Some of his fragments are remaining. — CI. 
Al. S. 6. [on the antiquities of Attica. 

PHANODE'MUS, an historian who wrote 
PHANTASIA, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
Memphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed 
that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, 
and another on the return of Ulysses to 
Ithaca, from which compositions * Homer 
copied the greatest part of his Iliad and 
Odyssey, when he visited Memphis, whert 
they were deposited. 

P HAN US, a son of Bacchus, who was 
among the Argonauts.— Apol. 

PHAON, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. 
He received a small box of ointment from 
Venus, who had presented herself to him in 
the form of an old woman, to be carried 
over into Asia, and as soon as he had rubbed 
himself with what the box contained, he be- 
came one of the most beautiful men of his 
age. Many were captivated with the charms 
or' Phaon, and among others, Sappho, the 
celebrated poetess. Phaon gave himself up 



PHA-PHA 

to the pleasures of Sappho's company, but. 
however, he soon conceived a disdain for 
her, and Sappho, mortified at his coldness, 
threw herself into the sea. Some say that 
Phaon was beloved by the goddess of beauty, 
who concealed him "for some time among 
lettuces, ^lian says, that Phaon was killed 
by a man whose bed he was defiling:.— Ml. 
V. H. l2.-Ov. Hero. 21.— Pal. inc. 49.— 
Ath. I.— Luc. Si. & Pol. [soldiers. 
PHARA, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio's 
PHARA'CTDES, a general of the Lace- 
daemonian fleet, who assisted Dionysius the 
tyrant of Sicily against the Carthaginians. 
—Poly. 2. 

PHARiE, or PHERiE, a town of Crete. 

Another in Messenia.— Pa. 4,30. Vide Pherae. 

PHARASMANES, a king of Iberia, in the 
reign of Antoninus, Scc.—Ta. An. 6, 33. 

PHARAX, a Lacedaemonian officer, who 
attempted to make himself absolute in Sicily. 

; A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyan- 

ippus. married a beautiful woman, called Leu- 
cone, who was torn to pieces by his dogs. Par. 

PHARIS, a town of Lacohia, whose in- 
habitants are called Pharitx.—Pa. 3, 30. 

A son of Mercurv and Philodamea, who 

built Pharae in Mes senia. — Pa. 4, 30. 

PHARMECU'SA, an island of the iEgean 
sea, where Julius Caesar was seized by some 

pirates. — Sue. Cas. 4. Another, where 

was shown Circe's tomb.— Str. 

PHARN ABA'ZUS, a satrap of Persia, son 
oi a person of the same name, B. C. 409. 
He assisted the Lacedaemonians against the 
Athenians, and gained their esteem by his 
riendly behaviour and support. His con- 
duct, however, towards Alcibiades, was of 
the most perfidious nature, and he did not 
scruple to betray to his mortal enemies the 
man he had long honoured with his friend- 
ship.— C. Nep. Al. — Phi. An officer under 

Eumenes. A king of Iberia. 

PHARNACE, a town of Pontus.— PL 6, 4. 
Thf mother ofCinvras.kingofPontus.Sui. 

PHARNACES, a son of Mithridates, king 
of Pontus, who favoured the Romans against 
his father. He revolted against Mithridates, 
and even caused him to be put to death, ac- 
cording to some accounts. In the civil wars 
of Julius Caesar and Pompey, he interested 
himself for neither of the con tending parties, 
upon which Caesar turned his arms against 
him, and conquered him. It was to express 
the celerity of his operations in conquering 
Pharnaces, that the victorious Roman made 
use of these words, Veni, vidi, vici. — Fl. 3. 

—Sue. C<£. 37.— Pat. 2, 55. A king of 

Pontus who made war with Eumenes, B. C. 

181. A king of Cappadocia. A librarian 

of Atticus.— Ci. At. 

PHAR NA PATES a general of Orodes,king 
of Parthia, killed in a battle by the Romans. 

PHARN ASHES, the father of Cassandra, 
the mother of Cambyses. 

PHARN US, a king of Media, conquered 
by Ninus king of Assyria. 

PHAROS, a small island in the bay of 
Alexandria, about seven furlongs distant 
from the continent. It was joined to the 
Egyptian shore with a causeway, by Dexi- 
phanes, B. C. 234, and upon it was built a 



13 PHA-^HA 
celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy 
Soter, and Philadelphus, by Sostratus, the 
son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was 
called the tower of Pharos, and which 
passed for one of the seven wonders of the 
world, was built with white marble, and 
could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. 
On the top, fires were constantly kepi, to 
direct sailors in the bay, which was dan- 
gerous and difficult of access. The building 
of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 
800 talents, which are equivalent to above 
165,1001. English, if Attic ; or if Alexan- 
drian, double that sum. There was this in- 
scription upon it, King Plolemy to Ike Gods 
the saviours, for the benefit of sailors ; but 
Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all 
the glory, engraved his own name upon the 
stones, and afterwards filled the hollow 
with mortar, and wrote the above-mentioned 
inscription. When the mortar had decayed 
by time, Ptolemy's name disappeared, and 
the following inscription then became visible : 
Sostratus the Cnidian, son of Dexiphanes, 
to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of 
sailors. The word Pharius is often used as 
Egyptian.— Luc. 2, 636, 1. 3, 260, 1. 6, 308, 1. 9, 
1005, &c— Ov. A. A. 3, 635.— PI. 4, ol 6c 
8i, 1. 36, 13. -Sir. 17.— Me. 2,7.— PI. 13, 11. 

— H. o. 4.—Flac. 2.— St. 3, Sy. 2, 102. 

A watch-tower near Capreae. An island 

on the coast of IUyricunt, now called Lesina. 

—Me. 2, 7. The emperor Claudius ordered 

a tower to be built at the entrance of the 
port of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and 
it likewise bore the name of Pharos, an appel- 
lation afterwards given to every other edifice 
vvhichwas raised to direct thecourse of sailors, 
eitherwith lights,or by signals.Juv 11,76. Sue, 

PHARSALUS, now Farsa, a town ofThes- 
saly, in whose neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pharsalia, famous for a battle which 
was fought there between Julius Caesar and 
Pompev, in which the former obtained the 
victory^ In that battle, which was fought 
on the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Caesar lost 
about 200 men, or, according to others, 1200. 
Pompey 's loss was 15,000, or -5,000, accord- 
ing to others, and 24,000 of his army were 
made prisoners of war by the conqueror. — 
Luc. 1, SiC.-Plu. Pom. & Cces.—App. Ci. 

Cces. Ci.—Sue. Cce.—Di. Ca. That poem 

of Lucan in which he gives an account of 
the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, bears 
the name of Pharsalia. Vide Lucauus. 

PHARTE, a daughter of Danaus.-,4>oZ. 

PHARUS, a Rutulian killed by jEneas.— 
V. JEn. 13 322. 

*PHARUSll,'or PHAURUSII, a people of 
Africa, beyond Mauritania.— Me. 1, 4. 

PHARY BUS, a river of Macedonia, falling 
into the iEgean sea. ft is called by some 
Baphyrus [the Peneus. -Sir. 9. 

PHARYCADON, a town of Macedonia, on 

PHARYGE, a town of Locri*. 

PHASE'LIS, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
foot of mount Taurus, which w;is long ihe 
residence of pirates.— Str. 14.— Luc. 8, 251. 
— Ci. ag. ra. 2, 19. 

PHASIA'NA, a country of Asia, near the 
river Phasis. The inhabitants called Pha- 
siani, are of Egyptian origin. 



PHA— PHE 



514 



PHE— PHE 



PHASIAS, a patronymic given to Medea, | 
a* being; born near the Phasis.— Ov. Me. 7. i 
PHASIS, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. > 

A river of Colchis, rising in the n oun- I 

t.iins of Armenia, now called Faoz, and fall- 
ing into the east of the Euxine. It is famous 
for the expedition of the Argonauts, who 
entered it after a long and perilous voyage, 
from which reason all dangerous voyages 
have been proverbially intimated by the 
words of sailing to the Phasis. There were 
on the banks of the Phasis a great number ot 
large birds, of which, according to some of 
the ancients, the Argonauts brought some to 
Greece, and which were called on that ac- 
count pheasants. The Phasis was reckoned 
by the ancients one of the largest rivers of 
Asia.— PI. 10, -16.— Mart. 13, &2.—Slr. 11.— 
Me. I, \9.—Avol. 1, Sec—Pa. 4 44.— Or/n 

PHASSUS, a son of Lvcaon.— Apol. 

PHA U DA, a town of Pontus. 

PHA VORI'NUS, a writer, the best edition 
of whose Greek Lexicon is that in fol. Ve- 
net. 1712. 

PHAYLLUS, a tyrant of Ambracia,brother 
of Onomarchus of Phoeis, &c. [Vide Phocis.j 
— P«. 10, 2. 

PHEA, or PHEIA , a town of Elis. — H. 11.7. 

PHECADUM, an inland town of Mace- 
donia.— Li. 31, 41. 

PHEGECS. or PHLEGEUS. a companion 
of jEneas, killed by Tu r nus.— V. En. 9, 765. 

Another, likewise kilied by Turnus. — 

J<1. 12, 371, &c. A priest of Bacchus, the 

father of Aiphesibcea, who purified Alcmaeon 
of his mother's murder, and gave him his 
daughter in marriage. He was afterwards 
put to death by the children of Alcmaeon by 
Cailirhoe, because he had ordered Alcmaeon 
to be kilied when he had attempted to recover 
a collar which he had given to his daughter. 
[Tide Alcmaeon.] Ov. Me. 9,412. 

PHELLIA, a river of Laconia. — Pa. 3, 20. 

PH ELLOE, a town of Achaia near iEgira, 
where Bacchus and Diana each had a tem- 
ple. — Pa. 7, 26. 

PHELLUS, a place of Attica. A town 

of Elis, near Olympia. — Str. 

PHESIIUS, a man introduced by Homer 
as a musician among Penelope's suitors. 
Some say that he taught Homer, for which 
the grateful poet immortalized his name. 

— H.^Od. A man, who, according to some, 

wrote an account of the return of the Greeks 
from the Trojan war. The word is applied 
by Ovid, A. 3, 7, indiscriminately to any 
person who excels in music. 

PHEMONOE, a priestess of Apollo, who 
is supnosed to have invented heroic verses. 
— Pa. 10, 6. 

PHENETJM a town of Arcadia, whose in- 
habitants, called Phcneatce, worshipped Mer- 
cury.— Ci. Nat. D. 3. 

PHENEUS, a town with a lake of the 
same name in Arcadia, whose waters are 
unwholesome in the night, and wholesome in 
the dav-time.— Ci. de Nat. D. 3, 22.— V. JEn. 

^, 165.— Ov. Me. 15, 332. A son of Melas, 

killed bv Tydeus.— Apol. 

PHER^.'a town of Thessaly, where the 
tvrant Alexander reigned, whence he was 
ealled Pherams.—Str. S.—Ci. 2, off.—Ov. 



lb. 321.— Vai. Ma. 9, 13. A town of Attica. 

Another of Laconia, in Peloponnesus. 

— Li. 35, 30. [a native of Pherae. 

PHER^EUS, a surname of Jason, as being 
PHERAULES, a Persian whom Cyrus 
raised faom poverty to affluence. He after- 
wards gave up all his possessions to enjoy 
tranquillity and retirement.— Xen. Cyr. 
PHERECLUS, one of the Greeks during 

the Trojan war.— Ov. Her. 15. A pilot of 

the ship of Theseus, when he went to Crete. 
— Plu. Th. 

PHERE'CRATES, a comic poet of Athens, 
in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He 
is supposed to have written 21 comedies, of 
which only a few verses remain. He intro- 
duced living characters on the stage, but 
nev er abused the liberty which he had taken, 
either by satire or defamation. He in- 
vented a sort of vers* which from him has 
been called Pherecratian. It consisted of 
the three last feet of an hexameter verse, of 
which the first was always a spondee, as for 
instance, the third verse of Horace's 1 od. 
5. Grato Pyrrha sub anlro. Another, de- 
scended from Deucalion. — Ci. Tn. 

PHERECY'DES, a philosopher of Scyros, 
disciple of Pittacus, one of the first who de- 
livered his thoughts in prose. He v\as ac- 
quainted with the periods of the moon, and 
foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy. 
The doctrine of the immortality of the soui 
was first supported by him, as also that of 
the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one 
of his disciples, remarkable for his esteem 
and attachment to his learned master. When 
Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island 
of Delo's, Pythagoras hastened to give him 
every assistance in his power, and when all 
his efforts had proved ineffectual, he buried 
him, and after he had paid him the last 
offices, he retired to Italy. Some, however, 
suppose, that Pherecydes threw himself 
down from a precipice as he was going to 
Delphi, or according to others, he fell a 
sacrifice to the lousy disease, B. 0. 515, in 

the 85th year of his age. — Diog.—Lac. 

An historian of Leros, surnamed the Athe- 
nian. He wrote an history of Attica, now 

lost, in the age of Darius Hystaspes. A 

tragic poet. [Egvpt bv Artaxerxes. 

PHEREN DATES, a. Persian set over 
PHEREPHATE, a surname of Proserpine, 
from the Droduction of corn. 

PHERES, a son of* Cretheus and Tyro, 
who built Pherae, in Thessaly, where he 
reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he 

had Admetus and Lycurgus. — Apol. A 

son cf Media, stoned to death by the Co- 
rinthians, on account of the poisonous 
clothes which he had given to Glauce, 
Creou's daughter. [Vide Medea.] — Pa. 2, 

3. A friend of iEneas killed by Halesus. 

— V. JEn. 10, 413. 

PHERETiAS, a patronymic of Admetus, 
son of Pheres. — Ov. Me. 8, 29). 

PHERETTMA, the wife of Battus king 
of Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After 
her son's death, she recovered the kingdom 
by means of Amasis king of Egypt, and to 
avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, she caused 
all his assassins to be crucified round tha 



PHE — PHI bl 
walls of Cyrene, ana she cut off the breasts 
of their wives, anil hung them up near the 
bodies of their husbands. It is said that she 
was devoured alive by worms, a punishment 
which, according to some of the ancients, 
was inflicted by providence for her unparal- 
leled cruelties. — Poly. 8.— Her. 4, 204, &c. 

PHERINUM, a town of Thessaly. 

PHERON, a king of Egypt, who succeeded [ 
Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered' 
his sight by washing his eyes, according to 
the directions of the oracle, in the urine of 
a woman who had never had any unlawful 
connections. He tried his wife first, but she 
appeared to have been faithless to his bed, 
and she was burned with all those whose 
urine could not restore sight to the king. 
He married the woman whose urine proved 
beneficial.— Her. 2, ill. 

PHERU'SA, one of the Nereides.— Apoh 1. 

PHI'ALE, one of Diana's nymphs'. — Ov. 

Me. 3. A celebrated courtezan. — Juv. 

10. 238. [cadia.— Pa. 8, 3. 

PH I ALIA, or PHIGALIA, a town of Ar- 

PH TALUS, a king of Arcadia.— Id. Ib. 

PHICORES, a people near the Palus- 
lUcetis.— Me. 1, 19. 

PHIDIAS, a celebrated statuary of Athens, 
who died, B. C. 432. He made a statue of 
Minerva at the request of Pericles, which 
was placed in the Pantheon. It was made 
with ivory and gold, and measured 39 feet 
in height. His presumption raised him many 
enemies, and he was accused of having 
carved his own image and that of Pericles 
on the shield of the statue of the goddess, 
for which he was banished from Athens by 
the clamorous populace. He retired to 
Elis, where he determined to revenge the 
ill-treatment he had received from his 
countrymen, by making a statue which should 
eclipse the fame of that of Minerva. He 
was successful in the attempt ; and the statue 
he made of Jupiter Olympius was always 
reckoned the best of all his pieces, and has 
passed for one of the wonders of the world. 
The people of Elis were so sensible of his 
merit, and of the honour he had done to 
their city, that they appointed his descend- 
ants to the honourable office of keeping 
clean that magnificent statue, and of pre- 
serving it from injury.— Pa. 9, 4,—Ci. Or. — 
Str. 8.—Quin. 12, 10.— Phi. Per. 

PHIDILE, a woman. Vide Phidvle. 

PHIDIPPIDES, a celebrated "courier, 
who ran from Athens to Lacedeemon, about 
152 English miles, in two days, to ask of the 
Lacedaemonians assistance against the Per- 
sians. The Athenians raised a temple to 
his memory.—//*??-. 6, 105.— C. Nep. Milt. 

PHIDITIA, a public entertainment at 
Sparta, where much frugality was observed, 
as the^word "pheiditia' r \rom "pheidomai," 
parco, denotes. Persons of all ages were 
admitted ; the younger frequented it as a 
school of temperance and sobriety, where 
they were trained to good manners" and use- 
ful knowledge, by the example and discourse 
of the elders.— Ci. Tu. 5, 34.— Pa. 3, 10. 

PHI DON, a man who enjoyed the sove- 
reign power at Argos, and is supposed to 
have invented scales and measures, and 



5 PHI— PHI 

coined silver at iEgina. He died B. C. 854. 
— Arts.— Her. 6, 127. An ancient legis- 
lator at Corinth. 

PHI'DYLE, a female servant of Horace, 
to whom he addressed 3, o. 23. 

PHlGALFJ,a people of Peloponnesus, near 
Messenia. Theywere naturally fond of drink- 
ing, and negligentof domestic affairs. Pa. 8,39. 

PHILA, the eldest daughter of Antipater, 
who married Craterus. She afterwards mar- 
ried Demetrius, and when her husband had 
lost the kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned 

herself. — Plu. A town of Macedonia. — Li. 

42,67,1. 44, 2,&34. An island called alsoPhla. 

PHILADELPHIA, now Alahasher, a town 

of Lydia.— PI. 5, £9. Another in Cilicia. 

Arabia. Syria. 

PHILADELPHIA, akin<rof Paphlagonia, 
who followed the interests of M. Antony, 
— — The surname of one of the Ptolemies, 
king of Egypt, by Antiphrasis, because he de- 
stroyed all his brothers. Vide Ptolemaeus If. 

PHIL/E, a town and island of Egypt, above 
the smaller cataract, but placed opposite 
Syeiie bv PI. 5, 9. Isis was worshipped 

there.— Luc. 10, 313.— Sen. 2, Nat. 4, 12. 

One of the Sporades. 

PHILJENI, two brothers of Carthage. 
When a contest arose between the Cyreans 
and Carthaginians, about the extent o'f their 
territories, it was mutually agreed, that, at 
a stated hour, two men should depart from 
each city, and that wherever they met, there 
they should fix the boundaries of their coun- 
try. The Philaeni accordingly departed from 
Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, when they 
had advanced far into their territories. 
This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans 
supported, that the Philaeni had left Carthage 
before the appointment, and that therefore 
they must retire, or be buried in the sand. 
The Philseni refused, upon which they were 
overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accord- 
ingly buried in the sand. The Carthagi- 
nians, to commemorate the patriotic deeds 
of the Philaini, who had sacrificed their lives 
that the extent of their country might not 
be diminished, raised two altars on the place 
where their bodies had been buried, which 
they called Philcenorum arte. These altars 
were the boundaries of the Carthaginian do- 
minions, which on the other side extended 
as far as the columns of Hercules, which is 
about 2000 miles, or according to the accu- 
rate observations of the moderns, only 1420 
geographical miles.— Sal. b. J. 19 & 79. — 
Si. ft. is, 704. [Vide Phileri*. 

PHIL^NIS, or PHILERIS a courtezan. 

PHIL.&US, a son of Ajax by Lyside, the 
daughter of Coronus, one of the Lapithae. 
Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended 
from him. A son of Augeas, who up- 
braided his father for not granting what 
Hercules justly claimed for cleaning his sta- 
bles. [Vide Augeas.] He was placed upon 
his father's throne bv Hercules.— Apol. 2. 

PH1LAMMON, a" celebrated musician, 

son of Apollo and Chione. A man who 

murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by 
her female attendants. 

PHILANTHUS, a son of Prolaus of Elis, 
killed at the Olympic games.— Pa. 5, 3. 



PHI— PHI 



516 



PHI— PHI 



I'HI LARCH US, a hero who gave assistance 
to the Phoeians when the Persians invaded 
Greece. 

PHILE'MON, a Greek comic poet, con- 
temporary with Menander. He obtained 
some poetical prizes over .Menander, not so 
much by the merit of his compo-ition, as by 
the intrigues of his friends. Plautus imi- 
tated some of his comedies. He lived to his 
97th year, and died, as it is reported, of 
laughing-, on seeing an ass eat figs, B. C. 

274. His son, who bore the same narme, 

wrote 54 comedies, of which some few frag- 
ments remain, which do not seem to entitle 
him to great rank among the. Greek comic 
writers. — Va. Ma. 9, 12.— Quin. 10.— Plu. 

tr. co.—Str. 14. A poor man of Phrygia. 

[Vide Baucis] An illegitimate son ofPriam. 

PHILE'NE, a town of Attica, between 
Athens and Tanagra.— St. Th. 4, 102. 

PHILE'RIS, an immodest woman, whom 
Philocrates the poet lampooned.— Mart. 7. 

PHI'LEROS, a town of Macedonia.— PI. 

PHILESIUS, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks 
after the battle of Cunaxa. 

PHILET7ERUS, an eunuch made governor 
of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He qnarrelled 
with Lysimachus, and made himself master 
of Pergamus, where he laid the foundations 
of a kingdom called the kingdom of Perga- 
mus, B. C. 283. He reigned there for 20 
years, and at his death he appointed his 
nephew Eumenes as his successor. — Sir. 13. 

—Pa. 1, 8. A Cretan general who revolted 

fromSeleucus.and was conquered, &c. Poly. 4. 

PHILE'TAS, a grammarian and poet of 
Cos, in the reign of king Philip, and of his 
eon Alexander the Great. He was made pre- 
ceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. The elegies 
and epigrams which he wrote have been 
greatly commended by the ancients, and 
some fragments of them are still preserved 
in Athenaeus. He was so small and slender, 
according to the improbable accounts of 
/Elian, that he always carried pieces of lead 
in his pockets, to prevent being blown awav 
by the wind.— Ml. V. H. 9, 13.— Ov. F. 1, 
e. 5.— Pro. 3, e. 1. An historian. 

PHILETIUS, a faithful steward of Ulysses, 
who, with Eumenes, assisted him in destroy- 
ing the suitors, who had not only insulted 
the queen, but wasted the property of the 
absent monarch.—//. Od. 20, 6cc. 

PHILIDAS, a friend of Pelopidas, who 
favoured the conspiracy formed to expel 
the Spartans from Thebes. He received 
tne conspirators in his own house. 

PHIL1DES, a dealer in horses in the age 
of Themisrocles, &c— Plu. Th. 

PHILINNA, a courtezan, mother of Ari- 
daeus, by Philip the father of Alexander. 

PHI LP N US, a native of Agrigentum, who 
fought with Annibal against the Romans. 
He wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. 
— C. Nep. An.— Pol. 

PHILIPPEI, or PHILIPPT, certain pieces 
of money coined in the reign of Philip of 
Macedonia, and with his image. — Hor. 2, e. 
1, 284.— Li. 34, 52, 1. 37, 59, I. 39, 5, 6c 1. 

PHIL1PPI, a town of Macedonia, an- 
ciently called Dalos, and situate at the east 
of the Strymon on arising ground which 



abounds with springs and water. It was 
called Philippi after Philip, king of Mar-e- 
donia, who fortified it against the incursions 
of the barbarians of Thrace, and became 
celebrated for two battles which were fought 
there in October, B. C. 42, at the interval of 
about 20 days, between Augustus and An- 
tony, and the republican forces of Brutus 
and Cassius, in which the former obtained 
the victory.— Or. Me. 15, 284.- PI. 7, 45.— 
~Fl. 4, 7."— Pat. 23, 7, Ikc.—App. 2, c. 6.— 
Plu. Ant.—Virg. G. I, 490.— Sue. An. 3. 
PHILLIPPIDES, acomic poet in Alexand 

er's age. Acourier,cal!ed alsoPhidippides. i 

PH I LIPPOPOLIS, a town of Thrace, near 
the Hebrus, built by Philip the father of 

Alexander. — Li. 39, 53. Of Thessaiy, 

called Philippi. 

PHILIPPUS, I., sou of Argeus, succeeded 
his father on the throne of Mac edonia, and 

reigned 38 years, B. C. 40. The second of 

that name was the fourth son of Amyntas, 
king of Macedonia. He was sent to Ihebes 
as an hostage by his father, where he learnt 
the art of war under Epaminondas, and 
studied with the greatest care the manners 
and the pursuits of the Greeks. He was re- 
called to Macedonia, and at the death of his 
brother Perdiccas, he ascended the throne 
as guardian and protector of the youthful 
years of his nephew. His ambition, however 
soon discovered itself, and he made himsek 
independent. The valour of a prudent gene- 
ral, and the policy of an experienced states- 
man, seemed requisite to insure his power 
The neighbouring nations, ridiculing the 
youth and inexperience of the new king of 
Macedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip 
soon convinced them of their error. Unable 
to meet them as yet in the field of batile, 
he suspended their fury by presents, and 
soon turned his arms against Amphipolis, a i 
colony tributary to the Athenians. Amphi- 
polis was conquered, and added to the king- 
dom of Macedonia, and Philip meditated 
no less than the destruction of a republic 
which had rendered itself so formidable tJ 
the rest of Greece, and had even claimed 
submission from the princes of Macedonia. 
His designs, however, were as yet immature, 
and before he could make Alliens an object 
of conquest, the Thracians and the Illyriuns 
demanded his attention. He made himself 
master of a Thracian colony, to which he 
gave the name of Philippi, and from which 
he received the greatest advantages on ac- 
count of the golden mines in the neighbour- 
hood. In the midst of his political pros- 
perity, Philip did not neglect the honour of 
his fa'mily. He married Olympias the daugh- 
ter of jSeoptolemus, king of the Molossi, and 
when some time after he became father of 
Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the 
inestimable advantages which arise from the 
lessons, the example, and the conversation 
o: a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote 
a letter with his own hand to the philosopher 
Aristotle, and begged him to retire from his 
usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole 
time to the instruction of the young prince. 
Every thing seemed now to conspire to his 
aggrandizement, and historians have ci>. 



PHI— PHI 5L7 PHI— PHI 



served, that Philip received in one day the 
intelligence of three things which could gra- 
tify the most unbounded ambition, and flatter 
the hopes of the most aspiring- monarch : 
the birth of a son, an honourciie crown at 
the Olympic games, and a victory over the 
barbarians of Iliyricum. But ail "these in- 
creased rather than satiated his ambition : he 
declared his inimical sentiments against the 
power of Athens, and the independence of 
all Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a 
place, which, on account of its situation 
and consequence, would prove most injuri- 
ous to the interests of the Athenians, and 
most advantageous to the intrigues and mi- 
litary operations of every Macedonian 
prince. The Athenians, roused by the elo- 
quence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels and 
2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but 
the money of Philip prevailed over all their 
efforts. The greatest, part of the citizens 
suffered themselves to be bribed by the Ma- 
cedonian gold, and Olynthus surrendered to 
the enemy, and was "instantly rednced to 
ruins. His successes were as great in every 
part of Greece ; he was declared head o"f 
the Aniphictyonic council, and was entrusted 
with the care of the sacred temple of Apollo 
at Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia, 
it was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, 
by victories over his enemies in Iliyricum 
and Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a 
moderator and peace-maker he gained con- 
fidence, and in attempting to protect the 
Peloponnesians against the encroaching 
power of Sparta, he rendered his cause 
popular, and by ridiculing the insults that 
were offered to his person as be passed 
through Corinth, he displayed to the world 
his moderation and philosophic virtues. In 
his attempts to make himself master of 
Eubcea, Philip was unsuccessful ; and Pho- 
cion, who despised his gold as well as his 
meanness, obliged him to evacuate an island 
whose inhabitants were as insensible to the 
charms of money, as they were unmoved at 
the horrors of war, and the bold efforts of a 
vigilant enemy. From Eubcea he turned his 
arms against the Scythians, but the advan- 
tages he obtained over this indigent nation 
were inconsiderable, and he again made 
Greece an object of plunder and rapine. 
He advanced far into Bceotia, and a general 
engagement was fought at Chaeronea. The 
fight' was long and bloody, but Philip ob- 
tained the victory. His behaviour after the 
battle reflects great disgrace upon him as a 
man, and as a monarch. In the hour of fes- 
tivity, and during the entertainment which 
he had given to celebrate the trophies he 
had won, Philip sallied from his camp, and 
with the inhumanity of a brute, he insulted 
the bodies of the slain, and exulted over the 
calamities of the prisoners of war. His in- 
solence, however, was checked when De- 
laades, one of the Athenian captives, re- 
minded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, 
Why do you, Okir.g, act the pari of a Ther- 
silat, when yon can represent with, so much 
dignity the elevated character of an Aga- 
memnon. The reproof was felt", Demades 
received his liberty and Philip learned how 



to gain popularity even among his fallen 
enemies, by relieving their wants and easing 
their distresses. At the battle of Chaerone;t 
the independence of Greece was extin- 
guished ; and Philip, unable to find new 
enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, 
and meditated new conquests. He was no- 
minated general of the Greeks against the 
Persians, and was called upon as well from 
inclination as duty to revenge those injuries 
which Greece had suffered from the inva- 
sions of Darius, and of Xerxes. But he was 
stopped in the midst of his warlike prepa- 
rations: he was stabbed by Pausanias as lie 
entered the theatre, at the celebration of the 
nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra. This 
murder has given rise to many reflections 
upon the causes which produced it, and 
many who consider the recent repudiation 
of Olympias, and the resentment of Alexan- 
der, are apt to investigate the causes of his 
death in the bosom of his family. The ri- 
diculous honours which Olympias paid to 
her husband's murderer strengthened the 
suspicion, yet Alexander declared that he 
invaded the kingdom of Persia to revenge 
his father's death upon the Persian satraps 
and princes, by whose immediate intrigues 
the assassination had been committed. The 
character of Philip is that of a sagacious, art- 
ful, prudent, and intriguing monarch ; he 
was brave in the field of battle, eloquent 
and dissimulating at home, and he possessed 
the wonderful art of changing his conducr. 
according to the disposition and caprice of 
mankind, without ever altering his purpose, 
or losing sight of his ambitious aims. He 
possessed much perseverance, and in the 
execution of his plans he was always vigor- 
ous. The hand of an assassin prevented hi in 
from achieving the boldest and the most 
extensive of his undertakings, and he might 
have acquired as many laurels, and conquered 
as many nations, as his son Alexander did 
in the succeeding reign, and the kingdom 
of Persia might have been added to the Ma- 
cedonian empire, perhaps with greater mo- 
deration, with more glory, and with more 
lasting advantages. The private character of 
Philip lies open to censure, and raises indigna- 
tion. The admirer of his virtues is disgusted 
to find him among the most abandoned 
prostitutes, and disgracing himself by the 
most unnatural crimes and lascivious in- 
dulgences which can make even the most 
debauched and the most profligate to blush. 
He was murdered in the 47th year of his 
age, and the 24th of his reign, about 336 
years before the Christian era. His reign 
is become uncommonly interesting, and his 
administration a matter of instruction. He 
is the first monarch whose life and actions 
are described with peculiar accuracy and 
historical faithfulness. Philip was the father 
of Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra, by 
Olympias; he had also by Audaca, an Illy- 
rian, Cvna, who married Amyntas the son of 
Perdiccas, Philip's elder brother ; by Nica- 
sipolis, a Thessalian, Nicaea, who married 
Cassander; by Philinna, a Larissaean dancer, 
Aridaeus, who reigned some time after Alex- 
ander's death ; by Cleopatra, the niece of 
2 Y 



PHI— PHI 



5J8 



PHI— PHI 



Attains, Caranus and Europa, who were both 
murdered by Olympias; and Piolemy the 
fu st king of Egypt, by Arsinoe, who in the. 
first mouth of her pregnancy was married 

to Lag-us.— Bern. Ph. 6c 01— Ju. 7, &c 

D). 16.— Pin. Al. Bern. & Ap.—Iso. Ph.— 

Curt. 1, 8cc.—J£sch.—Pa. Be. &c. The 

last king: of Macedonia, of that name, was 
son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the death 
of his father, was protected by Antigonus, 
one of his friends, who ascended the throne, 
and reigned for 12 years, with the title of 
independent monarch. When Antieonus 
died, Philip recovered his father's throne, 
though only 15 years of age, and he early 
distinguished himself by his boldness and his 
ambitious views. His cruelty, however, toAra- 
tus, soon displayed his character in its true 
Hght,and to the gratification of every vice and 
every extravagant propensity, he had the 
nieaiiness to sacrifice this faithful and virtuous 
Athenian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of 
Macedonia, Philip aspired to become the 
friend of Annibal, and wished to share with him 
the spoils which the distresses and continual 
loss of the Romans seemed soon to promke. 
But his expectations were frustrated, the 
Romans discovered his intrigues, and though 
weakened by the valour and artifice of the 
Carthaginian, yet they were soon enabled to 
meet him in the field of battle. The con- 
sul Laevinus entered without delay his terri- 
tories of Macedonia, and after he had ob- 
tained a victory over him near Apollonia, 
and reduced his fleet to ashes, he compelled 
him to sue for peace. This peaceful dispo- 
sition was not permanent, and when the Ro- 
mans discovered that he had assisted their 
immortal enemy Annibal with men and 
money, they appointed T. Q. Flaminius to 
punish his perfidy, and the violation of the 
treaty. The Roman consuf, with his usual 
expedition, invaded Macedonia, and in a 
general engagement which was fought near 
Cynocephaie, the hostile army was totally 
defeated, and the monarch saved his life 
with difficulty by flying from the field of 
battle. Destitute of resources, without 
friends either at home or abroad, Philip was 
obliged to submit to the mercy of the con- 
queror, and to demand peace'by his ambas- 
sadors. It was granted with difficulty, the 
terms were humiliating, but the poverty of 
Philip obliged him to accept the conditions, 
however disadvantageous and degrading to 
his dignity. In the midst of these public 
calamities the peace of his family was dis- 
turbed; and Perses, the eldest of his sons 
by a concubine, raised seditions against his 
brother Demetrius, whose condescension and 
humanity had gained popularity among the 
Macedonians, and who, from his residence 
at Rome, as an hostage, had gained the good 
graces of the senate, and by the modesty and 
innocence of his manners, "had obtained for- 
giveness from that venerable body for the 
hostilities of his father. Philip listened with 
too much avidity to the false accusation of 
Perses ; and when he heard it asserted that 
Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown, 
he no longer hesitated to punish with death 
60 unworthy and so ungrateful ? son, No 



sooner was Demetrius sacrificed to cretJulitv. 
than Philip became convinced of his cruelty 
and rashness, and to punish the perfidy of 
Perses, he attempted to make Antigonus, 
another son, his successor on the Macedonian 
throne. But he was prevented from execut- 
ing his purpose by death, in the 42nd year 
of his reign, 179'years before the Christian 
era. The assassin of Demetrius, succeeding 
his father, and with t.he same ambition, 
with the same rashness and oppression, re- 
newed the was against the Romans till his 
empire was destroyed and Macedonia be- 
came a Roman province. Philip has been 
compared with his great ancestor of the 
same name, but though they possessed the 
same virtues, the same ambition, and were 
tainted with the samp vices, yet the father 
of Alexander was more sagacious and more 
intriguing - , and the son of Demetrius was 
more suspicious, more cruel, and more im- 
placable, and according to the pretended 
prophecy of one or the Sibyls, Macedonia 
was indebted to one Phiip for her rise and 
consequence among nations, and under ano- 
ther Philip she lamented the loss of her 
power, her empire, and her dignity.— Pol. 16, 
&c— Ju. 29, &c— Plu. Fla.—Pa. 7, S.—Li. 

31, &c— Va. Ma. 4, 8.— Oros. 4, 20. M. 

JULIUS, a Roman emperor, of an obscure 
family in Arabia, from whence he was sur- 
named Arabian. From the lowest rank in 
the army he gradually rose to the highest 
offices, and when he was made general of 
the pretorian guards he assassinated Gordian 
to make himself emperor. To establish him- 
self with more certainty on the imperial 
throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the 
continual invasions of the Persians, and 
hurried to Rome, where his election was 
universally approved by the senate and the 
Roman people. Philip rendered his cause 
popular by his liberality and profusion, and 
it added much to his splendour and dignity, 
that the Romans during his reign commemo- 
rated the foundation of their city, a solemnity 
which was observed but once every hundred 
years, and which was celebrated with more 
pomp and more magnificence than under the 
preceding reigns. The people were enter- 
tained with games and spectacles, the theatre 
of Pompev was successively crowded during 
three days and three nights, and 2000 gladi- 
ators bled in the circus at once, for the 
amusement and pleasure of a gazing popu- 
lace. His usurpation, however, was short. 
Philip w as defeated by Decius, who had pro- 
claimed himself emperor in Pannonia, and 
he was assassinated by his own soldiers near 
Verona, in the 45th vear of his age, and the 
5th of his reign, A.'D. 249. His sou who 
bore the same name, and who had shared 
with him the imperial dignity, was also 
massacred in the arms of his mother. Young 
Philip was then in the 12th year of his age, 
and the Romans lamented in him the loss of 
rising talents, of natural humanity, and en- 
dearing virtues.— Au. Vic.—Zoz. A native 

of Acarnania, physician to Alexander the 
Great. When the' monarch had been sud- 
denly taken ill, after bathing in the Cydnus, 
Philip undertook to remove the complaint, 



PHI— PHI 



519 



PHI—PHI 



when the rest of the physicians believed that 
all medical assistance would be ineffectual. 
But as he was preparing' his medicine, Alex- 
ander received a letter from Parmenio, in 
which he was advised to beware of his phy- 
sician Philip, as he had conspired against 
his life. The monarch was alarmed, and 
when Philip presented him the medicine, 
he gave him Parmenio's letter to peruse, 
and began to drink the potion. The serenity 
and composure of Philip's countenance, as 
he read the letter, removed every suspicion 
from Alexander's breast, and he pursued the 
directions of his physician, and in a few days 

recovered.— Plu. Al.—Curt. 3.—Ar. 2. A 

son of Alexander the Great, murdered by 

order of Olympias. A governor of Sparta. 

A son of Cassander. A man who 

pretended to be the son of Perses, that 
he might lay claim to the kingdom of 
Macedonia. He was called Psuedophilip- 

pus. A general of Cassander, in iEcolia. 

A Phrygian, made governor of Jerusa- 
lem by Antiochus, Sec. A son of Herod 

the Great, in the reign of Augustus. A 

brother of Alexander the Great, called also 

Aridaeus. [Vide Aridseus.] A freedman of 

Pompey the Great. He found his master's 
body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, 
and he gave it a decent burial, with the as- 
sistance of an old Roman soldier, who had 

fought under Pompey. The father-in-law 

of the emperor Augustus. A Lacedamio- 

dian who wished to make himself absolute 

in Thebes. An officer made master of 

Parthia, after the death of Alexander the 

Great. A king of part of Syria, son of An- 

fiochus Gryphns. A son of Antipater in 

the army o'f Alexander. A brother of Ly- 

simachns, who died suddenly after hard 

working and labour. An historian of Am- 

phipolis. A Carthaginian, &e. A man 

who wrote an history of Caria. A native 

of Megara, <kc. A native of Pamphylia, 

who wrote a diffuse history from the crea- 
tion down to his own time. It was not much 
valued. He lived in the age of Theodosius II. 

PHILISCUS, a famous sculptor, whose 
statues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, 
and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the 

portico belonging to Octavia. A Greek 

comic poet. PI. 11, 9. An Athenian who 

received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia. 

An officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to 

make peace with the Greeks. 

PHI LIS HON, a comic poet of Nicsea in 

the age of Socrates. Mart. 2, e. 41.. A 

physician of Locris. A. Gel. 7, 12. 

PH1LISTTJ3, a musician of Miletus. A 

Syracusan, w ho, during his banishment from 
] tis native country, wrote an history of Sicily, 
in twelve books, which was commended by 
some, though condemned for inaccuracy by 
Pausanias. He was afterwards cent against 
the Syracusans by Dionysius the younger, 
and he killed himself when overcome bv the 
enemy, 356 B. C. Plu. Di.—Di. 13. 

PHlLLO,an Arcadian maid, by whom Her- 
cules had a son. The father, named Alci- 
medon, exposed his daughter, but she was 
saved by means of her lover, who was di- 
rected to the place Avhere she was doomed to 



perish, by the chirping of a magpie, which 
imitated the plaintive cries of a child. Pa. 8, 12. 

PH1LO, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, 
A.D. 40, sent as ambassador from his nation 
to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in his em- 
bassy, of which he wrote an entertaining ac- 
count : and the emperor, who wished to be 
worshipped as a god, expressed his dissatis- 
faction with the Jews, because they refused 
to place his statues in their temples. He was 
so happy in his expressions, and elegant in 
his variety, that he has been called the\Jewish 
Plato ; and the book which he wrote on the 
sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, 
met with such unbounded applause in the 
Roman senate, where he read it publicly, 
that he was permitted to consecrate it in the 
public libraries. His works were divided into 
three parts, of which the first related to the 
creation of the world, the second spoke of 
sacred history, and, in the third, the author 
made mention of the laws and customs of 
the Jewish nation. The best edition of Phiio 
is that of Mangey, 2 vols. fol. London, 1742. 

A man who fell in love with his daughter 

called Proserpine, as she was bathing. He 
had by her a son, Mercurius Trismegistus 

A man who wrote an account of a jour 

ney to Arabia. A philosopher who fol. 

lowed the doctrines of Carneades, B. C. 100- 

Another philosopher of Athens, tutor to 

Cicero. A grammarian in the first cen- 
tury. An architect of Byzantium, who 

flourished about three centuries before the 
Christian era. He built a dock at Athens, 
where ships were drawn in safety, and pro- 
tected from storms. Ci.Or. l,c. 14. A 

Greek Christian writer, whose work was 

edited at Rome, 4to. 1772. A dialectic 

philosopher, 260 B.C. [Plu. 

PHILOB(EOTLS, a mountain of Bceotia. 

PHI LOCH ORGS, a man who wrote an 
history of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of 
the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He 
died B.C. 222. 

PHI'LOCLES, one of the admirals of the 
Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian war. 
He recommended to his countrymen to cut 
off the right hand of such of the enemies as 
were taken, that they might be rendered unfit 
for service. His plan was adopted by all the 
ten admirals except one ; but their expecta- 
tions were frustrated, and instead of being 
conquerors, they were totally defeated at 
iEgospotamos by Lysander, and Philocles, 
with 3000 of his countrymen, was put to death, 
and denied the honours of a burial. Plu.Lys. 

A general of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 

A comic poet. Another, who wrote tra- 
gedies at Athens. 

PHILO'CRATES, an Athenian, famous for 
his treachery, &c— — A writer who published 

an history of Thessaly. A servant of C. 

Gracchus. A Greek orator. 

PHILOCTETES, son of Pcean and Denio- 
nassa, was one of the Argonauts according 
to Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer 
and particular friend of Hercules. He was 
present at the death of Hercules, and because 
he had erected the burning pile on which the 
hero was consumed, he received from him 
the arrows which had been dipped in the gall 



PHI-PHI 520 

of the hydra, after he had bound himself by 
a solemn oath not to betray the place where 
his ashes were deposited. He had no sooner 
paid the last offices to Hercules, than he re- 
turned to Meliboea, where his father reigned 
From thence he visited Sparta, where he be- 
came one of the numerous suitors of Helen, 
and soon after, like the rest of those princes 
who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, 
and who had bound themselves to protpct hei 
from injury, he was called upon by Menelau; 
to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, 
and he immediately set sail from Meliboea 
with seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the 
general rendezvous of the combined fleet. He 
was here prevented from joining his country- 
men, and the offensive smell 'which arose 
from a wound in his foot, obliged tlie Greeks, 
at the instigation of Ulysses, to remove him 
from the camp, and he was accordingly car- 
ried to the island of Lemnos, or, as others 
say, to Chryse, where Phimachus, the son of 
Dolophion,' was ordered to wait upon him. 
In this solitary retreat he was suffered to re- 
main for some time, till the Greeks, on the 
tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed 
by the oracle that Troy could not be taken 
without the arrows of Hercules, which «ere 
then in the possession of Philoctetes. Cpou 
this Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes, or, 
according to others, by Pyrrhus, was com- 
missioned by the rest of the Grecian army to 
*ro to Lemnos, and to prevail upon Phiioc- 
tetes to come and finish the tedious siege. 
Philoctetes recollected the ill treatment he 
^ad received from the Greeks, and par- 
ticularly from Ulysses, and therefore he not 
only refused to go to Troy, but he even per- 
suaded Pyrrhus to conduct him to Meliboea. 
As he embarked, the manes of Hercules for- 
bad him to proceed, but immediately to re- 
pair to the Grecian camp, where he should be 
cured of his wounds, and put an end to the 
war. Philoctetes obeyed ; and after he had 
been restored to his former health by iEscu- 
lapius, or, according to some, by M'achaon, 
or Podalirus, he destroyed an immense num- 
ber of the Trojan enemy, among whom was 
Paris, the son of Priam", with the arrows of 
Hercules. When by his valour Troy had been 
ruined, he set sail from Asia, but as he w r as 
unwilling to visit his native country, he came 
to Italy, where, by the assistance of his 
Thessalian followers, he was enabled to build 
a town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. 
Authors disagree about the causes of the 
wound which Philoctetes received on the 
foot. The most ancient mythologists support, 
that it was the bite of the serpent which Juno 
had sent to torment him, because he had at- 
tended Hercules in his last moments, and had 
buried his ashes. According to another opi- 
nion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged 
him to discover where the ashe* of Hercules 
were deposited, and as he had made an oath 

not to mention the place, he only with his tions, but he had no sooner ob ained Pan- 
foot struck the ground where they lay, and j dion's permission to conduct Philomela to 
by this means concluded he had not violated! Thrace, than he became enamoured of her, 
his solemn engagement. For this, however, ! and resolved to gratify his passion. He dis- 
he was soon after punished, and the fall of missed the guards, whom the suspicions of 
one of the poisoned arrows from his quiver Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, 
upon the foot which had struck the ground j and he offered violence to Philomela, and af- 



PHI-PHI 

occasioned so offensive a wound, that th* 
Greeks were obliged to remove him from 
their camp. The sufferings and adventures 
of Philoctetes are the subject of one of the 
best tragedies of Sophocles.— V. JEn. 3, 46.— 
Pin. Pu. l.—Dic.Cr. I, 14.— Sen. H.—Soph. 
Phi.—Q. Cal. 9 & iO.—Hyg. fa. 26, 97, 6c 102. 
— Di. 5 & 4.— Of. Me, 13, 329, 9, 234. TV. 5, 
e. 2.-Ci. Tn. >>.—Plol. Hcep. 6. 

PHTLOCYPRUS, a prince of Cyprus in the 
age of Solon, by whose advice he changed the 
situation of a" citv, which in gratitude he 
called Soli.— P/u. So. 

PHILODA.ME'A, one of the Danaides, mo- 
ther of Phares bv Mercurv. — Pa. 7, 22. 

PHILODE'MIIS, a poet in the age of Ci- 
cero, who rendered himself known by his 
lascivious and indelicate verses.— Ci. Fin. 2. 

— Hot. l,S.'2, 121. A comic poet, ridiculed 

by Aristophanes. [married Leucippus. 

PHILODICE, a daughter of Inaehus, who 
PHILOLA'US,asonof Minos, by the nymph 
Paria, from whom the island of Paros re- 
ceived its name. Hercules put him to death, 
because he had killed two of his companions. 

Apul. 3, 1. A Pythagorean philosopher of 

Crotona, B. C. 374, who first supported the 
diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, 
and its annual motion round the sun. Cicero, 
Ac. 4, 39, has ascribed this opinion to the 
Syracusan philosopher, Nicetas, and likewise 
to Plato ; and from this passage some suppose 
that Copernicus started the idea of the sys- 
tem which he afterwards established. — Diog\ 

—Ci. Or. 3,—Plu. A lawgiver of Thebes. 

He was a native of Corinth, and of the family 
of the Bacchiades, &c— Aris. 2, P. A me- 
chanic of Tarentum. A surname of ^Escu- 

lapius, who had a temple in Laconia, near 
the Asopus. 

PHILO'LOGUS,afreed man of Cicero. He 
betrayed his master to Antony, for which he 
was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of Ci- 
cero's brother, and obliged to cut off his own 
flesh bv piecemeal, and to boil and eat it up. 
—Phi.'Ci. &c. 

PHILO'MACHE.the wife of Pelias, king of 
Iolchos. According to some writers, she was 
daughter to Aniphiou, king of Thebes, though 
she is more generally called Anaxibia, daugh- 
ter of Bias.— Apol. 1. 

PHILOMBROTUS, an archon at Athens, 
in whose age the state was entrusted to Solon, 
when torn bv factions.— Plu. So. 

PHILOME'DUS, a man who made himself 
absolute in Phoctea, by promising to assist 
the inhabitants. — Poly. 

PHT LOM F/LA,a daughter of Pandion, kins 
of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had 
married Tereus, king of Thrace. Procne 
separated from Philomela, to whom she was 
particularly attached, spent her time in great 
melancholy till she prevailed upon her hus- 
band to go to Athens, and bring her sister to 
Thrace/ Tereus obeyed his wife's injunc- 



PHI- PHI 



521 



PHI-PHI 



terwards cut off her tongue, that she might 
hot be able to discover his barbarity, and the 
indignities which she had suffered. He con- 
fined her also in a lonely castle ; and after lie 
had taken every precaution to prevent a dis- 
covery, he returned to Thrace, and he told 
Procne that Philomela had died by the way, 
and that he had paid the last offices to her 
remains. Procne, at this sad intelligence, 
put on mourning for the loss of Philomela; 
but a year had scarcely elapsed, before she 
was secretly informed that her sister was not 
dead. Philomela, during her captivity, des- 
cribed on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes 
and the brutality of Tereus, and privately 
conveyed it to Procne. She was then going 
to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus when she 
received it; she disguised her resentment; 
and as, during the festivals of the god of wine, 
she was permitted to rove about the country, 
she hastened to deliver her sister Philomela 
from her confinement, and she concerted with 
her on the best measures of punishing the 
cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her son 
Itylus, who was in the sixth year of his age, 
and served him up as food before her husband 
during the festival. Tereus, in the midst of 
his repast, called for Itylus, but Procne imme- 
diately informed him, that he was then feast- 
ing on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, 
by throwing on the table the head of Itylus, 
convinced the monarch of the cruelty of the 
scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne 
and Philomela, but as he was going to stab . 
them to the heart, he was changed into a 
hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne 
into a swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant. 
This tragical scene happened at Dan I is, in 
Phocis ; but Pausanias and Strabo, who men- 
tion the whole of the story, are silent about 
f he transformation ; and the former observes 
that Tereus, after this bloody repast, fled to 
Megara, where he destroyed himself. The 
inhabitants of the place raised a monument 
to his memory, where they offered yearly 
sacrifices, and placed small pebbles instead of 
barley. It was on this monument that the 
birds called hoopoes were first seen ; hence 
the fable of his metamorphosis. Procne and 
Philomela died through excess of grief and 
melancholy, and as the nightingale's and 
swallow's voice is peculiarly plaintive and 
mournful, the poets have embellished the 
fable by supposing that the two unfortunate 
sisters were changed into birds. — Apol. 3, 14. 
— Pa. 1,42, 1. 10,4. — fa.45.— Sir. 9.— Ov. 

Me. 6, fa. 9. & IQ.—Virg. G. 4, 15 & 51 i. 

A daughter of Actor, king of the M vrmidons. 

PHILOME'LUM, a town of Phrvgia.— Ci. 
At. 5, e. '20, Ver. 3, »3. 

PHILOME'LUS, a general of Phocis, who 
plundered the temple of Delphi, and died 
B.C. 354. [Vide Phocis.] A rich musi- 
cian.— Mart. 4, e. 5. 

PHILOiN, a general of some Greeks, who 
settled in Asia.— Di. 18. 

PHILONI OES, a courier of Alexander, 
who ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in 
nine hours, and returned the same journey in 
J 5 hours.— Pi. 2, 71. 

PH1LOMS, a name of Chione, daughter 
of Daedal ion, made immortal by Diana. 



PHILONOE, a daughter ofTyndanis, king 
of Sparta, by Leda, daughter" of Thestius. 

Apol. A daughterof Iobate.s,king of Lycia, 

who married Bellerophon. — Id. 2. 

PHILO'NOME, a daughter of Nyctamus, 
king of Arcadia, who threw into the Eryman- 
thus two children whom she had by Mars. The 
children were preserved, and afterwards as- 
cended their grandfather's throne. — PLu.Per. 

The second wife of Cycnus, the son of 

Neptune. She became enamoured of Ten- 
nes, her husband's son by his first wife Pro- 
clea, the daughter of Clytius ; and when he 
refused to gratify her passion, she accused 
him of attempts upon her virtue. Cycnus 
believed the accusation, and ordered Teneus 
to be thrown into the sea, &e. — Pa. 10, 14. 

PHILONOMUS, a son of Electryon, king 
of Mvcenae, by A naxo.— Apol. 2. 

PH*ILONUS, a village of Egypt.— Sir. 

PHI'LOPATOR, a surname of one of the 
Ptolemies, king of Egypt. Vide Ptolemaeus. 

PHILOPHRON, a general who with 5000 
soldiers defended Pelusium against theGreeks 
who invaded Egypt. — Di. 16. 

PHI LO POEM EN, a celebrated general of 
the Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. 
His father's name was Grangis. His educa- 
tion was begun and finished under Cassander, 
Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and he eariy dis- 
tinguished himself in the field of battle, and 
appeared fond of agriculture and a country 
life. He proposed himself Epaminondas for 
a model, and he was not unsuccessful in imi- 
tating the prudence and the simplicity, the 
disinterestedness and activity, of ibis famous 
Theban. When Megalopolis was attacked by 
the Spartans, Philopremen, then in the 30th 
year of his age, gave the most decisive proofs 
of his valour and intrepidity. He afterwards 
assisted Antigonus, and was present in the 
famous battle in which the iEtolians were 
defeated. Raised to the rank of chief com- 
mander, he showed his ability to discharge 
that important trust, by killing with his own 
hand Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta; and 
if he was defeated in a naval battle by Nabis, 
he soon after repaired his losses by taking 
the capital of Laconia, B. C. 188, and by abo- 
lishing the laws of Lycurgus, which haa 
flourished there for such a length of time. 
Sparta, after its conquest, became tributary 
to the Achaeans, and Philopcemen enjoyed the 
triumph of having reduced to ruins one of 
the greatest and the most powerful of the 
cities of Greece. Some time afier, the Mes- 
senians revolted from the Achaean league, 
and Philopcemen, who headed the Achaeans, 
unfortunately fell from his horse, and was 
dragged to the enemy's camp. Dinocrates, 
the general of the Messenians, treated him 
with great severity ; he was thrown into a 
dungeon, and obliged to drink a dose of poi- 
son. When he received the cup from the 
hand of the executioner, Philopcemen asked 
him how his countrymen had behaved in the 
field of battle ; and when he heard that they 
had obtained the victory, he drank the whole 
with pleasure, exclaiming, that this was com- 
fortable news. The death of Piiilopcemen, 
which happened about 183 years before the 
Christian era, in his 70th year, was uuiver- 



■PHI— PHI 



522 



PHI — PHI 



sally lamented, and the Achaeans, to revenge 
his deatli, immediately marched to Messenia, 
where Dinocrates, to "avoid their resentment, 
killed himself. The rest of his murderers 
were dragged to his tomb, where they were 
sacrificed ; and the people of Megalopolis, to 
show farther their great sense of his merit, 
ordered a bull to be yearly offered on his 
tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, 
and his actions to be celebrated in a pane- 
gyrical oration. He had also statues raised 
to his memory, which some of the Romans 
attempted to violate, and to destroy, to no 
purpose, when Mummius took Corinth. Phi- 
lopoemen has been justly called by his coun- 
trymen the last of the'Greeks.— Plu. vil. — 

Ju. 32, 4. — Pol. A native of Pergamus, 

who died B. C. 1 :JS- 

PHILO'STRATUS, a famous sophist, born 
at Lemnos, or, according to some, at Athens. 
He came to Rome, where he lived under the 
patronage of Julia, the wife of the emperor 
Severus, and he was entrusted by the em- 
press with all the papers which contained 
some account or aneccotes of Apollonius 
Thyanaeus, and he was ordered to review 
them, and with them to compile an history. 
The life of Apollonius is written with ele- 
gance, but the improbable accounts, the fa- 
bulous stories, and exaggerated details which 
it gives, render it disgusting. There is, be- 
sides, another treatise remaining of his writ- 
ings, &c. He died A. D. 244. The best edi- 
tion of his writings is that of Olearius, fol. 

Lips. 1709. His nephew, who lived in the 

reign of Heliogabalus, wrote an account of 

sophists. A philosopher in the reign of 

Nero. Another in the age of Augustus. 

PHILO'TAS, a son of Parmenio, distin- 
guished in the battles of Alexander, and at 
last accused of conspiring against his life. 
He was tortured and stoned to death, or, ac- 
cording to some, struck through with darts 
by the soldiers, B. C. 330.— Curt. 6, 11.— Plu. 
— Air. An officer in the army of Alexan- 
der. Another, who was made master of 

Cilicia, after Alexander's death. A phy- 
sician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the 
expences and the extravagance of this cele- 
brated Rnnian.-P/«. [Poly. 8. 

PHILO'TERA, the mother of Mvlo, ,Vc- 

PH I LOT1 M U S, a freed-man of Cicero. -Ci. 
Di. 3, 9. 

PHILO'TIS, a servant-maid at Rome, who 
saved her countrymen from destruction. Af- 
ter the siege of Rome by the Chnils, the Fi- 
denates assembled an army under the com- 
mand of Lucius Posthumi'us, and marched 
against the capital, demanding all the wives 
and daughters in the city, as the conditions 
of peace. This extraordinary demand asto- 
nished the senators, and when they refused to 
comply, Philotis advised them to send all their 
female slaves disguised in matron's clothes, 
and she offered to march herself at the head. 
Her advice was followed ; and when the Fi- 
denates had feasted late in the evening, and 
were quite intoxicated, and fallen asleep, 
Philotis lighted a torch as a signal for her 
countrv men to attack the enemy. The whole 
was successful, t<ie Fidenates were conquered, 
and the senate, to reward the fidelity of the 



female slaves, permitted them to appear !» 
the dress of the Roman matrons. — Plu. R.— 
Far. L. L. o.—Ov. a. a. 2. 

PHILOXENUS.an officer of Alexander,«ho 
received Cilicia, at the general division of the 

provinces. A son of Ptolemy, who was 

given to Pelopidas as an hostage. A dithy- 

rambic poet of Cythera,who enjoyed the fa- 
vour of Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily , for some 
time, till he offended him by seducing one of 
his female singers. During his confinement, 
Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, 
called Cv clops, in which he had delineated 
the character of the tyrant under the name 
of Polyphemus, and represented his mistress 
under the name of Galataea, and himself un- 
der that of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond 
of writing poetry, and of being applauded, re- 
moved Philoxenus from his dungeon, but the 
poet refu>ed to purchase his liberty, by say- 
ing things unworthy of himself, and" applaud- 
ing the wretched verses of Dionysius, and 
therefore he was sent to the quarries. When 
he was asked his opinion at a feast about 
some verses which Dionysius had just re- 
peated, and which the courtiers had received 
with the greatest applause, Philoxenus gave 
no answer, but he ordered the guards that 
surrounded the tyrant's table to take him 
back to the quarries. Dionysius was pleased 
with his pleasantry and with his firmness, and 
immediately forgave him. Philoxenus died 
at Ephesus, about 3S0 years before Christ. — 

Plu. A celebrated musician of Ionia. 

A painter of Eretria, who made for Cassan- 
der an excellent representation of the battle 
of Alexander with Darius. He was pupil to 

Nicomachus. — PI. 31, c.10. A philosopher, 

who wished to have the neck of a crane, that 
he might enjoy the taste of his aliments 
long er, and with more pleasure. — Ai is. eth. 3. 

PH1LLVLLIUS, a comic poct.-Alh. 

PHI'LYRA, one of the Oceanides, who 
was met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to 
escape from the vigilance of iihea, changed 
himself into a horse, to enjoy the company 
of Pliilyra, by whom he had a son, half a man 
and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra 
was so ashamed of giving birth to such a 
monster, that she entreated the gods to 
change her nature. She was metamorphosed 
into the linden tree, cailed by her name 

among the Greeks. — Hyg. fa. 138. The 

wife of Nauplius. 

PHI LYRES, a people near Pontus. 

PHl'LYRIDES, a patrunymic of Chiron 
the son of Philyria. — Ov.a.a.—Virg. G. 3,550. 

PHINEUS, a son oi Agenor, king of Phoe- 
nicia, or according to some of Neptune, who 
became king of Thrace, or as the grater 
part of the my thologists support, of Bithynia. 
He married Cleopatra the daughter of Bo- 
reas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he 
had Plexippus and Pandiou. After the death 
of Cleopatra, he married Idaea, the daughter 
of Dardauus. Idaea, jealous of Cleopatra's 
children, accused them of attempts upon 
their father's life and crown, or according 
to some, of attempts upon her virtue, and 
they were immediately condemned by Phi- 
neus to be deprived of their eyes. This 
cruelty was soon after punished by the gods, 



PHI-PHI, 5Z 

Phineus suddenly became blind, and the 
Harpies were sent by Jupiter to keep him 
under continual alarm, and to spoil the 
meats which were placed on his table. He 
was some time after delivered from these 
dangerous monsters by his brothers-in-law, 
Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far 
as the Strophades. He also recovered hi*, 
sight by means of the Arsonauts, whom he 
had received with great hospitality, and in- 
structed in the easiest and speediest way by 
which they could arive in Colchis. The 
eaases of the blindness of Phineus are a mat- 
ter of dispute among the ancients, some sup- 
posing- that this was inflicted by Boreas, for 
his cruelty to his grandson, whilst others at- 
tribute it to the anger of Neptune, because 
he had directed the sons of Phryxus how to 
escape from Colchis to Greece. "Many, how- 
ever, think that it proceeded from his having 
rashly attempted to develope futurity, while 
others assert that Zetes and Calais put out 
his eyes on account of his cruelty to their 
nephews. The second wife of Phineus is 
called by some Dia, Eurytia, Danae, and 
Idothea. — Phineus was killed by Hercules. 
— Ar. 2.—Apol. 1, 9, 1.3, 15, Di.A.—Hyg. fa. 

19. — Orp. — Viae. The brother of Cepheus, 

king of ^Ethiopia. He was going to marry 
his niece Andromeda, when her father Ce- 
pheus was obliged to give her up to he de- 
voured by a sea monster, to appease the re- 
sentment of Neptune. She was, however, 
delivered by Perseus, who married her by 
the consent of her parents, for having de- 
stroyed the sea monster. This marriage dis- 
pleased Phineus ; he interrupted the cere- 
mony, and with a number of attendants, 
attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus 
tlefended himself, and turned into stone Phi- 
neus and his companions, by showing them 
the Gorgon's head.— Apol. 2, 1 & 4. — Ov. 

Me. 5, fa. 1 Si l. — Hyg. fa. 64. A son of 

Melas. A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 

A son of Belus and Anchinoe. 

PHINTA.a king of Messenia,&c— Pau.4,4. 
PHINTHIAS, a fountain where it is said 
nothing could sink.— PI. 31, 2. 

PH1NTIA, a town of Sicily, at the mouth 
of the Himera.— Ci. Ver. 3, 83. 

PHINTIAS, called also Pithias, Pinthias, 
and Phytias, a man famous for his unparal- 
leled friendship for Damon. [Vide Damon.] 
— Ci. off. 3, 10, Tn. 5, 22.— Di. 6. A ty- 
rant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. 

PH1NTO, a small island between Sardinia 
and Corsica, now Figo. [Her. 4, 178. 

PHLA, a small island in the lake Tritonis. 
PHLEGELAS, an Indian king beyond the 

Hydaspes, who surrendered to Alexander. 

—Curt. 9, I. 

PHLE'GETHON, a river of hell, whose 

waters were burning, as the word " phlege- 

tho," from w hich the name is derived, seems 

to indicate.— V. M;n. 6, 550.— Ov. Me. 15, 

532.— Sen. Hip.— Si. 13, 564. 
PH LEGIAS, a man of Cyzicus when the 

Atgonants visited it, kc.— Flac. 
PHLKGOM, a native of Tralles in Lydia, 

one of the emperor Adrian's freed men. He 

wrote different treatises on the long-lived. 

on wonderful things, besides an historical j 



lo PH L— PHO 

account of Sicily, sixteen books on theOIym. 
piades, an account of the principal places in 
Rome, three books of Fasti, &c. Of these 
some fragments remain. His style was not 
elegant, and he wrote without judgment or 

precision. One of the horses of the sun. 

The word signifies burning. — Ov. Me. 2. 

PHLEGRA, or PH LEGftiEUS CAMPOS, 
a place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pal- 
lene, where the giants attacked the gods and 
were defeated by Hercules. The combat 
was afterwards renewed in Italy, in a place 
of the same name, near Cumse. — Si. 8, 538, I. 
9, 305.— Str. 5.— Di. 4 & 5.— Ov. Me. 10, 151, 
1. 12, 378, I. 15, 532.— St. 5, Sy. 3, 196. 

PHLEGYiE, a people of Thessaly. Some 
authors place them in Bceotia. They re- 
ceived their name from Phlegyas the son of 
Mars, with whom they plundered and burned 
the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of 
them escaped to Phocis, where they settled. 
— Pa. 9, 36.— H. II. 13, 301.— Sir. 9. 

PHLEGYAS, a son of Mars by Chryse, 
daughter of H.ilmus, was king of the La- 
pithae in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion 
and Coronis, to whom Apollo offered vio- 
lence. When the father heard that his 
daughter had been so wantonly abused, he 
marched an army against Delphi, and re- 
duced the temple of the god to ashes. This 
was highly resented. Apollo killed Phlegyas 
and placed him in hell, where a huge stone 
hangs over his head, and keeps him in con- 
tinual alarm, by its appearance of falling 
every moment— Pa. 9, 36.— Apol. 3, 5.— Pin. 
Py. 3.— Ov. Me. 5, 87.— Serv. V.IEn. 6, 618. 

PHLIAS, one of the Argonauts, son 
Bacchus and Ariadne.— Pa. 2, 12. 

PHLIASIA, a country of Peloponnesus, 
near Sicvon, of which Phlius was the capital* 
PHLlfJS, (gen. nntls) a town in Pelopon- 
nesus, now Staphlica, in the territory o\ 

Sicyou. Another in Elis. Another in 

Are:olis, now Drepano. 

PHLCEUS, a surname of Bacchus, expres- 
sive of his youth and vigour. Plu.Sym.5,qu.8. 

PHOBETOR, one of the sons of Somnus, 
and his principal minister. His office was 
to assume the shape of serpents and wild 
beasts, to inspire terror in' the minds of 
men, as his name intimates, i 'phobeo. , ' ) The 
other two ministers of Somnus were Phan- 
tasia and Morpheus.— Ov. Me. 11, 640. 

PHOBOS, son of Mars, and god of terror 
among the ancients, was represented with a 
lion's head, and sacrifices were offered to 
him to deprecate his appearance in armies. 
— Phi. er. 

PHOC/EA, now Fockia, a maritine town 
of Ionia, in Asia Minor, .with two harbours, 
between Cumae and Smyrna, founded by an 
Athenian colony. It received its name from 
Phocus, the leader of the colony, or from 
(phocte) sea calves, which are found in great 
abundance in the neighbourhood. The in- 
habitants, called Phocmi & Phoceeenses, were 
expert mariners, and founded many cities 
in different parts of Europe. They left 
Ionia, when Cyrus attemoted to reduce them 
under his power, and they came afier many 
adventures into Gaul, where they founded 
) Manilla, now Marseilles. The town of 



PHO— PHO 



524 



PHO— PHO 



Marseilles is often (listing-wished by the epi- ence, and with the same independent mind. 



thet of Phocaica, and its inhabitants called 
Phocceenses. Phocaea was declared inde- 
pendent by Pompey, and under the first em- 
perors of Rome it became one of the most 
flon rishing cities of Asia Minor.— Li. 5,34,1.37, 
31, I. 36, 39.— Me. 1, 17.— Pa. 7,3,— Her.1, \65. 
~Str.U.—Hor.epo.lG.—Ov. Me. 6,Q.—Pl.3,4. 

PHOCENSES, and PHO'CICI, the inha- 
bitants of Phocis in Greece. 

PHOCILIDES, a Greek poet anl philoso- 
pher of Miletus, about 5-10 years before the 
Christian era. The poetical piece now ex- 
tant called "nouthetikon," and attributed to 
him, is not of his composition, but of another 
poet who lived in the reign of Adrian. 

PHOCION, an Athenian, celebrated for 
his virtues, private as well as public. He 
was educated in the school of Plato, and of 
Xenocrates, and as soon as he appeared 
among- the statesmen of Athens, he distin- 
guished himself by his prudence and modera- 
tion, his zeal for the public good, and his 
military abilities. He often checked the 
violent and inconsiderate measures of De- 
mosthenes, and when the Athenians seemed 
eager to make war against Philip, king of 
Macedonia, Phocion observed that war 
should never be undertaken without the 
strongest and most certain expectations of 
victory and success. When Philip en- 
deavoured to make himself master of Eubcea, 
Phocion stopped his progress, and soon 
obliged him to relinquish his enterprise. 
During the time of his administration he was 
always inclined to peace, though he never 
suffered his countrymen to become indolent, 
and to forget the jealousy and rivalship of 
their neighbours. He was 45 times ap- 
pointed governor of Athens, and no greater 
encomium can be passed upon his talents as 
a minister and statesman, than that he never 



But not totally to despise the favours of the 
monarch, he begged Alexander to restore to 
their liberty four slaves that were confined 
in the citadel of Sardis. Antirater, who suc- 
ceeded in the government of M acedonia after 
the death of Alexander, also attempted to 
corrupt the virtuous Athenian, but with the 
same success as his royal predecessor; and 
when a friend had observed to Phocion, that 
if he could so refuse the generous offers o f 
his patrons, yet he should consider the good 
of his children, and accept them for their 
sake, Phocion calmly replied, that if his 
children were like him they could maintain 
themselves as well as their "father had done, 
bnt if they behaved otherwise he declared 
that he was unwilling to leave them any 
thing which might either supply iheir ex- 
travagances, or encourage their debaucheries. 
But virtues like these could not long stand 
against the insolence and fickleness of an 
Athenian assembly. When the Piraeus was 
taken, Phocion was accused of treason, and 
therefore, to avoid the public indignation, 
he fled lor safety to Polyperchon. Polyper- 
chon sent him back to Athens, where he was 
immediately condemned to drink the fata-i 
poison. He received the indignities of the 
people with uncommon composure ; and 
when one of his friends lamented his fate, 
Phocion exclaimed, This is no more than 
what I expected; this treatment the most il- 
lustrious citizens of Athens have received be- 
fore me. He took the cup with the greatest 
serenity of mind, and as he drank the fatal 
draught, he prayed for the prosperity of 
Athens, and bade" his friends to tell his" son 
Phocus not to remember the indignities 
which his father had received from the 
Athenians. He died about 318 years before 
the Chri>tian era. His body was deprived 



solicited that high, though dangerous office. I of a funeral by order of the ungrateful Athe- 
In his rural retreat, or "at the head of the I nians, and if it was at last interred, it was 
Athenian armies, he always appeared bare- I by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a 
footed, and without a cloak, whence one of ; woman who placed this inscription over his 
his soldiers had occasion to observe, when he j bones : Keep inviolate, sacred hearth, the 
saw him dressed more warmly than usual \precious remains of a good man till a bettei 
during a severe winter, that since Phocion i day restores them to the monuments of their 
wore his cloak it was a sign of the most in- \ forefathers, when Athens shall be delivered 
clement weather. If he was the friend of j of her phrenzy, and shall be more wise. It 
temperance and discipline, he was not a less \ has been observed of Phocion, that he never 
brilliant example of true heroism. Philip, appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected 



; well as his son Alexander, attempted to 
bribe him, but to no purpose; and Phocion 
boasted in being one of the poorest of the 
Athenians, aud in deserving the appellation 
of Ike Good. It was through him that Greece 



in adversity; he never betra'yed pusillani- 
mity by a tear, nor joy by a smile. His 
countenance was stern and unpleasant, but 
he never behaved with severity ; his expres- 
sions were mild and his rebukes gentle. 



was saved from an impending war, and he i the age of 60 he appeared at the head of the 
advised Alexander rather to turn his arms I Athenian armies like the most active officer 
against Persia, than to shed the blood of the j and to his prudence and cool valour in every 
Greeks, who were either his ailies or his j period of life his citizens acknowledged them- 
subjects. Alexander was so sensible of his ; selves much indebted. His merits were not 
merit, and of his integrity, that he sent him ' buried in oblivion: the Athenians repented 
100 talents from the spoils which he had ob- 1 of their ingratitude, and honoured his me- 
tained from the Persians, but Phocion was | mory by raising him statues, and putting 
too great to suffer himself to be bribed ; and ! to a cruel death his guilty accusers. — Flu. 
when the conqueror had attempted a second & C. Nep. vi. — Di. 16. 

time to oblige him, and to conciliate his i PHOCIS, a country of Greece, bounded on 
favour, by offering him the government and i the east by Boeotia," and by Locris on the 
possession of five cities, the Athenian re- west. It originally extended from the bay 
jected the presents with the same indirTer- {of Corinth fo~the sea of Euboea, and reached 



PHO— PHO 



525 



PHO-PHO 



on the north as far as Thermopy lae, but its 
boundaries were afterwards more contracted. 
Phocis received its name from Phocus, a son 
of Ornytion, who settled there. Tlie inhabit- 
ants were called Phocenses, and from thence 
the epithet of Phocicvs was formed. Par- 
nassus was the most celebrated of the moun- 
tains of Phpcis, and Delphi was the greatest 
of its towns. Phocis is rendered famous for 
a war which it maintained against some of 
the Grecian republics, and which has received 
the name of the Phocian war. This cele- 
brated war originated in the following cir- 
cumstances :— when Philip, king of Macedo- 
nia, had, by his intrigues and well-concerted 
policy, fomented divisions in Greece, and dis- 
turbed the peace of every republic, the Greeks 
universally became discontented in their si- 
tuation, fickle in their resolutions, and jea- 
lous of the prosperity of the neighbouring 
states. The Amphictyons, who were the su- 
preme rulers of Greece, and who at that 
time were subservient to the views of the 
Thebans, the inveterate enemies of the Pho- 
cians, showed the same spirit of fickleness, 
and, like the re«t of their countrymen, were 
actuated by the same fears, the same jealousy 
and ambition. As the supporters of religion, 
they accused the Phocians of impiety for 
ploughing a small portion of land which be- 
longed to the god of Delphi. They imme- 
diately commanded that the sacred field 
should be laid waste, and that the Phocians, 
to expiate their crii e, should pay a heavy 
fine to the community. The inability of the 
Phocians to pay the fine, and that of the 
Amphictyons to enforce their commands by 
violence, gave rise to new events. The peo- 
ple of Phocis were roused by the eloquence 
and the popularity of Philomelus, one of their 
countrymen, and'when this ambitious ring- 
leader had liberally contributed the great 
riches he possessed for the good of his coun- 
trymen, they resolved to oppose the Amphic- 
tyonic council by force of arms. He seized 
the rich temple of Delphi, and employed the 
treasures it contained to raise a mercenary 
army. During two years, hostilities were 
carried on between the Phocians and their 
enemies, the 1 hebans and the people of Lo- 
cris, but no decisive battles were fought ; and 
it can only be observed, that the Phocian pri- 
soners u ere always put to an ignominious 
death, as guilty of the most abominable sa- 
jriiege and impiety, a treatment which was 
.iberally retaliated on such of the army of the 
Amphictyons as became the captives of the 
enemy. "The defeat, however, and death of 
Philomelus, for a while checked their suc- 
cesses ; but the deceased general was soon 
succeeded in the command by his brother, 
called Onomarchus, his equal in boldness and 
ambition, and his superior in activity and en- 
terprise. Onomarchus rendered his cause 
popular, the Thessalians joined his army, and 
the neighbouring states observed at least a 
strict neutrality, if they neither opposed nor 
favoured his arms. Philip of Macedonia, who 
had assisted the Thebans, was obliged to re- 
tire from the field with dishonour, but a more 
successful battle was fought near Magnesia, 
and the monarch, by crowning the heads of 
his soldiers with laurel, and telling them that 



they fought in the cause of Delphi and hea- 
ven, obtained a complete victory. Onomar- 
chus waa slain, and his bodv exposed on a 
gibbet ; 6000 shared his fate, and their bodies 
were thrown into the sea, as unworthv of 
funeral honours, and 3000 were taken alive. 
This fatal defeat, however, did not ruin the 
Phocians: Phayllus, the only surviving bro- 
ther of Philomelus, took tlie command of 
their armies, and doubling the pay of his 
soldiers, he increased his forces by the addi- 
tion of 9000 men from Athens, Lacedaemon, 
and Achaia. But all this numerous force at 
last proved ineffectual ; the treasures of the 
temple of Delphi, which had long defrayed 
the expenses of the war, began to fail, dis- 
sensions arose among the ringleaders of 
Phocis, and when Philip had crossed the 
streights of Thermopylae, the Phocians, rely- 
ing on his generosity /claimed his protection, 
and implored him to plead theircause before 
the Amphictyonic council. His feeble inter 
cession was not attended with success, and 
the Thebans, the Locriaus, and the Thessa- 
lians, who then composed the Amphictyonic 
council, unanimously decreed that the Pho- 
cians should be deprived of the privilege of 
sending members among the Amphictryons. 
Their arms and theii horses were to be sold, 
for the benefit of Apollo ; they were to pay 
the annual sum of 60,000 talents, till the tem- 
ple of Delphi had been restored to its ancient 
splendour and opulence ; their cities were to 
be dismantled, and reduced to distinct villages, 
which were to contain no more than sixty 
houses each, at the distance of a furlong: from 
one another, and all the privileges and immu- 
nities, of which they were stripped, were to 
be conferred on Philip, kinjr of Macedonia, for 
his eminent services in the prosecution of the 
Phocian war. The Macedonians were ordered 
to put these cruel commands into execution. 
The Phocians were unable to make resist- 
ance, and ten years after they had undertaken 
the sacred war, they saw their country laid 
desolate, their walls demolished, and their 
cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of 
their enemies, and the inflexible cruelty of 
the Macedonian soldiers, B. C. 348. They 
were not, however, long under this disgrace- 
ful sentence : their well-known valour and 
courage recommended them to favour, and 
they gradually regained their influence and 
consequence by the protection of the Athe- 
nians, and the favours of Philip.— Li. 32, 18. 
— Ov. 2, A. 6, 15, Me. 5, IIQ.-Dem.—Ju. 8, 
&c— Di. 16, &c— PLu. Be. Lys. Per.. &c- 
Slr.o.— Pa. 4, 5. 

PHOCUS, son of Phocion, was dissolute in 
his manners, and unworthy of the virtues of 
his great father. He was sent to Lacedae- 
mon, to imbibe there the principles of so- 
briety, of temperance, ami frugality. He 
cruelly revenged the death of his father, 
whom'the Athenians had put to death.— Pin. 

Pho. & Ap. A son of itacus, by Psamathe, 

killed by I elamon. — Apol. 3, 12. A son of 

Ornytion, who led a colony of Corinthians 
into Phocis. He cured Antiope, a daughter 
of Nycteus, of insanity, and married her, and 
by her became fattier of Panopeus and Crisus. 
—Pa. 2, 4. [Phocilides. 

PHOCYLIDES, an ancient poet. Vide 



PHCE— PHCE 



526 



PHCE-PHO 



PHCEBAS, a name applied to the priestess 
of Apollo's temple at Delphi. — Luc. 5, l2S,.\:c. 

PHCEBE, a name given to Diana, or the 
moon, on account of the brightness of that 
luminary. She became, according to Apol- 
Jodorus/mother of Asteria and Latona. [Vide 

Dian.j A daughter of Leucippus and 

Philodice, carried away with her sister Hilai- 
ra, by Castor and Pollux, as she w as going to 
marry one of the sons of Aphareus." [Vide 
Leucippides.] — Apol. 2, 10. — Pa. 2, 22. 

PHCEBEUM, a place near Sparta. 

PHCEB1DAS, a Lacedaemonian general 
sent by the Ephori to the assistance of the 
Macedonians against the Thracians. He 
seized the citadel of Thebes ; but though he 
was disgraced and banished from ti e Lace- , 
daemonian army for this perfidious measure, 
vet hiscountrvmen kept possessionof thetown. 
He died B. C. 377.— C. Nep. Pel.—Di. 14, &c. 

PHCEBl'GENA, a surname of j£sc ulapius, 
6ic. as being descended from Phoebus.— V. 
£n. v. 773. 

PHCEBUS, a name given to Apollo or the 
sun. This word expresses the brightness and 
splendour of that luminary (p/wibos). Fide 
Apoilo. 

PHCEMOS, a lake of Arcadia. 

PHCEM'CE, or PHtEM'CI A, a country of 
Asia, at the east of the Mediterranean, whose 
boundaries have been different in different 
ages. Some suppose that the names of Phoe- 
nicia, Syria, and Palestine, are indiscrimi- 
nately used for one and the same country. 
Phoenicia, according to Ptolemy, extended 
on the north as far as the Eleutherus, a 
small river which falls into the Mediterra- 
nean sea, a little below the island of Aradu-, 
and it had Pelusium or the territories o; 
Egypt as its more southern boundary, and 
Syria on the east. Sidon and Tyre were the 
most capital towns of the country. The in- 
habitants were naturally industrious, the in- 
vention of letters is attributed to them, and 
commerce and navigation were among them 
in the most flourishing state. They planted 
colonies on the shores~of the Mediterranean, 
particularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, 
and Utica ;' and their manufactures acquired 
such a superiority over those of other nations, 
that among the ancients, whatever was ele- 
gant, great, or pleasing, either in apparel, 
or domestic utensils, received the epitnet of 
Sidonian. The Phoenicians were originally 
governed by kings. They were subdued by 
the Persians, and afterwards by Alexander, 
and remained tributary to his successors and 
the Romans. They were called Phoeni- 
cians, from Phcenix, son of Agenor, who 
was one of their kiugs, or according to others^ 
from the great number of palm trees 
{phoinikes) which grow in the neighbour- 
hood.— Her. 4, 42, 1. 5, 58.— H. Od. \5.—Me. 
1, 11, 1. 2, l.— Str. 16.— Apol. 3, 1.— Luc. 2, 
829.— Pi. 2, 47, 1. 5, 12.— Curt. 4, l.—V.&n. !, 
kc.—Ov. Me. 12, 104, 1. 14, 345, 1. 15, 288. 

PHCEM'CE, a town of Epirus.— Li, 22, 12. 

PHCEM'CIA. Vide Phoenice. 

PHCEMCLS, a mountain of Bceotia. 

Another in Lycia, called also Olympus, with 

a town of the same name. A port of Ery- 

thrte . — Li. 56, 45. 



PHCENICU'SA, now Felictidi, one of the 
iEolian islands. 

PHCENISSA, a patronymic given to Dido 
as a native of Phoenicia. — V. Bin. 4, 529. 
i PHCENTX, son of Amyntor king of Argos, 
by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor 
to young Achilles. When his father proved 
; faithless to his wile, on account of his fond- 
I ness for a concubine, called Clytia, Cleobule, 
jealous of her husband, persuaded her son 
Phoenix to ingratiate himself into the favours 
of his father's mistress. Phoenix easily suc- 
ceeded, but when Amynior discovered his 
intrigues, he drew a curse upon him, and 
the son was soon after deprived of his sight 
by dhine vengeance. According to some, 
Amyntor himself put out the eyes of his son, 
which so cruelly provoked him, that he 
meditated the death of his father. P*eason 
ami piety, however, prevailed over passion, 
and Phoenix, not to become a parricide, 
fled from Ariros to the court of Peleus, king 
of Phihia. Here he was treated with ten- 
derness, Pe eus carried him to Chiron, who 
restored him to his eye sight, and soon after 
he was made preceptor to Achilles, his bene- 
factor's son. He was also presented with 
the government of many cities, and made 
king of the Delopes. He accompanied his 
pup'il to the Trojan war, and Achilles was 
ever grateful for the instructions and pre- 
cepts which he had received from Phcenix. 
After the death of Achilles, Phcenix, with 
others, was commissioned by the Greeks to 
return into Greece, to bring to the war 
young Pyrrhus. This commission he per- 
formed with su' cess, and after the fall of 
Troy, he retun.ed with Pyrrhus, and died in 
Thrace. He was buried at CEon, or, accord- 
ing to Strabo, near Trachinla, w here a small 
river in the neighbourhood received the 
name of Phoenix.— Sir, 9.—H. //. 9, &c. — 

Or. ib. 25j.— Apol. 2, l.—V. JEn, 2, 762. 

A son nf Agenor, by a nymph was called 
Ttlephassa, according to Apollodorus and 
(Vloschus, or according to other.-, Epimedusa, 
Peiimeda, or Atdriope. He was, like his 
brothers, Cad in Us and Cilix, sent by hi* 
father in pursuit of his sister Europa, whom 
Jupiter had carried as-. ay under the form of 
a bull, and when his inquiries proved unsuc- 
cessful, he settled in a country which, ac- 
cording to some, was frcm him called Pha- 
nicia. From him, as some suppose, the 
Carthaginians were called Pani.—Apol. 3. — 
Hyg. fa. 178. The father of Adonis, ac- 
cording to Hesiod. A Theban, delivered 

to Alexander, &:c. A native of '^enedos, 

who was an officer in the service ot Eumenes. 
PHOLOE, one of the horses of A. metus. 

A mountain of Arcadia, near Nsa. It 

received its name from Piioius, the friend of 
Hercules, who was buried there. It is often 
confounded with another of the same name 
in The.-salv, near mount Othyrs.— PL 4, 6. 
—Luc. 3, 198, 1.6, 388, 1. 7, 449.— Or. F. 2, 273. 

A female servant, of Cretan origin, 

given with her two sons to Sergestus by 

3Eneas. — V. JEn. 5, 285. A courtezan in 

the age of Horace.— Hor. 1, o. 33, 7. 

PHOLUS, one of the Centaurs, son of Si- 
lenus and Melia, or according to others, of 



PHO-PHO 



527 



PHO-PHR 



fxion and the cloud. He kindly entertained 
Hercules when lie was going-' against the 
boar of Eryrnanthus, but he refused to give 
him wine, as that which he had belonged to 
the re>t of the Centaurs. Hercules, upon 
liiis, without ceremony, broke the cask and 
drank the wine. The smell of the liquor 
drew the Centaurs from the neighbourhood 
to the house ot Pholus, but Hercules stopped 
them when they forcibly entered the habita- 
tion of his friend, and killed the greatest 
part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent 
funeral, but he mortally wounded himself 
with one of the arrows which were poisoned 
with the venom of the hydra, and which he 
attempted to extract from the body of one 
of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to cure 
him, buried him when dead, and called the 
mountain where his remains were deposited 
bv the name of Pholoe.—Apol. 1. — Pa. 3.— 
Virg. G. 2, 456.— JEn. 8, 294.— Di. A.— It. U— 

Luc. 3,6,Sc7.—Sl.Th.2. One of 'the friends 

of .(Eneas killed bv Turnus. — V. JEn. 12, 341. 

PHORBAS, a son of Pr-iam and Epithesia, 
killed during the Trojan war, by Menelaus. 
The God Somnus borrowed his features when 
he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into 
the sea near the coast of Italy.— V. JEn. 5, 

fe42. A son of Lapithus, who married 

Hyrmine, the daughter of Epeus, by whom 
he had Actor. Pelops, according to Diodo- 
rus, shared his kingdom with Phorbas, who 
also, says the same historian, established 
himself at Rhodes, at the head of a colony 
from Elis and Thessaly, by order of the 
oracle, which promised, by his means only, 
deliverance from the numerous serpents 
which infested the island.— Di. 2.— Pa. 5, 1. 

A shepherd of Polybus king of Corinth. 

A man who profaned Apollo's temple, 

Acc.—Ov. Me. 11, 414. A king of Argos. 

■ A native of Syene, son of Methion, 

killed bv Perseus.— Or. Me. 5, fa. 3. 

PHORCUS, or PHORCYS, a sea deity, son 
of Pontus and Terra, who married his bister 
Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, the dra- 
gon that kept the apples of the Hesperides, 

and other monsters. — Hes. Tk. — Apol. 

One of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by 
Ajax, during the Trojan war.— H. Ji. 17. 

A man whose seven sons assisted Turnus 

against ^Eneas.— V. JEn. 10, 328. 

l-'HORMIO, an Athenian general, whose 
father's name was Asopicus. He impoverished 
himself to maintain and support the dignity 
of his army. His debts were some time after 
paid by the Athenians, who wished to make 
biiu their general, an office which he refused, 
while he had so many debts, observing that 
it was unbecoming an officer to be at the 
bead of an army, when he knew that he was 

poorer than the" meanest of his soldiers. 

A general of Crotona. A Peripatetic 

philosopher of Ephesus, who once gave a 
lecture upon the duties of an officer, and a 
military profession. The philosopher was 
himself ignorant of the subject which he 
treated* upon which Hannibal the Great, 
who was one of his auditors, exclaimed that 
he had seen many doating old men, but never 
one worse than Phormio. — Ci. Nat. D. 2. 
— — An Athenian archon. — A disciple of 



Plato, chosen by the people of Elis, to make 
a reformation in their government and 
their jurisprudence. 

PHORMIS, an Arcadian who acquired 
great riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero 
in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen statute 
of a mare to Jupiter Olympius in Pelopon- 
nesus, which so much resembled nature, 
that horses came near it, as if it had been 
alive.— Pa. 5, 27. 

PHORO'NEUS, the god of a river of Pelo- 
ponnesus of the same name. He was son of 
the river Inachus by Melissa, and he was the 
second king of Argos. He married a nymph 
called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had 
Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia 
and Niobe, the first woman of w hom Jupiter 
became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his 
subjects the utility of laws, and the advan- 
tages of a social life and of friendly inter- 
course, whence the inhabitants of Argolis 
are often called Phoroncei. Pausanias re- 
lates, that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus, 
Asterion, and Inachus, were appointed as 
umpires in a quarrel between Neptune and 
Juno, concerning their right of patronizing 
Argolis. Juno gained the preference, upon 
which Neptune, in a (it of resentment, dried 
up all the four rivers, whose decision he 
deemed partial. He afterwards restored 
them to their dignity and consequence. 
Phoroneus was the first who raised a temple 
to Juno. He received divine honours after 
death. His temple still existed at Argos, 
under Antoninus the Roman emperor. — Pa, 
2, c. 15, Ikc.—Apol. 2, c. l.—Hyg. fa. 143. 

PHORO'NIS, a patronymic of lo, as sister 
of Phoroneus. — Ov. Me. 1, 625. [Phoroneus. 

PHORO'MUM,atown of Argolis, built by 

PHOTl'NUS, an eunuch who was prime 
minister to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. When 
Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after 
the battle of Pharsalia, Photinus advised his 
master not to receive him, but to put him to 
death. His advice was strictly followed. 
Julius Caesar some time after visited Egypt, 
and Photinus raised seditions against him, 
for which he was put to death. When 
Cassar triumphed over Egypt aud Alexandria, 
the pictures of Photinus, and of some of the 
Egyptians, were carried in the procession 
at Rome.— PLu. 

PHOT1US, a son of Antonina, who betray- 
ed to Belisarius his wife's debaucheries. 

A patrician in Justinian's reign. 

PHOXUS, a general of the Phocaens, who 

burnt Lampsacus, &c. — Poly.. 8. A tyrant 

of Chalcis, banished by his subjects, &c. — 
Arts. Pot. 5, 4. 

PHRAATES L, a king- of Parthia, who 
succeeded Arsaces 111. called also Phriapa- 
tius. He made war against Antiochus, king of 
Syria, and was defeated in three successive 
battles. He left many children behind him, 
but as thev were all too young, and unable to 
succeed to' ti<e throne, lie appointed his bro- 
ther Mithridates king, of whose abilities, and 
military prudence, he had often been a spec- 
tator.— Ju. 41, 5. The Second, succeeded 

his father Mithridates as king of Parthia ; and 
made war against the Scythians, whom he 
called lo his assistance agaiustAntiochus king 



PHR— PHR 



528 



PHR— PHR 



of Syria, and whom he refused lo pay, on the 
pretence that they came too late. He was 
murdered by some Greek mercenaries, who 
had been onte his captives, and who had en- 
listed in his army, B.C. 129.— Ju. 42, \.—Pln. 

Pom. The Third, succeeded his father Pa- 

corus on the throne of Parthia, and gave one 
of his daughters in marriage to Tigranes, 
the son of Tigranes, king of Armenia. Soon 
after, he invaded the kingdom of Armenia, 
to make his son-in-law sit on the throne of his 
lather. His expedition was attended with ill 
success. He renewed a treaty of alliance 
w hich his father had made with the Romans.. 
At his return in Parthia, he was assassinated' 

by his sons Orodesand Mithridates. — Ju. 

The Fourth, was nominated king of Parthia 
by his father Orodes, whom he soon after 
murdered, as also his own brothers. He made 
war against M. Antony with great success, 
and obliged him to retire with much loss. 
Some time after he was dethroned by the Par- 
thian nobility, but he soon regained his power, 
and drove away the usurper, called Tiridates. 
The usurper claimed the protection of Au- 
gustus the Roman emperor, and Phraates 
sent ambassadors to Rome to plead his cause, 
and gain the favours of his powerful judge. 
He was successful in his embassy : he made 
a treaty of peace and alliance with the Ro- 
man emperor, restored the ensigns and stan- 
dards which the Parthians had taken from 
Crassusand Antony, and gave up his foursons 
with their wives as hostages, till his engage- 
ments were performed. Some suppose that 
Phraates delivered his children into the hands 
of Augustus to be confined at Rome, that he 
might reign with greater security, as he knew 
his subjects would revolt, as soon as they 
found airy one of his family inclined to coun- 
tenance their rebellion, though, at the same 
time, they scorned to support the interest of 
any usurper who was not of the royal house 
of the Arsacidse. He was, however, at last 
murdered by one of his concubines, who 
placed her son, called Phraatices, on the 
throne.— Fa. Ma. 7, 6.— Ju. 42, 5. — Di. Ca. 

51, Sic—Plu. An. &c.—Ta. An. 6, 32. A 

prince of Parthia in the reign of Tiberius. 

A satrap of Parthia.— Ta. An. 6, 42. 

PHRAATICES, a son of Phraates IV. He, 
with his mother, murdered his father, and 
took possession of the vacant throne. His 
reign was short : he was deposed by his sub- 
jects, whom he had offended by cruelty, ava- 
rice, and oppression. 

PHRADATES, an officer in the armv of 
Darius at the battle of Arbela. [26," 25. 
PHRAGAND/E, a people of Thrace.— Li. 
PHRAHA'TES, the same as Phraates. Vide 
Phraates. [armies, &c— Str. 16. 

PHRAN1CATES, a general of the Parthian 
PH RAORTES succeeded his father Deioces 
on the throne of Media. He made war against 
the neighbouring nations, and conquered the 
greatest part of Asia. He was defeated and 
killed in a battle bv the Assyrians, after a 
reign of 22 years, B.C. 625. "His son Cyax- 
ares succeeded him. It is supposed that the 
Aipha xad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes. 
—Pa. Her. 1, 102. A king of India, re- 
markable for his frugality.— Phil. 



PHRA'SICLES, a nephew of Themistocles, 
whose daughter Nicomacha he married. 
Pin. Them. [pol. 
PHRASI MUS, the father of Praxithea.— A 
PHRASIUS, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacri- 
ficed on an altar bv* Busiris king of Egypt. 

PHRATAPH ERNES, a general of the Mas- 
sagette, who surrendered to Alexander. — 

Curl. 8. A satrap who, after the death of 

Darius, fled to Hvrcania, &c. — Id. 

PHRIAPATIUS, a king of Paithia, who 
flourished B. C. 195. [Lie. 36, C.M3. 

PHRICIUM, a town near Thermopylae.— 
PHRIXfJS, a river of Argolis. There is 
also a small town of that name in Elis, built 
bv the Minvae. — Her. 4. 148. 

"PHRO'NiMA.adaughter of Etearchus.king 
of Crete. She was delivered to a servant to 
be thrown into the sea, by order of her father, 
at the instigation of his second wife. The 
servant was unwilling to murder the child ; 
but as he was bound by an oath to throw her 
into the sea, he accordingly let her down 
into the water by a rope, and took her out 
again unhurt. Phronima was afterwards in 
the number of the concubines of Polymnestus, 
by whom she became mother of B"attus, the 
founder of Cvrene. — Her. 4, 154. 

PHRONTl'S, son of Onetor, pilot of the 
ship of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was 
killed bv Apollo just as the ship reached Su- 

nium.— H. Od. 3, 282.— Pa. 10, 25. One of 

the Argonauts — Apol. 1. 
PHRURl, a Scythian nation. 
PHRYGES, a river of Asia Minor, dividing 
Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Her- 
mus. — Pa. 

PHRYGIA, a country of Asia Minor, ge- 
nerally divided into Phrygia Major and Mi- 
nor. Its boundaries are not properly or ac- 
curately defined by ancient authors, though 
it appears that it was situate between Bithy- 
nia, Lvdia, Cappadocia, and Caria. it re- 
ceived its name from the Bryges, a nation of 
Thrace or Macedonia, who came to settle 
there, and from their name, by corruption, 
arose the word Phrygia. Cybele was the 
chief deity of the country, and her festivals 
were obse'rved with the greatest solemnity. 
The most remarkable tow ns, besides Troy, 
were Laodice, Hierapolis, and Synnada. The 
invention of the pipe of reeds, and of all sorts 
of needlework, is attributed to the inhabit- 
ants, who are represented by some authors as 
stubborn, but yielding to correction (hence 
Phryx verberutus melior), as imprudent, ef- 
feminate, servile, and voluptuous ; and to 
this Virgil seems to allude, AZn. 9, 617. The 
Phrygians, like all other nations, were called 
barbarians by the Greeks ; their muric(PAry- 
gii cunlns) was of a graveand solemn nature, 
w hen opposed to the brisker and more cheer 
ful Lydian airs. — Me. 1, 19. — Str. 2, &c— Ov 
Me. 13, 4?9, &c— Ci.7, fa. e. 16— Fiac. 27.- 
Dio. 1 ,50.— PL 8,48.— Hot. 2, o. 9, 16.— Pa. 5, 

25.— Her. 7, 73. A city of Thrace. 

PHRYNE, a celebrated prostitute, who 
flourished at Athens about 328 years' hefore 
the Christian era. She was mistress to Praxi- 
teles, who drew her picture. [Vide Praxi- 
teles.] This was one of his best pieces, and 
it was placed in the temple of Apollo at 



PHR- PHR 

Delphi. It is said that Apelles painted his 
Venus Anadyomene after he h;id seen Phryne 
on the sea-s'hore naked, and with dishevelled 
hair. Phryne became so rich by the liberality 
of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild, at 
her own expense, Thebes, which Alexander 
had destroyed, provided this inscription was 
placed on the walls : " Alexander dir nit, sed 
meretrix Phryne refeci." This was refused. 

— PI. 34, 8. There was also another of the 

same name, who was accused of impiety. 
When she saw that she was going to be con- 
demned, she unveiled her bosom, which so 
influenced her judges, that she was immedi- 
ately acquitted.— Quin. 2, 15. 

P'HRY'NICUS a general of Samos, who en- 
deavoured to betray his country to the Athe- 
nians, &c. A flatterer at Athens. A tra- 
gic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He 
was the first who introduced a female cha- 
racter on the stage. —Sir. 4. A comic poet. 

PHRVNIS, a musician of Mitylene, the 
first who obtained a musical prize at the Pa- 
nathenaea at Athens. He added two strings 
to the lyre, which had always been used with 
seven by all his predecessors, B. C. 438. It 
is said that he was origin illy a cook at the 

house of Hiero, king of Sicily. A writer 

in the reign of Commodus, who made a col- 
lection, in 36 books, of phrases and sentences 
from the best Greek authors, Sic. 

PHRVNO, a celebrated general of Athens, 
who died B. C. 590. 

PHRYXUS, a son of Athamas, king of 
Thebes, by Nephele. After the repudiation 
of his mother, he was persecuted with the 
most inveterate fury by his step-mother I no, 
because he was to sit on the throne of Atha- 
mas, in preference to the children of a second 
wife. He was apprised of I no's intentions 
upon his life, by his mother Nephele, or, ac- 
cording to others, by his preceptor ; and the 
better to make his escape, he secured partof 
his father's treasures, and privately left Bceo- 
tia with his sistr Helle, to go to their friend 
and relation JEetes, king of Colchis. They 
embarked on board a ship, or, according to 
the fabulous account of the poets and myco- 
logists, they mounted on the back of a ram 
whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on 
their journey through the air. The height 
to which they were carried made Helle giddy, 
and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her 
a decent burial on the sea-shore, and after 
he had called the place Hellespont from her 
name, he continued his flight, and arrived 
safe in the kingdom of j^Eetes, where he of- 
fered the ram on the altars of Mars. The 
King received him with great tenderness, and 
gave him his daughter Chalciope in marriage. 
She had by him Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cy- 
lindrus, whom some call Cytorus, Cutis, Lo- 
rus, and Hellen. Some time after, he was 
murdered by his father in-law, who envied 
him the possession of the golden fleece; and 
Chalciope, to prevent her children from 
sharing their father's fate, sent them pri- 
vately from Colchis to Bceotia, as nothing 
was to be dreaded there from the jealousy or 
resentment of I no, who was then dead. The 
fable of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a 
rani, has been explained by some, who ob- 



PHT — PHY 

serve, that the ship in which he embarked 
was either called by that name, or carried 
on her prow the figure of that animal. The 
fleece of gold is explained by recollecting that 
Phryxus carried away immense treasures 
from Thebes. Phryxus was placed among 
the constellations of heaven after death. The 
ram which carried him to Asia, is said to 
have been the fruit of Neptune's amour with 
Theophane, the daughter of Altis. This ram 
had been given to Athamas by the gods, to 
reward his piety and religious life, and Ne- 
phele procured it for her children, just as 
they were °oing to be sacrificed to the jea- 
lousy of Ino. The murder of Phryxus was 
some time afleramply revenged by theGreeks. 
It gave rise to a celebrated expedition which 
was achieved under Jason and many of the 
princes of Greece, and which had for its ob- 
ject the recovery of the golden fleece, and 
the punishment of the king of Colchis for his 
cruelty to the son of Athamas.— Di. 4.— Her. 
7, 197.— Apol. 1, 9.— Pin. Pu. \.-Hyg. fa. (4, 

188, Sic.—Ov. Her. 18, Me. 4. A small 

river of Argolis. 

PHTHIA, a town of Phthiotis, at the east 
of Mount Othrys in Thessaly, where Achilles 
was born, and from which he is often called 
Phthius heros. — Hor. 4, 0. 6, 4,— Ov. Me. 13, 
156.— Me.'l, 3.— Pro. 2, e. 14, 38.— Ci. 7k. 1,10. 

A nymph of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, 

who, to seduce her, disguised himself under 

the shape of a pigeon.— JEl. V. H. 1, 15. 

A daughter of Amphion and Niobe, killed 

by Diana.— Apol. 

PHTH IOTiS,a small province ofThessaly , 
between the Pelasgicus Sinus and the Malia- 
cus Sinus.. Mamiesia, and MountOEta. It was 
also called Achaia.— Pa. 10, 8. 

PHYA, a tall and beautiful woman of At- 
tica, whom Pisistratus,when he wished to re- 
establish himself a third time in his tyranny, 
dressed like the goddess Minerva, and led to 
the city on a chariot, making the populace 
believe that the goddess herself came to re- 
store him to power. The artifice succeeded. 
— Her. I, 59.— Poly. 1, 40. 

PHYCUS (nnlis), a promontory, near Cy- 
rene, now called Ras-al sem. — Lnc. 9. 

PHY'LACK, a town of Thessaly, built by 
Phylacus. Protesilaus reigned there, from 
whence he is often called Phyla ides.— Luc. 

6, 252. A town of Arcadia.— Pa. 1, 54.— 

A town of Epirus. — Liv, 45, 26. 

PHYLACUS, a son of Deion, king of 
Phocis. He married Clymene, the daughter 
of Mvnias, and founded Phylace. — Apol. 

PHY LARCUS, a Greek biographer, who 
flourished B. C. 221. He was accused of par- 
tiality by Plu. A. 

PHY LAS, a king of Ephyre, son of Antio- 
chus, and grandson of Hercules. 

PHYLE, a well-fortified village of Attica, 
at a little distance from Athens.— C.Nep.Tkr. 

PHYLEIS, adanghterof Thespius.— Apol. 

PHYLE' US, one of the Greek captains 

during the Trojan war. A son of Augeas. 

He blamed his father for refusing to pay 
Hercules what he had promised him for 
cleansing his stables. He was placed on his 
father's throne bv Hercules. 

PHY'LIRA. Vide Philyra. 

1Z ' 



52y 



PHY — PKY 



531 



SO 



PHY — PIC 



PHYLLA, the wife of Demetrius Polior- 
cetes, and mother of Strator.iee, the wife of 
aeleucus. ("place in Thessalv. 

PHYLLALIA, a part' of Arcadia. A 

PHYLLEiUS, a mountain, country, and 
town of .Macedonia. — Apol. Ar. 

PHYLLIS, a daughter of Sifhon, or, ac- 
cording 1 to others, of Lycurgus, king- of 
Tiiracc, who hospitably received Demophoon 
the son of Theseus, who, at his return from 
the Trojan war, had stopped on her coasts. 
She became enamoured of him, and did not 
rind him insensible to her passion. After 
some months of mutual tenderness and affec- 
tion, Demophoon set sail for Athens, where 
his domestic affairs recalled him. He pro- 
mised faithfully to return as *oon as a month 
was expired ; but either his dislike for Phyllis, 
or the irreparable situation of his affairs, 
obliged him to violate his engagement ; and 
the queen, grown desperate on account of his 
absence, banged herself, or, according to 
others, threw herself down a precipice into 
the sea, and perished. Her friends raised a 
tomb over her body, where there grew up 
certain trees, whose* lea^es, at a particular 
season of the year, suddenly became wet, as 
if shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. 
According'to an old tradition mentioned by 
Servius, Virgil's commentator, Phyllis was 
changed by the gods into an almond tree, 
which is called Phylla by the Greeks. Some 
days after this metamorphosis, Demophoon 
revisited Thrace, and when he heard of the 
fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, 
which, though at that time stripped of its 
leaves, snddenly shot forth and blossomed, as 
if still sensible of tenderness and love. The 
absence of Demophoon from the house of 
Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful epistle 
of Ovid, supposed to have been written hy the 
Thracian queen, about the fourth month after 
her lover's departure. — Ov. Hero. 2, A. A. 2, 
353.— TV. 2, 421.— Hyg. fa. 59. A country- 
woman introduced in Virgil's eclosrues. — - 
The nurse of the emperor Domitian. — Sue. 

Bo. 17. A country of Thrace, near mount 

Pangfeus.— Her. 7, 13. 

PHYLLIUS, a young Boeotian, uncommon- 
ly fond of Cy<rnus, the son of Hyria, a woman 
of Bceotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and 
told him that, to obtain a return of affection, 
he must previously destroy an enormous lion, 
take alive two large \ultures, and sacrifice 
on Jupiter's altars a wild bull that infested 
the country. This he easily effected by means 
of artifice," and by the advice of Hercules he 
forgot his partiality for the son of Hyria.— 

Ov. Me. 7, 572.— y'ic. H. 3. A Spartan, 

remarkable for the courage with which he 
fought asrainst Pvrrhus, king of Epirus. 

PHYL'LODOCE, one of Cyrene's attend- 
ant nvmphs.— Virg. G. 4, 3*6. 

PHYLLOS, a country of Arcadia. A 

town of Thessalv, near Larissa, where Apollo 
had a temple. 

PHYLLXS, a general of Phocis during the 
Phocian or sacred waa against the Thebans. 
He had assumed the command after the death 
of his brothers, Philomelus and Onomarchus. 
He is called bv some Phavllus. Vide Phocis. 

PH>. SC ELL A,a town ofMacedonia.-.l/e.2,3. 



PHYSCION, a famous rock of Bceotia, 
which was the residence of the Sphynx, and 
against which the monster destroyed himself, 
when his enigmas were explained* bv CEdipus. 
— Plu. 

PHYSCOA, a woman of Elis, mother o. 
Narcaeus, bv Bacchus. — Pa. 5, 16. 

PHYSCON, a surname of one of the Ptole- 
mies, kings of Egypt, from the great promi- 
nencyof his btWsC ^huske "venter Alh.2,%i. 

PHYSCOS, "a town of Caria, opposite 
Rhodes.— Sir. 14. 

PHYSCOS, a river of Asia, falling into the 
Tigris. The ten thousand Greeks crossed it 
on their return from Cunaxa. 

PHY'TA LIDES, the descendants of Phy- 
talus, a man who hospitably received and 
entertained Ceres, when she visited Attica. 
— Plu. Th. 

PHYTON, a general of the people of Rhe- 
gium, against Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. 
He was "taken by the enemy " and tortured, 
B. C. 367, and his son was thrown into the 
sea — Di. 14. 

PHYXIUM, a town of Elis. 

PIA, or PIALIA, festivals instituted in 
honour of Adrian, by the emperor Antoni- 
nus. They were celebrated at Puteoli, on 
the second vear of the Olympiads. 

PI'ASIJS,*a general of the Pelasgi.— S(r.]3. 

PICE'NI, the inhabitants of Picenum, 
called also Picentes. They received their 
name from picas, a bird by* whose auspices 
thev had settled in that part of Italv — It. 
8, 425.— Sir. 5.— Me. 2, 4. 

PICENTIA, the capital of the Picentini. 

PICENTI'M, a people of Italy between 
Lucauia and Campania, on the Tuscan sea. 
They are different from the Piceni or Pi- 
centes, who inhabited Picenum.— -Si. It. 8, 
450.— Ta. H. 4, 62. 

PICE'NUM, or PICENUS, AGER, a coun 
try of Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, 
oh the borders of the Adriatic— Li. 21, 6, 
1. 22, 9, 1. 27, 43.— Si. 10, 313.— Hor. 2, s. 3, 
121.— Mart. 1, e. 44. 

PICRA, a lake of Africa, which Alexander 
crossed when he went to consult the oracle 
of Amnion.— Di. 

PICTiE, or PICTI, a people of Scythia 
called also Agalhyrss. They received this 
name from their painting their bodies with 
different colours, to appear more terrible in 
the ey es of their enemies. A colony of these, 
according to Servius, Virgil's commentator, 
emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, 
where they still preserved their name and 
their^avage manners, but they are mentioned 
only bv later writers.— Mar.' 27, 18.— Clan, 
de.' Hon. con. 54.— PL 4, 12.— Me. 2, 1. 

PICTA'YI, or PIC'TONES, a people of 
Gaul, in the modern country of Poiclou.— 
Gees. 7, b. G. 4. 

PICTAVIUM, a town of Gaul. 

PICTOR FABIUS, a consul under whom 
silver was first coined at Rome, A. U. C. 4S5. 

PICCMNLS and PILCMNCS, two deities 
at Rome, who presided over the auspices, 
that were required before the celebra- 
tion of nuptials. Pilumnus was supposed 
to patronize children, as his name seems, 
in some manner, to, indicate, quod vellat 



PIC— PIE 



551 



PIG—PIN 



mala infantia. The manuring of lands was 
firstinvented byPicumnus, from which reason 
lie is called Sterqiiilinius. Pilumnus is also 
invoked as the god of bakers and millers, as 
he is said to have first invented how to grind 
corn. Turnus boasted of being one of his 
lineal descendants.— V. JEn. 9, 4. — Var. 

P1CUS, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, 
who married Venilia, who is also called 
Canens, by whom he had Faunus. He was 
tenderly loved by the goddess Pomona, and 
he returned a mutual affection. As he was 
one day hunting in the woods, he was met 
by Circe, who became deeply enamoured of 
him, and who changed hini into a wood- 
pecker, called by the name of picus among 
the Latins. His wife Veniiia was so discon- 
solate when she was informed of his death, 
that she pined away. Some suppose that 
Picus was the son of PiiumniiS, and that he 
gave out prophecies to his subjects, by means 
ot a favourite woodpecker, from which cir- 
cumstance originated the fable of his being 
metamorphosed into a bird. — V.BLn. 7,46,171, 
kc —Ov. Me. 14, 320, See. [Her. 7, 122. 

P1DORUS, a town near mount Athos.— 

PIDYTES, a mar. killed by Uhsses during 
the Trojan war. 

PI'ELUS, a son of Neoptolemus, king of 
Epirns, after his father.— Pa. 1, 11. 

PI'ERA, a fountain of Peloponnesus, be- 
tween Elis and Olympia.— Pa. 5, 16. 

PI'ERIA, a small track or country in Thes- 



to our friends. It received divine honours 
among the Romans, and was made one of 
their gods. Acilius Glabrio first erected a 
temple to this new divinity, on the spot 
where a woman had fed with 'her ow n milk 
her aged father, w ho had been imprisoned 
by order of the senate, and deprived of 
ail aliments.— Ci. di. l. — Va. Ma. 5, 4. 
P1GRES and MATTY AS, two brothers, 

&c. — Her. The name of three rivers. 

PIGRUM MARE, a name applied to the 
Northern Sea, from its being frozen. The 
word Pigra is applied to the Palus Mceotis. 
—Ov. 4, Pon. 10, 61. — PI. 4, 13.— Ta. G. 45. 

PILUMNUS, the god of bakers at Rome. 
Vide Picurnnus. 

PIMPLA, a mountain of Macedonia with 
a fountain of the same name, on the con- 
fines of Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to 
the Muses, who" on that account are often 
called Pimplece and Pimpleadcs.—Hor. l, 
o. 26, 9.—S(r. ]0.—Mart. 12. e. 11, 3, Sc. I, 
Sv. 2^, Sv. 2, 36. 

PIMPRANA, a town on the Indus.— An. 

PI'NARE, an island of the^gean Sea. 

A town of Syria, at the south of mount 

Amanus.— PL 5, 25. Of Lvcia.— Sir. 14. 

PINA'RIUS and POTITIUS, two old men 
of Arcadia, who came with Evander to Italy. 
They were instructed by Hercules, who vi- 
sited' the court of Evander, how they were 
to offer sacrifices to his divinity, in the 
morning, and in the evening, in mediately 



saly or Macedonia, from which the epithet | at sunset. The morning sacrifice they 
of Pierian was applied to the Muses, and to j punctually performed, but on the evening 
poetical compositions. — Mart. 9, e. 83, 3.— j Potitius was obliged to offer the sacrifice 

Hor. 4, o. 8, 20. A place between Cilicia \ alone, as Pinarius neglected to come till after 

and Syria. One of the wives of Danans, j the appointed time. This negligence of- 



mothe'r of six daughters called Actea, Po 
darce, Dioxippe, Adyte, Ocypete, and Pi- 
large.— Apol. 2. The wife of Oxylus the 

son of Hatmon, and mother of /Eto'lus and 

Laias. — Pa. 5, 3. The daughter of Py thas, 

a Milesian, &c. 

PI' ER IDES, a name given to the Muses, 
either because they were born in Pieria, in 
Thessaly, or because they were supposed by- 



fended Hercules, and he ordered, that for 
the future, Pinarius and his descendants 
should preside over the sacrifices, but that 
Potitius, with his posterity, should wait upon 
the priests as servants, when the sacrifices 
were annually offered to him on mount 
Aventine. This was religiously observed 
till the age of Appius Claudius, who per- 
uaded the Potitii, by a large bribe, to dis- 



soine to' be the daughters of Pierus, a king of continue their sacred office, and to have the 
Macedonia, who settled in Bceotia. Ah-o | ceremony performed by slaves. For this 



the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the 
Muses to a trial in music, in which they 
were conquered, and changed into magpies. 
It may perhaps be supposed, that the vic- 
torious Musts assumed the name of the con- 



negligence, as the Latin authors observe, 
the Potitii were deprived of sight, and the 
family became a little time after totally ex- 
tinct.— Li. 1, 7. — V. £n.8,269,&cc.—Vic'.or.S. 
PINA'RIUS RUSCA, M. a pretor, who 



quered daughters of Pierus, and ordered | conquered Sardinia, and defeated the Cor- 
themselves to be called Pierides, in the same ' sicans.— Ci. or. ~ 



manner as Minerva was called Pallas be 
cause she had killed the giant Pallas.— Or. 
Me. 5, 300. [9, 29. 

PI'ERIS, a mountain of Macedonia. — Pa. 

PI'EROS, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred 
to the Muses, who were from thence, as 

some imagine, called Pierides. A rich 

man ot Thessaly, whose nine daughters, 
called Pierides, challenged the Muses, and 
were changed into magpies when conquered. 
—Pa. 9, 29. A river of Achaia, in Pelo- 
ponnesus. A town of Thessalv.— Pa. 7, 

22. A mountain with a lake of the same 

name in Macedonia. 

PI'ETAS, a virtue which denotes venera- 
tion for the deity, and love and tenderness 



PINAROS, or P1NDUS, now Delifou, a 
river falling into the sea near Issus, after 
flowing between Cilicia and Syria.— Dio. Per. 
PINCUM, a town of Moesi'a Superior, now 

Gradisca, 

PINDARUS, a celebrated lyric poet of 
Thebes. He was carefully trained from his 
earliest years to the study of music and 
poetry, and he was taught how to compose 
verses with elegance and simplicity, by 
Myrtis and Corinna. When he was young", 
it is said that a swarm of bees settled on his 
lips, and there left some honey-combs as he 
reposed on the grass. This was universally 
explained as a prognostic of his future great- 
ness and celebrity, and indeed he seemtd 
2 Y 



PIN— PIN 



532 



PIN-PIPt 



entitled to notice when he had conquered 
Myrtis in a musical contest. He was not, 
however, so successful against Corinna, who 
obtained five times, while he was competitor, 
a poetical prize, which, according to some, 
was adjudged rather to the charms of her 
person, than to the brilliancy of her genius, 
or the superiority of her composition. In 
Ihe public assemblies of Greece, where fe- 
males were not permitted to contend, Pindar 
was rewarded with the prize, in preference 
to every other competitor; and as the con- 
querors at Olympia were the subject of his 
Compositions, the poet was courted by states- 
men and princes. His hymns ami paeans 
were repeated before the most crowded as- 
semblies in the temples of Greece; and the 
priestess of Delphi declared that it was the 
will of Apollo, that Pindar should receive 
the half of all the first fruit offerings that 
were annually heaped on his altars. This 
was not the only public honour which he re- 
ceived ; after his death, he was honoured 
with every mark of respect, even to adora- 
tion. His statue was erected at Thebes in 
the public place w here the games were ex- 
hibited, and six centuries after it was viewed 
with pleasure and admiration, by the geo- 
grapher Pausanias. The honours which had 
been paid to liim while alive, were also 
shared by his posterity ; and at the celebra- 
tion of one of the festivals of the Greeks, 
a portion of the victim which had been of- 
fered in sacrifice, was reserved for the de- 
scendants of the poet. Even the most in- 
veterate enemies of the Thebans showed re- 
gard for his memory, and the Sparrans 
spared the house in which the prince of Ly- 
rics had inhabited, when they destroyed the 
houses and the walls of Thebes. The same 
respect was also paid him by Alexander the 
Great when Thebes was reduced to ashes. 
It is said that Pindar died at the advanced 
age of 86, B. C. 435. The greatest part of 
his works have perished. He had written 
some hymns to the gods, poems in honour 
of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, and odes 
on several victories obtained at the four 
greatest festivals of the Greeks, the Olympic, 
Isthmian, Pythian, and Nemean games. 
Of all these, the odes are the only compo- 
sitions extant, admired for sublimity of sen- 
timents, grandeur of expression, energy and 
magnificence of style, boldness of metaphors, 
harmony of numbers, and elegance of dic- 
tiou. In these odes, which were repeated 
with the aid of musical instruments, and 
accompanied by the various inflections of 
the voice, with suitable attitudes, and pro- 
per motions of body, the poet has not mere- 
ly celebrated the place where the vic- 
tory was won, but has introduced beautiful 
episodes, and by unfolding the greatness of 
his heroes, the dignity of their characters, 
and the giory of the several republics where 
they flourished, he has rendered the whole 
truiy beautiful, and in the highest degree 
interesting. Horace has not hesitated to 
call Pindar inimitable, and this panegyric 
will not perhaps appear too offensive, when 
we recollect that succeeding critics have 
agreed in extolling his beauties, his excel- 



lence, the fiie, animation, and enthusiasm 
of his genius. He has been censured for his 
affectation in composing an ode from which 
the letter S was excluded.— Ath. — Quin. 10, 
l.-Hor. 4, o. >2.—£l. V. H. 3.— Pa. i, 8, 
9, 1. 23.— Fa. Ma. 9, \2.— Plu. Al.—Curt. 

1, 13. A tyrant of Ephesus who killed hi-s 

master at his" own request, afier the batlle 

of Philippi.— Pitt. A Theban, who wrote 

a Latin poem on the Trojan war. 

PIN'DASUS, a mountain of Troas. 

PINDENISSUS, a town of Cilicia, on the 
borders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul 
in Asia, besiesred it for 25 davs, and took it. 
— Ci. M. Ca>. Fa. 2, e. 10. 

PIN DPS, a mountain, or rather a chain 
of mountains, between Thessaly, Macedonia, 
and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as he- 
ins sacred to the Muses and to Apollo.— Ov. 
!,570.— Sir. 18.-T. Eel. W.—Liir. 1, 67-1, 

I. 6, 339.— Me. 2, I. 3. A town of Doris in 

Greece, called also Cyphas. It was watered 
by a small river of the same name which 
falls into the Cephisus,near Lilsea. — i/er. 1,56. 

PING US, a river of Mysia, falling into 
the Danube.— PI. 3, 26. 

PINNA, a town of Italy at the mouth ot 
the Matrinus, south of Pieenum. — 5/. 8, 51t>. 

PINTHIAS. Fide Phinthias. 

PINTIA, a town of Spain, now supposed 
to be Valladoiid. 

PI ON, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
who buiit Pionia, near the Caycus in Mysi.i. 
It is said that smoke issued from his tomb 
as often as sacrifices were offered to him. 
—Pa. 9, 18. 

PI ONE, one of the Nereides.— Apol. 

PIONTA, a town of Mysias,near theCavcus. 

PIRiELS, or PYRAEUS, a celebrated 
harbour at Athens, at the mouth of the Ce- 
phisus, about ihree miles distant from the 
city. It was joined to the town by two walls, 
in circumference seven miles and a half, 
and sixty feet high, which Themistocles 
wished to raise in a double proportion. 
One of these was built by Pericles, and the 
other by Themistocles. The towers which 
were raised on the walls to serve as a de- 
fence, were turned into dwelling-houses, as 
the population of Athens gradually increased. 
It was the most capacious of all the harbours 
of the Athenians, and was naturally divided 
into three large basons called Cantharos, 
Aphrodisium, and Zea, improved by the la- 
bours of Themistocles, and made sufficiently 
commodious for the reception of a fleet of 
400 ships, in the greatest security. The walls 
which joined it to Athens with "all its fortifi- 
cations, were totally demolished when Ly- 
sander put an end to the Peloponnesian war 
bv the reduction of Attica. — Pa. 1, l.—Str. 9. 
— C.Nep.Th.-Fl.3,5— Ju.5,8.— Ov.Me.6,U6. 

PIRANTHUS, a son of Argus and Evadne, 
brother to Jasus, Epidaurus, and Perasus. 
— Pa. 2, 16 & 17.— Apol. 2. 

PIRE'NE, a daughter of Danaus. A 

daughter of CEbalus," or according to others, 
of the Achelous. She had by Neptune two 
sons, called Leches and Cenchtius, who gave 
their names to two of the harbours of Corinth. 
Pirene was so disconsolate at the death, of 
her son Cenchrius, w ho had been killed by 



PIR-PIR 533 PIR-PIS. 



Diana, tliat she pined away, and was dis- 
solved by her continual weeping- into a foun- 
tain of the same name, which was still seen at 
Corinth in the age of Pausanias. The foun- 
tain Pirene was sacred to the Muses, and 
according to some, the horse Pegasus was 
then drinking some of its waters, when Bel- 
lerophon took it to go and conquer the Chi- 
msera.— Pa. 2, 3,—Ov. Me. 2, 240. 

PI'RITHOUS, a son of Ixion and the cloud, 
or according to others, of Dia, the daughter 
of Deioneus. Some make him a son of Dia, 
by Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a 
horse whenever he paid his addresses to his 
mistress. He was king of the Lapithae, and 
as an ambitious prince he wished to become 
acquainted with Theseus, king of Athens, of 
whose fame and exploits he had heard so 
many reports. To see him, and at the same 
time to be a witness of his valour, he re- 
solved to invade his territories with an army. 
Theseus immediately met him on the bor- 
ders of Attica, but at the sight of one ano- 
ther the two enemies did not begin the en- 
gagement, but, struck with the appearance of 
each other, they stepped between the hostile 
armies. Their meeting was like that of the 
most cordial friends, and Pirithous, by giving 
Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, 
promised to repair all the damages which 
Ins hostilities in Attica might have occa- 
sioned. From that time, therefore, the two 
monarchs became the most intimate and the 
most attached of friends, so much, that 
their friendship, like that of Orestes and 
Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous 
some time after married Hippodamia, and 
invited not only the heroes of his age, but 
also the gods themselves, and his neighbours 
the Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. 
Mars was the only one of the gods who was 
not invited, and to punish this neglect, the 
god of war was determined to raise a quar- 
rel among the guests, and to disturb the 
festivity of the entertainment. Eurythion, 
captivated with the beauty of Hippodamia, 
and intoxicated with wine, attempted to 
offer violence to the bride, but he was pre- 
vented by Theseus, and immediately killed. 
This irritated the rest of the Centaurs ; the 
contest became general, but the valour of 
Theseus, Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest 
of the Lapithse, triumphed over their ene- 
mies. Many of the Centaurs were slain, 
and the rest saved their lives by flight. 
[Vide Lapithus.] The death of Hippodamia 
left Pirithous very disconsolate, and he re- 
solved with his friend Theseus, who had like- 
wise lost his wife,never to marry again, except 
to a goddess, or one of the daughters of the 
gods. This determination occasioned the 
rape of Helen by the two friends, the lot 
was drawn, and it fell to the share of The- 
seus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous 
upon this undertook with his friend to carry 
away Proserpine and to marry her. They 
descended into the infernal regions, but 
Pluto, who was apprised of their machina- 
tions to disturb his conjugal peace, slopped 
the two friends and confined them there. 
Pirithous was tied to his father's wheel, or 
according to Hyginus, be was delivered to 



the furies to be continually tormented. His 
punishment, however, was short, and when 
Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he 
obtained from Proserpine the pardon of 
Pirithous, and brought him back to his king- 
dom safe and unhurt. Some suppose that 
he was torn to pieces by the dog Cerberus. 
[Vide Theseus.]— Ov. MeJ:\2. fa. 4 &5.— Hes. 

Sc. H.—H. II. 2.— Pa. 5,10 Apol. 1, 8, 1. 2, 

b.—Hyg. fa. 14, 79, 155.— Bi. A.—Plu. Th. 
—Hot. 4, o. l.— V. JEn. 7, 304.— Mar*. 7,e. 23. 

PJRDS, a captain of the Thracians during 
the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king of 
iEtolia.— H. II. 4. [26. 

PIRUSTjE, a people of Illyricum.— Li. 45, 

PISA, a town of Elis, on the Alpheus at 
the west of the Peloponnesus, founded by 
Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson of 
/Eolus. Its inhabitants accompanied Nestor 
to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed long 
the privilege of presiding at the Olympic 
games, which were celebrated near their city. 
This honourable employment was envied by 
the people of Elis, who made war against 
the Piseans, and after many bloody battles 
took their city and totally demolished it. it 
was at Pisa that (Enomaus murdered the 
suitors of his daughter, and that he himself 
was conquered by Pelops. The inhabitants 
were called Piscei. Some dave doubted the 
existence of such a place as Pisa, but 
this doubt originates from Pisa having 
been destroyed in so remote an age. The 
horses of Pisa were famous. The year on 
which the Olympic games were celebrated, 
w'as often called Pisatus annus, and the vic- 
tory which was obtained there was called 
Pis&ce ramus oliva>. [Vide Olympia.] — Str. 
S.—Ov. Tr. 2. 386, 1. 4, e. 10, 25.— Me. 2.— 
Vivo-. G. 3, 180.— St. Th. 7, 417.— Pa. 6, 22. 

PIS/E, a town of Etruria, built by a colony 
from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The inhabi- 
tants were called Pisani. Dionysius of 
Halicarnassus affirms that it existed before 
the Trojan war, but others support ths.t it 
was built by a colony of Pisseans, who were 
shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria at their 
return from the Trojan war. Pisa was once 
a very powerful and flourishing city, which 
conquered the Baleares, together with Sar- 
dinia and Corsica. The sea on the neigh- 
bouring coast was called the bay of Pisse.— 
V. JEn. 10, 179.— Str. 5.~^Luc. 2. 1.401.— Z,i. 
39, 2, 45, 13.— PI. 2. 103. 

PISjEUS, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. 

P1SANDEU, a son of Bellerophon killed 

by theSolymi. A Trojan chief killed bv 

Menelaus.— H. II. 13, 601. One of Pene- 
lope's suitors, son of Polyctor.— Ov. Hero. 
1. A son of Antimachus, killed hy Aga- 
memnon during the Trojan war. He had 
recourse to entreaties and promises, but in 
vain, as the Grecian wished to resent the 
advice of Antimachus, who opposed the 

restoration of Helen.—//. II. II, 123. An 

admiral of* the Spartan fleet during the Pe- 
loponnesian war. He abolished the demo- 
cracy at Athens, and established the aristo- 
cratical government of the four hundred 
tyrants. ' He was killed in a naval battle by 
Conon the Athenian general near Cnidus in 
which the Spartans lost 50 galleys, B. C 



PIS — PIS 



5B4 



PIS— PIS 



394. — A poet of Rhodes who com- 
posed a poem called Heraclea, in which he 
^ave an account of all the labours and 
all the exploits of Hercules. He was the 
first who ever represented his hero armed 
with a club. — Pa. 8, 22. 

PI SATES, or PIS£T, the inhabitants of 
Pisa in the Peloponnesus. 

PISAURU3, now Foglia, a river of Pice- 
num with a town called Pisanrum, now Pe- 
saro, which became a Roman colony in the 
consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town 
was destroyed by an earthquake in the be- 
ginning' of tiie reign of Augustus. — Me. 2, 4. 
—Cat. 82.— PI. Z.-L'i. 39, 44, 1.41, 27. 

PISE'NOR, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 

One of the ancestors of the nurse of 

Ulvsses.— H. Od. I. 

PISEUS, a kin? of Etruria, about 260 years 
before the foundation of Rome. — PI. 7, 26. 

PISIAS, a general of the Argives in the 

a<reot'Epaminondas. A statuary at Alliens 

celebrated for his pieces. — Pa. 

PISIDI A, an inland country of Asia Minor, 
between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Galatia, and 
Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The in- 
habitants were called Pisidce. — Ci. Di. 1, I. 
— Me. I, 2.— Sir. 12.— Li. 37, 54 & 56. 

PISI'DICE, a daughter of /Eolus, who 
married Myrmidion. A daughter of Nes- 
tor. A daughter of Pelias. The daugh- 
ter of a king of Methymna in Lesbos. She 
became enamoured of Achilles when he in- 
vaded her father's kingdom, and she pro- 
mised to deliver the city into his hands if he 
would marry her. Achilles agreed to the 
proposal, but when he became master of 
.Methymna he ordered Pisidice to be stoned 
to death for her perfidy.— Par. er. 21. 

PIS IS, a native of Thespis, who gained 
uncommon influence among the Thebans, and 
behaved with great courage in the defence 
of their liberties. He was taken prisoner by 
Demetrius, who made him governor of Thes- 
piae. 

PISISTRATIDiE, the descendants of Pi- 
sistratus, tyrant of Athens. [Vide Pisistratus.] 

PISlS'TRATIDES, a man sent as ambassa- 
dor to the satraps of the king of Persia, by 
the Spartans. 

PISISTRATUS, an Athenian, son of Hippo- 
crates, who early distinguished himself by his 
valour in the field, and by his addressand 
eloquence at home. After he had rendered 
himself the favourite of the populace by his 
liberality, and by the intrepidity with which 
he had fought their battles, particularly near 
Salami's, he resolved to make himself master 
of his country. Everything seemed favoura- 
ble to his views, but Solon atone, who was 
then at the head of affairs, and who had 
lately instituted his celebrated laws, opposed 
him, "and discovered his duplicity and artful 
behaviour before the public assembly. Pisis- 
tratus was not disheartened by the measures 
of his relation Solon, but he had recourse to 
artifice. In returning from his country house, 
he cut himself in various places, and "after he 
had exposed his mangled body to the eyes of 
the populace, deplored his misfortunes, and 
accused his enemies of attempts upon his life, 
because he was the friend of the people, the 



guardian of the poor, and the reliever of the 
oppressed: he claimed a chosen body of 50 
men from the populace to defend his person 
in future from the malevolence and the 
cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspecting 
people unanimously granted his reque-t, 
though Solon opposed it with all his influ- 
ence ; and Pi-istratus had no sooner received 
an armed band on whose fidelity and attach- 
ment he could rely, than he seized the citadel 
of Athens, and made himself absolute. The 
people too lare perceived their credulity ; 
yet, though the tyrant was popular, two of 
the citizeiis, Meg"icles and Lycurgus, con- 
spired together against him," and by their 
means he was forcibly ejected from the city. 
His house and all his effects were exposed 
to sale, but there was found in Athens only 
one man who would buy them. The private 
dissensions of the friends of liberty, proved 
favourable to the expelied tyrant, and Mesra- 
cles, who was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly 
promised to restore Pisistratus to all his 
rights and privileges in Athens, if he would 
marry his daughter. Pisistratus consented ; 
and by the assistance of his father-in-law, he 
was soon enabled to expel Lycurgus, and to 
re establish himself. By means of a woman 
called Phva, w hose shape was tall, and whose 
features were noble and commanding, he im- 
posed upon the people, and created himself 
adherents even among his enemies. Phya 
was conducted through the streets of the 
city, and showing herself subservient to the 
artifice of Pisistratus, she was announced as 
Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, and the 
patroness of Athens, who was come down 
from heaven to re-establish her favourite Pi- 
sistratus, in a power which was sanctioned 
by the will of heaven, and favoured by the 
affection of the people. In the midst of his 
triumph, however, Pisistratus found himself 
unsupported, and some time after, when he 
repudiated the dausiiler of Megacles, he 
found that not only the citizens, but even his 
very troops, were alienated from him by the 
influence, the intrigues, and the bribery of 
his father-in-law. He fled from Athens, where 
he could no longer maintain his power, and 
retired to Euboea. Eleven years after, he 
was drawn from his obscure retreat by means 
of his son Hippias, and he whs a third time 
received by the people of Athens as their 
master and sovereign. Upon this he sacri- 
ficed to his resentment the friends of Me- 
gacles, but he did not lose sigrht of the public 
good ; and while he sought the aggrandize- 
ment of his family, he did not neglect the 
dignity and the honour of the Athenian name. 
He die'd about 527 years before the Christian 
era, after he had enjoyed the sovereign power 
at Athens for 33 years, including the years of 
his banishment, a'ud he w is succeeded by his 
son Hipparchus. Pisistratus claims our ad- 
miration for his justice, his liberality, and 
his moderation. If he was dreaded and de- 
tested as a tyrant, the Athenians loved ant- 
respected his private virtues and his patriot- 
ism as a fellow citizen ; and the opprobrium 
which generally falls on his head, may be 
attriouted, not to the severity of his adminis- 
tration, but to the republican principles of 



PIS— PIS 



535 



PIS— PIS 



the Athenians, who hated and exclaimed 
against the moderation and equity of the 
mildest sovereign, while they flattered the 
pride and gratified the guilty'desires of the 
most tyrannical of their fellow subjects. Pi- 
sistratus often refused to punish the inso- 
lence of his enemies ; and when he had one 
day been virulently accused of murder, rather 
than inriict immediate punishment upon the 
man who had criminated him, he went to the 
areopagus, and there convinced the Athenians 
that the accusations of his enemies were 
groundless, and that Ins life was irreproach- 
able. It is to his labours that we areindebted 
for the preservation of the poems of Homer ; 
and he was the first, according to Cicero, 
who introduced them at Athens, in the order 
in which they now stand. He also established 
a public library at Athens, and the valuable 
books which lie had diligently collected, were 
carried into Persia when Xerxes made him- 
self master of the capital of Attica. Hip- 
parchus and Hippias, the sons of Pisistratus, 
who have received ihe name of Pisistralidce, 
rendered themselves as illustrious as their 
father, but the names were too powerful to 
be extinguished. The Pisi-tratidae governed 
with great moderation, yet the name of ty- 
rant or sovereign was insupportable to the 
Athenians. Two of the most respectable of 
the citizens, called Harmodius and Aristo- 
giton, conspired against them, and Hippar- 
chus was dispatched in a public assembly. 
This murder was not, however, attended 
with any advantages, and though the two 
leaders of the conspiracy, who have been 
celebrated through every age for their pa- 
triotism, were supported by the people, yet 
Hippias quellefi the tumult by his uncommon 
firmness and prudence, and for a while pre- 
served that peace in Athens which his father 
had often been unable to command. This 
was not long to continue. Hippias was at 
last expelled by the united efforts of the 
Athenians and of their allies of Peloponne- 
sus, and he left Attica, when he found him- 
self unable to maintain his power and inde- 
pendence. The rest of the family of Pisis- 
tratus followed him in his banish'ment, and 
after they had refused to accept the liberal 
offers of the princes of Thessaly, and the 
king of Macedonia, who wished them to set- 
tle in their respective territories, the Pisis- 
tratidae retired to Sigasum, which their 
father had in the summit of his power con- 
quered au-J bequeathed to his posterity. After 
the banishment of the Pisistratidse, the 
Athenians became more than commonly 
jealous of their liberty, and often sacrificed 
the most powerful of their citizens, appre- 
hensive of the influence which popularity, 
and a well-directed liberality, might gain 
among a fickle and unsettled populace. 
The Pisistratidae were banished from Athens 
about 18 vears after the death of Pisistratus, 
B. C. 510'.— Ml. V. H. !3, \A.—Pa. 7, 25.— 

Her. 1, 59, 1. 6, 103.— Ci. or. 3. Va. Ma. 1, 

■2. A son of Ne>tor.— Apol. A king of! 

Orchomenos, who rendered himself odious! 
by his cruelty towards the nobles. He was! 
put to death by them, and they carried away ; 
his body from the public assembly, by hiding I 



each a piece of his flesh under their gar- 
ments, to prevent a discovery from the peo- 
ple, of which he was a great favourite. — Plu. 

Par. A Theban attached to the Roman 

interest while the consul Flaminius was in 
Greece. He assassinated the pretorof Bceo 
tia, for which he was put to death, &c. 

PISO, a celebrated family at Rome, which 
was a branch of the Calpurnians, descended 
from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the 
death of Augustus, two of this family had 
obtained the consulship, and many had been 
honoured with triumphs, on account of their 
victories in the different provinces of the Ro- 
man empire. Of this family the most famous 

were LUCIUS CALPURNIUS, who was 

tribune of the people about 149 years before 
Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality 
procured him the surname of Frugi, and he 
gained the greatest honours as an orator, a 
lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He 
made a successful campaign in Sicily, and 
rewarded his son, who had behaved with 
great valonr during the war, with a crown 
of gold which weighed twenty pounds. He 
composed some annals and harangues, which 
were lost in the age of Cicero. His style 

was obscure and inelegant. CA1US, a 

Roman consul, A. U. C. 685, who supported 
the consular dignity against the tumults of 
the tribunes, and the clamours of the people. 
He made a law to restrain the cabals which 
generally prevailed at the election of tne 
chief magistrates. CNEIUS, another con- 
sul under Augustus. He was one of the fa- 
vourites of Tiberius, by whom he was ap- 
pointed governor of Syria, where he rendered 
himself odious by his cruelty. He was ac- 
cused of having poisoned Germanicus, and 
when he saw that he was shunned and de 
spised by his friends, he destroyed himself, 

A. D. 20. LUCIUS, a governor of Spain, 

who was assassinated by a peasant, as lie 
was travelling through the country; the 
murderer was seized and tortured, but he 
refused to confess the causes of the murder. 
LUCIUS, a private man accused of hav- 
ing uttered seditious words against the em- 
peror Tiberius. He was condemned, but a 
natural deatli saved him from the hands of 

the executioner. LUCIUS, a governor of 

Rome for twenty years, an office which he 
discharged with 'the greatest justice and 
credit. He was greatly honoured by the 
friendship of Augustus, as well as of his pre- 
ceptor, a distinction he de-erved, both as a 
faithful citizen and aman of learning. Some, 
however, say. that Tiberius made him go- 
vernor of Rome, because he had continued 
drinking with him a nig"ht and two days, or 
two days and two nights, according to Piiny. 
Horace* dedicated his poem, De Arte Poetica, 
to his two sons, whose partiality for litera- 
ture had distinguished them among the rest 
of the Romans, and who were f<>nd of cul- 
tivating poetry in their leisure hours. — Plu. 

C<es.—Pl. 18, 3. CNEIUS, a factious and 

turbulent youth, who conspired against his 
country w'ith Catiline. He was among the 

friends* of Julius Caesar. CA1US, a Rom.in 

who was at the head of a celebrated con- 
spiracy against the eiaperor Nero. He had 



PIS — PIT 



5S8 



PIT— PIT 



rendered himself a favourite of tne people 
by his private as well as public virtues, by 
the generosity of his behaviour, his fondness 
of pleasure with the voluptuous, and his 
austerity with the grave and the reserved 
Hp had been marked by some as a proper 
person to succeed the emperor ; but the dis- 
covery of the plot by a freedruan, who was 
among the conspirators, soon cut him off, 
with all his partizans. He refused to court 
the affections of the people and of the army, 
when the whole had been made public, and 
instead of taking proper measures for his 
preservation, either by proclaiming himself 
emperor, as his friends advised, or by seeking 
a retreat in the distant provinces of the em- 
pire, he retired to his own house, where he 
opened the veins of both his arms, and bled 
to death. LUCIUS, a senator who fol- 
lowed the emperor Valerian into Persia. 
He proclaimed himself emperor after the 
death of Valerian, but he was defeated and 
put to death a few weeks after, A. D. 261, 

byValens, kc. LICIMANUS, a senator 

adopttd by the emperor Galba. He was put 

to death by Otho's orders. A son-in-law 

of Cicero. A patrician, whose daughter 

married Julius Caesar.— Hor.— Ta. An. St 
Hist.—Va. Ma —Li —Sue.— Ci. off. &c— 
Plu. C&s. kc. One of the 30 tyrants ap- 
pointed over Athens by Lysander. 

PISO'MS VILLA, a place near Baise in 
Campania, which the emperor Nero often 
frequented.— Ta. An. 1. 

PISS1RUS, a town of Thrace, near the 
Tver Nestus.— Her. 7, 109. 

PISTOR, a surname given to Jupiter by 
\he Romans, signifying baker, because when 
lieir city was taken by the Gauls, the trod 
persuaded them to throw down loaves from 
the Tarpeian Hill, where they were besieged, 
that the enemy might from thence suppose, 
that they were not in want of provisions, 
though in reality they were near surrendering 
through famine. This deceived the Gauls', 
and thev soon after raised the siege.— Ov. F. 
6, 350, 3*94, &C. 

PISTORfA, now Pisloja, a town of Etru- 
ria, at the foot of the Apennines, near Flo- 
rence, where Catiline was defeated. —Sal. C. 
Al.-Pl. 3, 4. 

• PISUS, a son of Aphareus, or according to 
others of Perieres. — Apol. 3.— Pa. 5. 

P1SUTHNES, a Persian satrap of Lydia, 
who revolted from Darius Nothus. His 
father's name was Hvstaspes.— Plu. Art. 

PI'TANE, a town of iEolia in Asia Minor. 
The inhabitants made bricks which swam on 
the surface of the water. — Luc. 3, 305.— Sir. 

13.— Fit. 2, 3. Me. 1, IS.— Ov. Me. 7, 357. 

' A town of Laconia. — Pin- o. 6, 46. 

PITARA'TUS, an Athenian archon, during 
whose magistracy Epicurus died. — Ci. Fa. 9. 

PITHECU'SA, a small island on the coast 
of Etruria, anciently called JEnaria, and 
JEnarina, with a town of the same name, 
on the top of a mountain. The frequent 
tartiiquakes to which it was subject, obliged 
the inhabitants to leave it. There was a vol- 
cano in the middle of the island, w hich has 
{riven occasion to the ancients to say, that 
ti;e giant Typhon was buried there. Some 



j suppose that it received its name from 
i "piihehoi r n monkeys, into which theinhabit- 
i ants were changed bv Jupiter.— Ov. Me. 14, 
' 90.— PI. 3, 6.— Pin. Py. \.-Str. 1. 

PITHELS. Vide Pittheus. 

PITHO, called also Snada, the goddess of 
persuasion among the Greeks and Romans, 
supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and 
Venus. She was represented with a diadem 
on her head, to intimate her influence over 
the hearts of men. One of her arms appears 
raised as in the attitude of an orator, ha- 
ranguing in a public assembly, and with the 
other she holds a thunderbolt and fetters, 
made with flowers, to signify the powers of 
reasoning and the attractions of eloquence. 
A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, ap- 
pears at her feet, ' with the writings cf De- 
mosthenes and Cicero, the two most cele- 
brated anion? the ancients, who understood 
how to command the attention of their au- 
dience, and to rouse and animate rheir 

various passions. A Roman courtezan. 

She received this name on account of the 
allurements which her charms possessed, 
and of her winning expressions. 

PITHOLA'US and LYCOPHRON, seized 
upon the sovereign power of Pherae, by 
killing Alexander. Thev were ejected by 
Philip of Macedonia.— Hi. 16. 

PI'THOLEOX, an insignificant poet of 
Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in 
his compositions. He wrote some epigrams 
against Julius Caesar, and drew upon him- 
self the ridicule of Horace, on account of the 
inelegance of his stvle.— Sue. cl. Rh. — Hor. 
1, s. 10, 21.— Mac. 2, s. 2. 

PITHON, one of the body guards of Alex- 
ander, put death bv Antiochus. 

PITHYS, a nymph beloved by Pan. Bo- 
reas was also fond of her, but she slighted 
his addresses, upon which he dashed her 
against a rock, and she was changed into 
a pine-tree. 

PITTACU5, a native of Mitylene in Les- 
bos, was one of the seven wise men of 
Greece. His father's name was Hyrrhadius. 
With the assistance of the sons of Alcaeus, 
he delivered his country from the oppression 
of the tyrant Melanchrus, and in the war 
which the Athenians waged against Lesbos 
he appeared at the head of his country men, 
and challenged to single combat Phrynon, 
the enemy's general. As the event of the 
war seemed to depend upon this combat, 
Pittacus had recourse to artifice, and when 
he engaged, he entangled his adversary in a 
net, w : hich he had concealed under his shield, 
and easily dispatched him. He was amply 
rewarded'for his victory ; and his country- 
men, sensible of his merit, unanimously ap- 
pointed him governor of their city, "with 
unlimited authority. In this capacity Pitra- 
cus behaved with great moderation and pru- 
dence; and after he had governed hisfellc..- 
citizens with the strictest justice, and after he 
had established and enforced the mostsalutary 
laws, he voluntarily resigned the sovereign 
power, after he had' enjoyed it for ten years, 
observing, that the virtues and innocence of 
private life were incompatible with the" power 
and influence of a sovereign. His disinter- 



PIT-PIU 



537 



PLA-PIA 



estedness gained him many admirers; and 
when tlie Mityleneans wished to reward his 
public services by presenting - him with an 
immense tract of territory, he refused to ac- 
cept more land than what should be contained 
within the distance to which he could throw 
a javelin. He died in the 82d year of his age, 
about 570 years before Christ, after he had 
spent the last ten years of his life in literary 
ease and peaceful retirement. One of his 
favourite maxims was, that man ought to 
provide against misfortunes to avoid them ; 
but that if they ever happened, he ought to 
support them with patience and resignation. 
Jn prosperity friends were to be acquired, and 
in the hour of adversity their faithfulness 
was to be tried. He also observed, that in 
our actions it was imprudent to make others 
acquainted with our designs, for if we failed 
we had exposed ourselves to censure and to 
ridicule. Many of his maxims were inscribed 
on the walls of" Apollo's temple at Delphi, to 
show the world how great an opinion the 
Mityleueans entertained of his abilities as a 
philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one 
of his laws, every fault committed by a man 
when intoxicated, deserved double punish- 
ment. The titles of some of his writings are 
preserved by Laertius, among which are men- 
tioned elegiac verses, some laws in prose, 
addressed to his countrymen, epistles, and 
moral precepts called adomena. — Diog.— 
Arts. P.— Plii. sym.-Pa. 10, 24.— JEl. V. H. 

2, 6iC. — Va. Ma. 6, 5. A grandson of Porus, 

king of India. 

PITTHEA, a town near Trcezene. Hence 
the epithet of Pittheus in Ov. Me. 15, 296. 

PI ITHE'US.akingof Troezene inArgolis, 
son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was 
universally admired for his learning, wisdom, 
and application. He publicly taught in a 
school at Trcezene, and even composed a 
book, which was seen by Pausanias the geo- 
grapher. He gave his daughter ^Ethra in 
marriage to ^geus, king of Athens, and he 
himself took particular care of the youth and 
education of his grandson Theseus." He w& 
buried at Trcezene, which he had founded, 
and on his tomb were seen, for many ages, 
three seats of white marble, on which he sat, 
with two other judges, whenever he gave 
laws to his subjects or settled their disputes. 
— Pa. 1 & L—Plu. Th.—Str. 8. 

PITUANIUS, a mathematician in the age 
of Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeian 
rock, 6cc. — Ta. An. 2. 

PITULA'Nl, a people of Umbria. Thei 
chief town was called Pitnlum. 

PITY.EA, a town of Asia Minor.— Apol. 

PITYASSUS, a town of Pisidia.-Srr. 

PITYONE'SUS, a small island on. the coast 
of Peloponnesus, near Epidorus. — Pi. 

PITYUS (untis), now Pdchinda, a town 
of Colchis.— PL 6, 5. 

PITYU'SA, a small island on the coast of 

Argolis.— Pi. 4, 12. A name of Chios. 

Two small islands in the Mediterranean, near 
.the coast of Spain, of which the larger was 
called Ebusits, and the smaller Ophiusa. — 
Me. 2, l.-Str.—PL 3, 5. 

PI IIS, a surname given to the emperor An- 
toninus, on account of his pietv and virtue. 



A surname given to a son of Metullus, 

because he interested himself so warmly to 
have his father recalled from banishment. 

PLACENTIA, now called Placenza, an an- 
cient town and colony of Italy, at the con- 
fluence of the Trebia and Po. — Li. 21, 25 & 

56, 1.37, 10. Another, near Lusitania, in 

Spain. [age.— 2 S. 7. 

PLACI DEI ANUS, a gladiator in Horace's 

PLACIDIA, a daughter of Theodosius the 
Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She 
married Adolphus, king of the Goths, and 
afterwards Constantius, by whom she had Va- 
lentinian 1 1 1. She died A. D. 449. 

PLACID1US JULIUS, a tribune of a co- 
hort, who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius, 
kc.—Ta. H. 3, So. 

PLAN ASIA, a small island of the Tyrrhene 

sea. Another on the coast of Gaul, where 

Tiberius ordered Agrippa, the grandson of 
Augustus, to be put to death. — Ta. An. 1, 3. 
A town on the Rhone. 

PLANCI'NA, a woman celebrated for her 
intrigues and her crimes, who married Piso, 
and was accused with him of having murdered 
Germanicus, in the reign of Tiberius. She 
was acquitted, either by means of the em- 
press Livia, or on account of the partiality of 
the emperor for her person. She had long 
supported the spirits of her husband, during 
his confinement ; hut when she saw herself 
freed from the accusation, she totally aban- 
doned him to his fate. Subservient in every 
thing to the will of Livia, 3he, at her insti- 
gation, became guilty of the greatest crimes, 
to injure the character of Agrippina. After 
the death of Agrippina, Plancina was accused 
of the most atrocious villanies, and, as she 
knew she could not elude justice, she put her- 
self to death, A. D. 33.— ta. An. 6, 26, &c. 

PLANCUS, L. MUNATlUS,a Roman, who 
rendered himself ridiculous by his follies and 
his extravagance. He had been consul, and 
had presided over a province in the capacity 
of governor, but he forgot all his dignity, and 
became one of the most servile flatterers of 
Cleopatra and Antony. At the court of the 
Egyptian queen in Alexandria, he appeared 
in the character of the meanest stage-dancer, 
and in comedy he personated Glaucus, and 
painted his body of a green colour, dancing 
o.) a public stage quite naked, only with a 
crown of green reeds on his head, while he 
had tied behind his back the tail of a large 
sea-fish. This exposed him to the public de- 
rision ; and when Antony had joined the rest 
of his friends in censuring him for his unbe- 
coming behaviour, he deserted to Octavius, 
who received him with great marks of friend- 
ship and attention. It was he who proposed 
in the Roman senate, that the title of Au- 
gustus should be conferred on his friend Oc- 
tavius, as expressive of the dignity and the 
reverence which the greatness of his exploits 
seemed to claim. Horace has dedicated 1 
Od. 7 to him ; and he certainly deserved the 
honour, from the elegance of his letters, 
which are still extant, written to Cicero. He 
founded a town in Gaul, which he called 
Lugduuum.— Plu. Ant. A patrician, pros- 
cribed bv the second triumvirate. His ser 
; vants wished to save him from death, but h 



PLA — PLA 

refused it, rather than expose their persons 
to danger. PLANGON, a courtezan of Mi- 
letus, in Ionia. 

PLAT^A, a daughter of Asopus, king of 

Boeotia.— Pa. 9, I, Sec. An island on the 

coast of Africa in the Mediterranean, ft be- 
longed to the Cvreneans.— Her. 4, 157. 

PLATTE A, and JE (ar«»i),a town of Boeo- 
tia, near Mount Cithaeron, on the confines of 
Megaris and Attica, celebrated for a battle 
fought there, bet.veen Mardonius, the com- 
mander of Xerxes, king of Persia, and Pau- 
sanias the Lacedaemonian, and the Athenians. 
The Persian army consisted of 300,000 met), 
3000 of which scarce escaped with their lives 
by flight. The Grecian army, which was 
greatly inferior, lost but few men, and among 
these 91 Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 16 Te- 
geans, were the ouly soldiers found in the 
number of the slain. The plunder which the 
Greeks obtained in the Persian camp, was 
immense. Pausanias received the tenth of all 
the spoils, on account of his uncommon valour 
during the engagement, and the rest were 
rewarded each according to their respective 
merit. This battle was fought on the 22d 
September, the same day as the battle or Mv- 
cale, 479 B. C. ; and by 'it Greece was totally 
delivered for ever from the continual alarms 
to which she was exposed on account of the 
Persian invasions, and from that time none 
of the princes of Per>ia dared to appear with 
a hostile force beyond the Hellespont. The 
Platvtans were naturally attached to the in- 
terest of the Athenians", and they furnished 
them with a thousand soldi, rs when Greece 
was attacked by Datis, the general of Darius. 
Plataea was taken by theThebans, after a fa- 
mous siege, in the beginning of the Pelopon- 
nesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans, 
B.C. 427. Alexander "rebuilt it, and paid 
great encomiums to the inhabitants, on ac- 
count of their ancestors, who had so bravely 
fought against the Persians at the battle of 
Marathon, and under Pausanias.— Her. 8,50. 
—Pa. 9, 1.— Pin. Al. Slc.—C. Nep. &c— Ci. 
Off. 1, 18.— Str.— Jns. 

P LATAN I US, a river of Bceotia.— Pa. 9, 24. 

PLATO, a celebrated philosopher atAthens, 
son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original 
name was Aristocies, and he received that of 
Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. 
As one of the descendants of Codrus, and as 
the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opu- 
lent family, Plato was educated with care, 
his body was formed and invigorated with 
gymnastic exercises, and his mind was culti- 
vated and enlightened by the study of poetry 
and of geometry, from which he derived that 
acuteness of judgment, and warmth of ima- 
gination, which have stamped his character 
as the most subtle and flowery writer of an- 
tiquity. He first began his literary career by 
writing poems and tragedies; but he was 
soon disgusted with his ov a productions, 
when, at the age of 20, he was introduced 
into the presence of Socrates, and when he 
was enabled to compare and examine, with 
critical accuracy, the merit of his composi- 
tions with those"of his poetical predecessors. 
He therefore committed to the flames these 
productions of his early years, which could 



PLA— PLA 

not command the attention or gain J he ap- 
plause of a maturerage. During eight \ears 
he continued to be one of the pupils of So- 
crates ; and if he was prevented by a momen- 
tary indisposition from attending the philo- 
sopher's last moments, yet he collected, from 
the conversation of those that were present, 
and from his own accurate observations, the 
minutest and most circumstantial accounts, 
which can exhibit, in its truest colours, the 
concern and sensibility of the pupil, and the 
firmness, virtues, and* moral sentiments, of 
the dying philosopher. After the death of 
Socrates, Plato retired from Athens, and, to 
acquire that information which the accurate 
observer can derive in foreign countries, he 
began to travel over Greece. He visited 
Megara, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with 
the kindest reception from his fellow disci- 
ples, whom the violent death of their master 
had likewise removed from Attica. He after- 
wards visited Magna Graecia, attracted by the 
fame of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by 
the learning, abilities, and reputation of its 
professors, Phiiolaus, Archytas, and Eury- 
tus. He afterwards passed into Sicily, and 
examined the eruptions and tires of the vol- 
cano of that island. He also visited Egypt, 
where then the mathematician Theodorus 
flourished, and where he knew that the tenets 
of the Pythagorean philosophy and metemp- 
sycho.-is" had been fostered and cherished. 
When he had finished his travels, Plato re- 
tired to the groves of Academus, in the 
neighbourhood of Athens, where his lectures 
were soon attended by a crowd of learned, 
noble, and illustrious pupils ; and the philo- 
sopher, by refusing to have a share in the 
administration of affairs, rendered his name 
more famous, and his school more frequented. 
During forty years, he presided at the head 
of the academy, and there he devoted his 
time to the instruction of his pupils, and 
composed those dialogues which have been 
the admiration of every age and country. 
His studies, however, were interrupted for a 
while, whilst he obeyed the pressing cails 
and invitations of Di'onysius, and whilst he 
persuaded the tyrant to'become a man, the 
father of his people, and the friend of liberty. 
[Vide Dionysius II.] In his dress, the philo- 
sopher was not ostentatious, his manners 
were elegant, but modest, simple, without 
affectation, and the great honours which his 
learning deserved were not paid to his ap- 
pearance. When he came to the Olympian 
games, Plato resided, during the celebration, 
in a family who were totally strangers to 
him. He eat and drank with them, he par- 
took of their innocent pleasures and amuse- 
ments ; but though he told them his name 
was Plato, yet he never spoke of the employ- 
ment he pursued at Athens, and never intro- 
duced the name of that philosopher whose 
doctrines he followed, and whose death and 
virtues were favourite topics of conversation 
in every part of Greece. When he returned 
home, he was attended by the family which 
had so kindly entertained him ; and, as being 
a native of Athens, he was desired to show 
them the great philosopher whose name he 
bore : their surprise w as great, when he told 



538 



PLA— PLA 
them that he himself was tne Plato whom 
they wished to behold. In his diet lie was 
moderate; and indeed, to sobriety and tem- 
perance in the use uf food, and to the want 
of those pleasures which enfeeble the body 
and enervate the mind, some have attributed 
his preservation during the tremendous pes- 
tilence which raged at Athens with so much 
fury at the beginning' of the Peloponnesian 
war. Plato was never subject to any long or 
lingering indisposition ; and though change 
of climate had enfeebled a constitution natu- 
rally strong and healthy, the philosopher 
lived to an advanced age, and was often 
heard to say, when his physicians advised him 
to leave his" residence at' Athens, where the 
air was impregnated by the pestilence, that 
he would not advance one single step to gain 
the top of Mount Athos, were he assured to 
attain the great longevity which the inhabit- 
ants of that mountain were said to enjoy above 
the rest of mankind. Plato died on his birth- 
day, in the 61st year of his age, about 348 
years before the Christian era. His last mo- 
ments were easy and without pain, and, ac- 
cording to some, he expired in the midst of 
an entertainment, or, according to Cicero, 
as he was writing. The works of Plato are 
numerous; they are all written in the form 
of dialogue, except twelve letters. He speaks 
always by the mouth of others, and the phi- 
losopher has no where made mention of him- 
seif, except once in his dialogue entitled 
Phtedon, and another time in his Apology for 
Socrates. His writings were so celebrated, 
and his opinion so respected, that he was 
called divine ; and for the elegance, melody, 
and sweetness of his expressions, he was dis- 
tinguished by the appellation of the Athenian 
bee. Cicero had such an esteem for him, that 
in the warmth of panegyric, he exclaimed, 
" Errave mehercule malo cum Plalone quam 
cum istisvera sentire y" and Quiiitilian said, 
that when he read Plato, he seemed to hear, 
not a man, but a divinity, speaking. His 
style, however, though admired and com- 
mended by the best and most refined of critics 
among the ancients, has not escaped the cen- 
sure of some of the moderns, and the philo- 
sopher has been blamed, who supports that 
fire is a pyramid tied to the earth by num- 
bers, that the world is a figure consisting of 
twelve pentagons, and who, to prove the 
metempsychosis and the immortality of the 
*>oul, asserts that the dead are born from the 
living, and the living from the dead. The 
speculative mind of Plato was employed in 
examining things divine and human ; and he 
attempted to fix and ascertain, not only the 
practical doctrine of morals and politics", but 
the more subtle and abstruse theory of mys- 
tical theogony. His philosophy was univer- 
sally received and adopted, and it has not 
only governed the opinions of the specula- 
tive part of mankind, but it continues still to 
influence the reasoning, and to dnide the 
sentiments, of the moderns. In his system 
of philosophy, he followed the physics of He- 
raclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pytha- 
goras, and the moral's of Socrates. He main- 
tained the existence of two beings, one self- 
existent, and the other formed by the hand 



PLA— PLA 

of a pre-existent creature, god and man. The 
world was created by that self-existent cause, 
from the rude undigested mass of matter 
which had existed from all eternity, and which 
had even been animated by an irregular prin- 
ciple of motion. The orig.n of evil could 
not be traced under the government of a 
deity, without admitting a stubborn intrac- 
tability and wildness congenial to matter, 
and from these, consequently, could be de- 
monstrated the deviations from the laws of 
nature, and from thence the ex'ravagant 
passions and appetites of men. From mate- 
rials like these were formed the four ele- 
ments, and the beautiful structure of the 
heavens and the earth, and into the active, 
but irrational, principle of matter, the divi- 
nity infused a rational soul. The souls of men 
were formed from the remainder of the ra- 
tional soul of the world, which had previously 
given exi? ence to the invisible gods and de- 
mons. Th "philosopher, therefore, supported 
the doctri le of ideal forms, and the pre- 
existetice of the human mind, which he con- 
sidered as emanations of the Deity, which 
can never remain satisfied with objects or 
things unworthy of their divine original. 
Men could perceive, with their corporeal 
senses, the types of immutable things, and 
the fluctuating objects of the material world ; 
but the sudden changes to which these are 
continually obnoxious, create innumerable 
disorders, "and hence arises deception, and, in 
short, all the errors and miseries o:' human 
life. Yet, in whatever situation man may 
be, he is still an object of divine concern, and, 
to recommend himself to the favour of the 
pre-existent cause, he mu^t comply with the 
purposes of his creation, and, by proper care 
and diligence, he can rt-cover 'those imma 
culate powers with which he was naturally 
endowed. All science the philosopher made 
to consist in reminiscence, and in recalling 
the nature, forms, and proportions, of those 
perfect and immutable essences with which 
the human mind had been conversant. From 
observations likethe-e, the summit of felicity 
might be attained by removing from the ma- 
terial, and approaching nearer to the intel- 
lectual, world, by curbing and governing the 
passions, which were ever agitated and in- 
flamed by real or imaginary objects. The 
passions were divided into two classes : the 
first consisted of the irascible passions, which 
originated in pride or resentment, and were 
seated in the breast; the other, founded on 
the love of pleasure, was the concupiscible 
part of the soul, seated in the belly, and in 
ferior parts of the body. These" differen 
orders induced the philosopher to compare 
the soul to a small republic, of which the 
reasoning and judging powers were stationed 
in the head, as in a firm citadel, and of which 
the senses were its guards and servants. By 
the irascible part of the soul, men asserted 
their dignity, repelled injuries, and scorned 
danger; and the concupiscible part provided 
the support and the necessities of the bodv, 
and, when governed with propriety, it gave 
rise to temper. mce. Justice was produced by 
the regular dominion of reason, and by the 
submission of the passions ; aud prudence 



PLA PLA 



540 



PLA- PLA 



arose from the strength, acuteness, and per- 1 In liis banishment, Plautianus r ormed an ac 
fee ion of the soul, without which all other j quaintance with Severus, who, some years 



virtues could not exist. But, amidst all thi: 
wisdom was not easily attained ; at their cre : 



after, ascended the imperial throne. "This 
was the bediming of hi* prosperity ; Severus 



ation all minds were not endowed with the I paid the .greatest attent.on to him, and, if 
same excellence, the bodies which they ani- 1 we believe some autliors, their familiarity 
mated on earth were not always in harmony and intercourse were carried beyond the 
wiih the divine emanation; some might be hounds of modesty and propriety. Plauti- 
too weak, others top strong, and on tiie first] anus shared the favours of Severus in ob- 
scurity as well as on the throne. He was 
invested with as much power a* his patron 



years of a man's life depended his future | 
consequence ; as an effeminate and Iicentiou 

education seemed calculated to destroy the j at Rome, and in the provinces, and, indeed^ 
purposes of the divinity ; while the contrary he wanted but the name of emperor to be 



produced diffe rent effects, and tended to cul" 
tivate and improve the reasoning and judging 
faculty, and to produce wisdom and virtue. 
Plato "was the first who supported the im- 
mortality of the soul upon arguments solid 
and permanent, deduced from truth and ex- 
perience. He did not imagine that the dis- 
eases, and the death of the body, could injure 
the principle of life and destroy the soul, 
which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of 
an uncorrupted and imputable essence, 
which, though inherent for a while in matter, 
could not lose that power which was the ema- 
nation of God. From doctrines like these, 
the great founder of Platonism concluded 
that there might exist in the world a com- 
munity of men, whose passions could be go- 
verned with moderation, and who from 



his equal. His table was served with more 
delicate meats than that of the emperor; 
when he walked in the public streets he re- 
ceived the most distinguishing honours, and 
a number of criers ordered the most noble 
citizens, as well as the meanest beggars, to 
make way for the favourite of the emperor, 
and not to fix their eves upon him. He was 
concerned in all the rapine and destruction 
which were committed through the empire, 
and he enriched himself wiih the possessions 
of those who had been sacrificed to the em- 
peror's cruelty or avarice. To complete his 
triumph, and "to make himself still greater, 
Plautianus married his favourite daughter 
Plautilla to Caracalla, the son of the em- 
peror, and so eager was the emperor to in- 
dulge his inclinations in this and in every 



knowing the evils and miseries which arise j other res-pect, that he declared he loved Plau" 
from ill conduct, might aspire to excellence, i tianus so much that he would even wish to 
and attain that perfection which can be de- i die before him. The marriage of Caracalla 
rived from the proper exercise of the rational '. with Plautilla was attended with serious eon- 
and moral powers. To illustrate this more j sequences. The son of Severus had com- 
fuily, the philosopher wrote a book, well plied with great reluctance, and, though 
known by the name of the republic of Plato, j Plautilla was amiable in her manners, cou.- 
in which he explains with acuteness, judg- j manding in aspect, and of a beautiful coun- 
ment, and elegance, the rise and revolution j tenauce, yet the young prince often threat- 
of civil society; and so respected was his ened to punish her haughty and imperious 
opinion as a legislator, that his scholars were I behaviour as soon as he succeeded to the 
employed in regulating the republics of Area- 1 throne. Plautilla reported the whole to her 
dia, Elis, and Cnidus", at the desire of those " 
states, and Xenocrates gave political rules 
for good and impartial "government to the 
conqueror of the east. — Piat. Di. ice — Ci. 
Off. l, Di. 1, 36, de N. D. 2, 12, Tu. I, 17. 
—Pin. Sol. 6ic.—Sen. ep.-Q.uin. 10, l, &c. 

— .El. V. H. 2 & 4.— Pa. 1, W.—Diog. A 

son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. A Greek 

poet, called the prince of the middle comedy, 
who flourished B. C. 445. Some fragments 
remain of hi6 pieces. 

PLA TOR, a man of Dvrrhachium, put to 
death bv Piso.— Ci. Pi. 34. 

PLAUTIA LEX, was enacted by M. Plau- 
tius the tribune, A. (I. C. 664. It required 
every tribe annually to chuse fifteen persons 
of their body, to serve as judges, making 
the honour common to all the three orders, 
according to the majority of votes in every 
Yibe. -Another called also Plotia, A. 0. C 



father, aud to save his daughter from the 
vengeance of Caracalla, Plauti uius conspired 
against the emperor and his son. The con- 
spiracy was discovered, aud Severus forgot 
his attachment to Plautianus, and the favours 
he had heaped upon him, when he heard of 
his perfidy. The wicked minister was imme- 
diately put to death, and Plautilla banished 
to the island of Lapari, with her brother 
Plautius, where, seven years after, she was 
put to death by order of Caracalla, A. D. 
211. Plautilla had two children, a son who 
died in his childhood, and a daughter, whom 
Caracalla murdered in the arms of her mo- 
ther.— Di. Ca. 

PLAUTILLA, a daughter of Plautianus, 
the favourite minister of Severus. {Vide 

Plautianus.] The mother of the emperor 

Nerva, descended of a nobie family. 

PLAUTIUS, a Roman, who became so 
It punished with the inlerdiclio j>>i is j disconsolate at the death of his wife, that he 



et aqu<e, all persons who were found guilty 
of attempts upon the state, or the senators 
or magistrates, or 6uch as appeared in public, 
armed with an evil design, or such as forcibly 
expelled anvperson from his legal possessions. 

PLAUTIA'NUS, FULVIUS, an African of 
mean birth, who was banished for his sediti- 
ous behaviour in the years of his obscc.ity. 



threw himself upon her burning pile.— Fa. 

Ma. 4, 6. CAIUS, a consui sent against 

the Privernates, Sec. AULUS. a governor 

of Britain, who obtained an ovation for the 
conquests he had gaiued there o*er the bar- 
barians. One of Otho's friends. He dis- 
suaded him from killing himself. LATE* 

RAN US, an adulterer of Messalina, who con- 



PL A — PL A 



spired against Nero, and was capitally con- 
demned. AULUS, a general who defeated 

the (Jinbrians and the Etrurians. CA1U3, 

another g-eneral, defeated in Lusitania. 

A man put to death by order of Caracalla. 

M. SYLVANUS, a tribune, who made a 

Jaw to prevent seditions in the public assem- 
blies. RUBELLIUS, a man accused be- 
fore Nero, and sent to Asia, where he was 
assassinated. 

PLAUTUS, W, ACCTUS, a comic poet, born 
at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved un- 
kind to him, and, from competence, he was 
reduced to the meanest poverty, by engaging I 
in a commercial line. To maintain himself, 
he entered into the family of a baker as a 
common servant, and while lie was employed 
in grinding corn, he sometimes dedicated a 
few" moments to the comic muse. Some, ' 
however, confute this account as false, and j 
support that Plautus was never obliged to j 
the laborious employments of a bakehouse 
for his maintenance.' He wrote 25 comedies, 
of which only 20 are extant. He died about 
] 84 years before the christiau era ; and Va r ro, 
his "learned countryman, wrote this stanza, 
which deserved to "be engraved on his tomb : 
Postquam morte captus est Plautus, 
Comcedia higet, scena est deserta ; 
])einde risus, ludus, jocusque, et numeri 
Innumeri simul omnes collacrymarunt. 
The plays of Plautus were universally es- 
teemed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, 
and the elegance of his language were b'v 
other writers considered as objects of imita- 
tion ; and Varro, whose judgment is great, 
and srenerally decisive, declares, that if 
the Muses were willing to speak Latin, they 
would speak in the language of Plautus. lii 
the Augustan age, however, when the Ro- 
man lauguaee became more pure and re- 
fined, the comedies of Plautus did not ap- 
pear free from inaccuracy. The poet, when 
compared to the more elegant expressions of 
a Terence, was censured for his negligence 
in versification, his low wit, execrable puns, 
and disgusting obscenities. Yet, however 
censured as to language or sentiments, Plau- 
tus continued to be a "favourite on the stasre. 
If his expressions were not choice or deli- 
cate, it was universally admitted that he 
was more happy than other comic writers in 
his pictures, the incidents of his plays were 
more varied, the acts more interesting, the 
characters more truly displayed, and the catas- 
trophe more natural. In the reign of the 
emperor Diocletian, his comedies were still 
acted on the public theatres, and no greater 
compliment can be paid to his abilities as a 
comic writer, and no greater censure can be 
parsed upon his successors in dramatic com- 
position, than to observe, that for 500 years, 
with all the disadvantage of obsolete lan- 
guage and diction, in spite of the change of 
manners, and the revolutions of government, 
he commanded and received that applause 
which no other writer dared to dispute with 
him.— Far. Q. 10, \.—Ci. off. 1, kc.-Or. 3, 

&C.—Hor. 2, e. 1, 58, 170. a. p. 54 & 270. 

iELIANUS, a high priest, w ho consecrated the 
capitol in the reign of Vespasian. Ta.HistA, 53. 
P LA VIS, a river of Venctia, in Italy. 



jj PLE — PLI 

PLETADES, or VER'GILIiE. a name given 
to seven of the daughters of Atlas bv Pleione 
or JEthr-i, one of the Oceanides. They were 
placed in the heavens after death, where 
they formed a constellation called Pleiades, 
near the back of the bull in the Zodiac. 
Their names were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, 
Electra, Taygeta, Sterope, and Celeno. 
They all, except Merope, who married Sisy- 
phus, king of Corinth, had some of the im- 
mortal gods for their suitors. On that ac- 
CQunt, therefore, Merope's star is dim and 
obscure among the rest of her sisters, be- 
cause she married a mortal. The name of 
the Pleiades is derived from the Greek word 
" pleein," to sail, because that constellation 
shows the time most favourable to navigators, 
which is in the spring. The name of Ver- 
giliae they derive from ver, the spring: They 
are sometimes called Atlantides, from their 
father, or Hesperides, from the gardens of 
that name, which belonged to Atlas.— Hyg. 
fa. 192, P. A. 2, 21.— Ov. Me. 13, 293, F. &, 
105 & 107— Hes. op. & di.—Hom. Od. 5.— 

Hor. 4, o. 14. Virg. G. 1, 138. 1. 4, 233. 

Seven poets, who from their number have 
received the name of Pleiades, near the ag€ 
of Philadelphus Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
Their names were Lycophron, Theocritus, 
Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and 
Homerus the younger. 

PLEIO'NE, one of the Oceanides, who 
married Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom 
she had twelve daughters, and a son" called 
Hyas. Seven of the daughters were changed 
into a constellation called Pleiades, and the 
rest into another called Hyades.—Ov. F. 5,8-? * 
PLEM'M YRIUM, now Massa Ol.iveri, a 
promontory with a sra^U castle of that name, 
in the bay of Syracuse. -V. Mn. 3, 693. 

PLEMNEUS, a king of Sicyon, son of Pe- 
ratus. His children always died as soon as 
born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, of- 
fered herself as a nurse to his wife as she 
was going to be brought to bed. The child 
lived by the care and protection of the god- 
dess, and Plemneus was no sooner acq uainted 
with the dignity of his nurse, than he raised 
her a temple. — Pa. 2, 5 & II. 

PLEU MOSII, a people of Belgium, the in- 
habitants of modern Tournay.— tees. G. 5, 3*. 
PLEL'RA'TL"S,akin?ofIllYricum.Z-2.26.24. 
PLEL'ROX, a son of jEtolus, who married 
Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by whom 
he had Agenor. He founded a city in iEtolia 
on the Evenus, which bore his name.— Apol. 
1, 7.— PI. 1, 2.— Si. 15, 310.— Pa. 7, 13.— Ov. 
Me. 7, 382. 
PLEXAURE, one of the Oceanides. — Hps. 
PLEX1PPUS, a son of Thestius, brother 
to Altiisea, the wife of OZneus. He was 
killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunting 
the Caledonian boar. His brother Toxeus 
shared nis fate. [ Vide Althaea and Meleager.] 

A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother 

to Pandion, king of Athens. — Apol. 

PLIXTUS SECUXDUS, C, surnamed the 
Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble family. 
He distinguished himself in the field, and, 
after he had been made one of the augurs 
at Rome, he was appointed governor of 
Spain. In his public character he did not 
neglect the pleasures of literature: the da? 
3 A 



PLI-PLi 



042 



PLI-PLI 



was employed in the administration of the 
affairs of his province, and the night was 
dedicated to study. Every moment~of time 
was precious to him ; at his meals one of his 
servants read to him books valuable for their 
information, and from them he immediately 
made copious extracts, in a memorandum- 
book. Even while he dressed himself after 
bathing, his attention was called away from 
surrounding objects, and he was either em- 
ployed in listening to another, or in dictating 
himself. To a mind so earnestly devoted 
to learning, nothing appeared too laborious, 
no undertaking too troublesome. He deemed 
every moment lost which was not dedicated to 
study, and, from these reasons, he never ap- 
peared at Rome but in a chariot, and wher- 
ever he went, he was always accompanied by 
his amanuensis. He even censured his 
nephew, Pliny the younger, because he had 
indulged himself with a walk, and sternly 
observed, that he might have employed those 
moments to better advantage. Bui if his 
iiterary pursuits made him forget the public 
affairs, his prudence, his abilities, and the 
purity and innocence of his character, made 
him known and respected. He was courted 
and admired by the emperors Titus and Ves- 
pasian, and he received from them all the 
favours which a virtuous prince could offer, 
and an honest subject receive. As he was 
at Misenum, where he commanded the fleet, 
which was then stationed there, Pliny was 
surprised at the sudden appearance of a cloud 
of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant of 
the cause which produced it, and he imme- 
eiately set sail in a small vessel for mount 
Vesuvius, which he at last discovered to have 
made a dreadful eruption. The sight of a 
number of boats that fled from the coast to 
avoid the danger, might have deterred ai.o- 
ther, but the curiosity of Pliny excited him 
to advance with more" boldness", and though 
his vessel was often covered with stones and 
ashes, that were continually thrown up by 
the mountain, yet he landed on the coast. 
The place w as 'deserted by the inhabitants, 
but Pliny remained there during the night, 
and the belter to observe the mountain, which, 
during the obscurity, appeared to be one con- 
tinual blaze. He was soon disturbed by a 
dreadful earthquake, and the contrary wind 
on the morrow prevented him from returning 
to Misenum. The eruption of the volcano 
increased, and, at last, the fire approached 
the place where the philosopher made his 
observations. Pliny endeavoured to fly be- 
fore it, but though lie was supported by two 
of his servants, he was unable to escape. 
He soon fell down, suffocated by the thick 
vapours that surrounded him, and the insup- 

Eortable stench of sulphureous matter. His 
ody was found three days after, and de- 
cently buried by his nephew, who was then 
at Misenum with the fleet. This memorable 
event happened in the 79th year of the Chris- 
tian era, and the philosopher,who perished by 
the eruptions of the volcano, has been called 
by some the martvr of nature. He was then 
in the 5fith year of his age. Of the works 
which he composed, none are extant but his 
natural history in 37 books, it is a work, as 



Pliny the younger says, full of erudition, 
and as varied as~nature itself. It treats of 
the stars, the heavens, wind, rain, hail, 
minerals, trees, flowers, and plants besides 
an account of all living animals, birds, fishes, 
and beasts ; a geographical description of 
every place on the globe, and an history of 
every art and science, of commerce and 'na- 
vigation, with their rise, progress, and 
several improvements. He is happy in his 
descriptions as a naturalist; he writes with 
force and energy ; and though many of his 
ideas and conjectures are sometimes ill- 
founded, yet he possesses that fecundity of 
imagination, and vivacity of expression, 
which are requisite to treat a subject with 
propriety, and to render an history of nature 
pleasing, interesting, and above ail, instruc- 
tive. His style possesses not the graces of 
the Augustan age: he has neither its purity 
and elegance, lior its simplicity, but it is ra- 
ther cramped, obscure, and sometimes un- 
intelligible. Yet for all this it has ever been 
admired and esteemed, and it may be called 
a compilation of everything which had been 
written before his age on the various subjects 
which he treats, and a judicious collection 
from the most excellent treatises which had 
been composed on the various productions of 
nature. Pliny was not ashamed to mention 
the authors w'hich he quoted : he speaks of 
them with admiration, and while he pays 
the greatest compliment to their abilities, 
his encomiums show, in the strongest light, 
the goodness, the sensibility, and the ingen- 
uousness of his own mind. " He had written 
160 volumes of remarks and annotations on 
the various authors which he had read, and 
so great was the opinion in his contempora- 
ries of his erudition and abilities, that a 
man called Lartius Lutinus offered to buy 
his notes and observations for the enormous 
sum of about 32421. English money. The 
philosopher, who was himself rich and inde- 
pendent, rejected the offer , and his compi- 
lations, after his death, came into the hands 
of his nephew Pliny.— Ta.An. 1,69,1. 13,20,1. 

15, 53.— PL e. See. C.CjECILIUS SECUN- 

DUS, surnamed the younger, was son of L. 
Caecilius bv the sister of Pliny the elder. He 
was adopted by his uncle, whose name he 
assumed, and whose estates and effects he 
inherited. He received the greatest part of 
his education under Quintilian, and at the 
age of 19 he appeared at the bar, where he 
distinguished himself so much by his elo- 
quence, that he and Tacitus were reckoned 
the two greatest orators of their age. He 
did not make his profession an object of 
gain like the rest of the Roman orators, but 
he refused fees from the rich as well as from 
the poorest of his clients, and declared that 
he cheerfully employed himself for the pro- 
tection of innocence, the relief of the indi- 
gent, and the detection of vice. He published 
many of his haran?ues and orations, which 
have been lost. When Trajan was invested 
with the imperial purple, Pliny was created 
consul by the emperor. This honour the 
consul acknowledged in a celebrated pane- 
gyric, which at the request of the Roman 
senate, and in the name of the whole empire, 



PLI— PLI 



543 



PLI— PLO 



he pronounced on Trajan. Son^e time after 
he presided over Pontus and Bithynia, ii 
the office, and with the power of pro-consu^ 
and by his humanity and philanthropy the 
subject was freed from the burden of partial 
taxes, and the persecution which had been 
begun against the christians of his province, 
was stopped when Pliny solemnly declared 
to the emperor that the followers of Christ 
were a meek and inoffensive sect of men, 
that their morals were pure and innocent, 
that they were free from all crimes, and 
that they voluntarily bound themselves by 
the most solemn oaths to abstain from vice, 
and to relinquish every sinful pursuit. If he 
rendered himself popular in his province, he 
was not less respected at Rome. He was there 
the friend of the poor, the patron of learn- 
ing, great without arrogance, affable in his 
behaviour, and an example of good breeding 
sobriety, temperance, and modesty. As z 
father and a husband his character was ami- 
able ; as a subject he was faithful to his 
prince ; and as a magistrate he was candid, 
open, and compassionate. His native coun- 
try shared, among the rest, his unbounded 
benevolence ; and Comum, a small town of 
I nsubria which gave him birth, boasted of 
his liberality in the valuable and choice li- 
brary of books which he collected there. 
He also contributed towards the expenses 
which attended the education of his country- 
men, and liberally spent part of his estate 
for the advancement of literature, and for 
the instruction of those whom poverty othe 
wise deprived of the advantages of a public 
education. He made his preceptor Quiuti- 
lian, and the poet Martial, objects of his be- 
nevolence, and when the daughter of the 
former was married, Pliny wrote to the fa- 
ther with the greatest civility ; and while he 
observed that he was rich in the pos- 
session of learning, though poor in the goods 
of fortune, he begged of him to accept, as a 
dowry for his beloved daughter, 50,000 ses- 
terces, about 3001. / would not, continued 
he, be so moderate, were I not assured from 
your modesty and disinterestedness, that 
the smallness of the present wilt render it ac- 
ceptable. He died in the 52nd year of his 
age, A. D. 113. He had written an history 
of his own times, which is lost. It is said, 
that Tacitus did not begin his historv till he 
had found it impossible to persuade Pliny to 
undertake that laborious task, and indeed 
what could not have been expected from the 
panegyrist of Trajan, if Tacitus acknow- 
ledged himself inferior to him in delineating 
the character of the times. Some suppose, 
but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives of il- 
lustrious men, universally ascribed to Cor- 
nelius Nepos. He also wrote poetry, but 
his verses have all perished, and nothing of 
his learned works remains, but his panegyric 
on the emperor Trajan, and ten books of 
letters which he himself collected and pre- 
pared for the publie, from a numerous and 
respectable correspondence. The letters 
contain many curious and interesting facts ; 
they abound with many anecdotes of the 
generosity and the humane sentiments of 
the writer. They are written with elegance 



and great purity, and the reader every 
where discovers that affability, that conde- 
scension and philanthrophv, which so egre- 
giously marked the advocate of the christians. 
These letters are esteemed by some equal 
to the voluminous epistles of Cicero. In his 
panegyric, Pliny's style is florid and bril- 
liant; he has used, to the greatest advan- 
tage, the iiberties of the panegyrist, and the 
eloquence of the courtier. His ideas are new 
and refined, but his diction is distiguished by 
that affectation and pomposity which marked 
the reign of Trajan. — Pi. e.—Voss.—Sid. 

PLINTHI'NE, a town of Egypt on the 
Mediterranean. 

PLISTAKCHUS, son of Leonidas, of the 
family of the Eurysthenidse, succeeded on 
the Spartan throne at the death of Cleom- 

brotus.— Her.9, 10. Abrother of Cassander. 

PLfSTHANUS, a philosopher of Elis who 
succeeded in the school of Phaedon.— Diog. 

PLIS'THENES, a son of Atreus king of 
Argos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon, 
according to Hesiod and others. Homer, 
however, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon 
sons of Atreus, though they were in reality 
the children of Plisthenes. The father died 
very young, and the two children were lelt 
in the house of their grandfather, who took 
care of them and instructed them. From 
his attention to them, therefore, it seems 
probable that Atreus was universally ac- 
knowledged their protector and father, and 
thence their surname of Atridce.—Ov. Re. 
A. 778,-Dic. Cr. I.— Horn. It. 

PLISTl'NUS, a brother of Faustulus the 
shepherd, who saved the life of Romulus and 
Remus. He was killed in a scuffle, which 
happened between the two brothers. 

PLIS TO'ANAX and PLIsTO'NAX, son of 
Pausanias, was general of the Lacedaemonian 
armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was 
banished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 
years, and was afterwards recalled by order 
of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 vears. 
He had succeeded Plistarchus.— Th. 

PLISTUS, a river of Phocis, falling into 
the bay of Corinth. — Sir. 9. 

PLOTjE, small islands on the coast of 
jfEtolia, afterwards called also Strophades. 

PLOTl'NA POMPEIA, a Roman lady 
who marrieid Trajan while he was yet a 
private man. She entered Rome in the pro- 
cession with her husband when he was sa- 
luted emperor, and distinguished herself by 
the affability of her behaviour, her humanity, 
and liberal offices to the poor and friendless. 
She accompanied Trajan.in the east, and at 
his death she brought back his ashes to Rome, 
and still enjoyed all the honours and titles 
of a Roman empress under Adrian, who, by 
her means, had succeeded to the vacant 
throne. At liar death, A. D. 122, she was 
ranked among the gods, and received divine 
honours, which according to the superstition 
of the times, she seemed to deserve, from 
her regard for the good and the prosperity 
of the Roman empire, and for her private 
virtues. — Di 

PLOTINO'POLIS, a town of Thrace ouilt 
by the emperor Trajan, and called after Plo- 
tina, the founder's wife. Another in Oacia, 



PLO— PLO 



544 



PLU— PLU 



PLOTFNDS, a platonic philosopher of and of Virgil, who made him his heir. He 



Lyeopolis in Egypt. He was for" eleven 
years a pupil of Aminonius the philosopher, 
and after he had profited by all the instruc- 



ected by Augustus, with Varius, to re 
view the iEneid of Virgil. — Hor. 1, s. 5, 40. 
LUCIUS, a poet in the age of the great 



territories or India and Persia to receive in- 
formation. He accompanied Gordian 
his expedition into the east, but the day 



ons of his learned preceptor, he determined ; Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in his 
: mprove his knowledge, and to visit the verses. 

1 PLUSIOS,asurnameof Jupiter atSparta.ex- 
pressive of his power to grant riches.— Pa.3,19.. 
PLUTARCH US, a native of Chaeronea, de- 
v.hich proved fatal to the emperor, nearly scended of a respectable familv. His father, 
terminated the life of the philosopher. He | whose name is unknown, was distinguished for 
saved himself by flight, and the following j his learning and virtues, and his grandfather, 
year he retired to Rome, where he publicly i called Lamprias, was also as conspicuous for 
taught philosophy. His school was frequented his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius, 
by people of every sex, age, and quality; Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at 
by senators as well as plebeians, and so great Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted with 
was the opinion of the public of his honesty j philosophy and mathematics, and so well es- 
and candour, that many on their death-bed > tablished was his character, that he was ap- 
left an their possessions to his care, and en- 1 pointed by his countrymen, while yet very 
trusted their children to him, as a j-uperior . young, to go to the Roman pro-consul, ' 
being. He was the favourite of all the Ro- their 



, and while he charmed the populace 
by the force of his eloquence, and the se- 
nate by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus 
courted him, and admired the extent of his 
learning. It is even said, that the emperor 
and the empress Salonina intended to rebuild 
a decayed city of Campania, and to appoint 
the philosopher over it, that there he might 
experimentally know, while he presided over 
a colony of philosophers, the validity and 
the use of the ideal laws of the republic of 
Plato. This plan was not executed, through 
the envy and malice of the enemies of Plo- 
tinus. The philosopher, at last, become 
helpless and infirm, returned to Campania, 
where the liberality of his friends for a while 
maintained him. He died A. D. 270, in the 
66th year of his age, and as he expired, he 
declared that he made his last and most vio- 
lent efforts to give up what there was most 
divine in him and in the rest of the universe. 
Amidst the great qualities of the philosopher, 
we discover some ridiculous singularities. 
Plotinus never permitted his picture to be 
taken, and he observed, that to see a paint- 
ing of himself in the following age was 'je 
neath the notice of an enlightened mind, 
These reasons also induced him to conceal 
the day, the hour, and the place of his birth 
He never made use of medicines, and thougl 
his body was often debilitated by abstinence 
or too much study, he despised to have re 
course to a physician, and thought that ii 
would degrade the gravity of a philosopher. 
His writings have been collected by his pupil 
Porphyry. They consist of fifty-four different 
treatises, divided into six equal parts, written 
with great spirit and vivacity ; but the 
reasonings are abstruse, and the subjects 
nietaphvsical. 

PLOTIUS CRISPI'NUS, a stoic phile 
pher and poet, whose verses were very 
elegant, and whose disposition was morose, 
for which he has been ridiculed by Horace, 

and called Aretalogus.—Hor. 1, s. 1, 4. 

CALLUS, a native of Lugdunum, who taught 
grammar at Rome, and had Cicero anion? 

his pupils.-Ci. Or. GRIPHUS, a man 

made senator by Vespasian.— Ta. Hist. 

A centurion in Caesar's army.— C<es. B. 

C. 3, is. TUCCA a friend of H-Mrace 



ne, upon an aff air of the most impor- 
tant nature. This commission he executed 
with honour to himself, and with success for 
his country. He afterwards travelled in 
quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, 
like a philosopher and an historian, the ter- 
ritories of Egypt and Greece, he retired to 
Rome, where he opened a school. His repu- 
tation made his school frequented. The em- 
peror Trajan admired his abilities, and 
honoured him with the office of consul, and 
appointed him governor of Illyricum. Aftei 
tiie death of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch 
removed from Rome to Chceronea, where he 
lived in the greatest tranquillity, respected 
by his fellow citizens, and raised to all the 
honours which his native town could bestow. 
In this peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch 
closely applied himself to study, and wrote 
the greatest part of his works,and particularly 
his lives. He died at an advanced age at 
Chaeronea, about the 140th year of ihe Chris- 
tian era. Plutarch had five children by his 
wife, called Timoxena, four sons and one 
daughter. Two of the sons and the daughter 
died when young, and those that survived 
were called'Plutarch and Lamprias, and the 
latter did honour to his father's memory, 
by giving to the world an accurate catalogue 
of his writings. In his private and public 
character, the historian of Chaeronea was the 
friend of discipline. He boldly asserted the 
natural right of mankind, liberty ; but he re- 
commended obedience and submissive defer- 
ence to magistrates, as necessary to preserve 
the peace of society. He supported, that the 
most violent and dangerous public factions 
arose too cften from private disputes and 
from misunderstanding. To render himself 
more intelligent,he always carrieda common- 
place-book with him, and he preserved with 
the greatest care whatever judicious obser- 
vations fell in the course of conversation. 
The most esteemed of his works are his lives 
of illustrious men, of whom he examines and 
delineates the different characters with won- 
derful skill and impartiality. He neither 
misrepresents the virtues, nor hides the foi- 
bles of his heroes. He writes with precision 
and with fidelity, and though his diction is 
neither pure nor elegant, yet there is energy 
and animation, and in many descriptions he 



PLU-PLU 



545 



PLU-PLY 



g's inferior to no historian. In some of his 
narrations, however, he is often too circum- 
stantial ; his remarks are often injudicious ; 
and when he compares the heroes of Greece 
with those of Rome, the candid reader can 
easily remember which side of the Adriatic 
gave the historian birth. Some have accused 
him of not knowing the geneaology of his 
heroes, and have censured him for his super- 
stition ; yet for all this, he is the most en* 
lertaining, the most instructive, and inter- 
esting of all the writers of ancient history; 
and were a man of true taste and judgment 
asked what book he wished to save from des- 
truction, of all the profane compositions of 
antiquity, he would perhaps without hesita- 
tion reply, the Lives of Plutarch. Jn his 
moral treatises, Plutarch appears in a differ- 
ent character, and his misguided philosophy, 
and erroneous doctrines, render some of 
chese inferior compositions puerile and dis- 
gusting. They however contain many useful 
lessons and curious facts, and though they are 
composed without connection, compiled with- 
out judgment, and often abound with impro- 
bable stories and false reasonings, yet they 
contain much information, and many useful 

reflections.— Plu. A native of Eretria, 

during the Peloponnesian war. He was de- 
feated by the Macedonians.— Plu. Pho. 

PLUTIA, a ttwn of Sicily.— Ci. V. 

PLUTO ? a son of Saturn and Ops, inhe- 
rited his lather's kingdom with his brothers 
Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his lot 
the kingdom of hell, and whatever lies under 
the earth, and as such he became the god of 
Vhe infernal regions, of death and funerals. 
From his functions,and the place he inhabited, 
he received different names. He was called 
Dis, Hades or Ades, Clytopolon, Agelastus, 
Orcus, &c. As the place ot his residence was 
obscure and gloomy, all the goddesses refused 
to marry him ; but he determined to obtain 
by force what was denied to his solicitations. 
As he once visited the island of Sicily, after a 
violent earthquake, he saw Proserpine, the 
daughter of Ceres, gathering flowers in the 
plains of linna, with a crowd of female atten- 
dants. He became enamoured of her, and 
immediately carried her away upon his cha- 
riot drawn 'by four horses. To make his re- 
freat more unknown, he opened himself a 
passage through the earth, by striking it with 
Ms trident in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or 
according to others, on the borders of the 
Cephisus in Attica. Proserpine called upon 
lier attendants for help, but in vain, and she 
became the wife of her ravisher,and the queen 
of hell. Pluto is generally represented as 
holding a trident with two teeth ; he has also 
keys in his hand to intimate that whoever 
■enters his kingdom can never return. He is 
looked upon as a hard-hearted and inexorable 
god, with a grim and dismal countenance, and 
tor that reason no temples were raised to his 
Honour as to the rest of the superior gods. 
JLSlack victims, and particularly a bull, were 
the only sacrifices which were offered to him, 
and their blood was not sprinkled on the 
Altars, or received in vessels, as at other sa- 
crifices, but it was permitted to run down 
iUto the earth, as if it were to penetrate as 



far as the realms of the god. The Syracusans 
yearly sacrificed to him blacK bulls, near the 
fountain of Cyane, where, according to the 
received traditions, he had disappeared with 
Proserpine. Among plants, the cypress, the 
narcissus, and the m-aiden-hair, were sacred 
to him, as also every thing which was deemed 
inauspicious, particularly the number two. 
According to some of the ancients, Pluto sat 
on a throne of sulphur, from which issued 
the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon, and 
Acheron. The dog Cerberus watched at his 
feet, the Harpies hovered round him, Proser- 
pine sat on his left hand, and near to the 
goddess stood the Eumenides, with their heads 
covered with snakes. The Parcse occupied 
the right, and they each held in their hands 
the symbols of their office, the distaff, the 
spindle, and the scissors. Pluto is called by 
some the father of the Eumenides. During the 
war of the Gods and the Titans, the Cyclops 
made a helmet which rendered the bearer in- 
visible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus was 
armed with it when he conquered the Gor- 
gons.— Hes. Th.—H. Il.—Apol. \,kc.—Hyg. 

fa. 155. P. A. 2.~St. Th. S.-Di. 5 Ov. 

Me. 5, f. 6.— Pa. 3, 36.-Orp. Hy. 17, &c— 
Ci. Nat. D. 2, 26.— Plu. rep.— Eur. M. Hip. 

—jEs. Per. Pro.—Var. L. L. A.— Cat. e. 3 

Virg: G. 4, 502. JEn. 6, 273, 1. 8, 296.— Luc. 6. 
715.— Hor. 2, o. 3 5c 18.— Sen. H. f. 

PLUTONIUM, a temple of Pluto in Lydia. 
— Ci. di. 1, 36. 

PLUTUS, a son of Jasion or Jasius, by 
Ceres, the goddess of corn, has been con- 
founded by many of the mythologists with 
Pluto, though plainly distinguished from him 
as being the god of riches. He was brought 
up by the goddess of peace, and on that ac- 
count, Pax *vas represented at Athens a 
holding the god of wealth in her lap. The 
Greeks spoke of him as of a fickle divinity. 
They represented him as blind, because he 
distributed riches indiscriminately ; he was 
lame, because he came slow and gradually ; 
but had wings, to intimate that he flew away 
with more velocity than he approached man- 
kind.— Luc. Tin.- Pa. 9, 16 & 26.— Hyg. P. 
A.—Aris.Plu.—Di.5.—Th,970.—Dio.H. 1,53. 

PLUVIUS, a surname of Jupiter as god of 
rain. He wss invoked by that name among 
the Romans, whenever the earth was parched 
up by continual heat, and was in want of 
refreshing showers. He had an altar in the 
temple on the capitol.— Tib. 1, e. 7, 26. 

PLYNTERI A, a festival among the Greeks, 
in honour of Aglauros, orrather of Minerva, 
who received from the daughter of Cecrops 
the name of Aglauros. The word seems to 
be derived from " plunein, 1 " tavare, because, 
during the solemnity, they undressed the 
statue of the goddess and washed it. The 
day on which it was observed was universally 
looked upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, 
and on that account, no person was permitted 
to appear in the temples, as they were pur- 
posely surrounded with ropes. The arrival 
of Alcibiades in Athens that day, was deemed 
very unfortunate ; but, however, the success 
that ever after attended him, proved it to be 
otherwise. It was customary at this festival 
to bear in procession a cluster of figs, which 



PNI— PCEC 



P(EX- POL 



ntimated the progress of civilization among 
the first inhabitants of the earth, as figs served 
them for food after they had found a dislike 
for acorns.— Pollux. [cia. — Str. 16. 

PNIGEUS, a village of Egypt, near Phceni- 

PN VX, a place of Athens", set apart by So- 
lon for holding assemblies.— C. Kep. Alt'. 3.— 
Plu. Th. & Them. [Spain. 

POBLICH'S, a lieutenant of Pompey in 

PODALIRllJS, a son of jEsculapius and 
Epione. He was one of the pupils of the 
v'entaur Chiron, and he made himself under 
him such a master of medicine, that during 
the Trojan war the Greeks invited him to 
their camp, to stop a pestilence which had 
baffled the skill of all their physicians. Some, 
however, suppose, that he went to the Trojan 
war, not in the capacity of a physician in the 
Grecian army, but as a" warrior "attended by 
his brother Machaon, in thirty ships with 
6oldiers from (Echalia, Ithome, and Trica. 
At his return from the Trojan war, Podalirius 
was shipwrecked on the coast of Caria, where 
he cured of the falling sickness and married 
a daughter of Damcetas, the king of the 
place. He fixed his habitation there, and 
built two towns, one of which he called 
Syrna, by the name of his wife. The Caria ns, 
after his'death, built him a temple, and paid 
him divine honours.— Die. Cr.—Q. Sm. 6 6i 9. 

— Ov. A. Am. 2. Tr. vl. 6.— Pa. 3. A Ru- 

tulian engaged in the wars of iEneas and 
Turnus.— 'V. JEn. 12, 304. 

PODARCE, a daughter of Oanaus.— Apol. 

PODARCES, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, 
who went to the Trojan war. The first sur- 
name of Priam. When Troy was taken by 
Hercules, he was redeemed from slavery by 
his sister Hesione, and from thence received 
the name of Priam. [Fide Priamus.] 

PODARES, a general of Mantinea, in the 
age of Epaminondas.— Pa. 8, c. 9. 

PODARGE, one of the Harpies, mother 
of two of the horses of Achilles, by the 
Zephyrs. The word intimates the swiftness 
of her feet. 

PODARGUS, a charioteer of Hector.- Horn. 

PCEAS, son of Thaumacus, was among the 

Argonauts. The father of Philoctetes. 

The son is often called Pzantia proles, on ac- 
count of his father.— Or. Me. 13, 45. 

PCE'CILE, a celebrated portico at Athens, 
which received its name from the variety 
(poihilos) of paintings which it contained. 
It was there that Zeno kept his school, and 
the stoics also received their lessons there, 
w hence their name (a " soa," a porch). The 
Pcecile was adorned with pictures of gods 
and benefactors, and among many others 
were those of the siege and sacking'of Troy, 
the battle of Theseus against the Amazons, 
the fight between the Lacedaemonians and 
Athenians at (Enoe in Argolis, and of Ani- 
ens the great, friend of Athens. The only 
reward which Miltiades obtained after the 
battle of Marathon, was to have his picture 
drawn more conspicuous than that of the 
rest of the officers' that fought with him, in 
the representation which was made of the 
engagement, which was hung up in the 
Poccile, in commemoration of that celebrated 
t ictory.-C. Nep. M. & At. 3.— Pa. \.—Pl. 35. 



P(EM, a name given to the Carthaginians, 
ft seems to be a corruption of the word 
Phani or Phamices, as the Carthaginians 
were of Phoenician oY'xzm.-Serv.ad Tir.1,302. 

PCEON: Vide Pveon. 

PCEONLA, a part of Macedonia. Vide 
Pceonia. 

PCEUS, a part of mount Pindus. 

POGON, a harbour of the Trcezenians on 
the coast of the Peloponnesus. It received 
this name on account of its appearing to 
come forward before the town of Trcezene, as 
the beard (pogon^) does from the chin. — Str. 
8. Me. 2. 

POLA, a city of Istria, founded by the Col- 
chians. and afterwards made a Roman colon v, 
and called Pietas Julia.— Plin. 3, 9.— Me. 2. 
3. Sir. l & 5. 

POLEMARCHUS. [Vide Archon.] The 

assassin of Pol\dorus,king of Sparta.— Pa. 3,3. 

POLEMOCRAT1 A, a queen of Thrace, who 
fled to Brutus after the murder of Caesar. She 
retired from her kingdom because her sub- 
jects had lately murdered her husband. 

POLEMO'N, a youth of Athens, son of 
Philostratus. He was much given to de- 
bauchery and extravagance, and spent the 
greatest part of his life in riot and drunken- 
ness. He once, when intoxicated, entered 
the school of Xenocrates, while the philoso- 
pher was giving his pupilgra lecture upon 
the effects of intemperance, and he was so 
struck with the eloquence of the academician, 
and the force of bis arguments, that from 
that moment he renounced the dissipated 
life he had led, and applied himself totally 
to the study of philosophy. He was then in 
the 30th year of his age, and from that time 
be never" drank any other liquor but water ; 
and after the death of Xenocrates he suc- 
ceeded in the school where his reformation 
had been effected. He died about 270 years 
before Christ, in an extreme old age.— Diog. 

vi.—Hor. 2. s. 3, 254.— Fa. Ma. 6, c. 9. 

A son of Zeno the rhetorician, make king of 
Pontus by Antonv. He attended his patron 
in his expedition" against Parthia. After the 
battle of Actium, he was received into fa- 
vour by Augustus, though he had fought in 
the cause of Antonv. He was killed some 
time after by the barbarians near the Palus 
Maeotis, against whom he had made war. — 

Str.—Di. His son of the same name, was 

confirmed on his father's throne by the Ro- 
man emperors, and the province of Cilicia 
was also added to his kingdom by Claudius. 

An officer in the army of Alexander, 

intimate with Philotas, kc.—Curt. 7, 1, &c. 

A rhetorician at Rome, who wrote a 

poem on weights and measures, still extant. 
He was master to Persius, the celebrated 

satirist, and died in the age of Nero. A 

sophist of Laodicea in Asia Minor, in the 
reign of Adrian. He was often sent to the 
emperor with an embassy by his country- 
men, which he executed with great success. 
He was greatly favoured by Adrian, from 
whom he extracted much money. J n the 56th 
year of his a?e, he buried himself alive, as 
he laboured with the gout. He wrote decla- 
niations in Greek. 

POLEMONIim, now Valija a town of 



POL — POL 



547 



POL— POL 



Pontus, at the east of the mouth of the The - 
motion. [tress of cities. 

POLIAS, a surname of Minerva, as protec- 
POL1CHNA, atownofTroason Ida.— Her. 

6, 28. Another of Crete.— Th. 2, 85. 

POLIEIA, a festival at Thebes in honour 
of Apollo, who was represented there with 
gray hair {polios), contrary to the practice 
of all other places. The victim was a bull, 
but when it happened once that no bull 
could be found, an ox was taken from the 
cart and sacrificed. From that time the sa- 
crifice of labouring oxen was deemed lawful, 
though before it was looked upon as a capital 
crime. 

POLIORCE'TES {destroyer of cities'), a 
surname giving to Demetrius, son of Antigo- 
nus.-P/M. D. [Str. 13. 

POLISMA, a town of Troas, on the Simois. 

POLI'STRATUS,an Epicurean philosopher 
born the same day as Hippoclitles, with whom 
he always lived in the greatest intimacy. 
Thev bo'th died at the same hour.— Die- 
Fa. "Ma. 1. 

POLITES, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. — 
V. Bin. 2, 526, &c. His son, who bore the 
same name, followed iEneas into Italy, and 
was one of the friends of young Ascanius. — 
Id. 5, 564. 

POLITORIUM, a city of the Latins, des- 
troyed by the Romans, before Christ 639. 
Li. 1, 33. 

POLLINEA, a prostitute, kc.—Jnv. 2, ( 

POLLA ARGENTARIA, the wife of the 
poet Lucan. She assisted her husband ir 
correcting the three first books of his Phar- 
salia.-Sfc. Sy. 1 & 2. 

POLLEN'l IA, now Polenza, a town of Li- 
guria in Italy, famous for wool. There was 
a celebrated "battle fought there between the 
Romans and Alaric, king of the Huns, about 
the 403d year of the Christian era, in which 
the former, according to some, obtained the 
victory.— Me. 2, 7.— PI. 8, 48.— Sue. Ti. 37. 

— Si. 8, 598.— Ci. 11, Fa. 13. A town of 

Majorca. — PI. & Me. Of Picenum.— Li, 

39, 44, 1. 41, 27. 

POLLES, a Greek poet whose writings 
were so obscure and unintelligible that his 
name became proverbial.— Sui. 

POLLIO, C. ASINIUS, a Roman consul 
under the reign of Augustus, who distin 
guished himself as much by his eloquence 
and writings as by his exploits in the field. 
He defeated the Dalmatians, and favoured 
the cause of Antonv asrai;;st Augustus. He 
patronized, with great liberality, the poets 
Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized 
him in their writings. He was the first wh 
raised a public library at Rome, and indeed 
his example was afterwards followed by 
many of the emperors. In his library were 
placed the statues of all the learned men of 
every age, and Varro was the only person 
who was honoured there during his lifetime. 
He was with J. Caesar when he crossed the 
Rubicon. He was greatly esteemed by Au- 
gustus when he had become one of his ad- 
herents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio 
wrote some tragedies, orations, and an his- 
tory, which was divided into 17 books. All 



those compositions are lost, and nothing re- 
mains of his writings except a few letters to 
Cicero. He died in the SOth year of his age, 
A. D. 4. He is *be person in whose honour 
Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, 
Pollio, as a reconciliation was effected be- 
tween Augustus and Antony during his con- 
sulship. The poet, it is supposed by some, 
makes mention of a son of the consul born 
about this time, and is lavish in his excur 
ions into futurity, and his predictions ot 
approaching prosperity.— Pa. 2, 86. — Hor. 2, 
o. 1. 8. 10, 1. 1.— V. Eel. 3 & 4.— Va. Ma. 8,13. 
— Qui. 10. ANN I US, a man accused of se- 
dition before Tiberius, and acquitted. He 
afterwards conspired against Nero, itc.—Ta. 

6, 9, 1. 15, 56. VED1US, one of the friends 

of Augustus, who used to feed his fishes with 
human flesh. This cruelty was discovered 
when one of his servants broke a glass in the 
presence of Augustus, who had been invited 
to a feast. The master ordered the servant 
to be seized ; but he threw himself at the feet 
of the emperor, and begged him to interfere, 
and not to suffer him to be devoured by 
fishes. Upon this the causes of his appre- 
hension were examined, and Augustus, as- 
tonished at the barbarity of his favourite, 
caused the servant to be dismissed, all the 
fishponds to be filled up, and the crystal 

glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces. 

A man who poisoned Britannicus, at the in- 
stigation of Nero. An historian in the age 

of Constantine the Great. A sophist in 

the age of Pompey the Great. A friend 

of the emperor Vespasian. 

POLLIS, a commander of the Lacedaemo- 
nian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. — Di. 

POLLIUS FELIX, a friend of the poet Sta- 
tius, to whom he dedicated his second Sylva. 

POLLUPEX, now Final, a town of Genoa. 

POLLUTIA, a daughter of L. Vetus, put 
to death after her husband Rubellius Plautus, 
by order of Nero, 6cc. — Ta. 16. An. 10 & 1 1. 

POLLUX, ason of Jupiter by Leda the wife 
of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. 
[Fide Castor.] -A Greek writer, who flou- 
rished A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, 
and died in the 58th year of his age. He was 
born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at 
Athens, and wrote a useful work called Ono- 
masticon, of which the best edition is that of 
Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1706. 

POLTIS, a king of Thrace, in the time o. 
the Trojan war. 

POLUS, a celebrated Grecian actor. A 

sophist of Agrigentum. 

POLUSCA, a town of Latium, formerly the 
capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants were 
called Pollustini.—Li. 2, 39. 

POLYiENUS, a native of Macedonia, who 
wrote eight books in Greek of stratagem*;, 
which lie dedicated to the emperors Antonius 
and Verus, while they were making war 
against the Parthians. He wrote also other 
books, which have been iost, among which 
was an history, with a description of the citv 
of Thebes. The best editions of his strata 
gems are those of Masvicius, 8vo. L. Bat. 
690, and of Mursinna, 12mo. Berlin, 1756. 

A friend of Philopcemen. An orator in 

the age of Julius Caesar. He wrote in three 



POL — POL 548 
books an account of Antony 's expedition in 

Parthia, and likewise published orations. 

A mathematician, who afterwards followed 
the tenets of Epicurus, and disregarded geo- 
metry as a false and useless study. — Ci. Ac. 4. 

POLYA'MIS, a mountain of" Macedonia, 
near Pindus.— Str. 

POLYARCHUS, the brother of a queen of 
Cvrene, &c. — Poly. S. 

POL YW DAS, a general after the death of 
Agesipolis the Lacedaemonian. He reduced 
Off nth us. 

POLYBIUS, or POLYBUS, a king of 
Corinth, who married Periboea, whom some 
have called Merope. He was son of Mercury 
by Chthonophyle, the daughter of Sicyon, 
king of Sicyom He permitted his wife, who 
had no children, to adopt and educate as 
her own son, OZdipus, who had been found 
by his shepherds exposed in the woods. He 
had a daughter called Lysianassa, whom he 
gave in marriage to Talaiis, son of Bias king 
of Argos. As he had no male child, he left 
his kingdom to Adrastus, who had been ba- 
nished from his throne, and who had fled lo 
Corinth for protection.— Hyg. fa. 66.— Pa. 2, 
6.— Apol. 3. 5.— Sen. (Ed. BIS. 

POLYBIUS, a native of Megalopolis in Pe- 
loponnesus, son of Lycortas. He was early 
vnitiated in the duties* and made acquainted 
with the qualifications of a statesman, by his 
father, who was a strong supporter of the 
Achaean league, and under hi m Philopoemen 
was taught the art of war. In Macedonia he 
distinguished himself by his valour against 
the Romans, and when Perseus had been con- 
quered, he was carried to the capital of Italy 
as a prisoner of war. But he was not long 
burie«l in the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio 
and Fabius were acquainted with his uncom- 
mon abilities as a warrior and as a man of 
learning, and they made him their friend by 
kindness and attention. Polybius was not 
insensible to their merit; he accompanied 
Scipio in his expeditions, and was present at 
the taking of Carthage and Numantia. in 
the midst of his prosperity, however, he felt 
the distresses of his country, which had been 
reduced into a Roman province, and, like a 
true patriot, he relieved its wants, and eased 
its servitude by making use of the influence 
which he had acquired by his acquaintance 
with the most powerful Romans. After the 
death of his friend and bent factor Scipio, he 



POL— POL 

torian among the Greeks who was experi- 
mentally and professedly acquainted with the 
military operations and the political measures 
of which he makes mention. He has been 
recommended in every age and country as 
the best master in the art of n?r. and nothing 
can more effectually prove the (s'eem in 
which he was held among the Romans, than 
to mention that Brutus, the murderer of 
Caesar, perused his history with the greatest 
attention, epitomized it, " and often retired 
from the field where he had drawn his sw ord 
against Octavius and Antony, to read the in- 
structive pages which describe the great 
actions of his ancestors. Polybius, however 
great and entertaining, is sometimes cen- 
sured for his unnecessary digressions, for his 
uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his 
negligence, and the inaccurate arrangemen; 
of his words. But every where there is in- 
struction to be found, information to be col- 
lected, and curious facts to be obtained, and 
it reflects not much honour upon Livy for 
calling the historian, from whom he has 
copied old books almost word for word, 
w ithout gratitude or acknowledgment, hand- 
quaquam spernendus auclor. Dionysius also, 
of Halicarnassus, is one of his most violent 
accusers ; but the historian has rather exposed 
his ignorance of true criticism, than dis- 
covered inaccuracy or inelegance. The best 
editions of Polybius are those of Gronovius, 
3 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, of Ernesti, 3 vols. 
Svo. 1764, and of Sehweighaeuser, 7 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. 17S5.— Plu. P.— Li. 30, 45.— Pa. 8, 30. 
A freedman of Augustus. — Sue. A phy- 
sician, disciple and successor of Hippocrates. 

A soothsayer of Corinth, who foretold to 

his sons the fate that attended them in the 
Trojan war. 

POLYBCEA, a daughter of Amyclas and 
Diomede, sister to Hvacinthus.— Pa. 3, 19. 
POLVBOZTES. Vide Polypcetes. 
POLYBO'TES, one of the giants who made 
war again.-t Jupiter. He was killed by Nep- 
tune, who crushed him under a part of the 
island of Cos, as he was walking across the 
iEgean.— Pa. 1, l.—Eyg. in pre. fa. 

POLYBUS, a king of Thebes in Egypt, in 
the time of the Trojan war.— H. Od. 22. 284. 
■One of Penelope's suitors.— Or. Her. I. 

A king of Sicvon. A king of Corinth. 

Vide Polybius. 
POLYCA'ON", a son of Lelex, who suc- 
retired from Rome, and passed the rest of his | ceeded his brother My les. He received di- 
days at Megalopolis, where he enjoyed the vine honours after death with his wife Mes- 
comforts and honours w hich every good man sene, at Lacedaemon, where he had reigned. 

can receive from the gratitude of his citizens | — Pa. 4, I, &c. A son of Butes, who mar- 

and from the selr-satisfactiou which attends ried a daughter of Hyllus. 
a humane and benevolent heart. He died in I POLYCARPUS, a" famous Greek writer, 
the 62d year of his age, about 124 years I born at Smyrna, and educated at the expense 
before Christ, of a wound which he had re- of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose that 
ceived by a fall from his horse. He wrote I he was one of St. John's disciples. He be- 
an universal history in Greek, divided into ! came bishop of Smyrna, and went to Rome 
40 books, which began with the wars of Rome to settle the festival of Easter, but to nopur- 
with the Carthaginians, and finished with the i pose. He was condemned to be burnt at 
conquest of Macedonia by Paulus. The j Smyrna, A. D. 167. His epistle to the Philip- 
greatest part of this valuable history is lost ; pians is simple and modest, yet replete with 
the five first books are extant, and of the j useful precepts and rules for the conduct of 
twelve following the fragments are numerous, life. 

The history of Polybius is admired for its au- POLYCASTE, the youngest of the daugh- 
henticity,"and he is, perhaps, the only his- j ters of Nestor. According to some authors. 



POL — POL 6. 

she married Telemachus, when he "isited , 
tier father's court in quest of Ulysses. 

POLY'CHARES, a rich Messehian, said to 
have been the cause of the war which was 
Kii;dled between the Spartans and his coun- 
trymen, which was called the first Messe- 
nian war. 

POLYCLE'A, the mother of Thessalus, &c. 

PO'LYCLES, an Athenian in the time of 
Demetrius, &.c.—Poly. 5. A famous ath- 
lete, often crowned at the four solemn games 
of the Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter's 
grove at Olvmpia.— Pa. 6, 1. 

POLYCLE'TUS, a celebrated statuary of 
Sicyon, about 232 years before Christ. He 
was universally reckoned the most skilful 
artist of his profession among- the ancients, 
and the second rank was given to Phidias. 
One of his pieces, in which he had repre- 
sented a body guard of the king- of Persia, 
was so happily executed, and so nice and 
exact in a.l its proportions, that it was looked 
upon as a most perfect model, and accord- 
ingly called the Rule. He was acquainted 
with architecture.— Pa. 2. & b. — Quin. 12, 

10. Another, who lived about 30 years after. 

A favourite of the emperor Nero, put to 

death bv Galba. [Ath. 12.— Ml. 16,41 

POLYCLl'TUS, an historian of Larissa.— 

POLY'CRATES, a tyrant of Samos, well 
known for the continual How of good fortune 
w hich attended hiin. He became very power- 
ful, and made himself master not only of the 
neighbouring islands, but also of some cities 
on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of a 
hundred ships of war, and was so universally- 
respected, that Aniasis, the king of Egypt", 
made a treaty of alliance with him. "The 
Egyptian monarch, however, terrified by his 
continued prosperity, advised him to checquer 
his enjoyments, by 'relinquishing some of his 
most favourite objects. Polycrates complied, 
and threw into the sea a be'autiful seal, the 
most valuable of his jewels. The voluntary 
loss of so precious a seal afflicted him for 
some time, but in a few days after, he re- 
ceived as a present a "targe fish, in whose 
belly the jewel was found. Amasis no sooner 
heard this, than he rejected all alliance with 
the tyrant of Samos, and observed, that 
sooner or later his good fortune would vanish. 
Some time after Polycrates visited Magnecia 
on the Maeander, where he had been invited 
by Orcetes, the governor. He was shame- 
fully put to death 522 years befjre Christ, 
merely because the governor wished to ter- 
minate the prosperity of Polycrates. The 
daughter of Polycrates had dissuaded her 
father from going to the house of Orcetes, 
on account of the bad dreams which she had 
had, but her advice was disregarded.— Pa. 
8, 14 — Str. 14.— Her. 3, 39, &c- — A sophist 
of Athens, who, to engage the public atten- 
tion, wrote a panegyric on Busirisand Clyteni- 
uestra. — Quin. 2, 17. An ancient statuary 

POLYCRE'TA, or POLYCRI'TA, ayouu« 
woman of Naxos, who became the wife of 
Diognelus, the general of the Erythreans 

tec—Poly. B. Another woman of Naxos 

who died through excess of joy. Plu. — Mul. 

POLY'CRITUS, a man who wrote the life 
of Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily.— Diog. 



g POL-POL 

POLYCTOR, the husband of Stygna, one 

of the Danaides. — Apol. 2, 1. The rather 

of Pisander, one of Penelope's suitors. 

An athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained 
a victory at Olvmpia by bribing his adversary 
Sosander, who was superior to him in strength 
and courasre. — Pa. 5, 21. 

POLYD'lEMON, an Assyrian prince killed 
by Perseus.— Or. Me. 5, f. 3. 

"POLY'DAMAS, a Trojan, son of Antenor 
by Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He mar- 
ried Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. 
He is accused by some of having betrayed 

his country to the Greeks.— Da. Ph. A 

son of Panthous, born the same night as Hec- 
tor. He was inferior in valour to none of 
the Trojans, except Hector, and his prudence, 
the wisdom of his counsels, and the firmness 
of his mind, claimed equal admiration, and 
proved most salutary to his unfortunate and 
misguided countrymen. He was at last killed 
by Ajax, after he had slaughtered a great num- 
ber of the enemy.— Die. Cr. 1, &c.—H. II. 

12, &e. A celebrated athlete, son of Nicias, 

who imitated Hercules in whatever he did. 
He killed a lion with his fist, and it is said 
that he could stop with his hand a chariot in 
its most rapid course. He was one day with 
some of his friends in a cave, when on "a sud- 
den, a large piece of rock came tumbling 
down, and while all fled away he attempted 
to receive the falling fragment in his arms. 
His prodigious strength, however, was in- 
sufficient, and he was instantly crushed to 

pieces under the rock.— Pa. 6," 5. One of 

Alexander's officers, intimate with Parmenio. 
—Curt. 4, 15. 

POLYDAMNA, a wife of Thonis, king of 
Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a cer- 
tain powder, which had the wonderful power 
of driving away care and melancholy. — H. 

Od. 4, 228. 

POLYDECTES, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of Proclidae. He was son of Eunomus. 

— Pa, 3, 7. A son of Magnes, king of the 

island of Seriphos. He received with great 
kindness Danae and her son Perseus, who 
had been exposed on the sea by Acrisitis. 
[Vide Perseus.] He took particular care of 
the education of Perseus ; but when he be- 
came enamoured of Danae, he removed him 
from his kingdom, apprehensiv e of his resent- 
ment. Some time after he paid his addresses 
to Danae, and when she rejected him he pre- 
pared to offer her violence. Danae fled to 
the altar of Minerva for protection, and 
Dictys, the brother of Polydectes, who had 
himself saved her from the sea-waters, op- 
posed her ravisher, and armed himself in her 
defence. At this critical moment, Perseus 
arrived, and with Medusa's head he turned 
into stones Polydectes, with the associates cf 
his g-iiilt. The crown of Seriphos was given 
to Dictys, who had shown himself so active 
in the cause of innocence.— Ov. Me. 5, 242. — 

Hyg.fa. 63, &c. A sculptorof Greece.— PL. 

POLYDEUCE'A, a fountain of Laconia, 
near Therapne. — Str. 9. 
I POLYDO'RA, a daughter of Peleus, kin« 
of Thessaly, hy Antigone, the daughter of 
I Eurytion. She'married the river Sperrhius 
I by whom she had Mnestheus.— Apol. One 



POL-POL 550 

or the Oceanides.— Hes. A daughter of 

Melager king of Calydon, who married Pro- 
tesilaus. She killed'herself when she heard 
that her husband was dead. The wife of 
Protesilaus is more commonly called Laoda- 

mia. r Fide Protesilaus.]— Pa. 4, 2. A 

daughter of Perieres. An island of the 

Propontis near Cyzicus. 

POLYDO'KUS, a son of Alcamenes, king 
of Sparta. He put an end to the war which 
had been carried on during 20 years, be- 
tween Messenia and his subjects, and during 
his reign, the Lacedaemonians planted two 
colonies, one at Crotona, and the other at 
Locri. He was universally respected. He 
was assassinated by a nobleman, called Pole- 
marchus. His son' Eurvcr ites succeeded him 
724 years before Christ.— Pa. 3.— Her. 7, 

204. A celebrated carver of Rhodes, who 

with one stone made the famous statue of 

Laocoon and his children.— PI. 34, 8. A 

son of Hippomedon, who went with the Epi- 

goui to the second Thebaa war.— Pa. 2. 

A son of Codmusand Hermione, who married 
Nvcteis, by whom he had Labdacus, the father 
of'Taius. He had succeeded to the throne of 
Thebes, when his father had gone to Illyri- 

cum.— Apol. 3. A brother of Jason of 

Pherae, who killed his brother and seized 

upon his possessions. — Di. 15. A son of 

Priam, killed by Achilles. Another son of 

Priam by Hecuba, or according to others by 
Laothoej the daughter of Altes,king of Peda- 
sus. As he was young and inexperienced 
when Troy was be'sieged by the Greeks, his 



POL-POL 



POLYG'ONUS and TELEGONUS, sons of 
Proteus and Coronis, were killed by Hercu- 
les. — Apol. 

POLYHYMNIA, and POLYMNTA, one of 
the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemo- 
syne. She presided over singing and rhetoric, 
and was deemed the inventress of harmony. 
She was represented veiled in white, holding 
a sceptre in her left hand, and with her right 
raised up, as if ready to harangue. She had 
a crown of jewels on her head.— Hes. Th. 
75 x. 915. — Plu. Sym.—Hor. 1, o. i.—Ov. F. 
5, 9 & 53. 

POLYIDUS, a physician who brought back 
to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by applying 
to his body a certain herb, with which he had 
seen a serpent restore life to another which 
was dead. [Vide Glaucus.]— Apol. 3, 3.— Pa. 

I, 43. A son of Hercules by one of the 

daughters of Thestius. — Apol.' A Corin- 
thian soothsayer, called also Poly bins. A 

dithyrambic poet, painter, and musician. 

POL YLA'LS, a son of Hercules and Cra- 
the, daughter of Thespius. 

POLYM'ENES, an officer appointed to take 
care of Egypt after it had been conquered by 
Alexander.— Curt. 4, 8. 

POLYM E'DE, a daughter of Autolycus, 
who married jEson, by whom she had Jason. 
She survived her husband only a few days. — 
Apot. I, 13. [children. 
POLYM EDON, one of Priam's illegitimate 
POLY r ME'LA, one of Diana's companions. 
She was daughter of Phylas, and had a son 
by Mercury.—//. //. 16. A daughter of 



father removed him to the court of Polym- hEolus, seduced by Ulysses. A daughter 

nestor, king of Thrace, and also entrusted to of Actor. She was the first wife of Peleus the 
the care of the monarch a large sum of i father of Achilles. 

money, and the greatest part of his treasures, POLYMNESTES, a Greek poet of Colo- 
till his country was freed from foreign inva- phon.— Pa. l, 14. A native of Thera, fa- 

sion. No sooner was the death of Priam ther of Battus, or Aristocles, by Phronima, 
known in Thrace, than Polymnestor made I the daughter of Etearchus, king'of Oaxus.— 
himself master of the riches which were in H> 
his possession, and to insure them the better, 



he assassinated young Polydorus, and threw 
his body into the sea, where it was found by 
Hecuba". [Vide Hecuba.] According to Vir- 
gil, the body of Polydorus was buried near 
the shore by his assassin, and there grew on 
his grave a myrtle, whose boughs dropped 
blood, when iEneas, going to Italy, attempted 
to tear them from the tree. [Vide Polvm- 
nestor.]— V. JEn. 3, 21, Sec— Apol. 3, 12.— 
Ov. Me. 13, 432.— H. II. 2>J.— Die. Cr. 2, 18. 

POLY GIUS, a surname of Mercury.— Pa. 

POLYGNOTUS, a celebrated painter of 
Thasos, about 422 years- before the Christian 
era. His father's name was Aglaophon. He 
adorned one of the public porticos of Athens 
with his paintings, in which he had repre- 
sented the most striking events of the Trojan 
war. He particularly excelled in giving 
grace, liveliness, and expression to his pieces. 
The Athenians were so pleased wiih him. 



POLYMNESTOR, a king of the Thracian 
Chersonesus, w ho married Ilione the eldest of 
Priam's daughters. When the Greeks be- 
sieged Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of 
his treasures, together with Polydorus, the 
youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they 
were entrusted to the care of Polymnestor. 
The Thracian monarch paid every attention 
to his brother-in-law ; but when he was in- 
formed that Priam was dead, he murdered 
him to become master of the riches which 
were in his possession. At that time, the 
Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, 
followed by all the captives, among whom 
was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The 
fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where 
one of the female captives discovered on the 
shore the body of Polydorus, whom Polym- 
nestor had thrown into the sea. The drea l- 
ful intelligence was immediately communi- 
cated to the mother, and Hecuba, who re- 



that they offered to reward his labours with collected the frightful dreams which she haJ 

whatever he pleased to accept. He declined had on the preceding night, did not doubt 

this generous offer, and the Amphictyonic but Polyuinestor was the cruel assassin. She 

council, which was composed of the repre- resolved to revenge her son's death, and im- 

sentatives of the principal cities of Greece, mediately she called out Polymm-stor, as if 

ordered that Polygnotus should be maintained wishing to impart to him a matter of the 

at the public expence wherever he wer.c— most important nature. The tyrant wasdrawn 

Quin. 12, 10. — PL 33 Sc 34.— Plu. Cim.—Pa. into the snare, and was no sooner introduced 

10, 25, Sec. A statuary.— P t '. 34. into the apartments of the Trojan princess. 



POL— POL 



551 



POL— POL 



than the female captives rushed upon him, 
and put out his eyes with their pins, while 
Hecuba murdered his two children who had 
accompanied him. According to Euripides, 
the Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be 
banished into a distant island for his perfidy. 
Hyginus, however, relates the whole dif- 
ferently, and observes, that when Polydorus 
was sent to Thrace, Ilione, his sister, took 
him instead of her son Deiphilus, who was 
of the same age, apprehensive of her hus- 
band's cruelty. The monarch was unac- 
quainted with the imposition, he looked upon 
Polydorus as his own son, and treated Dei- 
philus as the brother of Ilione. After the 
destruction of Troy, the conquerors, who 
wished the house and family of Priam to be 
totally extirpated, offered Electra, the daugh- 
ter of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if he 
would destroy Ilione and Polydorus. The 
monarch accepted the offer, and immediately 
dispatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he 
had been taught to regard as Polydorus. 
Polydorus, who passed as the son of Polym- 
nestor, consulted the oracle after the mur- 
der of Deiphilus, and when he was informed 
that his father was dead, his mother a cap- 
tive in the hands of the Greeks, and his coun- 
try in ruins, he communicated the answer of 
the god to Ilione, whom he had always re- 
garded as his mother. Ilione told him the 
measure she had pursued to save his life, and 
upon this he avenged the perfidy of Polym- 
nestor, by putting out his eyes.- Eur. Hec, — 
Hyg. fa. 109.— V. /En. 3, 45, &c. -Ov. Me. 13, 

430, &c. A king of Arcadia, succeeded on 

the throne by Ebmis.— Pa. 8. A young 

Milesian, who took a hare in running, and 
afterwards obtained a prize at the Olympic 
games. 

POLYNI'CES, a son of (Edipus, king of 
Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his father's 
throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was 
mutually agreed between the two brothers, 
that they should reign each a year alter- 
nately. "Eteocles first ascended the throne 
by right of seniority : but when the year was 
expired, he refused to resign the crown to 
his brother. Polynices, upon this, fled to 
Argos, where he married Argia, the daughter 
of Adrastus, the king of the country, and 
levied a large army, at the head of which he 
marched to Thebes. The command of this 
army was divided among seven celebrated 
chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates 
of the city of Thebes. The battle was de- 
cided by a single combat between the two 
brothers, who both killed one another. 
[Vide Eteocles.1— JEs. Th.—Eu. Pha.—Sen. 
Th.—Di. A.—Hvg.fa. 68, &c— Pa. 2, 20, 1. 
9, 5.— Apol. 3, 5. 

POLYNOE, one of the Nereides.- vlpoJ. 1,2. 

POLYPE'MON, a famous thief called also 
Procrustes, who plundered all the travellers 
about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in 
Attica. He was killed by Theseus. Ovid 
calls him father of Procrustes and Apollo- 
dorus of Sinis, [Vide Procrustes.]— Pa. 1, 
38.— Ov. Ib. 409.— Di. A.—Plu. Th. 

POLYPERCHON, or POLYSPERCHON, 
one of the officers of Alexander. Antipater, 
at his death, appointed him governor of the 



kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to his 
own son Cassander. Polyperchon, though 
old, and a man of experience, showed great 
ignorance in tfee administration of the go- 
vernment. He became cruel not only to the 
Greeks, or such as opposed his ambitious 
views, but even to the helpless and innocent 
children and friends of Alexander, to whom 
he was indebted for his rise and military re- 
putation. He was killed in a battle 309 B.C. 
—Cnrl.—Di. 17, kc.—Ju. 13. 

POLYPHEMUS, a celebrated Cyclops, 
king of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of 
Neptune and Thoosa, the daughter of Phor- 
cys. He is represented as a monster of 
strength, of a tall stature, and one eye in the 
middle of the forehead. He fed upon human 
flesh, and kept his flocks on the coast of 
Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from the 
Trojan war, was driven there. The Grecian 
prince, with twelve of hiscompanions, visited 
the coast, and were seized by the Cyclops, 
who confined them in his cave, and dailv de- 
voured two of them. Ulysses would have 
shared the fate of his companions, had he 
not intoxicated the Cyclops, and put out his 
eve with a firebrand while he was asleep. 
Polyphemus was awaked by the sudden pain, 
he stopped the entrance of his cave, but 
Ulysses made his escape by creeping between 
the legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as they 
were led out to feed on the mountains. Po- 
lyphemus became enamoured of Galataea, but 
his addresses were disregarded, and the 
nymph shunned his presence. The Cyclops 
was more earnest; and when he saw Ga- 
lataea surrender herself to the pleasures of 
Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a 
broken rock.— Theo. l.—Ov.Me. 13,772.— H. 
Od. 19.— Eur. Cy.—Hyg.fa. 125.— V. JEn. 3, 

619, &c. One of the Argonauts, son of 

Elatus and Hippea.— Hyg. 14. 

POLYPHONTA, one of Diana's nvmphs, 
daughter of Hipponus and Thraosa. 

POLYPHONTES, one of the Heraclidaa, 
who killed Cresphontes, king of Messenia, 

and usurped his crown. — Hyg. fa. i37. 

One of the Theban generals, under Eteocles. 
— /Esc. S. Th. 

POLYPHRON, a prince killed by his ne- 
phew, Alexander the tyrant of Pherae. 
POLYPGETES, a son of Pirithous and Hip- 

podamia.— H. It. 2.— Pa. 10, 26. A son of 

Apollo, by Pythia. One of the Trojans 

whom ./Eneas saw when he visited the infernal 
regions.— Virg.EEn. 6, 484. 
POLYSPERCHON. Vide Polypherchon. 
PCLYS'TRATUS, a Macedonian soldier, 
who found Darius after he had been stabbed 
by Bessus, and gave him water to drink, and 
carried the last injunctions of the d^ing mo- 
narch to Alexander. — Curt. 5, .3. «n Epi- 
curean philosopher who flourished B. C. 23S. 

POLYTECNUS, an artist of Cotopnon, who 
married jEdon, the daughter of landastus. 

POLYTION, a friend of Alcibiades, with 
whom he profaned the mysteries of Ceres.- 
Pa. 1,2. [Curt. 6, 4. 

POLYTIME'TUS, a river of Sogdiana.— 
POLYTROPUS, a man sent by the Lace- 
daemonians with an army against the Arca- 
dians. He was killed at Orchomenus.— Di. 15. 



POL-POM 



552 



POM-POM 



POLYXENA, a daughter of Priam and 
Uecuba, celebrated for her beauty and ac- 1 
complishments. Achilles became enamoured 
or" her, and solicited her hand, and their 
marriage would have been consummated, had 
not Hector her brother opposed it. Po- 
Ij xena, according to some authors, accom- 
panied her father when he went to the tent 
of Achilles to redeem the body of his son 
Hector. Some time after, the Grecian hero 
came into the temple of Apollo to obtain a 
sight of the Trojan princess, but he was mur- 
dered thereby Paris ; and Polyxena, who had 
returned his afiection, was so* afflicted at his 
death, that she went and sacrificed herself 
on his tomb. Some, however, suppose that 
that sacrifice was not voluntary, but that the 
manes of Achilles appeared to the Greeks as 
they were going to embark, and demanded 
of them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The 
princess, who was in the number of the cap- 
tives, was upon this dragged to her lover's 
tomb, and there immolated by Neoptoiemus, 
the son of Achilles.— Ov. Me. 13, f. 5, &:c— 
Dir. Cr. 3 & 5.— V. £n. 3, 321.— Cat. e. 65. 
— Hyg. fa. 90. 

POL YX' EN I DAS, a Svrian general, who 
flourished B. C. 192. 

POLYX'ENUS, one of the Greek princes 
during the Trojan war. His father's name 

was A?asthenes. — H. II. 2.— Pa. 5, 3. A 

son of Medea, by Ja»on. A young Athe- 
nian, who became blind, be — Plu. Par. 

A general of Dionysius, from whom he re- 
volted. 

POLVXO, a priestess of Apollo's temple in 
Lemnos. She was also nurse to Queen Hyp- 
6ipyle. It was by her advice that the Lem- 
nia'n women murdered all their husbands. — 

Apol. 1. — Flac. 2.— Hyg.fa.l5. One of the 

Atlantides. A native of Argos, who mar- 
ried Tlepolemus, son of Hercules. She fol- 
lowed him to Rhodes, after the murder of 
his uncle Licymnius, and when he departed 
for the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek 
princes, she became the sole mistress of the 
kingdom. After the Trojan war, Helen fled 
from Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo 
reigned. Polyxo detained her ; and to punish 
her as being tiie cause of a war, in which 
Tlepo.emus had perished, she ordered her to 
be hanged on a tree by her female servants, 
disguised in the habit o'f furies. [Vide Helena.] 

—Pa. 5, 19. The wife of Nycteus. One 

of the wives of Danaus. 

POLYZE'LCS, a Greek poet of Rhodes. 
He had written a poem on the origin and 
birth of Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. 
Some of \is verses are quoted by Athenaeus. 
—Hug. P. A.I, 14. An Athenian archon. 

POMAXiETHRES, a Parthiaw soldier 
who killed Crassus, according to some. — Plu. 

POMETIA, POMETII, and POME TI A 
SUESSA, a town of the Volsci in Latium, 
totally destroyed by the Romans, because it 
jad revolted. — V. i£n. 6,775. — Li. 2, 17. 

POMETI'NA, one of the tribes of the peo- 
ple at Piome. 

POMO'NA, a nymph at Rome, who was 
supposed to preside over gardens, and to be 
the goddess of al! sorts of fruit-trees. S he 
had 2. temple at Rome, and a regular priest 



called Flamen Pomonalis, who offered Sacri- 
fices to her divinity, for the preservation cf 
fruit. She was generally represented as 
sitting on a basket full of'flowers and fruit, 
and holding a bough in one hand, and apples 
in the other. Pomona was particularly de- 
lighted with the cultivation of the earth ; she 
disdained the toils of the field, and the fa- 
tigues of hunting. Many of the gods Q f t) ie 
country endeavoured to gain her affection, 
but she received their addresses with cold- 
ness. Vertumnus was the only one who, by 
assuming different shapes, aud introducing 
himself into her company under the form of 
an old woman, prevailed" upon her to break 
her vow of celibacy and to marry him. This 
deity was unknown among the Greeks. — 
Or. Me. I A, 628, 6cc. 

POMPEIA, a daughter of Sextns Pompey, 
by Scribonia. She was promised to Marcel- 
lus, as a means of procuring a reconciliation 
between her father and the triumvirs, but 

she married Scribonius Libo. A daughter 

of Pompey the Great, Julius Caesar's "third 
wife. She" was accused of incontinence, be- 
cause Clodius had introduced himself in 
women's clothes into the room where she 
was celebrating the mysteries of C'ybele. 
Caesar repudiated her upon this accusation. 

—Plu. The wife of Annaeus Seneca, was 

the daughter of Pompeius Paullinus. 

There was a portico at Rome, called Pom- 
peia, much frequented by all orders of peo 
pie.— Or. a. a. 67.— Mart. 11, e. 48. 

POMPEIA LEX, by Pompey the Great, d» 
ambit u, A.U.C. 701. It ordained, that what- 
ever person had been convicted of the crime 
of ambitus, should be pardoned, provided he 
couid impeach two others of the same crimt, 
and occasion the condemnation of one of 

them. Another by the same, A.U.C. 701, 

which forbade the use of laudatores in trials, 
or persons who gave a good character of the 

prisoner then impeached. Another by the 

same, A.U.C. 683. It restored to the tribunes 
their original power and authority, of which 
they had'been deprived by the Cornelian law. 

Another by the same, A.U.C. 701. It 

shortened the* forms of trial, and enacted 
that the three first days of a trial should be 
employed in examining witnesses, and it al- 
lowed only one day to the parties to make 
their accusation and defence. The plaintiff 
wa« confined to two hours, and the defendant 
to three. This law had for its object the riots, 
which happened from the quarrels of Clodius 

aud Milo. Another by the same, A.U.C. 

696. It required, that the judges should be 
the richest of every century, contrary to the 
usual form. It was, however, requisite that 
they should be such as the Aurelian law 

prescribed. Another of the same, A. D.C 

701. Pompey was by this empowered to con- 
tinue in the government of Spain five years 
longer. 

POMPEIA'NOS, JUPITER, a large statue 
of Jupiter, near Pompey's theatre, whence 
it received its name. — PI. 34, 7. 

POMPEIA'NUS, a Roman knight of An- 
tioch, raised to offices of the greatest trust, 
under the emperor Aurelius, whose danghter 
Lucilia he married. He lived in great pof u- 



POM— POM 



553 



POM -POM 



arity at Rome, and retired from the court 
when Commodus succeeded to the imperial 
crown. He ought, according: to Julian's 
opinion, to have been chosen and adopted as 

successor by M. Aurelius. A general of 

Maxentius, killed by Constantine. A Ro- 
man put to death bv Caracalla. 

POMPEIIorPOMPEIUM,a town of Cam- 
pania, built, as some suppose, by Hercules, 
and so called because the hero there exhi- 
bited the long- procession (pompa) of the 
heads of Geryon, which he had obtained by 
conquest. It was partly demolished by an 
earthquake, A.D.63, and afterwards rebuilt. 
Sixteen years after, it was swallowed up by 
another earthquake, which accompanied one 
of the eruptions of mount Vesuvius. Hercu- 
laneum, in its neighbourhood, shared the 
same fate. The people of the town were then 
assembled in a theatre, where public spec- 
tacles were exhibited. [Vide Herculaneum.] 
—Li. 9, 38.— Mr. 6.— Me. 2, A.— Dion. 1.— 
Sen. Q A.— Sol. 8. 

POMPEIOP'OPIS, a town of Cilicia, for- 
merly called Soli— Me. 1, 13. Another in 

Paphlagonia, originally called Eupatoria, 
■which name was "exchanged when Pompey 
conquered Mithridates. 

POMPEIUS, Q., a consul who carried on 
war against the Numantines, and made a 
shameful treaty. He is the first of that noble 
family, of whom mention is made. — Fl. 2, 18. 

CNEUS, a Roman general, who made 

war against the Marsi, and triumphed over 
the Piceni. He declared himself against 
Cinna and Marius, and supported the interest 
of the republic. He was surnamed Strabo, 
because lie squinted. While he was marching 
against Marius, a plague broke out in his 
army, and raged witn such violence, that it 
carried away 11,000 men in a few days. He 
was killed by a flash of lightning; and as he 
had behaved with cruelty while in power, the 
people dragged his body through the streets 
of Rome with an iron hook, and threw it into 

the Tiber.— Pat. 2.— Pin. Pom. RUFUS, a 

Roman consul with Sylla. He was sent to 
finish the Marsian war, but the army mu- 
tinied at the instigation of Pompeius Strabo, 
whom he was to succeed in command, and 
he was assassinated by some of the soldiers. 

— App. Ci. 1. A general who succeeded 

Metellus in Spain, and was the occasion of 

a war with Numantia. Another general 

taken prisoner by Mithridates. SEXTUS, 

a governor of Spain, who cured himself of 
the gout by placing himself in corn above 
the knee.— Pi. 22, 25. RUFUS, a grand- 
son of Sylla. A tribune of the soldiers in 

Nero's reign, deprived of his office when 

Piso's conspiracy was discovered. — Ta. A 

consul praised for his learning and abilities. 

— Ov. pont 4, e. I. A son of Theophanes 

of Mitylene, famous for his intimacy with 
Pompey the Great, and for his writings, — 
Ta. An. 6. A tribune of a pretorian co- 
hort under Galba. A Roman knight put 

to death by the emperor Claudius for his 

lilultery with Messalina.— Ta. II, An. 

CNEUS, surnamed Magnus, fiom the great- 
ness of his exploits, was son of Pompeius 
Strabo and Lucilia. He early distinguished 



himself in the field of battle, and fought with 
success and bravery under his father, whose 
courage and military prudence he imitated. 
He began his career with great popularity, 
the beauty and elegance of Ids person gained 
him admirers, and by pleading at the bar, he 
displayed his eloquence, and received the 
most unbounded applause. In the disturb- 
ances which agitated Rome, by the ambition 
and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pompey fol- 
lowed the interest of the latter, and by levy- 
ing three legions for his service, he gained 
his friendship and his protection. In the 26th 
year of his age, he conquered Sicily, which 
was in the power of Marius and his adhe- 
rents, and in forty days he regained all the 
territories of Africa, which had forsaken the 
interest of Sylla. This rapid success asto- 
nished the Romans, and Sylla, who admired 
and dreaded the rising power of Pompey, 
recalled him to Rome. Pompey immediately 
obeyed, and the dictator, by saluting him 
with the appellation of the Great, showed to 
the world what expectations he formed from 
the maturer age of his victorious lieutenant. 
This sounding title was not sufficient to gra- 
tify the ambition of Pompey : he demanded a 
triumph, and when Sylla refused to grant it, 
he emphatically exclaimed, that the sun 
shone with more ardour at his rising than at 
his setting. His assurance gained what pe- 
titions and entreaties could not obtain, and he 
was the first Roman knight who, without an 
office under the appointment of the senate, 
marched in triumphal procession through the 
streets of Rome. He now appeared, not as a 
dependant, but as a rival, of the dictator, and 
his opposition to his measures totally excluded 
him from his will. After the death of Sylla, 
Pompeysupportedhimself against theremains 
of the Marian faction, which were headed by 
Lepidus. He defeated them, put an end to 
the war which the revolt of Sertoriusin Spain 
had occasioned, and obtained a second tri- 
umph, though still a private citizen, about 
73 years beiore the Christian era. He was 
soon after made consul, and in that office he 
restored the tribunitial power to its original 
dignity, and in forty days removed the pirates 
from the Mediterranean, where they had 
reigned for many years, and by their con- 
tinual plunder and audacity, almost destroy- 
ed the whole naval power of Rome. While 
he prosecuted the piratical war, and extir- 
pated these maritime robbers in their obscure 
retreats in Cilicia, Pompey was called to 
greater undertakings, and by the influence 
of his friends at Rome, and of the tribune 
Manilius, he was empowered to finish the 
war against two of the most powerful mo- 
narchs of Asia, Mithridates, king of Pontii6, 
and Tigranes, king of Armenia. In this ex- 
pedition Pompey showed himself no ways 
inferior to Lucullus, who was then at the. 
head of the Roman armies, and who resigned 
with reluctance an office which would have 
made him the conqueror of Mithridates, and 
the master of all A>ia. His operations against 
the king of Pontus were bold and vigorous, 
and in a general engagement the Romans so 
totally defeated the enemy, that the Asiatic 
monarch escaped with difficulty from ih*> 



POM-POM 554 



POM— POM 



field of battle. [Vide Mithridaticiim Bellum.] 
Pompey did not lose sight of the advantages 
dispatch would insure; he entered Armenia, 
received the submission of king- Tigranes, and 
after he had conquered the Albanians and 
Iberians, visited countries which were scarce 
known to the Romans, and, like a master of 
the world, disposed of kingdoms and pro- 
vinces, and received homage from l2crowned 
heads at once ; he entered Syria, and pushed 
1 Ms conquests as far as the Red Sea. Part of 
Arabia was subdued, Judaea became a Roman 
province, and when he had now nothing to 
fear from Mithridates, who had voluntarily 
destroyed himself, Pompey returned to Italy 
with all the pomp and majesty of an eastern 
conqueror. The Romans dreaded his ap- 
proach, they knew his power, and his in- 
fluence among his troops, and they feared 
the return of another tyrannical Sylla. Pom- 

Eey, however, banished their fears, he dis- 
anded his army, and the conqueror of Asia 
entered Rome like a private citizen. This 
modest and prudent behaviour gained him 
more friends and adherents than the most 
unbounded power, aided with profusion and 
liberality. He was honoured with a triumph, 
and the" Romans, for three successive days, 
gazed with astonishment on the riches and the 
spoils which their conquests had acquired in 
the east, aud expressed their raptures at the 
sight of the different nations, habits, and 
treasures, which preceded the conqueror's 
chariot. But it was not this alone which 
gratified the ambition, and flattered the 
pride of the Romans ; the advantages of 
their conquests were more lasting than an 
empty show, and when 20,000 talents were 
brought into the public treasury, and when 
the revenues of the republic were raised from 
5o to 85 millions of drachmae, Pompey became 
more powerful, more flattered, and more 
envied. To strengthen himself, and to tri- 
umph over his enemies, Pompey soon after 
united his interest with that of Caesar and 
Crassus, and formed the first triumvirate, 
by solemnly swearing that their attachment 
should be mutual, their cause common, and 
their union permanent. The agreement was 
completed by the marriage of Pompey with 
Julia, the daughter of Caesar, and the pro- 
vinces of the republic were arbitrarily di- 
vided among the triumvirs. Pompey was 
allotted Africa and the two Spains, while 
Crassus repaired to Syria, to add Parthia to 
the empire of Rome, and Caesar remained 
satisfied with the rest, and the continuation 
of his power as governor of Gaul for five 
additional years. But this powerful confe- 
deracy was soon broken : the sudden death 
of Julia, and the total defeat of Crassus in 
Syria, shattered the political bands which 
held the jarring interest of Caesar and Pom- 
pey united. Pompev dreaded his father in 
law, and yet he affected to despise him ; 
and by suffering anarchy to prevail in Rome 
he convinced his fellovv-citizeus of the neces- 
sity of investing him with dictatorial power. 
But while the conqueror of Mithridates was 
as a sovereign at Rome, the adherents of 
Caesar were not silent. They demanded that 
either the consulship should be given to 



him, or that he should be continued in flic 
government of Gaul. This just demand 
would perhaps have been granted, but Cato 
opposed it, and when Pompey sent for the 
two legions which he had lent to Caesar, 
the breach became more wide, and a civil 
war inevitable. Caesar was privately pre- 
paring to meet his enemies, while Pompey 
remained indolent, and gratified his pride 
in seeing all Italy celebrate his recovery 
from an indisposition by universal rejoicings. 
But he was soon roused from his inactivity, 
and it was now time to find his friends, if any 
thing- could be obtained from the caprice and 
the fickleness of a people which he had once 
delighted and amused, by the exhibition of 
games and spectacles in a theatre which could 
contain 20,000 spectators. Caesar was now 
near Rome, he had crossed the Rubicon, 
which was a declaration of hostilities, and 
Pompey, who had once boasted that he could 
raise legions to his assistance by stamping 
on the ground with his foot, fled from the 
city with precipitation, and retired to Brun- 
dusium with the consuls and part of the sen- 
ators. His cause, indeed, was popular; 
he had been invested with discretionary 
power; the senate had entreated him to pro- 
tect the republic against the usurpation and 
tyranny or Caesar; and Cato, by embracing 
his cause, and appearing in his camp, seemed 
to indicate that he was the friend of the re- 
public, and the assertor of Roman liberty 
and independence. But Caesar was now 
master of Rome, and in sixty days all Italy 
acknowledged his power, and* the'eonqueror 
hastened to Spain, there to d-efeat the interest 
of Pompey and to alienate the hearts of his 
soldiers. He was too successful, and when 
he had ?ained to his cause the western parts 
of the Roman empire, Caesar crossed Italy 
and arrived in Greeee, where Pompey had 
rstired, supported by all the power of the 
east, the wishes of the republican Romans, 
and by a numerous and well-disciplined army. 
Though superior in numbers, he refused to 
give the enemy battle, while Caesar continu- 
ally harassed 'him, and even attacked his 
camp. Pompey repelled him with great suc- 
cess, and he might have decided the war, if 
he had continued to pursue the enemy, while 
their confusion was great, and their escape 
almost impossible. Want of provisions 
oblig-ed Caesar to advance towards Thessaly : 
Pompey pursued him, and in the plains of 
Pharsalia the two armies engaged. The 
whole was conducted against the advice and 
approbation of Pompey, and by suffering his 
troops to wait for the approach of the enemy, 
he deprived his soldiers of that advantage 
which the army of Caesar obtained by running 
to the charge with spirit, vigour, and anima- 
tion. The cavalry of Pompey soon gave way, 
and the general retired to his camp over- 
whelmed with grief and shame. But here 
there was no safety, the conqueror pushed on 
every side and Pompey disguised himself, and 
fled to the sea-coast, whence he passed to 
Esrypt, where he hoped to find a safe asylum, 
till better and more favourable moments re- 
turned, in the court of Ptolemy, a prince 
whom he had once protected and insured on 



POM— POM 555 POM—POM 



his throne. When Ptolemy was told that 
Pompey claimed his protection, he consulted 
his ministers, and had the baseness to betray 
and to deceive him. A boat was sent to fetch 
him on shore, and the Roman general left 
his galley, after an affectionate and tender 
parting with his wife Cornelia. The Egyptian 
sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, and 
when Pompey disembarked, Achillas and 
Septimius assassinated him. His wife, who 
had followed him with her eyes to the shore, 
was a spectator of the bloody scene, and she 
hastened away from the bay of Alexandria, 
not to share his miserable fate. He died 
B. C. 48, in the 58th or 59th year of his age, 
the day after his birth-day. His head was 
cut off and sent to Caesar, who turned away 
from it with horror, and shed a flood of tears. 
The body was left for some time naked on 
the sea-shore, till the humanity of Philip, one 
of his freedmen, and an old soldier, who had 
often followed his standard to victory, raised 
a burning pile, and deposited his ashes under 
a mound of earth. Caesar erected a monu- 
ment on his remains, and the emperor Adrian, 
two centuries after, when he visited Egypt, 
ordered it to be repaired at his own expense, 
and paid particular honour to the memory of 
a great and good man. The character of 
Pompey is that of an intriguing and artful 
general, and the "oris probi," and " animo 
inverecundo''' of Sallust, short and laconic as 
it may appear, is the best and most descrip- 
tive picture of his character. He wished it to 
appear that he obtained all his hononrs and 
dignity from merit alone, and as the free and 
unprejudiced favours of the Romans, while he 
secretly claimed them by faction and intrigue; 
and he who wished to appear the patron, and 
an example of true discipline and ancient 
simplicity, was not ashamed iblicly to bribe 
the populace to gain an elect ./, or to support 
his favourites. Yet amidst all this dissimu- 
lation, which was perhaps but congenial with 
the age, we perceive many other striking fea- 
tures ; Pompey was kind and clement to the 
conquered, and generous to his captives, and 
he buried at his own expense Mithridates, with 
all the pomp and the solemnity which the 
greatness of his power, and the extent of his 
dominions, seemed to claim. He was an 
enemy to flattery, and when his character was 
impeached by the malevolence of party, he 
condescended, though consul, to appear be- 
fore the censorial tribunal, aud to show that 
his actions and measures were not subversive 
of the peace and the independence of the 
people. In his private character he was as 
remarkable : he lived with great temperance 
and moderation, and his hou>-e was small, and 
not ostentatiously furnished. He destroyed 
with great prudence the papers which were 
found in the camp of Sertorius, lest mischiev- 
ous curiosity should And causes to accuse the 
innocent, and to meditate their destruction. 
With great disinterestedness he refused the 
presents which princes and mouarchs offered 
him, and he ordered them to be added to the 
public revenue. He might have seen a better 
late, and terminated his days with more glory, 
if he had not acted with such imprudence 
when the flames of civil war were first kin- 



dled ; and he reflected with remorse, after 
the battle of Pharsalia, upon his want of 
usual 'sagacity and military prudence, in 
righting' at such a distance from the sea, and 
in leaving the fortified places of Dyrichium, 
to meet in the open plain an enemy with- 
out provisions, without friends, and without 
resources. The misfortunes which attended 
him after the conquest of Mithridates, are at- 
tributed by Christian writers to his impiety 
in profaning the temple of the Jews, and in 
entering with the insolence of a conqueror 
the Holy of Holies, where even the sacred 
person of the high priest of the nation was 
not admitted but upon the most solemn occa- 
sions. His duplicity of behaviour in regard 
to Cicero is deservedly censured, and he 
should not have violently sacrificed to party 
and sedition a Roman whom he had ever 
found his firmest friend and adherent. In 
his meeting with Lucullus he cannot but be 
taxed with pride, and he might have paid more 
deference and more honour to a geneal who 
was as able and more entitled than himself to 
finish the Mithridatic war. Pompey married 
four different times. His first matrimonial 
connection was with Antistia, the daughter of 
the praetor Antistius, whom he divorced with 
great reluctance to marry jfEmylia, the daugh- 
ter-in-law of Sylla. iEmylia died in child- 
he'd ; and Pompey's marriage with Julia, the 
daughter of Caesar, was a step more of policy 
than affection. Yet Julia loved Pompey with 
great tenderness, and her death in child-bed 
was the signal of war between her husband 
and her father. He afterwards married Cor- 
nelia, the daughter of Metellus Scipio, a 
woman commended for her virtues, beauty, 
and accomplishments. — Plu.vi. — For A. —Pat. 
2, 29.— Dio. Ca.—Luc.—App.-Ctes. b. Ci.~ 
Ci. Or. 68.— At. 7, e. 25, fa. 13, e. 19.— Eul. 

The two sons of Pompey the Great, called 

Cneitis and Sextus, were masters of a power- 
ful army, when the death of their father was 
known. They prepared to oppose the con- 
queror, but Caesar pursued them with his 
usual vigour and success, and at the battle of 
Munda they were defeated, and Cneius was 
left among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, 
where he for some time supported himself ; 
but the murder of Caesar gave rise to new 
events, and if Pompey had been as prudent 
and as sagacious as his father, he might have 
become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. 
He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, 
and when Augustus and Antony had the im- 
prudence to trust themselves without arms 
and without attendants in his ship, Pompey, 
by following the advice of his friend Menas, 
who wished him to cut oft* the illustrious per- 
sons who were masters of the world, and now 
in his power, might have made himself as ab- 
solute as Caesar ; but he refused, and observed 
it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act 
with sucli duplicity. This friendly meeting 
of Pompey with two of the triumvirs was not 
productive of advantages to him : he wished 
to have no superior, and hostilities began. 
Pompev was at the head ot 350 ships, and ap- 
peared so formidable to his enemies, and so 
confident of success in himself, that he called 
himself the son of Neptune, and the lord oii 

3 B a 



POM-POM 



556 



POM-PON 



? lie sea. He was, however, soon defeated in 
a naval engagement by Octavius and Lepidus, 
and of all his numerous fleet, only 17 sail ac- 
ronipanied his flight to Asia. Here for a 
moment he raised seditions, but Antony or- 
dered him to be seized and put to death, about 
35 years before the Christian era.— Plu. Ant. 

kc.—Pat. 2, 55, &CC.—FL 4, 2, &c. TRO- 

GUS. [Vide Tragus.] SEXTUS FESTUS, 

a Latin grammarian. 

POMPELON, a town of Spain, now Pom- 
peluna, tl;e capital of Navarre.— PL. 1, 3. 

POM'PILIUS NUMA, the second king of 
Rome. [Vide Nnma.] The descendants of 
the monarch were called Pompilius Sanguis, 
an expression applied bv Horace to the Pisos. 
— A. P. 292. ANDRON1CUS, a gramma- 
rian of Syria, who opened a school at Rome, 
and had "Cicero and Caesar among his pupils. 
— Sue. 

POM'PILTA, a daughter of Numa Pompi- 
lius. She married Numa Martins, by whom 
she hadAncusMartius.the fourth king of Rome. 

POMPl'LUS, a fisherman of Ionia. He 
carried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter of 
Chesias, of whom Apollo was enamoured, 
but before he had reached the shore, the god 
changed the boat into a rock, Pompilius into 
a fish of the same name, and carried away 
Ocvroe.-P/. 6, 29, 1. 9, 15, I. 32, 11. 
PO,\IFl>CUS, an Arcadian.— Po/.t/. 5. 
POMPO'MA, the wife of Q. Cicero, sister 
to Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the 
greatest cruelty Pliilologus, the slave who 
had betrayed her husband to Antony, and she 
ordered him to cut his flesh by piece-meal, 
and afterwards to boil it and eat it in her pre- 
sence. A daughter of Pomponius Graeci- 

nus, in the age of Augustus, &c. Another 

matron banished from Rome by Domitian, 
and recalled bv Nerva. 

PO MPO'N 1 OS, the father of Numa, advised 
his son to accept the regal dignity which the 
Roman ambassadors offered to him. A cele- 
brated Roman intimate with Cicero. He was 
surnamed Atticus from his long residence at 

Athens. [Vide Atticus.] FLACCUS, a man 

appointed governor of Moesia and Syria by 
Tiberius, because he had continued drinking 
and eating with him for two days without in- 
termission.— Site. Th. 42. A tribune of the 

people in the time of Servilius Ahala the con- 
sul. LABEO, a governor of Moesia, ac- 
cused of ill management in his province. 
He destroyed himself by opening his veins. — 

Ta. An. 6, 29. MELA, a Spaniard who 

wrote a book on geography. [Vide Mela.] 
A proconsul of Africa accused by the in- 
habitants of his province, and acquitted, &c. 
A Roman who accused Manlius the dic- 
tator of crueity. He triumphed over Sardi- 
nia, of which he was made governor. He 
escaped from Rome, and the tyranny of the 
■riumvirs, by assuming the habit of a praetor, 
and by travelling with his servants disguised 
in the dress of lictors with their fasces. 



C. Gracchus. He was killed in attempting 

to defend him.— Plu. Gr. An officer takeii 

prisoner bv Mithridates. A dissolute youth, 

Scc—Hor. 1, s. 4, 52. SEXTUS, a lawyer, 

disciple to Papinian, &c. 

POMPOSIA'NUS, a Roman put to death bv 
Domitian. He had before been made consul 
by Vespasian. 
POMPTINA. Vide Pontina. 
POMPTINUS, C, a Roman officer who 
conquered the Allobroges after the defeat of 
Catiline.— Ci. 4, At. 16, 6, e. 3. 
POMPL'S, a king of Arcadia.— Pa. 8, 5. 
PONS, A LI US, was built by the emperor 
Adrian at Rome. It was the" second bridge 
of Rome in following the current of the 
Tiber. It is still to be seen, the largest and 

most beautiful in Rome. AMY LI US, an 

aucient bridge at Rome, originally called 
Sublicius, because built with v\uod (sublic&j. 
It was raised by Ancns Marti us, and dedi- 
cated with great pomp and solemnity by the 
Roman priests. It was rebuilt with stones 
by Amylius Lepidus, whose name it assumed 
It was' much injured by the overflowing of 
the river, and the emperor Antoninus, "who 
repaired it, made it all with white marble. 
It was the last of all the bridgesof Rome, in 
following the course of the river, and some 
vestiges of it may still be seen. AN 1 EN- 
SIS was built across the river Anio, about 
three miles from Rome. It was rebuilt by 
the Eunuch Narses, and called after him 

when destroyed by the Goths. CESTUS 

was built in the reign of Tiberius, by a Ro- 
man called Cestius Gallus, from whom it 
received its name, and carried back from an 
island of the Tiber, to which the Fabricius 

conducted. AU RELIAN US was built with 

marble by the emperor Antoninus. AR- 

iVIONIENSIS was built by Augustus, to join 

the Flaminian to the Aniylian road. BA- 

JANUS was built at Baiae in the sea by 
Caligula. It was supported by boats, and 

measured about six miles in length. JA- 

NICULARIS receved its name from its vici- 
nity to mount Janiculum. It is still standing. 

MILVIUS uas about one mile from 

Rome. It was built by the censor Alius 
Scaurus. It was near "it that Constantine 

defeated Maxentius. FRAB1CIUS was 

built by Fabricius, and carried to an island 

of the Tiber. GARDIUS was built bv 

Agrippa. PALATINUS, near Mount Pala- 
tine, was also called Seuatorius, because the 
senators walked over it in procession when 
they went to consult the Sibylline books. It 
was begun by M. Fulvius, and finished in the 
censorship of L. Mummius, and some re- 
mains of it are still visible. TRAJAN [ was 

was built by Trajan across the Danube, 
celebrated for its bigness and magnificence. 
The emperor built it to assist more expedi- 
tiously the provinces against the barbarians, 
but his successor destroyed it, as he supposed 
that it would be rather an inducement for 



SECUNDUS, an officer in Germany in the ' the barbarians to invde the empire. It \ 
age of Nero. He was honoured with a tri- j raised on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet 
umph for a victory over the barbarians- of | from the foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 
Germany. He wrote some poems greatly I feet distant one from the other, extending 
celebrated by the ancients for their Deauty i in length above a mile. Some of the pillars 
and elegance. They are lost. A friend of are still standing. Another was built by 



PON—PON 



557 



PON— POP 



Trajan over the Tag'us, part of which still 
remains. Of temporary bridges, that of 
Caesar over the Rhine was the most famous. 

The largest single arched bridge known 

is over the river Elaver in France, called 
Pons Veteris Brivatis. The pillars stand 
on two rocks, at the distance of 195 feet. 
The arch is 84 feet high above the water. 
SUFFRAGIORUM was built in the Cam- 
pus Martius, and received its name because 
the populace were obliged to pass over it 
whenever they delivered their suffrages at 
the elections of magistrates and officers of 

the state. TIRENSIS, a bridge of Latium, 

between Arpinum and Minturnae. TR1- 

UMPHAL1S was on the way to the capitol, 
and passed over by those who trinmphed. 

■ NARNIENSIS joined two mountains near 

Narnia, built by Augustus, of stupendous 
height, 60 miles from Rome; one arch of it 
remains, about one hundred feet high. 

PONTIA, a Roman matron who committed 

adultery with Sagitta, <kc.—Ta. An. 12. A 

mother famous for her cruelty. — Mart. 1, 
e, 34.- — A surname of Venus at Hermione. 

— Pa. 2, 34. A woman condemned by 

Nero as guilty of a conspiracy. She killed 
herself by opening her veins. She was 
daughter of Petronius, and wife of Bolanus. 

— Juv. 6, 637. An island in the Tyrrhene 

sea, where Pilate, surnamed Pontius, is sup- 
posed to have lived.— Pi. 3, Q.—PtoL 3, 1.— 
Vide (Enotrides. 

PONTICUM MARE, the sea of Pontus, 
generally called the Euxine. 

PONTICUS, a poet of Rome, contempo- 
rary with Propertius, by whom he is com- 
pared to Homer. He wrote an account of 
the Theban war in heroic "erse. — Pro. 1, 

e. 7. A man in Juvenal's age, fond of 

boasting of the antiquity and great actions 
of his family, yet without possessing himself 
one single virtue. 

PONT1NA, or PONTINA LACUS, a lake 
5n the country of the Volsci, through which 
the great Appian road passed. Travellers 
were sometimes conveyed in a boat, drawn 
by a mule, in the canal that ran along the 
road from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This 
lake is now become so dangerous, from the 
exhalations of its stagnant water, that tra- 
vellers avoid passing near it. — Hor. 1, S. 5, 
9.— Luc. 3, 85. 

PONITNUS, a friend of Cicero. A tri- 
bune of the people, who refused to rise up 
when Caesar passed n triumphal procession. 
He was one of Caesar's murderers, and was 
killed at the battle of Mutina.— Sue. Ca>. 76. 

— Ci. 10, fa. A mountain of Argolis, with 

a river of the same name.— Pa. 2, 73. 

PONTIUS AUFIDIANUS, a Roman citi- 
zen, who upon hearing that violence had 
been offered to his daughter, punished her 
and her ravisher with death.— Va. Ma. 6, I. 

HERENN I US, a general of the Samnites, 

who surrounded the Roman army under the 
consuls T. Veturius and P. Posthumius. As 
there was no possibility of escaping for the 
Romans, Pontius consulted his father what 
he could do with an a' my that were wrisoners 
in his hands. The old man advised him 
(Either to let them go untouched, or put 



them all to the sword. Pontius rejected hrs 
father's advice, and spared the lives of the 
enemy after he had obliged them to pass 
under the yoke with the greatest ignominy. 
He was afterwards conquered, and obliged, 
in his turn, to pass under the yoke. Fabius 
Maxim us defeated him, when he appeared 
again at the head of another army, and he 
was afterwards shamefully put to death by 
the Romans, after he had adorned the tri- 
umph of the conqueror.— Li. 9, 1, &c. 

COMINIUS, a Roman who gave information 
to his countrymen who were besieged in the 
capitol, that Camillus had obtained a victory 

over the Gauls. — PLu. A Roman slave who 

told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he 

brought him success from Bellona. One of 

the favourites of Albucilla. He was de- 
graded from the rank of a senator.— la. 

Titus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero de Se. 
mentions as possessed of uncommon strength. 

PONTUS, a kingdom of Asia Minor, 
bounded on the east by Colchis, west by the 
Halys, north by the Euxine Sea, and south 
by part of Armenia. It was divided into 
three parts according to Ptolemv : Pontus 
Galaticus, of which Amasia was the capital, 
Pontus Polemoniacus, from its chief town 
Polemonium, and Pontus Cappadocms, of 
which Trapezns was the capital. It was 
governed by kings, the first of whom was 
Artabazes, either one of the seven Persian 
noblemeu who murdered the usurper Smer- 
dis, or one of their descendants. The king- 
dom of Pontus was in its most flourishing 
state under Mithridates the Great. When J. 
Caesar had conquered it, it became a Roman 
province, though it was often governed by 
monarchs who were tributary to the power 
of Rome. Under the emperors a regular 
governor was always appointed over it. 
Pontus produced castors, whose testicles 
were highly valued among the ancients for 
their salutary qualities in medicinal processes. 
—V. G. 1, 58.— Me. 1, 1 & 19.— Str. \2.-Ci. 

Le.— Man.— App.— Plot. 5, 6. A part of 

Mysia in Europe, on the borders of the Euxine 
S<-a, where Ovid was banished, and from 
whence he wrote his four books of epistles, 

Pon, and his six books de Tr. — Ov. Pon. 

An ancient deity, father of Phorcys, Thau- 
mas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto, by Terra. 
He is the same as Oceanus. — Apol. 1, 2. 

PONTUS EUXI'NUS, a celebrated sea, 
situate at the west of Colchis between Asia 
and Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It 
is called the Black Sea by the moderns. [Vide 
Euxinus.] 

HOPILIUS, M. a consul who was informed, 
as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition 
was raised in the city against the senate. 
Upon this he immediately went to the popu- 
lace in his sacerdotal robes, and quieted the 
multitude with a speech. He lived about 
the year of Rome 404.— Li. 9, 21.— Fa. Ma. 
7, 8. CAIUS, a consul, who, when be- 
sieged by the Gauls, abandoned his baggage 

to save his army.— Ci. Her. 1, 15. Lsenas, 

a Roman ambassador to Antiochus, king of 
Syria. He was commissioned to order the 
monarch to abstain from hostilities against 
Ptolemy, king of Egypt, who was an ally of 



POP — POP 5J 
^ome, Antiochus wished to evade him by 
hs answers, but Popilius, with a stick which 
i e had in his hand, made a circle round him 
< n the sand, and bade him, in the name of 

he Roman senate and people, not to go be- 
yond it before he spoke decisively. This 
boldness intimidated Antiochus; he withdrew 
his garrisons from Egypt, and no longer me- 
ditated a war against Ptolemy.— Va. Ma. 6, 
4.— Li. 45, 12.— Pa. 1, 10. — -A tribune of 
the people who murdered Cicero, to whose 
eloquence he was indebted for his life when 

he was accused of parricide. — Plu. A 

praetor who banished the friends of Tiberiu: 

Gracch-us from Italy. A Roman consul 

who made war against the people of Numan 
tia, on pretence that the peace had not been 
firmly established. He was defeated by then 

A senator who alarmed the coospiratoi 

against Caesar, by telling them that the \\ hole 

plot was discovered. A Roman emperor. 

[Vide Nepotianus.l 

POPLICOLA, one of the first consuls.- 
[Vide P.iblicola.] 

POPPiEA SABl'NA, a celebrated Roman 
matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She mar- 
ried a Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, 
by whom she had a son. Her persona." 
charms, and the elegance of her figure, cap 
tivated Otuo, who was then one of Nero's 
favourites, He carried her away and mar- 
ried her; but Nero, who had seen her, and 
had often heard her accomplishments ex- 
tolled, soon deprived him of her company, 
and sent him out of Italy, on pretence of 
presiding over one of the Roman provinces. 
After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated 
his wife Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, 
and married Poppaea. The cruelty and 
avarice of the emperor did not long permit 
Poppaea to share the imperial dignitv, and 
though site had already made him father of 
a son, he began to despise her, and even to 
use her with barbarity. She died of a blow 
which she received from his foot when many 
months advanced in her pregnancy, about 
tiie 65th year of the Christian era. Her fu- 
neral wa's performed with great pomp and 
solemnity, and statues were raised to her 
memory." It is said that she was so anxious 
to preserve her beauty and the elegance of 
her person, that 5G0 asses were kept on pur- 
pose to afford her milk in which she used 
daily to bathe. Even in her banishment she 
was" attended by 50 of these animals for the 
same purpose, and from their milk she in- 
vented a kind of ointment, or pomatum to 
preserve beautv, called poppsanum from 
her. -PL 11, 14.'— Dio. 62.— Jnv. 6.— Sue. Ne. 

& Oth.— Ta. 13, 14. A beautiful woman at 

the court of Nero. She was mother to the 
preceding.— Ta. An. 11, i. 

POPPjEUS SABINUS, a Roman of ob- 
scure origin, who was made governor of 
some of the Roman provinces. He de>troved 

himself, &c— 7'». 6 % , An. 39. SYLVAN US, 

a man of consular dignity, who brought to 

Vespasiac a body of 600 "Dalmatians. A 

frienc o Otho. 

POPLLON1A, or POPULANTUM, a town 
of Etruria, near Pisae, destroyed in the civil 
wars of Svila.— Sir. o.—V.JEn. 10, 172.— Me. 
S 5.— PL3, 5. 



8 POR— POIt 

PORATA, a river of Dacia, now Pi nth, 
falling into the Danube a little below Axi- 
opoii. 

PORCIA, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
commended by Cicero. A daughter of Cato 



of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after his 
death, Brutus. She was remarkable for h^r 
prudence, philosophy, courage, and conjugal 
j tenderness. She gave herself a heavy wound 
in the thigh, to see with what fortitude she 
could bear pain ; and when her husband asked 
her the reason of it, she said that she wished 
to try whether she had courage enough to 
share not only his bed, but to partake of his 
most hidden secrets. Brutus was astonished 
at her constancy, and no longer detained from 
her knowledge 'the conspiracy which he and 
many other illustrious Romans had formed 
against Julius Caesar. Porcia wished them 
success, and though she betrayed fear, and 
fell into a swoon the day that" her husband 
was gone to assassinate the dictator, yet she 
was faithful to her promise, and dropped 
nothing which might affect the situation of 
the conspirators. " When Brutus was dead, 
she refused to survive him, and attempted to 
end her life as a daughter of Cato. Her 
friends attempted to terrify her ; but when 
she saw that every weapon was removed 
from her reach, she swallowed burning coals 
and died, about 42 years before the Christian 
era. Valerius Maxim us savs, that she was 
acquainted with her husband's conspiracy 
against Caesar when she gave herself the 
wound.— Fa. Ma. 3, 2, I. 4, 6.— Plu. Br. Sec. 

PORCIA l.EX, de civUale, bv M. Porcius, 
the tribune, A. U. C. 453. it ordained thai 
no magistrate should punish with death, or 
scourge with rods, a Roman citizen when 
condemned, but onlv permit him to go into 
exile.— Sal. C.—Li.'lQ.—Ci. Rab. 

PORCINA, a surname of the orator M. IE. 
Lepidus, who lived a little before Cicero's 
age, and was distinguished for his abilities.— 
Ci. Her. 4, 5. 

PORCIUS LATRO, M. a celebrated oratoi 
who killed himself when labouring under a 

quartan ague, A. U. C. 750. Licinius, a 

Lutin poet during the time of the third Punic 
w ar, commended for the elegance, the grace 

tuJ ease, and happy wit of his epigrams. 

A Roman senator who joined the conspiracy 

of Caiiline. A son of Cato of Utica, giver 

much to drinking. 

POREDOREX, one of the 40 Gauls whom 
Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and 
to remain unburied for conspiring agains« 
him. His mistress at Pergamus buried him, 
against the orders of the monarch.— Plu. 
virt. miim 

PORl'NA, a river of Peloponnesus. Pa. 1.15 
POROSELE'NE, an island near Lesbos.— 
Sir. \3.-Plin.5, 31. 

PORPHYRION, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
one of the giants who made war against Ju- 
piter. He was so formidable, that Jupiter, 
to conquer him, inspired him with love /or 
Juno, and while the giant endeavoured to 
obtain his wishes, he, with the assistance of 
Hercules, overpowered him. — Hor. 3, o. 4. — 
Mart. 13, ep. 78. — Apol. 1, 6. [thera. 
PORPHVRIS, a name of the island Cv- 
PORPHVR1US, a Platonic philosopher t»> 



POR-POR & 

Tyre. He (studied eloquence at Athens under 
Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, 
where he perfected himself under Plotinus. 
Porphyry was a man of universal information, 
and, according to thetestimonyof the ancients, 
fie excelled his contemporaries in the know- 
ledge of history, mathematics, music, and phi- 
losophy. He expressed his sentiments with 
elegance and with dignity, and while other 
puilcsophers studied obscurity in their lan- 
guage, his style was remarkable for its sim- 
plicity and grace. He applied himself to the 
«tudy*of magic, which he called a theourgic 
or divine operation. The books that he 
"wrote were numerous, and some of his smaller 
treatises are still extant. His most cele- 
brated work, which is now lost, was against 
the religion of Christ, and in this theological 
contest he appeared so formidable, that most 
of the fathers of the church have been em- 
ployed in confuting his arguments, and deve- 
loping the falsehood of his assertions. He 
has been universally called the greatest enemy 
which the Christian religion had, and indeed", 
his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy 
of his book was publicly burnt by order of 
Theodosius, A. D. 388. Porphyry resided 
for some time in Sicily, and died at the ad- 
vanced age of 71, A. D. 304. A Latin poet 

in the reign of Constantine the Great. 

PORRIMA, one of the attendants of Car- 
mente, when she came from Arcadia. — Ov. 1, 
F. 633. 

PORSENNA or PORSENA, a king of Etru- 
ria, who declared war against the Romans 
because they refused to restore Tarquin to 
his throne and to his royal privileges. He was 
at first successful, the Romans were defeated, 
and Porsenna would have entered the gates 
of Rome, had not Codes stood at the head 
of a bridge, and supported the fury of the 
whole Etrurian army, while his companions 
behind were cutting off the communication 
with the opposite shore. This act of bravery 
astonished Porsenna ; but when he had seen 
Mutius Scaevola enter his camp with an in- 
tention to murder him, and when he had 
seen him burn his hand without emotion, to 
convince him of his fortitude and intrepidity, 
he no longer dared to make head against a 
people so brave and so generous. He made 
a peace with the Romans, and never after 
supported the claims of Tarquin. The gene- 
rosity of Porsenna's behaviour to the cap- 
lives was admired by the Romans, and to 
reward his humanity they raised a brazen 
statue to his honour. — Li. 2, 9.— Plu. Pub.— 
Fl. 1, 10.— Hor. e. 16.-r. JEn. 8, S46. 
PORTA CAPE'NA, a gate at Rome, which 

leads to the Appian road. — Ov. F. 6, 192. 

AUREL1A, a gate at Rome, which received 
Its name from Aurelius, a consul who made a 
road which led to Pisa, all along the coast 

of Etruria. ASINARIA led to mount Cce 

ius. It received its name from the family of 

t \ P 4sinii. CARMENTALIS was at the f 3ot 

ot the capitol, built byRomtilus. ltwasafter- 
wards called Scelerata, because the 300 Fabii 
marched through when they went to tight 
an enemy, and were killed near the riyer 

Cremera. -J ANUALISwas near the temple 

of Janus. — ESQUlLlNA/vasalsocalledMe- 



POR— POR 

tla, Tanrica, or Libitinensis, and all criminals 
who were going to be executed generally 
passed through, as also dead bodies whicu 
were carried to be burnt on mount Esquilinus. 

FLAMIN1 A, called also Fhtmentana, was 

situate between the capitol anil mount Quiri- 
nalis, and through it the Flaminian road 

passed. FONT1NALIS led to the Campus 

Martins. It received its name from the great 

number of fountains that were near it. 

NAVAL1S was situate near the place where 

the ships came from Ostia. VIMINALIS 

was near mount Viminalis. TRIGEM INA, 

called also Oslicnsis, led to the town of Ostia. 

CATULARIA was near the Cannentalis 

Porta, at the foot of mount Viminalis. 

COLLATINA received its name from its 

leading to Collatia. COLLINA, called 

also Quirinalis, Agonensis, and Salaria, was 
near Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up to 
this gate, and threw a spear into the city. 
It is to be observed, that at the death of 
Romulus, there were only three or four gates 
at Rome, but the number was increased, and 
in the time of Pliny there were thirty-seven, 
when the circumference of the walls was 
thirteen miles and 200 paces. [Porciu*. 

PORTIA & PORTIUS. [Vide Porcia and 

PORTMOS,atownof Euboea.-.D<?7n.PL3,.5. 

PORTUMNALIA, festivals of Portumnus 
at Rome, celebrated on the 17th of August, 
in a very solemn and lugubrious manner, on 
the borders of the Tiber.— Ov. F. 6, 547.— 
Var. L. L. 5, 3. 

PORTUMNUS, a sea deity. Vide Melicerta. 

PORUS, the god of plenty at Rome. He 

was son of Metis or Prudence. — Plat. A 

king of India, when Alexander invaded Asia, 
The conqueror of Darius ordered him to 
come and pay homage to him, as a depen- 
dent prince. Porus scorned his commands, 
and declared he would go and meet him on 
the frontiers of his kingdom sword-in-hand, 
and immediately he marched a large army to 
the banks of the Hydaspes. The stream of 
the river was rapid ; but Alexander crossed 
it in the obscurity of the night, and defeated 
one of the sons of the Indian monarch. 
Porus himself renewed the battle, but the 
valour of the Macedonians prevailed, and the 
Indian prince retired covered with wounds, 
on the back of one of his elephants. Alex- 
ander sent one of the kings of India to 
demand him to surrender, but Porus killed 
the messenger, exclaiming, is not this the 
voice of the wretch who has abandoned his 
country ? and when he at last was prevailed 
upon to come before the conqueror, he ap- 
proached him as an equal. Alexander de- 
manded of him how he wished to be treated ; 
like a king, replied the Indian monarch. 
This magnanimous answer so pleased the 
Macedonian conqueror, that he not jnly re- 
stored him his dominions, but he increased 
his kingdom by the conquest of new pro 
vinces: and Porus, in acknowledgment of 
such generosity and benevolenct, became one 
of the most faithful and attached friends of 
Alexander, and never violated the assurances 
of peace which he had given him. Porus is 
represented as a man of uncommon stature, 
great strength, and proportionable dignity.- 



POS-POS 



560 



POS— POT 



Wu. Al.-Phil. % 10.— Curt. 8, i.-Clavd.C. 

H. 4. Another kin? of India in the reign 

»>l Alexander. A king of Babylon. 

POSI'DES, an eunuch and fre'edman of the 
emperor Claudius, who ro>e to honours by 
the favour of his master.— Juv. 11, 94. 

POSIUE'L'M, a promontory and town of 
Ionia, where Neptune had a' temple.— Sir. 

14. A town of Syria below Libanus.— 

Pi. 5, 20. A town 'near the Strymon on 

the borders of Macedonia. — PI. 4, 10. 

POSI'DON, a name of Neptune among the 
Greek*. 

POS I DON IA, a town of Lucania, belter 
known by the name of Paestum. [ Fide Paestum.] 

POS1DONIUM, a town or temple of Nep- 
lune, near Caenis in Italy, where the straights 
of Sicily are narrowest, and scarce a mile dis- 
tant from the opposite shore. 

POSIDONH'S, a philosopher of Apamea. 
He lived at Rhodes for some time, and after- 
wards came lo Rome, where, after culti- 
vating the friendship of Pompey and Cicero, 
he died in his 84th year. He wrote a trea- 
tise on the nature of the gods, and also at- 
tempted to measure the circumference of the 
earth ; lie accounted for the tides from the 
motion of the moon, and calculated the 
height of the atmosphere to be 400 stadia, 
nearly agreeing- with the ideas of the mo- 
derns'— Ci. Tu. 5, 37.— Sir. 14. Another 

philosopher, born at Alexandria in Egypt. 

POSIO, a native of Magnesia, who wrote 
an history of the Amazons. 

POSTHUMIA, a vestal virgin, accused of 

adultery and acquitted. The wife of Ser- 

vius Su'lpicius.— Ci. A daughter of Svlla. 

POSTHIMIUS ALBl'NUS, a man' who 
suffered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, 
against whom he had been sent with an army. 
—A writer at Rome, whom Caio ridiculed 
for composing an history in Greek, and after- 
wards offering apologies for the inaccuracy 

and inelegance of his expressions. TU- 

BERO, a master of horse to the dictator 
^milius Mamercus. He was himself made 
dictator in the war which the Romans waged 
against the Volsci, and he punished his son 
with death for fighting against his orders, 
A. U. C. 312.— Li. 4, 23. SPURIUS, a con- 
sul sent again*t the Samnites. He was taken 
in an ambush by Pontius, the enemy's general, 
and obliged to pass under the yoke with all 
his army. He saved his life by a shameful 
treaty, and whenhe returned to Rome he pur- 
suaded the Romans not to reckon as valid 
the engagemets he had made with the enemy, 
as it was without their advice. He was given 
up to the enemy because he could not per- 
form his engagements ; but he was released 
by Pontius for his generous and patriotic be- 
haviour. AULUS, a dictator who defeated 

the Latins and the Volsci. TU BERTHS, 

another dictator who defeated the JEqui and 

Volsci. LUCIUS, a consul sent against the 

Samnites. A general who defeated the Sa- 

bines, and who was the first who obtained an 

ovation. A man poisoned by his wife. 

A general who conquered the JEqui, and who 
was stoned by the army, because he refused 

to divide the promised spoils.— Fl. 22. 

LUCIUS, a Roman consul who was defeated 



by the Boii. He was left among the slain, 
and his head was cut off from his body, and 
carried in triumph by the barbarians into their 
temples, where they made with the skull a 
sacred vessel to offer libations to their gods. 

MARCUS CRASSUS LATIANUS, an 

officer proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A. D. 
350. He reigned with great popularity, and 
gained the affection of his subjects by his hu- 
manity and moderation. He took his son of 
the same name as a colleague on the throne. 
They were both assassinated bv their soldiers, 
after a reign of six years. — -MEG1 LTHUS, 
a consul against the Samnites and Tarentines. 

QUINT US, a man put to death by Antony. 

A soothsayer in the age of Sy 11a. SP0- 

R1US, an enemy of Tib. Gracchus. AL- 

BUS, a Roman decemvir, sent to Athens to 
collect the most salutary laws of Solon, &c. 

— Li. 3, 31. SYLVIUS, a son of .apneas and 

Svh ia. 

"POSTVERTA, a goddess at Rome, who 
presided over the painful travails of women. 
—Ov. Fa. I, fi33. 

POSTHUMIA VIA, a Roman road about 
the town of Hostilia. 

POS TU MI US. Fide Posthumius. 

POTA.MTDES, nymphs who presided over 
rivers and fountains", as their name " potamo* 
Jliii-iiis," implies. 

POTAMON, a philosopher of Alexandria, 
in the age of Augustus. He wrote several 
treatises, and confined himself to the doc- 
trines of no particular sect of philosophers. 

POTAMOS, a tow n of Attica near Sunium. 
—Sir. 9. 

POTENTIA,a town of Picenum.—Zi. 29,44. 

POTHl'NUS, an eunuch, tutor to Ptolemy, 
king of Egypt. He advised the monarch to 
murder Pompev, when he claimed his protec- 
tion afler the battle of Pharsalia. He stirred 
up commotions in Alexandria, when Caesar 
came there, upon which the conqueror or 
dered him to be put to death.— Luc. 8, 483. 

POTHOS, one of the deities of the Samo- 
thracians.— PI 36, 5. 

POTIDiEA, a town of Macedonia, situate 
in the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded 
bv a Corinthian colony, and became tributary 
to the Athenians from "whom Philip of Mace- 
donia took it. The conqueror gave it to the 
Olynthians to render them more attached to 
his" interest. Cassander repaired and en- 
larged it, and called it Castandria, a name 
which it still preserves, and which has given 
occasion to Livy to say, that Cassander was 
the original founder of that city.— Li. 44, U. 
—Dem. 01.— Sir. l.—Pa. 5, 23.'— Me. 2, 2. 

POTIDANT A, a town of ^tolia.— Li. 28, 8. 

POTl'NA, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over children's potions.— Far. 

POTITIUS. Fide Pinarius. 

POTNTiE, a town of Bceotia, where Bac- 
chus had a temple. The Potnians, having 
once murdered the priest of the god, were 
ordered by the oracle, to appea»e his resent- 
ment, \ early to offer on his altars a young 
man. This unnatural sacrifice was continued 
for some years, till Bacchus himself substi- 
tuted a goat, from which circumstance he re- 
ceived the appellation of JEgobolus and JEgo- 
phagiis. There was here a fountain whose 



FXIA — FKJS 



561 



PR.E— PRA 



waters made horses run mad as soon as they 
were touched. There were also here certain 
goddesses called Potniades, on whose altars, 
in a grove sacred to Ceres and Proserpine, 
victims were sacrificed. It was also usual at a 
certain season of the year, to conduct into the 
prove young- pigs, which were found the follow- 
ing year in the groves of Dodona. The mares 
of Potniae destroyed their master Glaucus, son 
of Sisyphus. [Vide Glaucus.]— Pa. 9, 8. — 

Virg. G. 3, 267.— ML V. H. 15,25. A town 

of Magnesia, whose pastures gave madness to 
asses, according to Pliny. 

PR ACTIO M, a town and small river of 
Asia Minor, on the Hellespont. 

PRiEClA, a courtezan at Rome, who in- 
fluenced Cethegus, and procured Asia as a 
consular province for Lucullus. — Plu. Luc. 

PPuENESTE, a town of Latium, about 21 
miles from Rome, built by Telegonus, son of 
Ulysses and Circe, or according to others, by 
Caeculus the son of Vulcan. There was a 
celebrated temple of Fortune there, with two 
famous images, as also an oracle, which was 
long in great repute.— Ci. Di. 2, 41.— V.JEu. 
7, 630. — Hor. 3, o. A.— St. 1, Sy. 3, 80. 

PRiESOS, a small town of Crete, destroyed 
in a civil war by one of the neighbouring cities. 

PRyESTI, a nation of India.— Curt. 9, 8. 

PRAETOR, one of the chief magistrates at 
Rome. The office of praetor was first insti- 
tuted A. U. C. 388, by the senators, who 
wished by some new honour to compensate 
for the loss of the consulship, of which the 
Plebeians had claimed a share. The Praetor 
received his name a prcecendo. Only one was 
originally elected, and another A. 0. C. 501. 
One of them was totally employed in admi- 
nistering justice among the citizens, whence 
he was called Praetor urbauus ; and the other 
appointed judg-es in all causes which related 
to foreigners. In the year of Rome 520, two 
more praetors were created to assist the con- 
pul in the g-overnraent of the provinces ef 
Sicily and Sardinia, which had been lately 
conquered, and two more when Spain was 
reduced into the form of a Roman province, 
A. U. C. 551. Sylla the dictator added two 
more, and Julius Caesar increased the number 
t > to, and afterwards to 16, and the second tri- 
umvirate to 61. After this their numbers fluc- 
tuated, being sometimes 18,16, or 12, till, in the 
decline of the empire, their dignity decreased, 
and their numbers were reduced to three, 
in his public capacity the Praetor adminis- 
tered justice, protected the rights of widows 
and orphans, presided at the celebration of 
public festivals, and in the absence of the 
consul assembled or prorogued the senate as 
he pleased. He also exhibited shows to the 
people, and in the festivals of the Bona Dea, 
where no males were permitted to appear, his 
w ife presided over the rest of the Roman ma- 
trons. Feasts were announced and pro- 
claimed by him, and he had the power to 
make and repeal laws, if it met with the ap- 
urobatioii of the senate and people. The 
quaestors were subject to him, and in the ab- 
sence of the consuls, he appeared at the head 
of the armies, and in the city he kept a re- 
gister of all the freedmen of Rome, with the 
reasons for which they had received their 
freedom. In the provinces the praetors ap- 



peared with great pomp, six lictors with the 
tasces walked before them, and when the em- 
pire was increased by conquests, they di- 
vided, like the consuls, their government, 
and provinces were given them by lot. When 
the year of their praetorship was elapsed, they 
were called " proprietors" if they still con- 
tinued at the head of their province. A! 
Rome the praetors appeared also with much 
pomp: two lictors preceded them, they wore 
the pretexta, or the white robe with purple 
borders, they sat in curule chairs, and their 
tribunal was distinguished by a sword and a 
spear, while they administered justice. The 
tribunal was called " prcetorium." When 
they rode they appeared on white horses at 
Rome, as a mark of distinction. The Praetor 
who appointed judges to try foreign causes, 
was called " praetor peregrinus," The Prae- 
tors Cereales, appointed by Julius Caesar, 
were employed iu providing* corn and pro- 
vision for the city. They were on that ac- 
count often called " frumentarii." 

PRiETO'RIA, a town of Dacia, now Cror- 
stadt. Another, now Aoust, in Piedmont. 

PRiETORIUS a name ironically applied to 
As. Sempronius Rufus, because he was dis- 
appointed in his solicitations for the praetor- 
ship, as being too dissolute and luxurious in 
his manners." He was the first who had a 
stork brought to his table.— Hor. 2, S. 2, 50. 

PR/ETUTIUM, a town of riceuum.— It. 
15, 568.— Li. 22, 9, 1. 27, 43. 

PRAS1ANE, now Verdant, a large island 
at the mouth of the Indus.— PI. 6, 20. 

PRAS1AS, a lake between Macedonia and 
Thrace, where were silver mines. — Her. 5, J7. 

PRASII, a nation of India in Alexander's 
age.— Curt. 9, 2. 

PRATELL1 A LEX, was enacted by Pra- 
tellius the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb and 
check the ambitious views of men who were 
lately advanced in the state. — Li. 7, 15, 

PRATINAS, a Greek poet of Philus, con- 
temporary with iEschylus. He was the first 
among- the Greeks who composed satires, 
which were represented as farces. Of these 
32 were acted, as also 18 of his tragedies, one 
of which only obtained the poetical prize. 
Some of his "verses are extant, quoted by 
Athenaeus.— Pa. 2, 13. 

PRAXAGO'RAS, an Athenian writer, who 
published an history of the kings of his own 
country. He was then only 19 years old. 
and three years after, he wrote the life of 
Constantine the Great. He had also written 
the life of Alexander, all now lost. 

PRAXIAS, a celebrated statuarv of Athens. 
— Pa. 10, 18. - [Pa. 6, lb. 

PRAXIDA' MAS. a famous athlete of iEgina. 

PRAX1 DA'CE.agoddessamong the Greek*, 
who presided over the execution of enter- 
prises, and who punished all evil actions.— 
Pa. 9, 33. 

PRAXl'LA, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, 
who flourished about 492 years before Christ. 
—Pa. 3, 13. 

PRAXIPHA'NFS, a Rhodian, who wrote a 
learned commentary on the obscure passages 
of Sophocles. Aii historian.— Diog. 

PRAXIS, a surname of Venus at Megara. 
—Pa. I, 43. 

PRAXITE'LES, afamous sculptor of Maun a 



PRA— PRI 

Grxcia, who flourished about 32 1 vears before 
the Christian era. He chieflv 'worked on 
Parian marble, on account of" its beautiful 
whiteness. He carried his art to the great- 
est perfection, and was so happy in copying 
nature, that his statues seemed to be animated. 
The most famous of his pieces was a Cupid 
which he gave to Phrvne. This celebrated 
courtezan, who wished'to have the best of all 
the statues of Praxiteles, and who could not 
depend upon her own judgment in the choice, 
alarmed the sculptor, by telling him his house 
was on fire. Praxiteles upon this showed his 
eagerness to save his Cupid from the flames, 
above all his other pieces; but Phryne restrain- 
ed his fears, and by discovering her artifice, ob- 
tained the favourite statue. The sculptor em- 
ployed his chisel in making a statue of this 
beautiful courtezan, which was dedicated in the 
temple of Delphi, and placed between the sta- 
tues of Archidamus, king of Sparta, and Philip, 
king of Macedon. He also made a statue of 
Venus, at the request of the people of Cos, and 
gave them their choice of the goddess, either 
naked or veiled. The former was superior to 
the other in beauty and perfection, but the in- 
habitants of Cos preferred the latter. The 
Cnidians, who did not wish to patronize 
modesty and decorum with the same eager- 
ness as the people of Cos, bought the naked 
Venus, and it was so universally esteemed, 
that Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, offered the 
Cnidians to pay an enormous debt, under 
which they laboured, if they would give him 
their favourite statue. This offer was not 
accepted. The famous Cupid was bought 
of the Thespians by Caius Caesar, and car- 
ried to Rome, but Claudius restored it to 
them, and Nero afterwards obtained posses- 
sion of it.— Pa. 1, 40, 1. 8, 9.— PI. 7, 34. 

PRAXITHEA, a daughter of Phrasimus 
and Diogenea. She married Erechtheus, 
king of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, 
Pandarus, and Metion, and four daughters, 
Procris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Oritfiyia. — 
Apol. 3, 15. A daughter of Thestius, mo- 
ther of some children by Hercules.— Id. 2, 7. 

A daughter of Erechtheus, tacrificed by 

order of the oracle. 

PRELIUS, a lake in Tuscany, now Castig- 
lione.—Ci. Mil. 27.— Pi. 3, " 



562 PRI— PRI 

father's throne by Hercules, and he employed 
himself with well-directed diligence in re- 
pairing', fortifying, and embellishing, the 
city of Troy. He had married, by his father's 
orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced for 
Hecuba, the daughter of Dimas or Cisseus, 
a neighbouring prince. He had by Hecuba 
17 children, according to Cicero, or accord- 
ing to Homer, 19 ; the most celebrated of 
whom are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, He- 
lenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hippo- 
nous, Troilus, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, 
and Cassandra. Besides these he had many 
others by concubines. Their names, accord 
ing to Apollodorus, are Melampus, Gorgy. 
thion, Philaemon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evago- 
ras, Hippothous, Chersidamas, Hippodamas, 
Mestor, Atas, Doeylus, Dryops, Lycaon, As- 
tysronus, Bias, Eva'nder, Chromius, Telestas, 
Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, Idomeneus, Ar- 
chemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, A^canius, 
Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemou, 
Clovius, jEgioneus, Hypirychus, Lysithous, 
Polymedon, Medusa, Lysimache, 'Medesi- 
casta, and Aristodeme. After lie had reigned 
for some time in the greatest prosperity, 
Priam expressed a desire to recover his sister 
Hesione, whom Hercules had carried into 
Greece, and married to Telamon his friend. 
To carry this plan into execution, Priam 
manned a fleet, of which he gave the com- 
mand to his son Paris, with orders to bring 
back Hesione. Paris, to whom the g-oddess 
of beauty had promised the fairest woman in 
the world, [Vide Paris] neglected in some 
measure his father's injunctions, and as if to 
make reprisals upon the Greeks, he carried 
away Helen the wife of Menelaus, king of 
Sparta, during the absence of her husband. 
Priam beheld this with satisfaction, and he 
countenanced his son by receiving in hie pa- 
lace the wife of the king of Sparta. Tin's 
rape kindled the flames of war; all the sui- 
tors of Helen, at the request of Menelaus, 
[Vide Menelaus] assembled to revenge the 
violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, ac- 
cording to some, of 140 ships, under the com- 
mand of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set 
sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the 
impending blow by the restoration of Helen ; 
but this he refused to do, when the ambassa- 
PRESBON, a son of Phryxus, father of j dors of the Greeks came to him, and he im- 

Clymenus. A son of Ciytod'ora and Minyas, mediately raised an army to defend himself. 

also bore the same name.— Pa. 9, 34 & 37. Troy was soon be^'eged," frequent skirmishes 
PRE(7GENES,asonof Agenor.— Pa.3,c.2. ! took place, in ch the success was various, 
PREXASPES, a Persian who put Smerdis ami the advantages on both sides inconsider- 



to death by order of the king Cambyses.- 
Her. 3, 30. 

PRiA'MIDES, a patronymic applied to 
Paris, as being son of Priam". It is also given 
to Hector, Deiphobus, and all the other 
children of the Trojan monarch.— Ov. Her. 
—V. Mn. 3, 295. 

PRI'AMUS, the last king of Troy, was son 
of Laomedon, by Strymo, called'Placia by 
some. "When Hercules* took the city of Troy 
[Vide Laomedon], Priam was in the number 
of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione re- 



able. The siege was continued for ten suc- 
cessive years, and Priam had the misfortune 
to see the greatest part of his children mas- 
sacred by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of 
these, was the only one upon whom now the 
Trojans looked for protection and support ; 
but he soon fell a sacrifice to his own cou- 
rage, and was killed by Achilles. Priam se- 
verely felt his loss, and as he loved him with 
the greatest tenderness, he wished to ransom 
his body, which was in the enemies' camp. 
The gods, according to Homer, interested 



deemed him from captivity, and he exchanged themselves in favour of old Priam. Achilles 
his original name of Pbdarces for that of was prevailed upon by his mother, the god- 
Priam, which signifies bought or ransom :d. dess Thetis, to restore Hector to Priam, 
[Fide Podarces.] He was also placed on his I and the king of Troy passed through the Gre- 



PRI— PRI 



563 



PRI— PRI 



cian camp, conducted by Mercury, the mes- 
senger of the jfods, who with his rod had 
made him invisible. The meeting of Priam 
and Achilles was solemn and affecting, the 
conqueror paid to the Trojan monarch that 
attention and reverence which was due to his 
dignity, his years, and his misfortunes, and 
Priam in a suppliant manner addressed the 
prince whose favours he claimed, and kissed 
the hands that had robbed him of the greatest 
and the best of his children. Achilles was 
moved by his tears and entreaties : he restored 
Hector, and permitted Priam a truce of twelve 
days for the funeral of his son. Some time 
after Troy was betrayed into the hands of the 
Greeks by Antenor and ./Eneas, and Priam 
upon this resolved to die in the defence of his 
country. He put on his armour and advanced 
to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba by her tears 
and entreaties detained him near an altar of 
Jupiter, whither she had fled for protection. 
While Priam yielded to the prayers of his 
wife, Polites, one of his sons, fled also to the 
altar before Neoptolemus, who pursued him 
with fury. Polites, wounded and overcome, 
fell dead at the feet of his parents, and the 
ag-ed father, fired with indignation, vented 
the most bitter invectives against the Greek, 
who paid no regard to the sanctity of altars 
and temples, and raising his spear darted it 
upon him. The spear, hurled by the feeble 
hand of Priam, touched the buckler of Neop- 
tolemus, and fell to the ground. This irri- 
tated the son of Achilles : he seized the grey 
hairs of Priam, and, without compassion or 
reverence for the sanctity of the place, he 
plunged his dagger into his breast. His head 
was cut off, and the mutilated body was left 
among the heads of slain.— Die. Cr. I, &c— 
Da. Phr.—Her. 2, 120.— Pa. 10, 27.— H. II. 
22*— Eur. Tro.—Ci. Tu. 1, 35.— Q. Sm. I.— 
V. Mn. 2, 507.— Hor. 0. 10, U.—Hyg. fa. 
110.— Q. Cat. 15, 226. 

PRIA'PUS, a deity among the ancients, who 
presided over gardens, and the parts of gene- 
ration in the sexes. He was son of Venus by 
Mercury or Adonis, or according to the more 
received opinion, by Bacchus. The goddess 
of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, 
went to meet him as he returned victorious 
from his Indian expedition, and by him she 
had Priapus, who was born at Lampsacus. 
Priapus was so deformed in all his limbs, 
particularly the genitals, by means of Juno, 
who had assisted at the delivery of Venus, 
that the mother, ashamed to have given birth 
to such a monster, ordered him to be exposed 
on the mountains. His life, however, was 
preserved by shepherds, and he received 
the name of Priapus, propter deformitatem 
et membri virilis magnitudinem. He soon 
became a favourite of the people of Lampsa- 
cus, but he was expelled by the inhabitants 
on account of the freedom he took with their 
wives. This violence was punished by the 
son of Venus, and when the Lampsacenians 
bad been afflicted with a disease in the geni- 
tals, Priapus was recalled, and temples erect- 
ed to his honour. Festivals were also cele- 
brated, and the people, naturally idle and 
indolent, gave themselves up to every lasci- 
viousness and impurity during the celebration. 



His worship was also introduced into Rome? 
but the Romans revered him more as a god 
of orchards and gardens, than as the patron 
of licentiousness. A crown painted with 
different colours was offered to him in the 
spring, and in the summer a garland of ears 
of corn. An ass was generally sacrificed to 
him, because that animal, by its braying, 
awoke the nymph Lotis, to whom Priapus 
was going to 'offer violence. He is generally 
represented with an human face and the ears 
of a goat ; he holds a stick in his hand, with 
which he terrifies birds, as aiso a club to 
drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the 
trees and cut down corn. He was crowned 
with the leaves of the vine, and sometimes 
with laurel or rocket. The last of these 
plants is sacred to him, and it is said to 
raise the passions and excite love. Priapus 
is often distinguished by the epithet of phallus, 
fastinus, Itcypkallus, or ruber, or rubicun- 
dus, which are all expressive of his deformity. 
— Cat. ep. 19, 20.— Col. 2. Cul.hor.—Hor. \,s. 
\.—Tib. \,e. 1 ,"18. — Ov. F.\, 415.1. 6, 319.— V. 
Eel, 7,33. OA, Ul.—Pa.9,3].—Hyg. fa. 190.— 
Di. l. A town of Asia Minor near Lamp- 
sacus, now Caraboa. Priapus was the chief 
deity of the place, and from him the town 
received its name, because he had taxen 
refuge there when banished from Lampsacus. 
— Str. 12.— PL 5, 32.— Me. 1, 19. — -An 
island near Ephesus. — PI. 5, 31. 

PRIENE, a maritime town of Asia Minor, 
at the foot of mount Mvcale, one of the twelve 
independent cities of fonia. It gave birth to 
Bias, one of the seven wise men oi Greece. 
It had been built by an Athenian colony. — 
Pa. 7, 2.— Str. 12. 1. 8, 24. [silia. 
PRIMA, a daughter of Romulus and Her- 
PRION, a place at Carthage. 
PRISCIANUS, a celebrated grammarian 
at Athens, in the age of theemperor Justinian. 

PRISCILLA, a woman praised for her con- 
jugal affection by Statius, 5, Sy. 1. 

PRLSCUS SERVILIUS, a dictator at Rome 
who defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates. 

A surname of the elder Tarquin, king of 

Rome. [Vide Tarquinius.] A governor of 

Syria, brother to the emperor Philip. He 
proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia 
when he was informed of his brother's death, 
but he was soon after conquered and put to 

death by Decius, Philip's murderer. A 

friend of the emperor Severus. A friend of 

the emperor Julian, almost murdered by the 

populace. HELVIDIUS, a qusestor in 

Achaia during the reign of Nero, remarkable 
for his independent spirit, &c— Ta. HistA,6. 

—Juv. An officer under Vitellius. — One of 

the emperor Adrian's friends. A friend of 

Domitian. An orator, whose dissipated and 

luxurious manners Horace ridicules, 1 S. 7, 9. 

PRISTIS, the name of one of the ships that 
engaged in the naval combat which was 
exhibited by .Eneas at the anniversary of his 
father's death. She was commanded by 
Mnestheus. — V. Mn. 1, 116. 

PRIVERNUS, a Rutuiian killed by Capys 
in the wars between iEneas and Turnus."— 
V. JEn. 9, 576. 

PRIVERNUM, now Piperno Vecehio, a 
town of the Volsciin Italy., whose inhabitants 



rno— pro mi pro— pro 

were called Privet -nates. It became a Roman i He fled Into an iron tower which he himself) 
colony.— Li.S, 10.— F./En. ll, 540.— CiA.Di.43. j had bailt to observe the marches, but a* he 



PROBA, the wife of the emperor Probus. 

A woman who opened the gates of Rome 

lo the Goths. 

PROBUS, M. AURELIUS SEVERUS, a 
native of Sinnium in Pannonia. His father 
was originally a gardener, who, by entering 
the army, rose to the rank of a military tri- 
bune. His son obtained the same office in 
the I2d year of his age, and he distinguished 
himself so much by his probity, his valour, 
his intrepidity, moderation, an 1 clemency, 
that at the death of the emperor Tacitus, lie 
was invested with the imperial puiple by the 
voluntary and uninfluenced choice of his 
soldiers. His election was universally ap- 
proved by the Roman senate and the people ; 
and Probus, strengthened on his throne by 
the affection and attachment of his subjects, 
marched against the enemies of Rome, in 
Gaul and Germany. Several battles were 
fought, and after he had left 400, ooo barba- 
rians dead in the field, Probus turned his arms 
against the Sarmatians. The same success 
attended him, and after he had quelled and 
terrified to peace the numerous barbarians of 
the north, he marched through Syria against 
the Blemmyes in the neighbourhood of Egypt. 
The Blemmyes were defeated with great 
slaughter, and the military character of the 
emperor was so well established, that the 
king of Persia sued for peace by his ambas- 
sadors, and attempted to buy the conqueror's 
favours with the most splendid presents. 
Probus was then feasting upon the most 
common food when the ambassadors were 
introduced; but without even casting his 
eyes upon them, he said, that if their master 
did not give proper satisfaction to the Romans, 
he would lay his territories desolate, and as 
naked as the 'crown of his head. As he spoke, 
the emperor pulled off his cap, and showed 
the baldness of his head to the ambassadors. 
The conditions were gladly accepted by the 
Persian monarch, and Probus retired tc 
Rome to convince his subjects of the great 
ness of his conquests, and to claim from them 
the applause which their ancestors had given 
to the conqueror of Macedonia, or the des- 
troyer of Carthage, as he passed along the 
streets of Rome. His triumph lasted several 
days, and the Roman populace were long 
entertained with shows and combats. But 
the Ron. an empire, delivered from its foreign 
enemies, was torn by civil discord ; and 
peace was not re established till three usurper- 
had been severally defeated. While his 
subjects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus encou- 
raged the liberal arts, he permitted the in- 
habitants of Gaul and lllyricuru to plant 
vines ki their territories ; and he himself 
repaired seventy cities in different parts of 
the empire, which had been reduced to ruins. 
He also attempted to drain the waters which 
were stagnated in the neighbourhood of 
Sirmium, by conveying them to the sea by 
artificial canals. His armies were employed 
in this laborious undertaking ; but as they 
were unaccustomed to such toils, they soon 
mutinied, and fell upon the emperor as lie 
was passing into one of the towns of Iliyricwn. 



was alone, and without arms, he was soon 
overpowered and murdered in the 50th year 
of his age, after a reign of six years and four 
months, on the second of November, after 
Christ 282. The news of his death was re- 
ceived with the greatest consternation : not 
only his friends, but his very enemies de- 
plored his fate, and even the army, which 
had been concerned in his fall, erected a 
monument over his body, and placed upon it 
this inscription: Hie Probus imperator, vere 
probus, situs est, victor omnium gentium 
barbararum, victor etiam tyrannorum. He 
was then preparing in a few days lo march 
against the Persians that had revolted, and 
his victories there might have been as great 
as those he obtained in the two other quarters 
of the globe. He was succeeded by Cams ; 
and his family, who had shared his greatness, 
immediately retired from Rome, not to become 
objects either of private or public malice. — 
Zos. — Pro.— Saturn. iEMILIUS, a gram- 
marian in the age of Theodosius. The lives 
f excellent commanders, written by Cor- 
ipKus Nepos, have been falsely attributed to 
hio, by some authors. An oppressive pre- 
fect of" the pretorian guards, in the reign of 
Valentinian. 

PROCAs, a king of Alba after his father 
Aventinus. He was father of Amulius and 
Nuruitor. — Li. I, 3.— Ov. Me. 14, 622.— V. 
Mn. 6, 767. 

PRO'CHYTA, an island of Campania in 
the bay of Puteoli, now Procida. ltwassitu- 
ated near Inarima, from which it was said that 
it had been separated by an earthquake. It 
received its name, according to Dionysius, 
from the nurse of /Eneas.— V. En. 2, 715.— 
Me. 2, 7 — Dio. H. 2. 

PROC1LIUS, a Latin historian in the age 
of Pompey the Great. — Far. 

PROCILLA JULIA, a woman of uncom- 
mon virtue, killed by the soldiers of Otho — 
Ta. Agr. 4. rGaul, intimate with C«sar. 
PROCILLUS, C. VALERIUS, a prince of 
PROCLE'A, a daughter of Clytius, who 
married Cycnus, a son of iNeptune.— Pa. 10, 14. 

PROCLES, a son of Aristodemus and Ar- 
gia, born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. 
There were continual dissensions between the 
two brothers, who both sat on the Spartan 
throne. [Fide Eurysthenes and Lacedaemon.] 

A native of Andros in the iEgean Sea, 

who was crowned at the Olympic games.— 

Pa. 6, 14. A man who headed the Icnians 

when they took Samos. — Id. 7, 4. A Car- 
thaginian' writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote 
some historical treatises, of which Pausanian 

has preserved some fragments.— Id. 4, ^5. A 

tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and throws 

into the sea.— Plu. or. A general of the 

Naxians, in Sicilv, who betrayed his country 
to Dionvsius the' tyrant, for a sum of money. 

PROCLID^E, the descendants of Procles, 
who sat on the throne of Sparta, together 
with the Eurysthenidae. [Fide Lacedaemon 
and Eurysthenes.] 
PROCNE. [Fide Progne.] 
PROCCvNNE'SUS, now Marmora, an island 
of the Propontis, at the north-east of Cyzicus; 



PRO— PRO 



565 



PRO -PRO 



aiso called Elaphonnesvs and Neuris. It was 
famous for its fine m<irb]e.-Pl.5.-StrA3.-Me.2. 

PROCOHItlS, a celebrated officer of a noble 
family in Cilicia, related to the emperor 
Julian, with whom he lived in great inti- 
macy. He was universally admired for his 
integrity, but he was not destitute of am- 
bition or pride. After he had signalized 
himself under Julian and his successor, he 
retired from the Roman provinces among the 
barbarians in the Thracian Chersonesus, and 
some time after he suddenly made his ap- 
pearance at Constantinople, when the em- 
peror Valens had marched into the east, 
and he proclaimed himself master of the 
eastern empire. His usurpation was univer- 
sally acknowledged, and his victories were 
so rapid, that Valens would have resigned 
the imperial purple, had not his friends in- 
tervened. But now fortune changed, Proco- 
pius was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned 
by his army. His head was cut off, and 
carried to Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 366. 
Procopius was slain in the 42nd year of his 
age, and he had usurped the title of emperor 
for about eight months. — Ammiun. Marcel. 

2.5 & 26. A Greek historian of Csesarea in 

Palestine, secretary to the celebrated Belisa- 
rius, A. D. 534. He wrote the history of 
the reign of Justinian, and greatly celebrated 
the hero, whose favours and patronage he 
enjoyed. This history is divided into eight 
books, two of which give an account of the 
Persian war, two of the Vandals, and four 
of the Goths, to the year 553, which was 
afterwards continued in five books by Aga- 
thias till 559. Of this performance the cha- 
racter is great, though, perhaps, the historian 
is often too severe on the emperor. 

PROCRIS, a daughter of Erechtheus, king 
of Athens. She married Cephalus. [Fide Ce- 
phalus.]— V./En.6. A daughter of Thestius. 

PROCRUSTES, a famous robber of Attica, 
killed by Theseus near the Cephisus. He 
tied travellers on a bed, and if their length 
exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it 
off, but if they were shorter, he had them 
stretched to make their length equal to it. 
He is called by some Damastes and Polvpe- 
vaor\.-Ov.Her.2fi9.-Me.l,W.-Plu.The.<i. [v.68. 

PROCU LA, a prostitute in Juvenal's age, 2, 

PROCU'LEIUS, a Roman knight, very in- 
timate with Augustus. He is celebrated for 
his humanity, and fraternal kindness to his 
brothers Muraena and Scipio, with whom he 
divided his possessions, after they had for- 
feited their estates, and incurred the displea- 
sure of Augustus, for siding with young 
Pompey. He was sent by Augustus to Cle- 
opatra, to endeavour to bring her alive into 
his presence, but to no purpose. He destroyed 
himself when labouring under a heavy disease. 

—Hor. 2, o. 2.— Phi. Ant.— PL 36, '24. A 

debauchee in Nero's reign. — Jnv. 1, v. 40. 

PRO'CULUS JULIUS, a Roman, who, after 
the death of Romulus, declared that he had 
seen him in his appearance more than hu- 
man, and that he had ordered him to bid the 
Romans to offer him sacrifices under the 
name of Quirinus, and to rest assured that 
Rome was destined, by the gods, to become 
the capita.' of the world.— Plu. Rom '—Li. l 



16. GEGANI US, a Roman consul. PLA- 

C1TIUS, a Roman who conquered the 

Hernici. A friend of Vitellius. A consul 

under Nerva. A man accused of extortion. 

An African in the age of Aurelius. He 

published a book entitled de regionibus, or 

re/igionibus, on foreign countries, &c. An 

officer who proclaimed himself emperor in 
Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He was soon 
after defeated, and exposed on a gibbet. He 
was very debauched and licentious in hi* 
manners, and had acquired riches by piratical 
excursions. 

PROCYON, a star near Sirius, or the dog- 
star, before which it generally rises in July. 
Cicero 'calls it Anticanis, which is of the 
same signification (pro kuonJ.—Hor. 3, o. 29. 
—Ci. Nat. D. 2, 44. 

PRO'DICUS, a sophist and rhetorician of 
Cos, about 396 years before Christ. He was 
sent as ambassador by his countrymen to 
Athens, where he publicly taught, and had 
among his pupils Euripides, Socrates, Thera- 
menes, and Isocrates. He travelled from 
town to town in Greece, to procure admirers 
and get money. He made his auditors pay 
to hear him harangue, which has given oc- 
casion to some of the ancients to speak of 
the orations of Prodicus for 50 drachmas. 
In his writings, which were numerous, he 
composed a beautiful episode, in which vir- 
tue and pleasure were introduced, as at- 
tempting to make Hercules one of their vo- 
taries. The hero at last yielded to the charms 
of virtue and rejected pleasure. This has 
been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus was at 
last put to death by the Athenians, on pretence 
that he corrupted the morals of their youth. 
— Xen. mem. 

PROERNA, a town of Phthiotis.— Zi.63,14. 

PROZROSIA, a surname of Ceres. Her 
festivals, celebrated at Athens and Eleusis 
before the sowing of corn, bore the same 
name. — Meur. my. El. 

PROZ'TIDES, the daughtersof Prcetus,king 
of Argolis, were three in number, Lysippe, 
Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They became in 
sane for neglecting the worship of Bacchus, 
or according to others, for preferring them 
selves to Juno, and they ran about the fields 
believing themselves to be cows, and flying 
away not to be harnessed to the plow or to 
the chariot. Prcetus applied to Melampu* 
to cure his daughters of their insanity, but 
he refused to employ him when he demanded 
the third part ot his kingdom as a reward. 
This neglect of Prcetus was punished: th<; 
insanity became contagious, and the mo- 
narch at last promised Melampus two parts 
of his kingdom and one of his daughters if 
he would restore them and the Argian wo- 
men to their senses. Melampus consented* 
and after he had wrought the cure, he mar- 
ried the most beautiful of the trcetides. 
Some have called them Lysippe, lpponot, 
and Cvrianassa.— Apol. 2.— V. Eel. 6, 48.— 
— Ov. 'Me. \b.—Lac. St. Th. 1 & 3. 

PK03TUS, a king of Argos, son of Abis 
and Ocalea. He was twin orother to Acri- 
sius, with whom he quarrelled even before 
their birth. This dissension between the tn o 
brothers increased with their years. After 
a c 



pro-pro 



566 



PRO-PRO 



their father's death, they Inth tried to obtain 
t ie kingdom of Argros ; but the claims of 
Acrisius prevailed, and Proems left Pelopon- 
nesus and retired to the court of Jobates, 
king" of Lycia, where lie married Stenoboea, 
railed by some Ant<a or Antiope. He after- 
wards returned to Argolis, and by means of 
bis father-in-law, he made himself master of 
Tiryiithus. Stenoboea had accompanied her 
husband to Greece, and she became by him 
mother of the Proetides, and of a son called 
Megapenthes, who after his father's death 
succeeded on the throne of Tirvnthus.— [Vide 
Stenobosa. "I— f/. II. 6, 160.— Apol. 2, 2. 
PROGNE, a daughter of Pandion, kin? of 



t'e him to a rock, where for 30,000 years, 
Mjlture was to feed upon his liver, uhich 
was never diminished, though continually 
devoured. He was delivered from this pain- 
ful confinement about 30 years afterwards by 
Hercules, who killed the bird of prey. The 
vulture, or according- to others, the eagle, 
which devoured the liver of Prometheus, 
was born from Typhon and Echidna. Ac- 
cording to Apoll'odorus, Prometheus made 
the first man and woman that ever were 
upon the earth with clay, which he animated 
by means of the fire which he had stolen 
from heaven. On this account, therefore, 
the Athenians raised him an altar in the 



Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus, grove of Academus, where thev yearly cele- 
king- of Thrace, by whom she had a sou | bratcd g-ames to his honour. During these 



called ftvlus or Itys. Wide Philomela.] 
PROLA'US, a native of Elis, father to Phi- 

lanthus and Lampus, bv Lvsippe.— Pa. 5, 2. 
PRO'.MACHUS, one of the Epigoni, son of 

Parthenopaeus. — Pa. 2, 20. A son of Pso- 



games there was a race, and he who carried 
a burning torch in his hand without extin- 
guishing it obtained the prize. Prometheus, 
as it is universally credited, had received the 
gift of prophecy ,'and all the gods, and even 



phis, daughter of Eryx, king of Sicily.— Id. Jupiter himself, consulted him as a most in- 
8, 34. An athlete "of Pallene. A son of | fallible oracle. To him mankind are 



>Eson, killed bv Pelias.— Apol. 
PRO MATH ID AS, an historian of Heraclaea. 
PROMATHION, a man who wrote an his 



debted for the invention of many of the use- 
ful arts ; he taught them the use of plants, 
with their physical power, and from him 



torv of Italy.— Pin. Rom. [Naxo«, &c. ! they received the knowledge of taming 

PRO'MEDON, a native of the island of . horses and different animals, either to cuiti- 
PROMEN/EA, one of the priestesses of the i vate the ground, or for the purposes of luxurv. 
temple of Dodona. It was from her that — Hes. The. 510, 550.— Apol. 1 & 2.— Pa. 1 , 30, 
Herodotus received the tradition that two I 1.5, 1 1 .— Hyg. fa. 144.— JEsch. Pro.— V. Eel. 
doves had flown from Thebes, in Egvpt, one j 6.— Ov.MeA.v. 82.— Hor. 1, 3.— Sen. Med. 823. 
to Dodona, and the other to the temple ofi PROME'THIS, and PROMETH I'D ES, a 
Jupiter Amnion, where they gave oracles.— patronymic applied to the children of Pro 



Her. 2, . . 

PROMETHEl JUG DM and ANTRUM, a 



metheus 
390. 



as to Deucalion, kc.-^-Ov. Me. 10, 



place on the top of mount Caucasus, in Al- j PROMETHUS, and DAMASICHTHON, 



bani__ 

PROMETHEUS, a son of Iapetus by Cly- 
niene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother 



Atlas, Menoetitis, and Epimetheus, and — V. JEn. 9, 5?4. 



two sons of Codrus, who conducted colonies 
into Asia Minor. — Pa. 1, c. 3. 

PRO'MULUS, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 



surpassed all mankind in cunning and fraud, 
He ridiculed the gods, and deceived Jupiter 



PRONA'PIDES, an ancient Greek poet of 
Athens, who was, according to some, pre- 



bimself. He sacrificed' two bulls, and filled ceptor to Homer. It is said that he first 
their skins, one with the flesh and the other taught the Greeks how to write from the 
with the bones, and asked the father of the I left to the right, contrary to the custom of 
gods, which of the two he preferred as an writing from the right to the left, which is 
offering. Jupiter became the dupe of his still observed by some of the eastern nations, 
artifice', and chose the bones, and from that j — Bio. 3. 

time the priests of the temples were ever PRONAX, a brother of Adrastus, king of 
after ordered to burn the whole victims on ; Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache.— Pa. 
the altars, the flesh and the bones all together. 3, c. 1 8. 

To punish Prometheus and the rest of man- PRONOE, a daughter of Phorbus, mother 



kind, Jupiter took fire away from the eartf, 
but the son of Iapetus out-witted the father 



of Pleuron and Calvdon, by iEolus. 

PRO'NOMUS, a 'Theban who played so 



of the gods. He climbed the heavens by the 'skilfully on the flute, that the invention of 
assistance of Minerva, and stole fire from | that musical instrument is attributed to him. 



he chariot of the sun, which he brought I— Pa. 
own upon the earth, at the end of a ferula. PR< 



the 

d 



This provoked Jupiter the more ; he ordered . the sons of Alcmaeon. 



2.—Atk. 14, c. 7, 
PRONOUS, a son of Phlegeas, killed by 



Vulcan to make a woman of clay, and after ! 
he had given her life, he sent her to Prome- 



theus, with a box of the richest and most v. 166. 



PRO'NUBA, a surname of Juno, because 
presided over marriages.— V. JEn. 4, 



\aluable presents, which she had received 
from the gods [Vide Pandora.] Prometheus, 
who suspected Jupiter, took no notice of 
Pandora or her box, but he made his bro- 
ther Epimetheus marry her; and the god, 
now more irritated, ordered Mercury, or 
Vulcan, according to ^schylus, to carry this 
artful mortal to mount Caucasus and there 



PROPERTIUS, SEXTUS AURELIUS, a 
Latin poet born at Mevania, in Umbria. His 
father was a Roman knight, whom Augustus 
proscribed, because he had followed the in- 
terest of Antony. He came to Rome, wher^ 
his genius and poetical talents soon recom 
mended him to the notice of the great am 
powerful. Mecasnas, Gallus, and Virgil br 



PRO— PRO 



567 



PRO— PRO 



came his friends, and Augustus 1 1 is patron. 
Mecasnas wished him to attempt an epic 
poem, of which he proposed the emperor 
for hero ; but Propertius refused, observing 
that his abilities were unequal to the task'. 
He died about nineteen years before Christ, 
in the -toth year of his age. His works con- 
sist of four books of elegies, which are writ- 
ten with so much spirit, vivacity, and energy , 
that many authors call him the prince of 
elegiac poets among the Latins. His poetry, 
though elegant, is not free from faults, and 
the many lascivious expressions which he 
uses deservedly expose him to censure. 
Cynthia, who is the heroine of all his ele 
gies, was a Roman lady, whose real name 
was Hostia, or Hostilia, of whom the poet 
was deeply enamoured. Though Mevaniais 
more generally supposed to be the place of 
his birth , yet four other cities of Umbria 
have disputed the honour of it ; Hespillus, 
Ameria, Ferusia, and Assissium.— Ov. Tr. 2, 
465, 1. 4, el. 10, v. oi.deart. am. 3, 333.— Mart. 
8, ep. ll.-Q.uin. 10, c. 1.— PL 6, ep. 

PROPCE' TIDES, some women of Cyprus, 
severely punished by Venus, whose divinity 
they had despised. They sent their daugh- 
ters to the sea-shore, where they prostituted 
themselves to strangers. The po-ts have 
feigned that they were changed into stones, 
on account of their insensibility to every 
virtuous sentiment. — Jus. 18, c. 5. — Ov. Me. 
10, v. 238. 

PROPONTIS, a sea which has a commu- 
nication with the Euxine. by the Thracian 
Bosphorus, and with the iEgean by the Hel- 
lespont, now called the sea of Marmora. It 
is about 175 miles long, and 62 broad, and it 
received its name from its vicinity to Pon- 
tus.— Me. 1, c. 19.— Sir. 2.—Ov. 1. Tr. 9, v. 
29.— Pro. 3, el. 22. 

PROPYLEA, a surname of Diana. She 
had a temple at Eleusis in Attica. 

PROSCLYSTIUS, a surname of Neptune, 
among the Greeks. — Pa. 2. 

PRO'SERPINA, a daughter of Ceres by 
Jupiter, called by the Greeks Persephone. 
She was so beautiful that the father of the 
gods himself became enamoured of her, and 
deceived her by changing himself into a 
serpent, and folding her in his wreaths. 
Proserpine made Sicily the place of her resi- 
dence, and delighted herself with the beau- 
tiful views, the flowery meadows, and lim- 
pid streams which surrounded the plains of 
Enna. In this solitary retreat, as she amused 
herself with her female attendants in gather- 
ing flowers, Pluto carried her away into the 
infernal regions, of which she became the 
queen. [Vide Pluto.] Ceres was so discon- 
solate at the loss of her daughter, that she 
travelled all over the world, but her inquiries 
were in vain, and she never would have dis- 
covered whither she had been carried, had 
not she found the girdle of P. j&erpine on 
the surface of the waters of the fountain 
Cyane, near which the ravisher had opened 
himself a passage to his kingdom by striking 
the earth with his trident. Ceres soon 
learned from the nymph Arethusa that her 
daughter had been carried away by Pluto, 
and immediately she repaired to "Jupiter, 



and demanded of him to punish the ravisher, 
Jupiter in vain attempted to persuade the 
mother that Pluto was not unworthy of her 
daughter, and when he saw that she was 
indexible for the restitution of Proserpine, 
he said that she might return on earth, if 
she had not taken any aliments in the infer- 
nal regions. Her return, however, was im- 
possible. Proserpine, as she walked in the 
Elysian fields, had gathered a pomegranate 
from a tree and eaten it, and Ascalaplius 
was the only one who saw it, and for his 
discovery the goddess instantly turned him 
into an owl. Jupiter, to appease the resent- 
mentof Ceres, and soothe her grief, permit- 
ted that Proserpine should remain six months 
with Pluto in the infernal regions, and that 
she should spend the rest of the year with 
her mother on earth. As queen of hell, and 
wife of Pluto, Proserpine presided over the 
death of mankind, and according to the opi- 
nion of the ancients, no one could die, if 
the goddess herself, or Atropos her minister, 
did not cut off one of the hairs from the head. 
From this superstitious belief, it was usual 
to cut off some of the hair of the deceased, 
and to strew it at the door of the house, as an 
offering for Proserpine. The Sicilians were 
verv particular in their worship to Proser- 
pine, and as they believed that the fountain 
Cvane had risen from the earth at the very 
place where Pluto had opened himself a 
passage, they annually sacrificed there a 
bull, of which they suffered the blood to run 
into the water. Proserpine was universally 
worshipped bv the ancients, and she was 
known bv the "different names of Core, Theo- 
gamia, Libitum, Hecate, Juno Inferna, An- 
tkesplioria, Colyto, Deois, Libera, ike— Pin. 
Lu.—Pa. 8, 37, 1. 9, 31. -Or. Me. 5, 6. — V . 
JEn. 4, v. 693.— Str. l.—Diod. o.—Ci. Ver. 4. 
—Hyg.fa. lAfi.—Hes. Th.—Apol. 1, c. 3.— 
Orph. hym. 2*.— Claud, de rapt. Pros. 

PROSOPI'TIS, an island in one of the 
mouths of the Nile.— Her. 2, c. 4. 

PROSPER, one of the fathers, who died 
A. D. 466. 

PROS YMNA, a part of Argolis, where 
Juno was worshipped. It received its uame. 
from a nymph of the same name, daughter 
of Asterion, who nursed Juno. — Pa. 2. 

PROTAGORAS, a Greek philosopher of 
Abdera in Thrace, who was originally a por- 
ter. He became one of the disciples of De- 
mocritus, when that philosopher had seen 
him carrying faggots on his head, poised in 
a proper equilibrium. He soon rendered 
himself ridiculous bv his doctrines, and in 
a bonk which he published, he denied the 
existence of a supreme being. This doctrine 
he supported by observing, that his doubts 
arose from the uncertainty of the existence 
of a supreme power, and from the shortness 
of human life. This book was publicly 
burntat Athens, and lue philosopher banished 
from the citv, as a worthless and contempti- 
ble being-. Protagoras visited from Athens 
different islands in the Mediterranean, and 
died in Sicily in a very advanced age, about 
400 vears before the Christian era. He ?e- 
nerallv reasoned by dilemmas, and always 
left the mind in suspense about all the. que»- 



FRO— PRO 



568 



PRO— PRU 



rfom which he proposed. Some suppose A Spartan who endeavoured to preven 

trial he was drowned.— Diog. 9.— Pin. Pro. I war with theThebans. [A son of Agnus, 

A kin? of Cyprus, tributary to the court | PROTHOUS, asor. of Lvcaon ofArcadia. Ap. 



ot Persia. Another. 

PROTAGA'RI DES, an historian of Cyzi- 
•v.is, who wrote a treatise on the games of 
Daphne, celebrated at Antioch. 

PROTEI COLUMNS, a place in the re- 
motest parts of Egypt.— V. JEn. W, v. 263. 

PROTESILAI TURRIS, the monument of 
Protesilaus, on the Hellespont.— PI. 4, c. 1 1.— 
Me 2. c 2. 

PRO'TESILATS, a king of part of Thes- 
salv, son of Iphicles, originally called lolaus, 
grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Alci- 
mede, the mother of Jason. He marr.ed 
I.aodamia, the daughter of Acastus, and 



PROTO, one of the Nereides.— Apol. I. 
PROTOGENE'A, a daughter of Calydon, 
by iEolia the daughter of Amythyon. She 
had a son called Oxillus bv Mars. — Apol. 1. 

PROTO'GENES, a painter of Rhodes, who 
flourished about 328 years before Christ, 
He was originally so poor, that he painted 
ships to maintain himself. His countrymen 
were ignorant of his ingenuity before Apelles 
came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his 
pieces. This opened the eyes of the Rho- 
dians, they became sensible of the merit of 
their countryman, and liberally rewarded him. 
Proto<reues * was employed seven years 



me time after he departed with the rest of j finishing a picture of Jalysus, a celebrated 



the Greeks for the Trojan war, with forty 
Mil. He was the first of the Greeks who set 
foot on the Trojan shore, and as such he was 
cioomed by the oracle to perish ; therefore 
he was kil'led as soon as he had leaped from 
I. is ship, by ./Eneas or Hector. Homer has 



huntsman, supposed to have been the son of 
Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. During 
all this time the painter lived only upon lu- 
pines and water, thinking that such aliments 
would leave him greater flights of fancy; 
but all this did not seem to make him more 



not mentioned the person who killed him. \ successful in the perfection of his picture. 
His wife Laodamia destroyed herself, when I He was to represent in his piece a dog 



she heard of his death. [Vide Laodamia. 1 
Protesilaus has received the patronymic of 
Phylacides, either because he was descended 
from Phylacus, or because he was a native 
of Phylace. He was buried on the Trojan 
shorej and according to Pliny, there were 
near his tomb certain trees which grew to 
an extraordinary height, which as soon as 
they could be "discovered and seen from 



panting, and with froth at his mouth, but this 
he never could do with satisfaction to him- 
self ; and when all his labours seemed to be 
without success, he threw his sponge upon 
the piece in a fit of anger. Chance alone 
brought to perfection what the utmost labours 
of art could not do, the fall of the sponge 
upon the picture represented the froth of the 
mouth of the dog in the most perfect and na- 



Tro'y, immediately withered and decayed, and | tural manner, and the piece was universally 



afterwards grew' up asain to their former 
height, and suffered the same vicissitude.— H. 
Jt. 2, v. 205.— Of. Me. 12, /. l. I.— Hot. 13, 
\l.—Prop. 1, el. 9.—Hyg. f. 1U3. 

PRO TEUS, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and 
Tethvs, or according to some, of Neptune 



admired. Protogenes was very exact in his 
representations, and copied nature with the 
greatest nicety, but this was blamed as a fault 
by his friend Xpelles. When Demetrius be- 
sieged Rhodes ha refused to set fire to a part 
of the city which might have made him mas- 



and Phcenice. He had received the gift ofjter of the whole, because he knew that Pro- 
prophecy from Neptune because he had togenes was then working in that quarter, 
tended the monsters of the sea, and from his When the town was taken, the painter was 



knowledge of futurity mankind received the 
greatest services. He usually resided in the 
Carpathian sea, and like the rest of the gods, 
he reposed himself on the sta-shore, w here 
6uoh as wished to consult him generally re- 
sorted. He was difficult of access, aud when 
consulted he refused to give answers, by im- 
mediately assuming different shapes, aud if 
not properly secured in fetters, eluding the 
grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or 



found closeiy employed in a garden in finish- 
ing a picture; and when the conqueror asked 
hiin why he showed not more concern at the 
general calamity ; he replied, that Deme- 
trius made war against the Rhodians, and 
not against the fine arts.— Pa." l, 3.— PI. 35. 
-£LV. H. 12.-Jwv. 3, v. 12j.— Plu. Bern. 

One of Caligula's favourites, famous for 

his crueltv and extravagance. 
PROTO GEM' A, a daughter of Deucalion 



disappearing in a flame of fire, a whirlwind, \ and Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter, by 
or a rushing stream. Aristaeus and Mene- 1 whom she had ZEthlius, the father of Endy- 
laus were in the number of those who con- i mion.— Apol. 1, c. 7.— Pa. 5, c. l.—Hyg.'f. 

suited him, as also Hercules. Some suppose 155. Another. Vide Protogenea. 

that he was originally king of Egypt, known PROTOMEDU'SA, one of the Nereides, 
among his subjects by the name of Cetes, and called Protoraelia by Hesiod.— Th. 245. 
tiiey assert that he had two sons, Telegonus I PRO'XENUS, a Boeotian of great authority 
and" Polygonus, who were both killed by i at Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. — Poly. 

Hercules. He had also some daughters", • A writer who published historical ac- 

among whom were Cabira, Eidothea, and 
Rhetia.— H. Od. 4, v. 360.— Ov. Me. S,f. 10. 
Am. el. 12, 35.— .He*. The. v. 243.— V. G, " 



counts of Sparta.— Ath. 
PRUDENTIUS, (AUREL1US CLEMENS,) 
, a Latin poet who flourished A. D. 392, and 
3t-7. — Hyg.f. us. — Her. 2,c. 112.— Diod. 1. I was successively a soldier, an advocate, and 



PROTHE'NOR, a Boeotian who went to 
the Trojan war. — H. IL 2. 



a judye. His poems are numerous, and i 
theological, devoid of the elegance and purii 



PROTHEUS, a Greek at the Trojan war. of 'he Augustan age, and \ef greatly valued. 



PRU— PRY 



569 



PHY — PSA 



PRUMNIDES, a king of Corinth. 

PRUSA, a town of Bithynia, built by king 
Prusias, from whom it received its name.— Sir. 
• 2.—PL 10, ep. 16. 

PRUSiEUS, DION, flourished A. D. 105. 

PRUSIAS, a kin? of Bithynia, who flou- 
rished 221 B. C. Another, surnamed Ven- 

itor, who made an alliance with the Romans 
when they waged war with Antiochus, king 
5f Syria. He gave a kind reception to Anui- 
:>al, and by his advice he made war against 
Eunienes, king of Pergamus, and defeated 
Dim. Eumenes, who was an ally of Rome as 
.veil as Prusias, complained before the Ro- 
man!, of the hostilities of the king of Bithy- 
nia. Q. Flaminius was sent from Rome to 
settle the disputes of the two monarchs, and 
he was no sooner arrived in Bithynia, than 
Prusias, to gain his favour, prepared to de- 
liver to him, at his request, the celebrated 
Carthaginian, to whom he was indebted for 
all the advantages he had obtained over Eu- 
menes ; but Annibal prevented it by a volun- 
tary death. Prusias was obliged by the Ro- 
man ambassador to make a restitution of the 
provinces he had conquered, and by his mean- 
ness he continued to enjoy the favours of the 
Romans. When some time after he visited 
the capital of Italy, he appeared in the habit 
of a manumitted slave, calling himself the 
freed-man of the Romans ; and when he was 
introduced into the senate-house, he saluted 
the senators by the name of visible deities, of 
saviours and deliverers. Such abject beha- 
viour rendered him contemptible not only in 
the eyes of the Romans, but of his subjects, 
and when he returned home the Bithynians 
revolted, and placed his son Nicomedes on 
the throne. The banished monarch fled to 
Nicomedia, where he was assassinated near 
the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years before 
Christ. Some say that his son became his 
murderer. Prusias, according to Polybius, 
was the meanest of monarchs, without honesty, 
without morals, virtue, or principle; he was 
cruel and cowardly, intemperate and volup- 
tuous, and an enemy to all learning. He 
was naturally deformed, and he often ap- 
peared in public in the habit of a woman to 
render his deformities more visible.— Pol.— 
Li.—Jvs. 31. C. ISep. Ann.— Pin. Flam. 

PRYMNO, one of the Oceanides. 

PRY'TANEs, certain magistrates at Athens 
who presided over the senate, and had the 
privilege of assembling it when they pleased, 
festivals excepted. They generally met in a 
large hall, called prytaneum, where they 
gave audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted 
together with all those who had rendered 
signal service to their country. The Pry tanes 
were elected from the senators, which were 
in number 500, 50 of which were chosen from 
each tribe. When they were elected, the 
names of the 10 tribes of Athens were thrown 
into one vessel, and in another were placed 
nine biack beans and a white one. The tribe 
whose name was drawn with the white bean, 
presided the first, and the rest in the order 
in which they were drawn. They presided 
each for 35 days, as the year was divided into 
10 parts ; but it is unkno'wn what tribe pre- 
sided the rest of those days which were su- 



pernumerary. When the number of tribe* 
was increased to 12, each of the Prytanes 

presided one full month. Some of the prin 

eipal magistrates of Corinth were also called 
Prytanes. 

PRYTANIS, a king of Sparta, of thf. 

family of the Proclidse.— Pa. 2, c. 3ti. One 

of the friends of .Eneas killed bv Turnus. — 
V. Mn. 9, v. 767. 

PSA'MATHE, one of the Nereides, mother 
of Phocus bv ./Eacus, king of /Egina.— Apol. 
3, c. 12.— Ov. Me. 11, v. 398.— Flac. v. 364. 

A daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. 

She became mother of Linus by Apollo, and 
to conceal her shame from her father, she 
exposed her child, which was found by dogs 
and torn to pieces. — Pa. 1, c. 43. A foun- 
tain and town of Thebes. — Flac. 1, v. 364. 

PsAMATHOS, a town and port of Laconia. 
Pa. 3, c. 25. 

PSAMMENITUS, succeeded his father 
Amasis on the throne of Egypt. Cambyses 
made war against him, and as he knew that 
the Egyptians paid the greatest veneration 
to cats," the Persian monarch placed some of 
these animals at the head of his army, and 
the enemy, unable to defend themselves, and 
unwilling to kill those objects of adoration, 
were easily conquered. Psammenitus was 
twice beaten at Pelusium and in Memphis, 
and became one of the prisoners of Cambyses, 
who treated him with great humanity. Psam- 
menitus, however, raised seditions against the 
Persian monarch ; and attempted to make 
the Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to 
death by drinking bull's blood. He had 
reigned about six months. He flourished 
about 525 years before the Christian era. — 
Her. 3, c. 10. 

PSAMME'TICHUS, a king of Egypt. He 
was one of the twelve princes who shared the 
kingdom among themselves ; but as he was 
more popular than the rest, he was banished 
from his dominions, and retired into the 
marshes near the sea-shore. A descent of 
some of the Greeks upon Egypt, proved fa- 
vourable to his cause ; he joined the enemy, 
and defeated the 11 princes who had expelled 
him from the country. He rewarded the 
Greeks, by whose valour he had recovered 
Egypt, he allotted them some territory on 
the sea-coast, patronized the liberal arts, and 
encouraged commerce among his subjects 
He made useless inquiries to find the sources 
of the Nile, and he stopped by bribes and 
money, a large army of Scythians that were 
marching against him. He died 617 years 
before the Christian era,, and was buried in 
Minerva'6 temple at Sais. During his reign 
there was a contention among some of the 
neighbouring nations about the antiquity of 
their language. Psammetichus took a part in 
the contest. He confined two young children 
and fed them with milk ; the shepherd to 
whose care they were entrusted, was ordered 
never to speak to them, but to watch dili- 
gently their articulations. After some time 
the shepherd observed, that whenever he en- 
tered the place of their confinement they re- 
peatedly exclaimed Beccox, and he gave in- 
formation of this to the monarch. Psamme- 
tichus made inquiries, and found thai the 
SC 3 



PsA-PTO 



570 



PTO-PTO 



word Beccos signified bread in the Phoenician 
language, and from that circumstance, there- 
fore, it was universally concluded that the 
language of Phoenicia was of the greatest an- 
tiquity.— Her. 2, c. 28.— Poly. S.—Str. 16. 

A son of Gordius, brother to Periander, who 
held the tyranny at Corinth for three years, 
B. C. 584.— Arts. Po. 5, c. 12. 

PSAMMIS, or PSAMMUTHIS, a king of 
Egvpt, B. C. 376. 

PSAPHIS, a town on the confines of Attica 
and Boeotia. There was there an oracle of 
Amphiaraus. 

PSAPHO, a Libyan who taught a number 
of birds which he kept, to say, Psapho is a 
god, and afterwards gave them their liberty. 
Tne birds did not forget the words which 
they had been taught, and the Africans paid 
divine honours to Psapho.— £1. [Ov. Me. 3. 

PSECAS, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 

PSOPHIS, a town of Arcadia near the river 
Ervmanthus, who>e name it originally bore, 
and afterwards that of Phegia.— S. Th. 4, v. 

296.— Per. 8, c. 24.— Ov. Me. 5, v. 607. A 

river and town of Elis. A daughter of Eryx. 

A town of Acarnania. Another of Libya. 

PSYCHE, a nymph whom Cupid married 
and carried into a place of bliss, where he 
long enjoyed her company. Venus put her 
lo deaih because she had "robbed the world of 
her sou ; but Jupiter, at the request of Cupid, 
granted immortality to Psyche. The word 
signifies the soul, and this personification of 
Psyche first mentioued by Apuleius is poste- 
rior to the Augustan age, though still it is 
connected with ancient mythology. Psyche 
is generally represented with the wings of a 
butterrly to intimate the lightness of the soul, 
of which the butterfly is "a symbol, and on 
that account, anions the ancients, w hen a man 
had just expired, a butterfly appeared flutter- 
ing above, as if rising from the mouth of the 
deceased. 

PSYCHRU3, a river of Thrace. When 
sheep drank of its waters, they were said al- 
ways to bring forth black lambs.— Arts. 

PSYLLI, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, 
very expert in curing the venomous bite of 
serpents, which had ho fatal efiect upon them, 
Sir. 17.— Dio. 51, c. 14. — Luc. 9, v. 894.— Her. 
4, c. 174.— Pa. 9, c. 28. 

PTELEUM, a town of Thessaly on the 
borders of Bceotia.— Xuc.6,v.852.— Li.35, c. 43. 

PTERELAUS, a son of Taphius, presented 
with immortality by Neptune, provided he 
kept on his head a yellow lock. His daughter 
cut it off, and he died. He reigned at Ta 
phos in Argos. — Apol. 2, c. 4. 

PTERlA, a well-fortified town of Cappa 
docia. It was in the neighbourhood, accord 
ing to some, that Croesus was defeated by 
Cvrus.— Her. 1, c. 76. [8, c. 27. 

PTOLEDERM A, a town of Arcadia.— Pa. 

PTOLEM.&IJM, a certain place at Athens 
dedicated to exercise and studv. — Ci. 5. 

PTOLEMiEUS I. surnamed Lagus, a king 
of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who, when preg- 
nant by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, 
a man of mean extraction. [Fide Lagus.] 
Ptolemy was educated in the court of the king 
of .Macedonia : he became one of the friends 
and associates of Alexander, and w hen that 



monarch invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe 
attended him as one of his generals. During 
the expedition, he behaved with uncommon 
valour; he killed one of the Indian monarchs 
in single combat, and it was to his prudence 
and courage that Alexander was indebted for 
the reduction of the rock Aornus. After the 
conqueror's death, in the general division of 
the Macedonian empire, Ptolemy obtained as 
his share the government of Egypt, with Li- 
bya, and part of the. neighbouring territories 
of Arahia. In this appointment the governor 
soon gained the esteem of the people by acts 
of kindness, by benevolence, and clemency ; 
and though he did not assume the title of in- 
dependent monarch till 19 years after, yet he 
was so firmly established, that the attempts of 
Perdiccas to drive him away from his posses- 
sions proved abortive ; and Ptolemy^ after 
the murder of his rival by Grecian soldiers, 
might have added the kingdom of Macedonia 
to his Egy ptian territories. He made himself 
master or'Coelosy ria, Phoenicia, and the neigh- 
bouring coast of Syria, and when he had re- 
duced Jerusalem, he carried about 100,000 
prisoners to Egypt, to people the extensive 
city of Alexandria, which became the capital 
of his dominions. After he had rendered 
the?<e prisoners the most attached and faithful 
of his subjects by his liberality and the grant 
of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of 
king of Egypt, and soon after reduced Cyprus 
under his power. He made war with success 
against Demetrius and Antigonus, who dis- 
puted his right to the provinces of Syria ; and 
Irom the assistance he gave to the people of 
Rhodes against their common enemies, he re- 
ceived the name of Soter. While he extended 
his dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent of 
the advantages of his people. The bay of 
Alexandria being dangerous of access, he 
built a tower to conduct the sailors in the 
obscurity of the night, [Fide Pharos] and that 
his subjects might be acquainted with litera- 
ture, he laid the foundation of a library, 
which, under the succeeding reigns, became 
the most celebrated in the world. He also 
established in the capital of his dominions a 
society called museum, of which the mem- 
bers, maintained at the public expense, were 
employed in philosophical researches, and in 
the advancement of science and the liberal 
arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his 
age, after a reign of 39 years, about 284 years 
before Christ. He was succeeded by his sou 
Ptolemy Pniladelphus, who had been his 
partner on tile throne the last ten years of 
liis reign. Ptolemy Lagus has been com- 
mended for his abilities, not only as a sovereign, 
but as a writer, and among the many valu- 
able compositions which have been lost, we 
are to lament an history of Alexander the 
Great, by the king of Egypt, greatly admired 
and valued for elegance and authenticity. 
All his successors were called Ptolemies from 
him.— Pa. 10, c. 7.— Jus. 13.— Pol. 2.—Ar.— 

Curt. — Plu.Al. The second son of Ptolemy 

the First, succeeded his father on the Egyptian 
throne, and was called Philadelphia' by an- 
tiphrasis, because he killed two of his bro- 
thers. He showed himself worthy in even 
respect to succeed his great father, and cou 



pto— pto 



57 i 



PTO— PTO 



Scious of the advantages which arise from 
an alliance with powerful nations, he sent 
ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship 
"f the Romans, whose name and military re- 
putation had b come universally known for 
the victories which they had just obtained over 
Pyrrhiiss and the Tarentines. His ambassa- 
dors A'ere received with marks of the greatest 
attention, and immediately after four Roman 
senators came to Alexandria, where they 
gained the admiration of the monarch and of 
his subjects, and by refusing the crowns of 
gold and rich presents which were offered 
to them, convinced the worid of the virtue 
and of the disinterestedness of their nation. 
But while Ptolemy strengthened himself bv 
alliances with foreign powers, the interna'l 
peace of his kingdom was disturbed by the 
revolt of Magas his brother, king of Cyrene. 
The -edition, however, was stopped, though 
kindled by Antiochus, king of Syria, and tlie 
death of the rebellious prince re-established 
peace for some time in the family of Phila 
tlelphus. Antiochus, theSyrian king, married 
Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy, and the 
father, though old and infirm, conducted his 
daughter to her husband's kingdom, and as- 
sisted at the nuptials. Philadelphia died in 
the 64th year of his age, 246 years before the 
Christian era. He left two sons and a daugh- 
ter, by Arsinoe, the daughter of Lysima- 
cluis. He had afterwards married his sister 
Arsinoe, whom he loved with uncommon 
tenderness, and to whose memory he began 
to erect a celebrated monument. [Vide 
Dinocrates.] During the whole of his reign, 
Philadelphia was employed in exciting in- 
dustry, and in encouraging the liberal arts 
and useful knowledge among his subjects. 
The inhabitants of the adjacent countries 
were allured by promises and presents to in- 
crease the number of the Egyptian subjects, 
and Ptolemy could boast of" reigning over 
3.3,339 well "peopled cities. He gave every 
possible encouragement to commerce, and by 
keeping two powerful fleets, one in the Me- 
diterranean, and the other in the Red Sea, he 
made Egypt the mart of the world. His 
army consisted of 200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, 
besides 300 elephants, and 2000 armed chariots. 
With justice therefore he has been called the 
richest of all the princes and monarchs of his 
age, and indeed the remark is not false when 
it is observed, that at his death he left in bis 
treasury 7-50,000 Egyptian talents, a sum 
equivalent to two hundred millions sterling. 
His palace was the asylum of learned men, 
whom be admired and patronized. He paid 
particular attention to Euclid, Theocritus, 
Callimachus, and Lycophron, and by in- 
creasing the library which his father had 
founded, he showed his taste for learning, 
and his wish to encourage genius. This cele- 
brated librarv at his death contained 200,000 
volumes of the best and choicest books, and 
\t s\as afterwards increased to 700,000 volumes. 
P:rt of it was burnt by the flames of Caesar's 
/ieet when he set it on (ire to save himself, a 
circumstance, however, not mentioned by the 
general, and the whole was again magnifi- 
cently repaired by Cleopatra, who added to 
the Egyptian library that of the kings of Per- 



gamus. It is said tna t the Old Tesfamen 
was translated into Greek during his reign, 
a translation which has been called Septua- 
gint, because translated by the labours of 70 
different persons.— Eut. — Ju. 17, c. 2.— Li. 
—Plu.—Th.-Ath. 12.— PI. 13, c. 12.— 1M. 

42.— Gel. 6, c. 17. The Third, succeeded his 

father Philadelphia on the Egyptian throne. 
He early engaged in a war against Antiochus 
Theus, for his unkindness to Berenice the 
Egyptian king's sister, whom he had married 
with tiie consent of Philadelphus. With the 
most rapid success he conquered Syria and 
Ciiicia, and advanced as far as the Tigris, but 
a sedition at home stopped his progress, and 
he returned to Egypt loaded with the spoils 
of conquered nations. Among the immense 
riches which he brought he had above 2500 
statues of the Egyptian gods, which Camby- 
ses had carried away into Persia when he 
conquered Egypt. These were restored to 
the temples, and the Egyptians called their 
sovereign Evergeles, in "acknowledgment of 
his attention, beneficence, and religious zeal 
for the gods of his country. The last years 
of Ptolemy's reign were passed in peace, if 
we expect the refusal of the Jews to pay the 
tribute of 20 silver talents, which their ances- 
tors had always paid to the Egyptian mo- 
narchs. He also interested himself in the 
affairs of Greece, and assisted Cleomenes the 
Spartan king against the leaders of the 
Achaean league ; but he had the mortification 
to see his ally defeated, and even a fugitive 
in Egypt. Evergetes died 221 years hefore 
Christ," after a reign of 25 years, "and like his 
two illustrious predecessors, he was the patron 
of learning, and indeed he is the last of the 
Lagides who gained popularity among his 
subjects by clemency, moderation, and hu- 
manity, and who commanded respect even 
from his enemies, by valour, prudence, and 
reputation. It is said that he deposited 15 
talents in the hands of the Athenians, to be 
permitted to translate the original manu- 
scripts of iEschylus, Euripides, ami Sophocles. 

— Pin. Ci.— Pol. 2. -Ju. 29. The Fourth, 

succeeded his father Evergetes on the throne 
of Egypt, and received the surname of P'n- 
lopaler by antiphrasis, because, according L » 
some historians, he destroyed his father by 
poison. He began his reign witli acts of ti e 
greatest cruelty, and he successively sacri- 
ficed to his avarice his own mother, his wife, 
his sister, and Ids brother. He received the 
name of Tiphon from his extravagance and 
debauchery, and that of Gallus, because he 
appeared in the streets of Alexandria like 
one of the bacchanals, and with all the ges- 
tures of the priests of Cibele. In the midst 
of his pleasures, Phi lopa'ter was called to war 
against Antiochus, king of Syria, and at the 
head of a powerful army he soon invaded 
his enemies' territories, and might have 
added the kingdom of Syria to Egypt, if he 
had made a prudent use of the victories 
which attended his arms. In his return he 
visited Jerusalem, but the Jews prevented 
him forcibly from entering their temple, fo' 
which insolence to his majesty the monarch 
determined to extirpate the whole nation. 
He ordered an immense number of Jewu ta 



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572 



PTO-PTO 



he exposed in a plain, and trodden under the 
/Vet of elephants, but, by a supernatural 
stiuct, the generous animals turned their 
Airy not on those that had been devoted to 
death, but upon the Egyptian spectators. 
Tiiis circumstance terrified Philopater, and 
he behaved with more than common kindness 
to a nation which he had so lately devoted to 
destruction. In the latter partof his reign, the 
Romans,whom a dangerous war with Carthage 
had weakened, but at the same time roused 
to superior activity, renewed, for political 
reasons, the treaty of alliance which had 
been made with the Egyptian monarchs. 
Philopater at last, weakened and enervated 
by intemperance and continual debauchery, 
died in the 37th year of his age, after a reign 
of 17 years, 204 years before the Christian 
era. His death was immediately followed by 
the murder of the companions of his volup"- 
tuousness and extravagance, and their car- 
casses were dragged with the greatest igno- 
miny through the streets of Alexandria.— Pol. 

—Jus. 30,—Plu. Cie. The Fifth, succeeded 

his father Philopater as king of Egypt, though 
only in the 4th year of his age. During the 
years of his minority, he was under the pro- 
tection of Sosicius and of Aristomenes, by 
whose prudent administration, Antiochus was 
dispossessed of the provinces of Coelosyria 
^nd Palestine, which lie had conquered* by 
war. The Romans also renewed their al- 
iiance with him after their victories over 
Annibal, and the conclusion of the second 
Punic war. This flattering embassy induced 
Aristomenes to offer the care of the patron- 
age of the young monarch to the Romans, 
but the regent was confirmed in his honour- 
able office, and by makins a treaty of al- 
liance with the 'people of Achaia, he con- 
vinced the Egyptians that he was qualified to 
wield the sceptre and to govern the nation. 
But now that Ptolemy had reached his I4th 
year, according to the laws and customs of 
Egypt, the years of his minority had expired. 
He received the surname of 'Epiphanes, or 
Illustrious, and was crowned at Alexandria, 
with the greatest solemnity, and the faithful 
Aristomenes resigned into his hands an em- 
pire which he had governed with honour to 
himself, and with credit to his sovereign. 
Young Ptolemy was no sooner delivered from 
the shackles of a superior, than he betrayed 
tiie same vices which had characterized his 
father, the counsels of Aristomenes were de- 
spised, and the minister, who, for ten years 
had governed the kingdom with equity and 
moderation, was sacrificed to the caprice of 
the sovereign, who abhorred him for the salu- 
tary advice" which his own vicious inclina- 
tions did not permit him to follow. His 
cruelties raised seditions among his subjects, 
but these were twice quelled by the prudence 
and the moderation of one. Polycrates, the 
most faithful of his corrupt ministers. In 
the midst of his extravagance, Epiphanes did 
not forget his alliance with the Romans ; 
above all others he showed himself eager to 
cultivate friendship with a nation from whom 
he could derive so many advantages, and 
during their war against Antiochus, he of- 
'€re.d to assist them with money against a 



monarch, whose daughter Cleopatra he had 
married, but whom he iiated on account of 
the seditions he raised in the very heart of 
Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, 180 years 
before Christ, Ptolemy was poisoned by his 
ministers, whom he had threatened to rob of 
their possessions, to carry on a war against 

Seleucus, king of Syria.— Li. 35, 13.— Jus. 

The Sixth, succeeded his father Epiphanes on 
the Egyptian throne, and received the sur- 
name of Philomelor, on account of his hatred 
against his mother Cleopatra. He was in the 
sixth year of his age when he ascended the 
throne, and during his minority the kingdom 
was governed by his mother, and at her 
dearft by an eunuch, who was one of his 
favourites. He made war against Antiochus 
Epiphanes, king of Syria, to recover the pro- 
vinces of Palestine and Coelosyria, which 
were part of the Egyptian dominions, and 
after several successes, he fell into the hands 
of his enemy, who detained him in confine- 
ment. During the captivity of Philometor, 
the Egyptian's raised to the throne his 
younger brother Ptolemy Eversjet.es, or 
Physcon, also son of Epiphanes, but he was 
no sooner established in his power, than An- 
tiochus turned his arms against Egypt, drove 
the usurper, and restored Philometor to all 
his rights and privileges as king of Egypt. 
This artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon 
comprehended by Philometor, and when he 
saw that Pelusium, the dey of Egypt, had re- 
mained in the hands of his Syrian ally, he 
recalled his brother Physcon, and made" him 
partner on the throne, and concerted with 
him how to repel their common enemy. 
This union of interest in the two royal bro- 
thers incensed Antiochus; he entered Egypt 
with a large army, but the Romans checked 
his progress and obliged him to retire. No 
sooner were they delivered from the impend- 
ing war, than Philometor and Physcon, whom 
the fear of danger had united, began with 
mutual jealousy to oppose each other's views. 
Physcon was at last banished by the superior 
power of his brother, and as he could find no 
support in Egypt, he immediately repaired 
to Rome. To excite more effectually the 
compassion of the Romans, and to gain then- 
assistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, 
and took his residence in the most obscure 
corner of the city. He received an audience 
from the senate, and the Romans settled the 
dispute between the two royal brothers, by 
making them independent of one another, 
and giving the government of Libya and Cy- 
rene to Physcon, and confirming Philometor 
in the possession of Egypt, and~the island of 
Cyprus. These terms of accommodation 
were gladly accepted, but Physcon soon 
claimed the" dominion of Cyprus, and in this 
he was supported by the Romans, who wished 
to aggrandize themselves by the diminution 
of the Egyptian power. Philometor refused 
to deliver up the island of Cyprus, and to 
call away his brother's attention, he fomented 
the seeds of rebellion in Cyrene. But the 
death of Philometor, 145 years before the 
Christian era, left Physcon master of Egypt, 
and all the dependent provinces. Philometor 
has been commended by some historians for 



PTO-PTO 



573 



PTO-PTO 



his clemencv and moderation.— Diod.—Li.— 

Vol, TheSeventh Ptolemy,surnamed Phys- 

roii, onaccountof the prominence of his belly, 
ascended the throne of Egypt after the death 
»f his brother Philometor, and as he had 
lc'igned for some time conjointly with him, 
Vide PtolemsEUs Sixth.] his succession was 
approved, though the wife and the son of the 
deceased monarch laid claim to the crown. 
Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the 
Jews, and it was at last agreed that Physcon 
should marry the queen, and that her son 
should succeed on the throne at his death. 
The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
on tiiat very day the tyrant murdered Cleo- 
patra's son in her arms. He ordered himself 
to be called Evergetes, but the Alexandrians 
refused to do it, and stigmatized him with 
the appellation of Kakergetes, or e\ y doer, 
a surname which he deserved by his t\,.anny 
and oppression. A series of barbarities ren- 
dered him odious, but as no one attempted to 
rid Egypt of her tyrant, the Alexandrians 
abandoned their habitations, and fled from a 
place which continually streamed with the 
blond of their massacred fellow citizens. If 
their migration proved fatal to the commerce 
and prosperity of Alexandria, it was of the 
most essential service to the countries where 
they retired ; and the numbers of Egyptians 
that sought a safer asylum in Greece and 
Asia, introduced among the inhabitants of 
those countries the different professions that 
were practised with success in the capital of 
Egypt. Physcon endeavoured to re-people 
the city which his cruelty had laid desolate ; 
but the fear of sharing the fate of its former 
inhabitants prevailed more than the promise 
of riches, rights, and immunities. The kin^ 
at last, disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated 
her, and married her daughter by Philome- 
tor, called also Cleopatra. He still continued 
to exercise the greatest cruelty upon his sub- 
ects, but the prudence and vigilance of his 
' inisters kept the people in tranquillity, till 
all Egypt revolted when the king had basely 
murdered all the young men of Alexandria. 
Without fnends or support in Egypt, he fied 
to Cyprus, and Cleopatra, the divorced 
queen, ascended the throne. In his banish- 
ment, Physcon dreaded lest the Alexandrians 
should also place the crown on the head of 
his son, by his sister Cleopatra, who was then 
governor of Cyrene, and under these appre- 
hensions he sent for the young prince, called 
IVIemphitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as 
soon as he reached the shore. To make the 
barbarity more complete he sent the limbs 
of Memphitis to Cleopatra, and they were 
received as the queen was going to celebrate 
her birth-day. Soon after this he invaded 
E>rypt with an army, and obtained a victory 
ove'r the forces of Cleopatra, who, being left 
without friends or assistance, fled to her 
eldest daughter Cleopatra, who had married 
Demetrius, king of Syria. This decisive 
blow restored Physcon to his throne, where 
he continued to reign for some time, hated 
by his subjects, and feared by his enemies. 
He died ac Alexandria in the 67th year of his 
age, after a reign of '29 years, about 116 
yvars before Christ. Some authors have ex- 



tolled Physcon for his fondness for literature ; 
they have observed, that from his extensivp 
knowledge he was called the philologist, and 
that he wrote a comment upon Homer, be- 
sides an history in 24 books, admired for its 
elegance, and often quoted by succeeding 
authors whose pen was employed on the same 

subject.— Biod.—Jus. 3%.—Ath. I.—Porp. 

The Eighth, surnamed Lathyrus, from an ex- 
crescence like a pea on the nose, succeeded his 
father Physcon as king of Egypt. He had 
no sooner ascended the throne, than his 
mother Cleopatra, who reigned conjointly 
with him, expelled him to Cyprus, and 
placed the crown on the head of his brother 
Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite son. La- 
thvrus, banished from Egypt, became king of 
Cyprus, and soon after lie appeared at the 
head of a large armv, to make war against 
Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judea, through 
whose assistance and intrigue he had been 
expelled by Cleopatra. The Jewish monarch 
was conquered, and 00,000 of his men were 
left on the held of battle. Lathyrus, after 
he had exercised the greatest cruelty upon 
the Jews, and made vain attempts to recover 
the kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till 
the death of his brother Alexander restored 
him to his native dominions. Some of the 
cities of Egypt refused to acknowledge him 
as their sovereign, and Thebes, for its ob- 
stinacy, was closely besieged for three suc- 
cessive years, and from a powerful and popu- 
lous city, it was reduced to ruins. In the latter 
part of his reign, Lathyrus was called upon 
to assist the Romans with a navy for the con- 
quest of Athens, but Lucullus, who had been 
sent to obtain the wanted supply, though 
received with kingly honours, was dismissed 
with evasive and unsatisfactory answers, and 
the monarch refused to part with troops 
which he deemed necessary to preserve the 
peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus died 81 
years before the Christian era, after a reign 
of 36 years since the death of his father 
Physcon ; eleven of which he had passed witlf 
his mother Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne, 
eighteen in Cyprus, and seven after his 
mother's death. He was succeeded by his 
only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander, 
the son of Ptolemy Alexander, by means of 
the dictator Syila, soon after married and 
murdered.— Jo*. Hist.— Jus. 39.- Pin. Luc. 
—App. Mith. The Ninth. [Vide Alex- 
ander Ptolemy First ;— for the Tenth Ptolemy, 
vide Alexander Ptolemy Second; — for the 

Eleventh, vide Alexander Ptolemy Third. 

The Twelfth, the illegitimate son of Lath* 
rus, ascended the throne of Egypt at the 
death of Alexander the Third. He received 
the surname of Auletes, because he pbye<i 
skilfully on the flute. His rise showed 
great marks of prudence and circumspec- 
tion ; and as his predecessors, by his will, 
had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Ro- 
mans, Auletes knew that he could not be 
firmly established on his throne, without the 
approbation of the Roman senate. He was 
successful in his applications, and Caesar, 
who was then consul, and in want of money* 
established his succession, and granted him 
the alliance of the Romans, after he had re- 



PTO— PTO 



574 



PTO— PTO 



reived the enormous sura of about a million 
and 162,5001. sterling 1 . But these measures 
rendered him unpopular at home, and when 
he had suffered the Romans quietly to take 
possession of Cyprus, the Egyptians" revolted, 
and Auletes was obliged to fly from his king- 
dom, and seek protection among the most 
powerful of his allies. His complaints were 
heard at Rome, at first with indifference, 
and the murder of 100 noblemen of Alexan- 
dria, whom the Egyptians had sent to justify 
their proceedings before the Roman senate, 
rendered him unpopular and suspected. 
Pompey, however, supported his cause, and 
the senators decreed to re-establish Auletes 
on his throne ; but as they proceeded slowly 
in the execution of their plans, the monarch 
retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he lay 
concealed for some time iu the temple of 
Diana. During his absence from Alexan- 
dria, his daughter Berenice had made her- 
self absolute, and established herself on the 
throne by a marriage with Archelaus, a 
priest of Bellona's temple at Comana, but 
she was soon driven from Egypt, when Ga- 
binius, at the head of a Roman army, ap- 
proached to replace Auletes on his throne. 
Auletes was no sooner restored to power, 
than he sacrificed to his ambition his daugh- 
ter Berenice, and behaved with the greatest 
ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, a Ro- 
man who had supplied him with money 
when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes 
died four years after his restoration, about 
51 years before the Christian era. He left 
two sons and two daughters, and by his will 
ordered the eldest of his sons to marry the 
eldest of his sisters, and to ascend with her 
the vacant throne. As these children were 
young, the dying monarch recommended 
them to the protection and paternal care of 
the Romans, and accordingly Pompey the 
Great was appointed by the senate to be 
their patron and their guardian. Their 
reign was as turbulent as that of their pre- 
decessors, and it is remarkable for no un- 
common events, only we may observe that 
the young queen was the Cleopatra who 
soon" after became so celebrated as being 
the mistress of J. Caesar, the wife of M. An- 
tony, and the last of the E°rvptian monarchs 
of the family of Lagus.— Ci. Rab.—Str. 17. 

— Dio. 39. — App. Civ. The 13th, surnamed 

Dionysius or Bacchus, ascended the throne 
of Egypt conjointly with his sister Cleopa- 
tra, whom he had married, according to the 
directions of his father Auletes. He was 
under the care and protection of Pompey 



perfidy, and when he arrived at Alexandria, 
he found the king of Egypt as faithless to 
his cause as to that of his fallen enemy. 
Caesar sat as judge to hear the various 
claims of the brother and sister to the throne ; 
and to satisfy the people, he ordered the 
will of Auletes to be read, and confirmed 
Ptolemy and Cleopatra in the possession of 
Egypt, "and appointed the two younger chil- 
dren masters of the island of Cvprus. This 
fair and candid decision might have left no 
room for dissatisfaction, but Ptolemy was 
governed by cruel and avaricious ministers, 
and therefore he refused to acknowledge 
Caesar as a judge or a mediator. The Ro- 
man enforced his authority by arms, and 
three victories were obtained over the 
Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been 
for some time a prisoner in the hands of 
Caesar, now headed his armies, but a defeat 
was fatal, and as he attempted to save his 
life by flight, he was drowned in the Nile, 
about 36 years before Christ, and three years 
and eight months after the death of Auletes. 
Cleopatra, at the death of her brother, be- 
came sole mistress of Egypt; but as the 
Egyptians were no friends to female govern- 
ment, Caesar obliged her to marry her 
younger brother Ptolemy, who was then in 
"the eleventh vear of his age.— App. Civ. — 
Cats. Alex.—Str. \l.—Jos. Ant.— Bio.— Flu. 

Ant.— Sue. C<e. APION, king of Cyrene, 

was the illegitimate son of Ptolemy Phys- 
con. After a reign of twenty years he died, 
and as he had no children, he made the Ro- 
mans heirs of his dominions. The Romans 
presented his subjects with their indepen- 
dence.— Li. 70. CERAUNUS, a son of 

Ptolemy Soter, by Eurydice the daughter of 
Antipat'er. Unable to succeed to the throne 
of Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of Se- 
leucus, where he was received with friendly 
marks of attention. Seleucus was then king 
of Macedonia, an empire which he had lately 
acquired bv the death of Lysimachus in a 
battle in Phrvgia, but his reign was short, 
and Ceraunus perfidiously murdered him 
and ascended his throne, 280 B. C. The 
murderer, however, could not be firmly es- 
tablished in Macedonia, as long as Arsinoe 
the widow, and the children of Lysimachus, 
were alive, and entitled to claim his king- 
dom as the lawful possession of their father. 
To remove these obstacles, Ceraunus made 
offers of marriage to Arsinoe, who was his 
own sister. The queen at first refused, but 
the protestations and solemn promises of 
the usurper at last prevailed upon her to 



the Great, [Vide Ptolemaeus XII., J but the consent. The nuptials, however, were no 
wickedness and avarice of his ministers j sooner celebrated, than Ceraunus murdered 
soon obliged him to reign independent. He ! the two young princes, and confirmed his 
was then in the 13th year of his age, when ! usurpation by rapine and cruelty. But now 



his guardian, after the fatal battle of Phar- 
came to the shores of Egypt, and 



three powerful princes claimed the kingdom 
»f Macedonia as their own ; Antiochus, the 



claimed his protection. He ?=iu-->ed to grant . son of Seleucus ; Antigonus, the son of De- 
the required assistance, and by the advice of i metrius ; and Pyrrhus, the king of Epirtis. 
his rainistcr? be basely murdered Pompey, These enemies, however, were soon removed, 
aftey he had brought him to shore under the i Ceraunus conquered Antigonus in the field 
mask cf friendship and cordiality. To curry of battle, and stopped the hostilities of his 
the favour of the conqueror of Pharsalia", ' two other rivals by promises and money. 
Ptolemy cut off the head of Pompev, but Re did not long remain inactive : a barbiriaa 
Caesar turned with indignation from audi \ army of Gairts claimed a tribute from him, 



PTO— PTO 



575 



PTO— PUB 



and the monarch immediately marched to 
meet them in the field. The battle was long j 
and bloody. The Macedonians might have 
obtained the victory, if Ceraunus had shown) 
more prudence. He was thrown down from 
Ids elephant, and taken prisoner by the ene- 
my, who immediately tore his body to pieces. 
Ptolemy had been king- of Macedonia onlv 

18 months.— Jus. 1\.—Pa. 10, c. 10. Ah 

illegitimate son of Ptolemy Lathyrus, king 
of Cyprus, of which he was tyrannically 
dispossessed by the Romans. Cato was at 
the head of the forces which were sent 
against Ptolemy by the senate, and the 
Roman general proposed to the monarch to 
retire from the throne, and to pass the rest 
of his days in the obscure office of high 
priest in the temple of Venus at Paphos. 
I'hit offer was rejected with the indignation 
which it merited, and the monarch poisoned 
himself at the approach of the enemy. The 
treasures found in the island amounted to 
the enormous sum of l,35o,250z. sterling-, 
which were carried to Rome bv the con- 
querors.— Plu. Cat.—Va. Ma. 9.—Flor. 3. 

A man who attempted to make himself 

king of Macedonia, in opposition to Perdic- 

cas. He was expelled by Pelopidas. A 

son of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, by Antigone, 
the daughter of Berenice. He was left 
governor of Epirus, when Pyrrhus went to 
Italy to assist the Tarentines against the 
Romans, where he presided with great pru- 
dence and moderation. He was killed, 
bravely fighting, in the expedition which 
Pyrrhus undertook against Sparta and Argos. 

An eunuch, by whose friendly assistance 

Mithridates the Great saved his life after a 

battle with Lucullus. Aking of Epirus, who 

died very young, as he was marching an 
army against the /Etolians, who had seized 

part of his dominions. — Jus. 28. A king 

of Chalcidica in Syria, about30 years before 
Christ. He opposed Pompey when he in- 
vaded Syria, but he was defeated in the at- 
tempt, and the conqueror spared his life 
only upon receiving 1000 talents.— Jos. Ant. 
13. A nephew of Antigonus who com- 
manded an army in the Peloponnesus. He 
revolted from his uncle to Cassander, and 
some time after he attempted to bribe the 
soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, 
who had invited him to his camp. He was 
seized and imprisoned for this treachery, and 
the Egyptian monarch at last ordered him 

to drink hemlock. A son of Seleucus, 

killed in the celebrated battle which was 
fought at Issus, between Darius and Alexan- 
der the Great. A son of Juba, made king 

of Mauritania. He was son of Cleopatra 
Selene, the daughter of M. Antony and the 
celebrated Cleopatra. He was put to death 

bv Caius Caligula.— Dio.—Ta. An. II. A 

Jriend of Otho. A favourite of Antiochtis, 

king of Syria. He was surnamed Macron. 
A Jew, famous for his cruelty and ava- 
rice. He was for some time governor of 

Jericho, about 135 years before Christ. A 

powerful Jew during the troubles which dis- 
turbed the peace of Judaea, in the reign of 

Augustus. A son of Antony by Cleopatra, 

purnamed Philadflphus by his father, and 
made master of Phoenicia, Syria, and all the 



territories of Asia Minor, which were situ- 
ated between the jflgean and the Euphrates. 

— Plu. Ant. A general of Herod, king of 

Judaea. -A son of Chrysermus, who visited 

Cleomenes, king of Sparta, when imprisoned 

in Egypt. A governor of Alexandria, put 

to death by Cleomenes. CLAUDIUS, a 

celebrated geographer and astrologer in the 
reign of Adrian and Antoninus. He was a 
native of Alexandria, or, according to 
others, of Pelusium, and on account of his 
great learning, he received the name of 
most wise and most divine, among the 
Greeks. In his system of the world, he 
places the earth in the centre of the. uni- 
verse, a doctrine universally believed and 
adopted till the 16th century, when it was 
confuted and rejected by Copernicus. His 
geography is valued for its learning and the 
very useful information which it gives. Be- 
sides his system and geography, Ptolemy 
wrote other books, in one of which he gives 
an account of the fixed stars, of 1022 of 
which he gives the certain and definite 
longitude and latitude. 

PTOLEMATS, a town of Thebaisin Egypt, 
called after the Ptolemies, who beautified it. 
There was also another city of the same 
name in the territories of Cyrene. It was 
situate on the sea-coast, and, according to 
some, it was the same as Barce. [Vide 

Barce.] A city of Palestine, called also 

Aeon.— Me. 1,8.1. 3, 8.— PI. 2, C 73.— Str. 14. 

PTO'LYCUS, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil 
to Critias, the Athenian.— Pa. 6, c. 3. 

PTOUS, a son of Athamas and Themisto, 
who gave his name to a mountain of Boeolia, 
uponWhich he built a temple to Apollo sur- 
named Ptous. The god had also a celebrated 
oracle on mount Ptous.— Plu. or. def.—Pa. 
9, 23.— Apol. 1, c. 9. 

PUBLIC] US, a Roman freedman, so much 
like Pompey tbe Great, that they were often 
confounded* together.— Fa. Ma. 9, c. 14. 

PUBLICIA LEX, forbad any person to 
play with bad or fraudulent designs. 

PUBLIC'OLA, a name given to Publius 
Valerius, on account of his great popularity. 
[Vide Valerius.]— Phi. Pub.— Li. 2, c. s.— 
PI. .SO, C 15. 

PUBLILIA LEX, was made by Publilius 
Philo the dictator, A. U. C. 445. It per- 
mitted one of the censors to be elected from 
the plebeians, since one of the consuls was 

chosen from that body. — Li. 8, c. 12. 

Another, by which it was ordained, that all 
laws should be previously approved by the 
senators, before they were proposed by the 
people. 

PUBLICS SYRUS, a Syrian mimic poet, 
who flourished about 44 years before Christ. 
He was originally a slave sold to a Roman 
patrician, called Domitius, who brought him 
up with great attention, and gave him his 
freedom when of age. He gained the es- 
teem of the most powerful at Rome, and 
reckoned J. Caesar among his patrons. He 
soon eclipsed the poet Laberius, whose bur- 
lesque compositions were in general esteem. 
There remains of Publius a collection of 
moral sentences, written in iambics, and 
placed in alphabetical order. 
PUBLIUS, a prEenomen common among 



PUB— PUN 

the Romans. CAIUS, a man who con- 
spired with Brutus against J. Caesar. A 

praetor who conquered Palaepolis. He was 
only a plebeian, and though neither consul 
not dictator, lie obtained a triumph in spite 
of the opposition of the senators. He was 
the first that was honoured with a triumph 

during a praetorship. A Roman consul 

who defeated the Latins, and was made dic- 
tator. A Roman flatterer in the court of 

Tiberius. A tribune who accused Manlius, 

&c. 

PUDI'CITA, a goddess who, as her name 
implies, presided over chastity. She had 
two temples at Rome. — Festus de V. sig. — 
Li. 10, c. 7. 

PULCHER1A, a daughter of the emperor 
Theo. osius the Great, famous for her piety, 

moderation, and virtues. A daughter of 

Arcadius, who held the government of the 
Roman empire for many years. She was 
mother of Valentinian. Her piety, and her 
private as well as public virtues, have been 
universally admired. She died A. D. 452, 
and was "interred at Ravenna, where her 

tomb is still to be seen. A sister of Theo- 

doMiis, who reigned absolute for some time 
in the Roman empire. 

PULCHRUM, a promontory near Car- 
thage, now Rasa/ran.— Li. 29, c. 27. 

PULLUS, a surname of Numitorius. 

PU'NICUM BELLUM. The first Punic 
war was undertaken bv the Romans asrainst 
Carthage, B. C. 264. The ambition of Rome 
was the origin of this war. For upwards of 
310 years the twn nations had beheld with se- 
cret jealousy each other's power, but they had 
totally eradicated every cause ofcontentions, 
by settling, in three different treaties, the 
boundaries of their re>pective territories, 
the number of their allies, and how far one 
nation might sail in the Mediterranean with- 
out giving offence to the other. Sicily, an 
island of the highest consequence to the 
Carthaginians as a commercial nation, was 
the seat of the first dissensions. The Ma- 
mertini, a body of Italian mercenaries, were 
appointed by the king of Syracuse to guard 
the town of Messana. but this tumultuous 
tribe, instead of protecting the citizens, 
oasely massacred them, and seized their pos- 
sessions. This act of cruelty raised the in- 
dignation of all the Sicilians, and Hiero, 
king of Syracuse, who had employed them, 
prepared 'to punish their perfidy : and the 
Mamertini, besieged in Messana, and with- 
out friends or resources, resolved to throw 
themselves for protection into the hands of 
the first power that could relieve them. 
They were, however, divided in their senti- 
ments, and while some implored the assist- 
ance of Carthage, others called upon the 
Romans for protection. Without hesitation 
or dtlay, the Carthaginians entered Mes- 
sana, and the Romans also hastened to give 
to the Mamertini that aid which had been 
claimed from them with as much eagerness 
as from the Carthaginians. At the approach 
of the Roman troops, the Mamertini, who 
had implored their assistance, took up arms, 
and forced the Carthaginians to evacuate 
Messana. Fresh forces were poured in cn 



PUN- PUN 

every sTde, and though Carthage seemed 
superior in arms and in resources, yet the 
valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily 
appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the 
the Syracusan king, who had hitherto em- 
braced the interest of the Carthaginians, 
became the most faithful ally of the republic. 
From a private quarrel the war became 
general. The Romans obtained a victory 
in Sicily, but as their enemies were mas- 
ters at &ea, the advantages they gained 
were 6mall and inconsiderable. To make 
themselves equal to their adversaries, they 
aspired to the dominion of the sea, and in 
sixty days timber was cut down, and a fleet 
of 120 gallies completely manned and pro- 
visioned. The successes they met with at 
sea were trivial, and little advantage cnuld 
be gained over an enemy that were sailors 
by actual practice and long experience. 
Duilius at last obtained a victory, and he 
was the first Roman who ever received a 
triumph after a naval battle. The losses 
they had already sustained, induced the 
Carthaginians to 6ue for peace, and the 
Romans, whom an unsuccessful descent 
upon Africa, under Regulus, [Fide Regulus,} 
had rendered diffident, listened to the pro- 
posal, and the first Punic war ivas concluded 
B. C. 241, on the following terms :— -The 
Carthaginians pledged themselves to pay to 
the Romans, within twenty years, the sum 
of 3000 Huboic talents ; they promised to re- 
lease all the Roman captives without ran- 
som, to evacuate Sicily, and the other is- 
lands in the Mediterranean, and not to mo- 
lest Hiero, king of Syracuse, or his allies. 
After this treaty, the Carthaginians, who had 
lost the dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, 
made new conquests in Spain, and soon be- 
gan to repair their losses by industry and 
labour. They planted colonies, and secretly 
prepared to revenge themselves upon tin ir 
powerful rivals. The Romans were not 
insensible of their successes in Spain, and 
to stop their progress towards Italy, they 
made a stipulation with the Carthaginians, 
by which they were not permitted to cross 
the Iberus, or to molest the cities of their 
allies the Saguntines. This was for some 
time observed, but when Annibal succeeded 
to the command of the Carthaginian ar- 
mies in Spain, he spurned the boundaries 
which the jealousy of Rome had set to his 
arms, and he immediately formed the siege 
of Saguntum. The Romans were apprised 
of the hostilities which had been begun 
against their allies, but Saguntum was in the 
hands of the active enemy before they had 
taken any steps to oppose him. Complaints 
were carried to Carthage, and war was de- 
termined upon by the influence of Annibal in 
the Carthaginian senate. Without delay or 
diffidence, B. C. 218, Annibal marched a nu- 
merous army of 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse, 
towards Italy, resolved to carry on the war 
to the gates of Rome. He crossed the Rhone, 
the Alps, and the Apennines, with uncom- 
mon celerity, and the Roman consuls who 
were stationed to stop his progress, were 
severally defeated. The battles of Treb a, 
of Ticinus, and of the lake of Thrasymenus 



576 



PUN-PUN 



577 



PUN— PUN 



threw Rome into the greatest apprehensions, 
but the prudence and the dilatory measures 
of the dictator Fabius soon taught them to 
hope for better times. Yet the conduct of 
Fubius was universally censured as coward- 
ice, and the two consuls who succeeded, him 
iu the command, by pursuing a different plan 
of operations, soon brought on a decisive 
action at Cannae, in which 45,000 Romans 
were left in the field of battle. Tbie bloody 
victory caused so much consternation at 
Rome, that gome authors have declared that 
if Annibal had immediately marched from 
the plains of Cannae to the city, he would 
have met with no resistance, but would have 
terminated a long and dangerous war with 
glory to himself, and the most inestimable 
advantages to his country. This celebrated 
victory at Cannae left the" conqueror master 
of two camps, and of an immense booty ; 
and the cities which had hitherto observed" a 
neutrality, no sooner saw the defeat of the 
Romans, than they eagerly embraced the in- 
terest of Carthage. The news of this victory 
was carried to Carthage by Mago, and the 
Carthaginians refused to believe it till three 
bushels of golden rings were spread before 
them, which had been taken from the Ro- 
man knights in the field of battle. After this 
Annibal called his brother Asdrubal from 
Spain with a large reinforcement ; but the 
march of Asdrubal was intercepted by the 
Romans, his army was defeated, and himself 
slain. Affairs now had taken a different turn, 
and Marcellus, who had the command of the 
Roman legions in Italy, soon taught his 
countrymen that Annibal was not invincible 
in the field. In different parts of the world 
the Romans were making very rapid con- 
quests, and if the sudden arrival of a Car- 
thaginian army in Italy at first raised fears 
and apprehensions, they were soon enabled 
to dispute with their enemies for the sove- 
reignty of Spain, and the dominion of the 
sea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable 
in Italy: if he conquered towns in Campania 
or Magna Graecia, he remained master of 
them only while his army hovered in the 
neighbourhood, and if he marched towards 
Rome the alarm he occasioned was but mo- 
mentary, the Romans were prepared to op- 
pose him, and his retreat therefore the 
more dishonourable. The conquests of young 
Scipio in Spain had now raised the expec- 
tations of the Romans, and he had no sooner 
returned to Rome than he proposed to remove 
Annibal from the capital of Italy by carrying- 
the war to the gates of Carthage. This was 
■a. bold and hazardous enterprise, but thougii 
Fabius opposed it, it was universally ap- 
proved by the Roman senate, and young Sci- 
pio was empowered to sail to Africa. The 
conquests of the young Roman were as rapid 
in Africa as in Spain, and the Carthaginians, 
apprehensive for the fate of their capital, 
recalled Annibal from Italy, and preferred 
their safety at home, to the maintaining of 
a long and expensive war in another quarter 
of the globe. Annibal received their orders 
with indignation, and with tears in his eyes 
he left Italy, where for 16 years he had 
known no superior in the field of battle. At 



his arrival in Africa, the Carthaginian gen&~ 
ral soon collected a large irmv, and met his 
exulting adversary in the plains of Zama. 
The battle was long and bloody, and though 
one nation fought for glory, and the other 
for the dearer sake of -liberty, the Romans 
obtained the victory, and Annibal, who had 
sworn eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, 
fled from Carthage after he had advised his 
countrymen to accept the terms of the con- 
queror. This battle of Zama was decisive : 
the Carthaginians sued for peace, which the) 
haughty conquerors granted with difficulty. 
The conditions were these : Carthage was 
permitted to hold all the possessions which 
she had in Africa before the war, and to be 
governed by her own laws and institutions,. 
She was ordered to make restitution of all 
the ships and other effects which had been 
taken in violation of a truce that had been 
agreed upon by both nations. She was to 
surrender the whole of her fleet, except if) 
gallies; she was to release and deliver up all 
the captives, deserters, or fugitives, taken or 
received during the war ; to indemnify Masi- 
nissa for all the losses which he had sustained; 
to deliver up all her elephants, and for the 
future never more to tame or break any 
more of these animals. She was not to make 
war upon any nation whatever, without the 
consent of the Romans, and she was to reim- 
burse the Romans, to pay the sum of 10,000 
talents at the rate of 200 talents a year for 
fifty years, and she was to give up hostages 
from the noblest families for theperformance 
of these several articles; and till the ratifica- 
tion ef the treaty, to supply the Roman 
forces with money and provisions. These 
humiliating conditions were accepted 201 
B. C, and immediately 4000 Roman captives 
were released, five hundred gallies were de- 
livered and burnt on the spot, but the im- 
mediate exaction of 200 talents was more 
severely felt, and many of the Carthaginian 
senators burst into tears. During the 50 
years which followed the conclusion of the 
second Punic war, the Carthaginian^ were 
employed in repairing their losses by un- 
wearied application and industry; but they 
found still in the Romans a jealous rival, 
and a haughty conqueror, and in Masinissa, 
the ally ot Rome, an intriguing and ambi- 
tious monarch. The king of Numidia made 
himself master of one of their provinces ; but 
as they were unable to make war without 
the consent of Rome, the Carthaginians 
sought relief by embassies, and made con- 
tinual complaints in the. Roman senate of 
the tyranny and oppression of Masinissa. 
Commissioners were appointed to examine 
the cause of their complaints ; but as Masi- 
nissa was the ally of Rome, the interest of 
the Carthaginians was neglected, and what- 
ever seemed to depress their republic, was 
agreeable to the Romans. Cato, who was in 
the number of the commissioners, examined 
the capital of Africa with a jealous eye ; he 
6aw it with concern, rising as it were from 
its ruins ; and when he returned to Rome he 
declared in full senate, that the peace of Italy 
would never be established while Carthage 
wa6 in being. The senators, however, were 

a D 



PUN-PUN 



578 



PUN— PUP 



not euided by his opinion, and the delenda i unsuccessful expedition against Masinissa 



est Carthago ot Calo did not prevent the Ro 
mans from acting with moderation. But 
while the senate were debating about the ex- 
istence of Carthage, and while they consi- 
dered it as a dependent power, and not as an 
ally, the wrongs of Africa were without re- 
dress, and Masinissa continued his depreda- 
tions. Upon this the Carthaginians resolved to 
do to their cause that jusiice wiich the Ro- 
mans had denied them ; tney entered the 
field against the Numidians, but they were 
defeated in a bloody battle by Masinissa, who 
was then 90 years old. In this bold measure 
they had broken the peace ; and as their late 
defeat had rendered them desperate, they 
hastened with all possible speed to the capi- 
tal o e Italy to justify their proceedings, and 
to implore the forgiveness of the Roman 
senate. The news of Masinissa's victory had 
already reached Italy, and immediately some 
forces were sent to Sicily, and from thence 
ordered to pass into Africa. The ambassadors 
of Carthage received evasive and unsatisfac- 
tory answers from the senate; and when 
they saw the Romans landed at Utica, they 
resolved to purchase peace by the most sub- 
missive terms which even the most abject 
slaves could offer. The Romans acted with 
the deepest policy, no declaration of war had 
been made, though hostilities appeared in- 
evitable ; and in answer to the submissive 
offers of Carthage, the consuls replied, that 
to prevent every cause of quarrel, the Car- 
thaginians must deliver into their hands 300 
hostages, all children of senators, and of 
the most nobleand respectable families. The 



was immediately recalled; and in the mo- 
ment of danger, Carthage seemed to have 
possessed more spirit and more vigour, than 
when Annibal was victorious at the gates of 
Rome. The town was blocked up by the 
Romans, and a regular siege begun. Two 
years were spent in useless operations, and 
Carthage seemed still able to rise from its 
ruins to dispute lor the empire of the world : 
when Scipio, the descendant of the great Sci- 
pio, who finished the second Punic war, was 
sent to conduct the siege. The vigour of 
his operations soon baffled the efforts and the 
bold resistance of' the besieged; the commu- 
nications which they had with the land were 
cut off, and the city, which was twtnty miles 
in circumference, was completely surrounded 
on all sides by the enemy. Despair and fa- 
mine now raged in the city, and Scipio 
gained access to the city walls, where the 
battlements were low and unguarded. His 
entrance into the streets was disputed with 
uncommon fury ; the houses, as he advanced, 
were set on fire to stop his progress; but 
when a body of 50,000 persons of either sex 
had claimed quarter, the rest of the inhabit- 
ants were disheartened, and such as dis- 
dained to be prisoners of war perished 
in the flames, which gradually destroyed 
their habitations, .47 B. C, after a continua- 
tion of hostilities for three years. During 
seventeen days Carthage was in flames, 3nd 
the soldiers were permitted to redeem from 
the fire whatever possession they could. But 
while others profited from the destruction of 
Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by 



demand was great and alarming, but it was the melancholy a»pect of the scene, repeated 
no sooner granted, than the Romans made J two lines from Homer, which contained ~ 



another demand, and the Carthaginians were 
told that peace could not continue if they re- 
fused to deliver up ail their ships, their arms 
engines of war, with all their naval and mi 
litary stores. The Carthaginians complied, 
and immediately 40,ouo suits of armour, 20,000 
-arge engines o"f war, with a plentiful store 
ammunitions and missile weapons, were 
• urrendered. After this duplicity had suc- 
ceeded, the Romans laid open the final re- 
solutions of the senate, and the Carthaginians 
were then told that, to avoid hostilities, they 
must leave their ancient habitations and retire 
iuto the inland parts of Africa, and found 
another city, at the distance of not less than 
ten miles from the sea. This was heard 
with horror and indignation; the Romans 
were fixed and inexorable, and Carthage 
was filled with tears and lamentations. But 
the spirit of liberty and independence was 
not yet extinguished in the capital of Africa, 
and "the Carthaginians determined to sacri- 
fice their lives for the protection of their 
gods, the tombs of their forefathers, and the 
place which had given them birth. Before 
the Roman army approached the city, prepa 



prophecy concerning the fall of Troy. He 
w is asked by the historian Polybius, to what 
he then applied his prediction ? To my 
country, replied Scipio, for her too 1 dread 
the vicissitude of human affairs, and in her 
turn she may exhibit another flaming Car- 
thage. This remarkable event happened 
about the year of Rome 606. The news of 
this victory caused the greatest rejoicings at 
Rome ; and immediately commissioners were 
appointed by the Roman senate, not only to 
raze the wails of Carthage, but even to de- 
molish and burn the very materials with 
which they were made : and in a few days, 
that city which had been once the seat of 
commerce, the model of magnificence, the 
common store of the wealth of nations, and 
one of the most powerful states of the world, 
left behind no traces of its splendour, of its 
power, or even of its existence. — Pol.— Oros. 
—App. de Pun.—Flor.—Plu. Cat. —Sir — 
Liv. ep. — Diod. 

PUPIA LEX de senatu, required that the 
senate should not be assembled from the 
18th of the calends of February, to the ca- 
lends of the same month, and that before 



lations to support a siege were made, and i the embassies were either actepted or re- 
the ramoarts of Carthage were covered with j jected, the senate should be held on no ac- 

»unt. 

PUPIE'XUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS MAX- 
IM US, a man of an obscure famiJy, who 
raised himself oy his merit to the highest 
oflSces in the Roman armies, and gradually 



stones, to compensate for the weapons and count 
instruments of war which they had igno- 
rantly betrayed to the duplicity of their ene- 
mies. Asdrubal, whom the d'espair of his 
countrymen had banished on account of the 



PUP— PYD 



579 



PYG— PYG 



became a praetor, consul, prefect of Rome, 
and a governor of the provinces. His father 
was a blacksm.ith. After the death of the 
Gordians, Pupienus was elected with Bal- 
binusto the imperial throne, and to rid the 
world of the usurpation and tyranny of the 
IVlaximini, he immediately marched against 
these tyrants ; but he was soon informed that 
they had been sacrificed to the fury and resent- 
ment of their own soldiers; and, therefore, 
he retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquillity 
which his merit claimed. He soon after 
prepared to make war against the Persians, 
who insulted the majesty of Rome, but in 
this he was prevented, and massacred A.D. 
236, by the praetorian guards. Balbinus 
shared his fate. Pupienus is sometimes 
called Maximus. In his private character 
be appeared always grave and serious ; he 
was the constant friend of justice, modera- 
tion, and clemency, and no greater enco- 
mium can oe passed upon his virtues than 
to say that he was invested with the purple 
w ithout soliciting for it, and that the Roman 
6enate said that they had selected him from 
thousands because they knew no person 
more worthy or better qualified to support 
the dignity of an emperor. 

PUPIUS, a centurion of Pompey's army, 
seized by Caesar's soldiers, Sic.—C'tes. B. G. 
1, c. 13. 

PUPPIUS, a tragic poet, in the age of J. 
Caesar. His tragedies were so pathetic, that 
when they were represented on the Roman 
stage, the audience melted into tears, from 
which circumstance Horace calls them lacry- 
mosa, l op. l, v. 67. 

PURPURARI^E, two islands of the Atlan- 
tic on the African coast, now Lancarota and 
Fortnventura.—Pl. 6, c. 31, 1. 35, c. 6. 

PU'REOLl, a maritime town of Campania, 
between Baiae and Naples, founded by a 
colony from Cumae. It was originally called 
Dicaearchia, and afterwards Puteoli, from 
the great number of wells that were in the 
neighbourhood. It was much frequented 
by the Romans, on account of its mineral 
Maters and hot baths, and near it Cicero 
had a villa called Puteolanum. It is now 
called Puzzoli, and contains, instead of its 
ancient magnificence, not more than 10,000 
inhabitants. Sit. 13, v. 385.— Str. 5.— Var. 
L. L. 4, c. 5.— Ci. Phil. P, c. 3, fani. 15, ep. 
5.— Me. 2, C.4. — Pa. 8, c.7. 

PUTICULjE. aplace of the Esquilinegate, 
where the meanest of the Roman populace 
were buried. Part of it was converted into 
a garden by Mecaenas, who received it as 
a present from Augustus.— Hor. 1,5. 8.— Var. 
L. L. 4, c. 5. 

PYANEPSIA, an Athenian festival cele- 
brated in honour of Theseus and his com- 
panions ; who, af ter their return from Crete, 
were entertained with all manner of fruits, 
and particularly pulse. From this circum- 
stance, the Pyanepsia was ever after comme- 
morated by the boiling of pulse, (apo tou 
epseinpuana.*) Some, however, suppose, that 
it was observed in commemoration of the 
Heraclidae, who were entertained with pulse 
by the Athenians. 

PY DNA, a town of Macedonia, originally 



called Citron, situate between the mouth o 
the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. It was in 
thiscity that Cassander massacred Olympias, 
the mother of Alexander the Great, his wif« 
Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pydna is 
famous for a battle which was fought there, 
on the 22nd of June, B.C. 168, between the 
Romans under Paulus, and king Philip, in 
which the latter was conquered, and Mace- 
donia soon after reduced into the form of a 
Roman province.— Jus. 14, c. 6.—Flor.—Plu. 
Paul.— Li. 44, c. 10. [37, c. 11. 

PYGELA, a seaport town of Ionia.— Li. 

PYGMiEI, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex- 
tremest parts of India, or according to others 
in ^Ethiopia. Some authors affirm, that 
they were no more than one foot high, and 
that they built their houses with e^g-shells 1 . 
Aristotle says, that they lfved in holes under 
the earth, and that they came out in the 
harvest-time with hatchets to cut down the 
corn as if to fell a forest. They went on 
goats and lambs of proportionable stature to 
themselves, to make war against certain 
birds, whom some call cranes, which came 
there yearly from Scythia to plunder them. 
They were originally governed by Gerana, 
a princess, who was changed into a crane, 
for boasting herself fairer than Juno.— Ov. 
Me. 6, v. 90.— H. 11. 3.— Sir. l.—Arist. An, 
8, c. 12.— Juv. 13, v. 166.— Pi. 4.— Me. 3, cv. 
8.— Sue. Aug. 83. Phil. ic. 2, c. 22, men- 
tions that Hercules once fell asleep in the 
deserts of Africa, after he had conquered 
Antaeus, and that he was suddenly awakene«l 
by an attack which had been made upon his 
body, by an army of these Lilliputians, who 
discharged their arrows with great fury upon 
his arms and legs. The hero, pleased with 
their courage, wrapped the greatest number 
of them in the skin of the Nemaean lion, 
and carried them to Eurystheus. 

PYGMjEON, a surname of Adonis in Cy- 
prus. — Hesy. 

PYGMALION, a king of Tyre, son of 
Belus, and brother to the celebrated Dido, 
who founded Carthage. At the death of his 
father, he ascended the vacant throne, and 
soon became odious by his cruelty and ava- 
rice. He sacrificed every thing to the gra- 
tification of his predominant passions, and 
he did not even spare the life of Sichaeus, 
Dido's husband, because he was the most 
powerful and opulent,of all the Phoenicians. 
This murder he committed in a temple, of 
which Sichaeus was the prh it ; but instead 
of obtaining the riches which he desired, 
Pygmalion was shunned Jby his subjects, and 
Dido, to avoid further acts of cruelty, fled 
away with her husband's treasure, and a 
large colony, to the coast of Africa, where 
she founded a city. Pygmalion died in the 
56th year of his age, and in the 47th of his 
reign.— V. Mn. 1, v. 347.— Jus. 18, c. 5. — 

Ap.Z.—St.. 1 A celebrated statuary of the 

island of Cyprus. The debauchery of the 
females of Amathus, to which he was a wit- 
ness, created in him euch an aversion for the 
fair sex, that he resolved never to marry. 
The affection which he had denied to the 
other sex, he liberally bestowed upon the 
works of his own hands. He became ena- 
3 D 2 



PYL — PYL 580 PYL—PYR 
moured of abeautiful statu of marble which was dispossessed of it by Neleus, and fled 
he had made, and at his earnest request and lato Ehs, where he dwelt in a small town, 
prayers, according- to the myu. t»ts, the | w hich he also called Pylos. A town of 



goddess of beauty changed the favourite 
statue into a woman, whom the artist mar- 
ried, and by whom he had a son calltd 
Paphus, who founded the citv of that name 
•o Cyprus. — Ov. Me. 10, f. 9. 

'LADES, a son of Strophias, king- of 
Phocis.by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. 
He was educated together with his cousin 
Orestes, with whom he formed the most 
inviolable friendsihp, and whom he assisted 
to revenge the murder of Agamemnon, by 
assassinating Clytemnestra and MgjsQms. 
He also accompanied him to Taurica' Cher- 
sonesus, and for his services, Orestes re- 
warded him by giving him his sister Electra 
in marriage. Pylades had by her two sons, 
Medon and Strophius. The friendship of 
Orestes and Pvlades became proverbial. 
[Vide Orestes.]— Eur. lp.—£sch. Ag.—Pa. 

1, c. 28. A celebrated Greek musician, in 

the age of Philopcemen. — Pin. Phil. A 

mimic in the reign of Augustus, banished, 
and afterwards recalled. 

PYL./E, a town of Asia, between Cappa- 
docia and Cilicia.— Ci. 5. Alt. The word 
PylcE, which signifies gules, was often ap- 
plied by the Greeks to any streights or pas- 
sages which opened a communication be- 
tween one country and another, such as 
the streights of Thermopylae, of Persia, 
Hy rcania, Ac. 

PYL/E'MENES, a Paphlagonian, son of 
Melius, who came to the Trojan war, and 
was killed by Menelaus. His son, called 
Harpalion, was killed by Meriones. —Diet. 

Cret. 2, c. 34.—//. II. 2. v. 358. A king 

of Maeonia, who sent his sons, Mestes and 

Antiphus, to the Trojan war. Another 

son of Nicomedes, banished from Paphlago- 
nia by Mithridates, and restored by Pbm- 
pey.— Eut. 5 & 6. 

PVLA'GORiE, a name given to the Am- 
phictyonic council, because they always as- 
sembled at Pylae, near the temple of Delphi. 

PYLA'oN, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
Killed by Hercules with his brothers.— 
Apol. 1, c. 9. 

PV LARGE, a daughter of Danaus.--/!/™?. 

PYLARTES, a Trojan killed bv Fatroclus. 
— H. II. 16, v. 695. 

PYLAS, a king of Megara. He had the 
misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle 
Bias, for which he fled away, leaving his 
kingdom to Pandion, his son-in-law, who 
had been driven from Athens.— Apol. 3, c. 
15.— Pa. 1, c. 39. 

PYLE'NE, a town of ^tolia.— H. II. 2. 

PYLELS,aTrojan chief, killed by Achilles, 
— A son of Clvmenus, king of Orchomenus. 

P"i LLEON, a town of Thessaly.— Zi.42,42. 

PYLO, a daughter of Thespius, mother of 
Hippo tas. — Apol. 

HYLOS, now Navarin, a town of Mes- 
sina, situate on the western coast of the 
Peloponnesus, opposite^he island Sphacteria, 
in the Ionian sea. It was also called Cory- 
phason, from the promontory on which it 
was erected. It was built by Pyla.% at the 
head of a colonv from Megara". The founder 



Elis, at tbe mouth of the river Alpheus, be- 
tween the Pesetie and Selleis. Another 

town of E±% eaittr-d Triphyliachi, fron? 
Triphylia, a province of Eiis, where it was 
situate. These three citffc*. *hich bore the 
name ot Wos, disputed iimr respective 



right to the honour of having g<veii birth_ to 
the celebrated Nestor, son of ?felfc»*. 



The 



Pylos, which is situate near the Alpbens, 
seems to w in the palm, as it had in its neigh- 
bourhood a small village cabled Geranus, 
and a river called Geron, or wnich Homer 
makes mention. Pindar, however, -ja.,s 
Nestor king of Messenia, and therefore eWes 
the preference to the first-mentioned of thrse 
three cities.— Apol. I, c. 19, 1. 3, c. 15.— Pa. 
1, c. 39.—Str. 9.—H. II. 2, Od. 3. 

PYLUS, a town. [Vide Pylos.] A son 

of Mars by Demonice, the daughter of Aee- 
nor. He was present at the chase of the Ca- 
lydonian boar. — Apol. 1. 

PYRA, part of mount Gita, on which the 
bodv of Hercules was burnt.— Li. 36, c. 30. 

PVRACMON, one of Vulcan's workmen 
in the forges of mount Etna. The name is 
derived from Iwo Greek words, which signify 
fire and an anvil.— V. Mn. 8, v. 425. 

PYRACMOS, a man killed by Cseneus.— 
Ov. Me. 12, v. 460. 

PYR^CHMES, a kin? of Eubcea. A 

king of Paeonia during the Trojan war. 

PY'RAMUS, a youth of Babylou, who be- 
came enamoured 'of Thishe, a beautiful vir- 
gin, who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The 
flame was mutual, and the two lovers, whom 
their parents forbade to marry, regularly re- 
ceived each other's addresses through the 
chink of a wail, which separated their houses. 
After the most solemn vows of sincerity, they 
both agreed to elude the vigilance of their 
friends, and to meet one another at the 
tomb of Ninus, under a white mulberry-tree, 
without the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came 
first to the appointed pla'ce, but the sudden 
arrival of a lioness frightened her away ; 
and as she fled into a neighbouring ca\e 
she dropped her veil, which the lioness 
found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus 
soon arrived; he found Thisbe's veil all 
bloody, and concluding that she had been 
torn to pieces by the wild beasts of the place, 
he stabbed himself with his sword. Thisbe, 
when her fears were vanished, returned 
from the cave, and at the sight of the dying 
Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which 
still reeked with his blood. This tragical 
scene happened under a white mulberry- 
tree, which, as the poets mention, was 
stained with the blood of the lovers, and ever 
after bore fruit of the colour of blood. — Ov. 

Me. 4, v. 55.— Hyg. f. 243. A river of 

Cilicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling 
into the Pauiphylian sea.— Ci. 3, fam. u.— 
Dio. Per. [Narbonensis. 

PYRENiEA VENUS, a town of Galiia 

PYRE'NJEI, a mountain, or a long ridge 
of high mountains, which separate Gaul from 
Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the 
Mediterranean sea. They receive their name 



PYR — PYR 



581 



PYR— -PYR 



from Pyrene, the daughter of Bebrycius, 
[Fide Pyrene,] or from the fire (pur) which 
once raged there tor several days. This fire 
was originally kindled by shepherds, and so 
intense was the heat which it occasioned, 
that all the silver mines of the mountains 
were melted, and ran down in large rivulets. 
This account is deemed fabulous bv Strabo 
and others.— Bio. S.—Str. 3.— Me. 2, c. 6.— 
It. 3, v. 415.— Li. 21, c. GO.—Plin. 4, C 20. 

PYRENiEUS, a king of Thrace, who, dur- 
ing a shower of rain, gave shelter in his 
house to the nine muses, and attempted to 
offer them violence. The goddesses upon 
this took to their wings and flew away. 
Pyrenaeus, who attempted to follow them, 
as if he had wings, threw himself down from 
the top of a tower and was killed.— Ov. Me. 
5, v. 274. 

PYRE'NE, a daughter of Bebrycius, king 
of the southern parts of Spain. Hercules of- 
fered violence to her before he went to at- 
tack Geryon, and she brought into the world 
a serpent, which so terrified her, that she 
fled into the woods, where she was torn to 

pieces by wild beasts. A nymph, mother 

of Cycnus by Mars.— Apol. A fountain 

near Corinth. A small village in Celtic 

Gaul, near which, according to 6ome, the 
river Ister took its rise. 

PYRGI, an ancient town of Etruria, on 
the sea coast.— V. JEn. 10, v. 184.— Li. 3, c. 3. 

PVRGION, an historian who wrote on the 
laws of Crete.— Ath. 

PYRGO, the nurse of Priam's children, 
who followed iEneas in his flight from Troy. 
— V. 3Ln. 5, v. 64 5. 

PYRGO' TELES, a celebrated engraver on 
gems in the age of Alexander the Great. 
He had the exclusive privilege of engraving 
the conqueror, as Lysippus was the only 
sculptor who was permitted to make statues 
of him.— Pi. 37, c. I. [Peloponnesus. 
PYRGUS, a fortified place of Eli's in the 
PYRIPPE, a daughter of Thespius. 
PYRO, oiih of the Oceanides.- ties. 
PYRODES, a son of Cilix, said to be the 
first who discovered and applied to human 
purposes the fire concealed in flints.— P/,7,66. 

PYRO IS, one of the horses of the sun.— 
Ov. Me. 2, v. 153. fc.16. 
PYROMA, a surname of Diana. — Pa. 8, 
PYRRHA, a daughter of Epimetheus and 
Pandora, who married Deucalion, the son 
of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. 
In her age all mankind were destroyed by 
a deluge, and she alone, with her husband", 
escapea from the general destruction, by 
saving themselves in a boat which Deuca- 
lion had made by his father's advice. When 
the waters had retired from the surface of 
the earth, Pyrrha, with her husband, went 
to the oracle of Themis, where they were 
directed, to repair the loss of mankind, to 
llirow stones behind their backs. They 
obeyed, and the stones which Pyrrha threw 
were changed into women, and those of 
Deucalion into men. [Fide Deucalion.] 
Pyrrha became mother of Amphiciyon, He- 
len, and Protogenea, by Deucalion.— Ov.Me. 
I, v. -ibO.—Hyg. fa. 1 o3.— Apol. Rhod. 3, v. 
1085 A daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. 



— Pa. 9, c. 10. — -The name which Achilles 
bore when he disguised himself in women's 
clothes, at the court of Lvcomedes.— Hyg. 

fa. 96. A town of Eub'cea.— Me. 2, c. 7. 

A promontory of Phthiotis, on the bav 

of Malia. A town of Lesbos. A beauti- 
ful courtezan at Rome, of whom Horace 
was long an admirer. — Hor. 1, od. 5. 

PYRRHEUS, a place in the city of Am - 
bracia.— Li. 38, c. 5. [Li. 35, c. 27. 
PYRRHI C ASTRA, a place of Lueania.— 
PYRRHFAS, a boatman of Ithaca, re- 
markable for his humanity. He delivered 
from slavery an old man* who had been 
taken by pirates, and robbed of some pots 
full of pitch. The old man was so grateful 
for his kindness that he gave the pots to 
his deliverer, after he had told him that 
they contained gold under the pitch. Pyr- 
rhias, upon this, offered the sacrifice of a bull 
to the old man, and retained him in his 
house, with every act of kindness and atten- 
tion, till the time of his death.— Plu. G. 

A general of the i£tolians, defeated by Phi- 
lip, king of Macedonia. 

PYRRHICHA, a kind of dance, said to be 
invented and introduced into Greece by Pyr- 
rhus, the son of Achilles. The dancer* were 
generally armed.— PI. 7, c. 56. 

PYRRHICUS, a free town of Laconia.— 
Pa. 3, c. 21.— Ath. 14. 

PYRRHI DM, a patronymic given to the 
successors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 

PYRRHO, a philosopher of Elis, disciple 
to Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. 
His father's name was Plistarchus, or Pisto- 
crates. He was in continual suspense of 
judgment, he doubted of every thing, never 
made any conclusions, and "when he had 
carefully examined a subject, and investi- 
gated all its parts, he concluded by still 
doubting of its evidence. This manner of 
doubting in the philosopher has been called 
Pyrrhonism, and his disciples have received 
the appellation of sceptic;-, inquisitors, exa- 
miners, .Vc. He pretended to have acquired 
an uncommon dominion over opi; ion and 
passions. The former of these virtues he 
called ataraxia, and the latter matriopathia, 
and so far did he carry his want of common 
feeling and sympathy", that he passed with 
unconcern near a ditch in wnich his master 
Anaxarchus had fallen, and where he nearly 
perished. He was once in a storm, and 
when all hopes were vanished, and destruc- 
tion certain, the philosopher remained un 
concerned ; and while the rest of the crew 
were lost in lamentations, he plainly told 
them to look at a pig which was then feeding 
himself on board the vessel, exclaiming, 
"This is a true model for the wise man." As 
he showed so much indifference in every 
thing, and declared that life and death were 
the same thin?, some of his disciples asked 
him, why he did not hurry himself out of 
the world \ " Because," says he, " there is 
no difference between life and death." 
When he walked in the streets he never 
looked behind, or moved from the road for 
a chariot, even in its most rapid course ; 
and, indeed, as some authors remark, this 
indifference for his safety often exposed hi£n 



PYR— PYR 



582 



PYR— PYR 



to the greatest and most imminent dangers, 
from which he was saved by tlie interference j 
of his friends who followed him. He flou- 
rished B. C. 304, and died at the advanced j 
age of 90. He left no writings behind him. ' 
His countrymen were so partial to him, that 
they raised" statues to his memory, and ex- j 
empted all the philosophers of' Elis from 
taxes. — Diog. 9.—Ci. de or. 3, c. 17— Aul. 
Gel. 11, c. 5.— Pa. 6, c. 24. 

PYRRHUS, a son of Achilles and Deida- 
mia, the daughter of king Lycomedes, who 
received his name from the yelloivness of 
his hair. He was also called Neoptolemus, 
or new warrior, because he came to the 
Trojan war in the lastyear of the celebrated 
siege of the capital of Troas. [Vide Neop- 
tolemus] A king of Epirus, descended 

from Achilles, by the side of his mother, and 
from Hercules, by that of his father, and 
son of ^acides and Phtliia. He was saved 
when an infant by the fidelity of his ser- 
vants, from the pursuits of the enemies of 
his father, who had been banished from his 
kingdom, and he was carried to the court 
of Glautias, king of lllyricum, who educated 
him with great tenderness. Cassander, king 
of Macedonia, wished to dispatch him, as 
he had so much to dread from him ; but 
Glautias not only refused to give him up 
into the hands of his enemy, but he even 
went with an army, and placed him on the 
throne of Epirus, though only twelve years 
of age. About five years after, the absence 
of Pjrrhus to attend the nuptials of one of 
the daughters of Glautius, raised new com- 
motions. The monarch was expelled from 
his throne by Neoptolemus, who had usurped 
it after the death of iEacides ; and being still 
without resources, he applied to his brother- 
in-law Demetrius for assistance. He accom- 
panied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, and 
fought there with all the prudence and in- 
trepidity of an experienced general. He 
afterwards passed into Egypt, where by his 
marriage with Antigone, the daughter of 
Berenice, he soon obtained a sufficient 
force to attempt the recovery of his throne. 
He was successful in the undertaking, but 
to remove all causes of quarrel, he took the 
usurer to share with him the royalty, and 
somej'fime after he put him to death under 
prelfc^Le that he had attempted to poison 
him. In the subsequent years of his reign, 
Pyrrhus engaged in the quarrels which dis- 
turbed the peace of the Macedonian monar 
chy ; he marched against Demetrius, and 
gave the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs 
of his valour and activity. By dissimulation 
he ingratiated himself in the' minds of his 
enemies' subjects, and when Demetrius la- 
boured under a momentary illness, Pyrrhus 
made an attempt upon the crown of Mace- 
donia, which, if not then successful, soon 
after rendered him master of the kingdom. 
This he shared with Lysimachus for seven 
months, till the jealousy of the Macedonians, 
and the ambition of his colleague, obliged 
him to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating new 
conquests, when the Tarentines invited him 
to Italy to assist them against the encroach- 
ing power of Rome. He gladly accepttd 



the invitation, but his passage across tie 
Adriatic proied nearly fatal, and hereachel 
the shores of Italy, after the loss of tkm 
greatest part of his troops in a storm. A; 
Lis entrance into Tarentum, B. C. 2-0, he 
began to reform the manners of the inhabi- 
tants, and by introducing the strictest disci- 
pline among their troops, to accustom them 
to bear fatigrue, and to despise dangers. In 
the first battle which he fought with the 
Romans, he obtained the victory, but for 
this he was more particularly indebted to 
his elephants, whose bulk and uncommon 
appearance astonished the Romans, and ter- 
rified their cavalry. The number of the 
slain was equal on both sides, and the con- 
queror said that such another victory would 
totally ruin him. He also sent Cineas, his 
chief minister, to Rome, and though victori- 
ous, he sued for peace. These offers of 
peace were refused, and when Pyrrhus 
questioned Cineas about the manners and 
the character of the Romans, the sagacious 
minister replied, that their senate was a 
venerable assembly of kings, and that to 
fight against them was to attack another 
Hydra. A second battle was fought near 
Asculum, but the slaughter was so great, 
and the valour so conspicuous on both sides, 
that the Romans and their enemies recipro- 
cally claimed the victory as their own. 
Pyrrhus still continued the war in favour of 
the Tarentines, when he was invited into 
Sicily by the inhabitants, who laboured 
under the yoke of Carthage, and the cruelty 
of their own petty tyrants. His fondness of 
novelty soon determined him to quit Italy. 
He left a garrison at Tarentum, and crossed 
o»er to Sicily, uhere he obtained two victo- 
ries over the Carthaginians, and took many 
of their towns. He was for a while success- 
ful, and formed the project of invading 
Africa ; but soon his popularity vanished, 
his troops became insolent, and he behaved 
with haughtiness and showed himself op- 
pressive, so that his return to Italy was 
deemed a fortunate event for all Sicily. He 
had no sooner arrived at Tarentum than he 
renewed hostilities with the Romans with 
great acrimony, but when his army of 80,000 
men had been'defeated by 20,000 of the ene- 
my, under Curius, he left Italy with pre- 
cipitation, B. C. 274, ashamed of the enter- 
prise, and mortified by the victories which 
had been obtained over one of the descend- 
ants of Achilles. In Epirus he began to re- 
pair his military character, by attacking 
Antigonus, who was then on the Macedonian 
throne. He gaired some advantages over 
his enemy, and was at last restored to the 
throne of Macedonia. Heafterwardsmarched 
against Sparta, at the request of Cleony mus, 
but when all his vigorous operations we're in- 
sufficient to take the capital of Laconia, he 
retired to Argos, where the treachery of 
Aristeus invited him. The Argives desired 
him to retire, and not to interfere in the 
affairs of their republic, which were con- 
founded by the ambition of two of their 
nobles. He complied with their wishes, but 
in the night he marched his forces into the 
town, and might have made himself master 



PYS— PYT 



533 



PYT — PYT 



of the place had he not retarded his pro- 
gress by entering: it with his elephants. The 
combat that ensued was obstinate and bloody, 
and the monarch, to fight with more bold- 
ness, and to encounter dangers with more 
facility, exchanged his dress. He was at- 
tacked by one of the enemy, but as he was 
going to run him through in his own de- 
fence, the mother of the Argive, who saw 
her son's danger from the top of a house, 
threw down a" tile, and brought Pyrrhus to 
the ground. His head was cut off and car- 
ried to Antigonus, who gave his remains a 
magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes 
to his son Helenus, 272 years before the 
Christian era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly 
commended for his talents as a general ; 
and not only his friends but also his enemies, 
have been warm in extolling him ; and An- 
nibal declared, that for experience and sa- 
gacity the king of Epirus was the first of 
commanders. He had chosen Alexander 
the Great for a model, and in every thing 
he wished not only to imitate, but to surpass 
him. In the art of war none were superior 
to him, he not only made it his study as a 
general, but even he wrote many books on 
encampments, and the different ways of 
training up an army, and whatever he did 
was by principle and rule. His uncommon 
understanding, and his penetration, are also 
admired; but the general is severely cen- 
sured, who has no sooner conquered a coun- 
try, than he Jooks for other victories, with- 
out regarding, or securing what he has al- 
ready obtained, by measures and regulations 
honourable to himself, and advantageous to 
his subjects. The Romans passed great 
encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus was no 
less struck with their magnanimity and va- 
2our; so much indeed, that he e'xclaimed, 
that if he had soldiers like the Romans, or 
if the Romans had him for a general, he 
would leave no corner of the earth unseen, 
and no nation unconquered. Pyrrhus mar- 
ried many wives, and all for political rea- 
sons : besides Antigone, he had Lanassa the 
daughter of Agathocles, as also a daughter 
of Autoleon king of Pseonia. His children, 
as his biographer observes, derived a war- 
like spirit from their father, and when he 
was asked by one to which of them he should 
leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to 
him who lias the sharpest sword. — ML. Hist, 
an. \0.—Plu. vi.—Jus. 17.— Li. 13.— Hor. 3, 

o. 6. A king of Epirus, son of Ptolemy, 

murdered by the people of Ambracia. His 
daughter, called Laudamia, or Deidamia, 
succeeded him.— Pa. A son of Daedalus. 

PYSTE, the wife of Seleucus, taken pri- 
soner by the Gauls, kc.~Poly. 

PYTHA'GORAS, a celebrated philoso- 
pher, born at Samos. His father Mnesarchus 
was a person of distinction, and therefore, 
the son re eived that education which was 
most calculated to enlighten his mind and 
invigorate his body. Like his eontempora- 
raries, he was early made acquainted with 
poetrv and music; eloquence and astronomy 
became his private studies atid in gymnastic 
exercises he often bore tnepalm for strength 
and dexterity. He first made himself known 



in Greece, at the Olympic games, where he 
obtained, in the 18th year of his aee, the 
prize for wrestling; and after he had been 
admired for the elegance and the dignity of 
his person, and the brilliancy of his under- 
standing, he retired into the east. In Egypf 
and Chaldaea he gained the confidence of 
the priests, and learned from them the artful 
policy, and the symbolic writings, by which 
they governed the princes as well as the peo- 
ple, and, after he had spent many years in 
gathering all the information which could 
be collected from antique tradition concern- 
ing the nature of the gods and the immor- 
tality of the soul, Pythagoras revisited his 
native island. The tyranny of Polycratesat 
Samos disgusted the philosopher, who was 
a great advocate for national independence, 
and though he was the favourite of the ty- 
rant, he retired from the island, and a se- 
cond time assisted at the Olympic games. 
His fame was too well known to escape no- 
tice : he was saluted in the public assembly 
by the name of Sophist, or wise man"; 
but he refused the appellation, and was satis 
fied with that of philosopher, or, the friend 
of wisdom. " At the Olympic games," said 
he, in explanation of this new appellation 
he wished to assume, "some are attracted 
with the desire of obtaining crowns and 
honours, others come to expose their dif- 
ferent commodities to sale, while curiosity 
draws a third class, and the desire of con- 
templating whatever deserves notice in that 
celebrated assembly : thus, on the more ex- 
tensive theatre of the world, while many 
struggle for the glory of a name, and many 
pant for the advantages of fortune, a few, 
and indeed but a few, who are neither de- 
sirous of money nor ambitious of fame, are 
sufficiently gratified to be spectators of the 
wonder, the hurry, and the magnificence of 
the scene." From Olympia, the philosopher 
visited the republics of Elis and Sparta, and 
retired to Magna Grsecia, where he fixed his 
habitation in the town of Ootona, about the 
40th year of his age. Here he founded a 
sect which has received the name of the Ita- 
lian, and he soon saw himself surrounded by a 
great number of pupils, which the recommen- 
dation of his metal, as well as hi? personal 
accomplishments, had procured. His skill 
in music and medicine, and his knowledge 
of mathematics and of natural philosophy., 
gained him friends and admirers, and amidst 
the voluptuousness that prevailed among the 
inhabitants of Crotona, the Samian sage 
found his instructions respected, and his ap- 
probation courted ; the most debauched and 
effeminate were pleased with the eloquence 
and the graceful delivery of the philosopher, 
who boldly upbraided them for their vices^ 
and called them to more virtuous and manly 
pursuits. These animated harangues were 
attended with rapid success, and a reforma- 
tion soon took place in the morals and the 
life of the people of Crotona. The females 
were exhorted to become modest, and they 
left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths 
were called away from theirpursuits of plea- 
sure, and instantly they forgot their intern 
perance, and paid to their parents that au>- 



PYT— PYT 
missive attention and deference which the 
precepts of Pythagoras required. As to the 
old, they were directed no longer to spend 
their time in amassing money, but to im- 
prove their understanding, and to seek that 
peace and those comforts of mind which 
frugality, benevolence, and philanthropy 
alone can produce. The sober and religious 
behaviour of the philosopher strongly re- 
commended the necessity and importance of 
these precepts. Pythagoras was admired for 
his venerable aspect, his voice was harmo- 
nious, his eloquence persuasive, and the re- 
putation he had acquired by his distant tra- 
vels, and by being- crowned at the Olympic 
games, was great and important. He resrularly 
frequented the temples of the gods, and paid 
his devotion to the divinity at an early hour; 
lie lived upon the purestand most innocent 
food, he clothed himself like the priests of 
the Egyptian gods, and by his continual pu- 
rifications, and regular offerings, he seemed 
to be superior to the rest of mankind in sanc- 
tity. These artful measures united to ren- 
der him an object not only of reverence, but 
of imitation. To set himself at a greater 
distance from his pupils, a number of years 
was required to try their various dispositions ; 
the most talkative were not permitted to 
speak in the presence of their master before 
they had been his auditors for five years, 
and those who possessed a natural taciturn- 
ity were allowed to speak alter a probation 
of two years. When they were ca able of 
receiving the secret instructions of the philo- 
sopher, they were taught the use of ciphers 
and hieroglyphic writings, and Pythagoras 
might boast that his pupils could correspond 
together, though in the most distant regions, 
in unknown characters; and by the signs 
and words which they had received, they 
could discover, though strangers and barba- 
rians, those that had been educated in the 
Pythagorean school. So great was his au- 
thority among his pupils, that, to dispute 
his word was deemed a crime, and the most 
stubborn were drawn to coincide with the 
opinionsof theiropponents, when they helped 
their arguments by the words of the master 
said so, an expression which became pro- 
verbial in jurare in verba magistri. The 
great influence which the philosopher pos- 
sessed in his school, was transferred to the 
world ; the pupils divided the applause and 
the approbation of the people with their 
venerated master, and in a short time, the 
rulers and the legislators of all the principal 
towns of Greeee, Sicily, and Italy, boasted 
in being the disciples of Pythagoras. The 
Samian philosopher was the first who sup- 
ported the doctrine of metempsychosis, or 
transmigration of the soul into different bo- 
dies, and those notions he seemed to have 
imbibed among the priests of Egypt, or in 
the solitary retreats of the Brachmans. 
More strenuously to support his chimerical 
system, he declared he recollected the dif- 
ferent bodies his soul had animated be- 
fore that of the son of Mnesarchus. He re- 
membered to have been iEthalides, the son 
of Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks 
during the Trojan war in the character of 



PYT— PYT 
Euphorbus, [Vide Euphorbus,] to have been 
Hermotimus, afterwards a fisherman, ami 
last of all Pythagoras. He forbade his dis- 
ciples to eat flesh, as also beans, because he 
supposed them to have been produced from 
the same putrified matter from which at the 
creation of the world man was formed. In 
his theological system Pythagoras supported 
that the universe was created from a shape- 
less heap of passive matter by the hands of 
a powerful being, who himself was the 
mover and soul of the world, and of whose 
substance the souls of mankind were a por- 
tion. He considered numbers as the princi- 
ples of every thing, and perceived in the 
universe regularity, correspondence, beauty, 
proportion, and harmony, as intentionally 
produced by the Creator." In his doctrines 
of morality, he perceived in the human 
mind propensities common to us with the 
brute creation ; but besides these, aud the 
passions of avarice and ambition, he disco- 
vered the nobler seeds of virtue, and sup- 
ported that the most ample and perfect gra- 
tification was to be found in the enjoyment 
of moral and intellectual pleasures. The 
thoughts of the past he considered as always 
present to us, and he believed that no enjoy- 
ment could be had where the mind was dis- 
turbed by consciousness of guilt, or fears 
about futurity. This opinion induced the 
philosopher to recommend to his followers 
a particular mode of education. The tender 
years of the Pythagoreans were employed 
in continual lahour, in study, in exercise, 
and repose ; and the philosopher maintained! 
this well-known and important maxim, that 
many things, especially love, are best learnt 
late." In a more advanced age, the adult 
was desired to behave with caution, spirit, 
and patriotism, and to remember that the 
community and civil society demanded his 
exertions, and that the good of the public, 
and not his own private enjoyments, were 
the ends of his creation. From lessons like 
these, the Pythagoreans were strictly en- 
joined to call to mind, and carefully to> 
review, the actions, not only of the present, 
but of the preceding days. In their acts of 
devotion they early repaired to the most so- 
litary places of the mountains, and after 
they had examined their private and public 
conduct, and conversed with themselves, 
they joined in the company of their friends, 
and early refreshed their body with light 
and frugal aliments. Their conversation 
was of the most innocent nature ; political 
or philosophic subjects were discussed with 
propriety, but without warmth, and after 
the conduct of the following day was regu- 
lated, the evening was spent with the same 
religious ceremony as the morning, in a 
strict and impartial self-examination. From 
such regularity nothing but the most salu- 
tary consequences could arise, and it will 
not appear wonderful that the disciples of 
of Pythagoras were so much respected aud 
admired as legislators, and imitated for 
their constancy, friendship, and humanity. 
The authors that lived in, and after, the age 
of Alexander, have rather tarnished than 
brightened the glory of the founder of the 



584 



PYT — PYT 



PYT— PYT 



Pythagorean school, and they have obscured 
his fame by attributing to him actions which 
were dissonant with his character as a man 
and a moralist. To give more weight to 
his exhortations, as some writers mention, 
Pythagoras resired into a subterraneous 
cave, where his mother sent him intelligence 
of every thing which happened during hi 
absence. After a certain number of months 
he again re-appeared on the earth with a 
grim apd ghastly countenance, and declared, 
in the assembly of the people, that he was 
returned from hell. From similar exag- 
gerations, it has been asserted that he ap- 
peared at the Olympic games with a golden 
thigh, and that he could write in letters of 
blood whatever he pleased on a looking- 
glass, and that, by setting it opposite to the 
moon, when full, all the characters whicl 
ware on the glass became legible on the 
u^-kir's disc. They also support, that, by 
toagical words, he tamed a bear, 
scored 6ight of an eagle, and ap- 
peared od same day and at the same 
instant in tb&'l cities of Crotona and Me- 
tapontum, ic 'i'he time and the place 
of me death of sttis great philosopher are 
unknown; yet man? 8uptK»*e that he died 
at Metapontum.aboot 497 years oefore Christ, 
and so great was the veneration of the people 
of Magna Grsecia for him, that he received 
the same honours as were paid to the immor- 
tal gods, and his house became a sacred tem- 
ple. Succeeding: ages likewise acknowledged 
his merits, and when the Romans, A. U. C. 
411, were commanded by the oracle of Del 
phi to erect a statue to the bravest and wisest 
of the Greeks, the distinguished honour was 
onferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras. 
Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo, 
There is now extant a poetical composition 
ascribed to the philosopher, and called the 
golden verses of Pythagoras, which contain 
the greatest part of his doctrines and moral 
precepts ; but many support, that it is 
suppositious composition, and that the trti 
name of the writer was Lysis. Pythagoras 
distinguished himself also by his discoveries in 
geometry, astronomy, and mathematics, and 
it is to him that the world is indebted for 
the demonstration of the 47th proposition of 
the first book of Euclid's elements, about 
the square of the hypothenuse. It is said 
that he was so elated after making the dis- 
covery, that he made an offering of a heca- 
tomb to the gods ; but the sacrifice wa: 
doubtedly of small oxen, made with wa 
the philosopher was ever an enemy to shed 
ding the blood of all animals. His system ol 
the universe, in which he placed the sun i 
the centre, and all the planets moving i 
elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chi 
merical and improbable, till the deep inquiries 
and the philosophy of the !6th century 
proved it, by the most accurate calculations, 
to be true and incontestable. Diogenes, 
Porphyry, lamblicus, and others, have writ- 
ten an account of his life, but with more 
erudition, perhaps, than veracity. --Ci. Nat. I). 
1,1.5. Tnsc.4.c. \.-Diog. Src.8.--Hyg. f. 1 12. 
— Ov. Me. 15, v. 60.— Plato— PL 34, c .6.— Gel. 
y.-Iam.—Porp.—Plu. A soothsayer of Ba- 



bylon, who foretold the death of Alexander 
and of Hephaestion, by consulting the entrails 

of victims. A tyrant of Ephesus. One 

of Nero's wicked favourites. 

PYTHEAS, an archon at Athens. A 

native of Massilia, famous for his knowledge 
astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and 
geography. He also distinguished himself 
by his travels, and, with a mind that wished 
to seek information in every corner of the 
rth, he advanced far into the northern 
seas, and discovered the island of Thule, and 
entered that then unknown sea, which is 
now called the Baltic. His discoveries in 
astronomy and geography were ingenious, 
and, indeed, modern navigators have found 
it expedient to justify and accede to his con- 
clusions. He was the first who established a 
distinction of climate by the length of days 
and nights. He wrote different treatises in 
Greek, which have been lost, though some 
of them were extant in the beginning of the 
fifth century. Pytheas lived, according to 
in the asre of Aristotle. Str. 2.— PI. 
•An Athenian rhetorician, in the age 
of Demosthenes, who distinguished himself 
by his intrigues, rapacity, and his opposition 
to the measures of Demosthenes, of whom 
he observed that his orations smelt of the 
lamp. Pytheas joined Antipater after the 
death of Alexander the Great. His orations 
devoid of elegance, harsh, unconnected, 
and diffuse, and from this circumstance he haj 
not been ranked among the orators of Athens. 
—Ml. V. H. 7, c. l.—Plu. Ve?n.Sc Pol. pr. 

PYTHES, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, 
son of Andromache, who obtained a crown 
at the Olympian games.— Plu. 34, c. 7. — 
Pa. 6, c. 14, 

PYTHEUS, a tvdiaft, famous for his riches 
in the age of Xerxes. Hfc nindly entertained 
the monarch and all his army, when he was 
marching on his expedition against Greeee, 
and offered him to defray the expeoses of 
the whole war. Xerxes thanked him with 
much gratitude, and promised to give hioi 
whatever he should require. Pytheus a$a*rcl 
him to dismiss his son from the expedition ; 
upon which the monarch ordered the young 
man to be cut in two, and one half of the 
body to be placed on the right hand of the 
way, and the other on the left, that his 
army might march between them.— Plu. de 
mul. vir. — Her. 

PYTHIA, the priestess of Apollo at Del- 
phi. She delivered the answer of the god to 
such as came to consult the oracle, and was 
supposed to be suddenly inspired by the sul- 
phureous vapours which issued from the 
hole of a subterraneous "cavity within the 
temple, over which she sat bare on a three- 
legged stool, called a tripod. In this stool 
was a small aperture, through which the 
vapour was exhaled by the priestess, and at 
this divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly 
sparkled, her hair stood on end, and a shi- 
vering ran over all her body. In this con- 
vulsive state she spoke the oracles of the 
god, often with loud howlings and cries, and 
her articulations were taken down by the 
priest, and set in order. Sometimes the 
spirit of inspiration was more gentle, a.sd 



PYT — PYT 



986 



PYT— PYT 



not always violent; yet Plutarch mentions 
one of the priestesses who was thrown into 
such an excessive fury, that not only those 
that consulted the oracle, but also the'priests 
that conducted her to the sacred tripod, and 
attended her during 1 the inspiration, were 
terrified and forsook the temple ; and so 
violent was the fit, that she continued for 
some days in the most agonizing situation, 
and at last died. The Pythia, before she 
placed herself on the tripod, used to wash 
her whole body, and particularly her hair, 
in the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the 
foot of mount Parnassus. She also shook a 
laurel-tree that grew near the place, and 
sometimes eat the leaves with which she 
crowned herself. The priestess was origin- 
ally a virgin, hut the institution was changed 
when Ecliccrates, a Thessalian, had offered 
violence to one of them, and none but wo- 
men who were above the age of fifty were 
permitted to enter upon that sacred office. 
They alwavs appeared dressed in the gar- 
ments of Virgins to intimate their purity 
and modesty, and they were solemnly bound 
to observe the strictest laws of temperance 
and chastity, that neither fantastical dresses 
nor lascivious behaviour might bring the 
office, the religion, or the sanctity of the 
place into contempt. There was originally 
but one Pythia, besides subordinate priests, 
and afterwards two were chosen and some- 
times more. The most celebrated of all 
these is Phemonoe, who is supposed by some 
to have been the first who gave oracles at 
Delphi. The oracles were always delivered 
in hexameter verses, a custom which was 
some time after discontinued. The Py- 
thia was consulted only one month in the 
year, about the spring. It was always re- 
quired that those who consulted the oracle 
should make large presents to Apollo, and 
from thence arose the opulence, splendour, 
and the magnificence of that celebrated tem- 
ple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also offered 
to the divinity, and if the omens proved 
unfavourable, the priestess refused to give 
an answer. There were generally five 
priests who assisted at the offering of the 
sacrifices, and there was also another who 
attended the Pythia, and assisted her in re- 
ceiving the oracle. [Vide Delphi, Oraculum.] 
Pa. 10, Co.— Diod. 16.— Sr. 6 6c 9.— Jus. 24, 
C. 5. — Plu. de or. def. — Eur. Ion. — Chrys. 

• Games celebrated in honour of Apollo, 

near the temple of Delphi. They were first 
instituted, according to the more received 
opinion, by Apollo himself, in commemora- 
tion of the victory which he had obtained 
over the serpent Python, from which they 
received their name ; though others main- 
tain that they were first established by Aga- 
memnon, or" Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, 
or, lastly, by the council of the Amphictyons, 
B. C. 1263. 'They were originally celebrated 
once in nine years, but afterwards every 
fifth year, on the second year of every Olym- 
piad, according to the number of the Parnas- 
sian nymphs who congratulated Apollo after 
his victory. The gods themselves were ori- 
ginally among the combatants, and, accord- 
ing to some authors the first prizes were 



won by Pollux, in boxing ; Castor, in hors e 
races ; Hercules, in the pancratium ; Zetes, 
in fighting with the armour; Calais, in run- 
ning; Telamou, in wrestling ; and Peleus, 
in throwing the quoit. These illustrious 
conquerors were rewarded by Apollo him- 
self, who was present, with crowns and 
laurel. Some, however, observe, that it 
was nothing but a musical contention, in 
which he who sung best the praises of 
Apollo, obtained the prize, which was pre- 
sents of gold or silver, which were after- 
wards exchanged for a garland of the pahn 
tree, or of beech leaves. It is said that 
Hesiod was refused admission to these games 
because he was not able to play upon the 
harp, which was required of all such as en- 
tered the lists. The songs which were sung 
were called t( pnlhikoi nomoi," the Pythian 
modes, divided into five parts, which con- 
tained a representation of the fight and vic- 
tory of Apollo over Python : " anahrousis " 
the preparation for the fight: "empeira," the 
first attempt : "katakeleusmos" taking breath 
and collecting courage: " iamboi kai daktu- 
/oi," the insulting sarcasms of the god over 
Ids vanquished enemy: '* surigges," an imita- 
tion of the hisses of the serpent, just as he ex- 
pired under the blows of Apollo. A dance was 
also introduced : and in the 48th Olympiad, 
the Amphictyons, who presided over the 
games, increased the number of musical 
instruments by the addition of a flute, bur, 
as it was more peculiarly used in fun era (" 
songs and lamentations, it was soon rejected 
as unfit for merriment, and the festivals which 
represented the triumph of Apollo over the 
conquered serpent. The Romans, according 
to some, introduced them into their city, and 
called them Apollinares ludi. — Pa. 10, "c. 13. 
— Sir. 9.— Or. Me. I, v. 447.— PL l.—Li. 2:>. 

PYTHIAS. a Pythagorean philosopher, in- 
timate with Damon. [Vide Phintias.] A. 

road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. — 

JEl. A comic character, &c. 

PYTHION, an Athenian killed with 42a 
soldiers when he attempted to drive the gar- 
rison of Demetrius, from A thens, &c— Po. \. 

PYTHIUM, a town of Thessaly .-Z,i.42,c.53. 
1. 44, c. 2. 

PYTHIUS, a Syracusan, who defrauded 
Canius, a Roman knight, to whom he had 

sold his gardens, &c— Ci. off. 3, c. 14. A 

surname of Apollo, which he had received 
for his having conquered the serpent Py- 
thon, or because he was worshipped at Del- 
phi ; called also Py tho.— Mac. 1, Sal. 17. 

PYTHO, the ancient name of the town of 
Delphi, which it received " apo tou puthes- 
thai." because the serpent which Apollo 
killed, rotted there. It was also called Par- 
nassia Nape. [Vide Delphi.] 

PYTHOCHAR1S, a musician, who assuaged 
the fury of some wolves by playing on a mu- 
sical instrument, &c. — £1. 

PYTHOCLES, an Athenian, descended 
from Aratus. It is said, that on his account, 
and for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the 

life of Aratus. A man put to death with 

Phocion. A man who wrote on Italy. 

PYTHODO'RUS, an Athenian archon iu 
the age of Themistocles. 



PYT— QUA 587 



PYTHOLA'US, the brother of Theba, the 
wife of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He 
assisted bis sister in dispatching her hus- 
band.-P/?/. 

;i PYTHON, a native of Byzantium, in the 
age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great 
!| favourite of the monarch, who sent him to 
ij Thebes, when that city, at the instigation of 
I Demosthenes, was going to take arms against 

Philip.— Plu. Bern— Jiiod. One of the 

friends of Alexander, put to death by Ptolemy 

! Lagus. A man who killed Cotys, king of 

jl Thrace, at the instigation of the Athenians. 

——A celebrated serpent sprung from the 
| mud and stagnated waters which remained 
i| on the surface of the earth after the deluge 
j of Deucalion. Some, however, suppose that 
ij it was produced from the earth by Juno, 
) and sent by the goddess to persecute Latona, 
! who was then pregnant by Jupiter. Latona 
ij escaped his fury by means of her lover, who 
i changed her into a quail during the re main - 
• ing months of her pregnancy, and afterwards 
restored her to her original shape in the 
island of Delos, where she gave birth to 
| Apollo an.d Diana. Apollo, as soon as lie 
j was born, attacked the monster, and killed 
him with his arrows, and in commemoration 
of the victory which he had obtained, he in- 
stituted the celebrated Pythian games.— Str. 
8.— Pa. 2. c. 7, 1. 10, c.6.—Hyg.—Ov. Me. 1, 
V. 438.— Lnc. 5, v. 134. 
PYTHO'NfCE, an Athenian prostitute 
| greatly honoured by Harpalus, whom Alex- 
ander some time before had intrusted with 
I the treasures of Babylon. He married her ; 
and according to some, she died the very 
moment that the nuptials were going to be 
celebrated. He raised her a splendid monu- 
ment on the road which led from Athens to 
Eleusis, which cost him thirty talents. — Dio. 
17.— Pa. \ .—Ath. 13. 

PYTHON1SSA, a name given to the 
priestess of Apollo's temple at Delphi. She 
is more generally called Pythia. [Vide Py- 
thia.] The word Pythonissa was commonly 
applied to women who attempted to explain 
futuritv. 
PYTNA, a part of mount Ida. 
PYTTALUS, a celebrated athlete, son of 
Lampis of Elis, who obtained a prize at the 
Olympic games.— Pa. 9, c. 16. 



Q. 

QUADERNA, a town of Italy. 

QOADI, an ancient nation of Germany, 
near the country of the Marcomanni, on 
the borders of the Danube, in modern Mo- 
ravia. They rendered themselves celebrated 
by their opposition to the Romans, by whom 
they were often defeated, though not totally 
subdued.— Ta. in Ger. 42 & 43.— An. 2, c. 63. 

QUADRATUS, a surname given to Mer- 
cury, because some of his statues were 
square. The number 4, according to Plu- 
tarch, was sacred to Mercury, because he 
was born on the 4th day of the month. — Plu. 

Sym. 9. A governor of Syria in the age 

of Nero. 



QUA -QUI 

QUAD'RIFRONS, or QUADRICEPS, . a 
surname of Janus, because he was repre- 
sented with four heads. He had a temple on 
the Tarpeian rock, raised by L. Catulus. 

QUjESTO'RES, two officers at Rome first 
created A. U. C. 269. They received their 
name a quasrendo, because they collected the 
revenues of the state, and had the total 
management of the public treasury. The 
quaestorship was the first office which v Jd 
be had in the state. It was requis 1 .^ that 
the candidate should be 24 or 25 years of 
age, or according to some 27. In the 
year 332 U. C, two more were added to 
the others, to attend the consuls, to take 
care of the pay of the armies abroad, and 
sell the plunder and booty which had been 
acquired by conquest. These were called 
Peregrini, whilst the others, whose em- 
ployment was in the city, received the 
name of Urbani. When the Romans were 
masters of all Italy, four more were cre- 
ated, A. U. C. 439, to attend the pro- 
consuls and propraetors in their provinces, 
and to collect all the taxes and customs 
which each particular district owed to the 
republic. They were called Provinclales. 
Sylla the dictator created twenty quaestors, 
and J. Caesar forty, to fill up the vacant 
seats in the senate ; from whence it is evi- 
dent that the quaestors ranked as senators in 
the senate. The quaestors were always ap- 
pointed by the senate at Rome, and if any 
person was appointed to the quaestorship 
without their permission, he was only called 
Proqiuestor. The quaestores urbani were 
apparently of more consequence than the 
rest, the treasury was intrusted to their care, 
they kept an accouut of all receipts and dis- 
bursements, and the Roman eagles or en- 
signs were always in their possession when 
the armies were not on an expedition. They 
required every general, before he triumphed, 
to tell them, upon his oath, that he had 
given a just account of the number of the 
slain on both sides, and that he had been sa- 
luted imperator by the soldiers, a title which 
every commander generally received from 
his army after he had obtained a victory, 
and which was afterwards confirmed and ap- 
proved by the senate. The city quaestors 
had also "the care of the ambassadors ; they 
lodged and received them, and some time 
after, when Augustus was declared emperor, 
they kept the decrees of the senate, which 
had been before entrusted with the ediles and 
the tribunes. This gave rise to two new 
offices of trust and honour, one of whicn 
was quceslor palitii, and 'the other quaslo*- 
principis, or augusti, sometimes called can- 
didatus principis. The tent of the quiestor 
in the camp was called qnsstorium. It 
stood near that of the general.— Var. de L. 
L. A.— Li. 4, c. 43.— Dio. 43. 
QUARI, a people of Gaul. 
QUARIUS, a river of Bceotia. 
QUERCENS, a Rutulian who foughtagainst 
the Trojans.— V. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

QUERQUETULA'NUS, a name given tw 
mount Ccelius at Rome, from the oaks which 
grew there.— To. An. 4, c. 65. 
QUIE'TIS FANUM, a temple without the 



QUl-QTJJ 588 

walls of the citv of Rome. Quies was thi 
goddess of rest. Her temple was situate 
near the Colline gate.— Li. 4, c. 4.— Aue.de 
Ci. D. 4, c. 16. 6 

QUIETUS, L., an officer under the em- 
peror Trajan, who behaved with great v a 
lour in the expeditions which were under- 
taken by the armv which he commanded. 
He was put to death by Adrian. 

QUINCTTA PRATA. Vide Quintia. 

QUINCTIA'NUS, a man who conspired 
against Nero, for which he was put to death. 

QUINCTILIA, a comedian who refused to 
betray a conspiracy which had been formed 
against Calieula. 

QU1NCTIUS, T., a Roman consul wli_ 
gained some victories over the jEqui and the 
Volsci, aud obtained a triumph for subduing 

Praeneste. CjESO, a man accused before 

the Roman people, and vindicated bv his 

father Cincinnatus. A Roman celebrated 

for Lis frugality. [Vide Cincinnatus.] A 

master of horse. A Roman consul when 

Annibal invaded Italy. A brother of Fla- 

minius, banished from the senate bv Cato, 

for killing a Gaul. An officer killed by 

the Carthaginians. An officer under Do- 

labella. Another who defeated ihe Latins. 

A consul who obtained a victory over 

the Volsci. HIRPINUS. Vide Hirpinus, 

Q II IN OA, a town of Cilicia. 

QDINDECI RTVIRI, an order of priests 
whom Tarquin the Proud appointed to take 
care of the Sibylline books. They were on" " 
nally two, but afterwards the "number \ 
increased to ten, to whom Svlla added five 
more, whence their name. Vide Decemviri 
and Duumviri. 

QUINQUATRIA, a festival in honour of 
Minerva at Rome, which continued during 
fire days. The beginning of the celebration 
was the 1 8th of March. The first day sacri- 
fices and oblations were presented, but, how- 
ever, without the effusion of blood. On the 
second, third, and fourth days, shows of gla- 
diators were exhibited, and "on the fifth day 
there was a solemn procession through the 
streets of the city. On the days of the cele- 
bration, scholars obtained holydays, and it 
was usual for them to offer p'rayers to Mi- 
nerva for learning and wisdom,' which the 
goddess patronized ; and on their return to 
school they presented their master with a 
gift which has received the name of Miner- 
val. They were much the same as the Pa- 
nathenaea'of the Greeks. Plays were also 
acted, and disputations were held on subjects 
of literature. They received their name from 
ihe. five days which were devoted for the 
celebration. 

QUINQUENNA'LES LUDI, games cele- 
brated by the Chians in honour of Homer 
every fifth year. There were also some 
games among the Romans which bore this 
name. They are the same as the Actian 
games. Vide Actia. 

QUINTIA PRATA, a place on the borders 
of the Tiber near Rome, which had been 
cultivated bv the great Cincinnatus. Li. a,c. 26. 

QUINT! LIA'NUS, MARCUS FABIUS, a 
celebrated rhetorician bom in Spain. He 
pened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was 



QUI-QUI 
the first who obtained a salarv from the state 
as being a public teacher. After he had re- 
mained twenty years in this laborious em- 
ployment, and obtained the merited ap- 
plause of the most illustrious Romans, not 
only as a preceptor, but as a pleader at the 
bar, Quintilian, by the permission of the 
emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the 
fruits of his labours and industry. In his 
retirement he assiduously dedicated his time 
to the study of literature, and wrote a trea- 
tise on the causes of the corruption of elo- 
quence. Some time after, at the pressing 
solicitations of his friends, he wrote his insti- 
tutiones oratorica, the most perfect and com- 
plete system of oratory extant. It is divided 
into twelve books, in which the author ex- 
plains from observation, as well as from ex- 
perience, what can constitute a good and 
perfect orator, and in this he not only men- 
tions the pursuits and the employments of 
the rhetorician, but he also speaks of his 
education, and begins with the attention 
w hich ought to be shown him even in his cra- 
dle. He was appointed preceptor to the two 
young princes whomDomitian destined for his 
successors on the throne, but the pleasures 
which the rhetorician received from the fa- 
vours and the attention of the emperor, and 
from the success which his w ritings met in the 
world, were embittered by the loss of his 
wife, and of his two sons. It is said that 
Quintilian was poor in his retirement, and 
that his indigence was relieved by the libe- 
rality of his pupil, Pliny the younger. He 
died'A. D. 95. His institutions were dis- 
covered in the 1415th year of the Christian 
era, in an old tower of a monastery at St. 
Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Flo- 
rence. 

QUINTILIUS VARUS, a Roman governor 

of Syria. [Vide Varus.] A friend of the 

emperor Alexander. A man put to death 

by the emperor Severus. [Juv. 7, v. 75. 

QUINTILLA, a courtezan at Rome, &c— 
QUINT1LLUS, M. AURELIUS CLAU- 
DIUS, a brother of Claudius, who proclaimed 
himself emperor, and 17 days after destroyed 
himself by opening his veins in a bath, when 
he heard that Aurelian was marching against 
him, about the 270th year of the Christian era. 
QUINTUS, or QUINCTIUS, one of the 

names of Cincinnatus.— Per. 1, v. 73. P£- 

DIUS, a painter. Vide Pedius. 

QUINTUS, CURTIUS RUFUS, a Latin 
historian, who flourished, as some suppose, 
in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has 
rendered himself known by his history of 
the reign of Alexander the Great. This his- 
tory was divided into ten books, of which 
the two first, the end of the fifth, and the 
beginning of the sixth, are lost. This work 
is admired for its elegance, the purity and 
the floridness of its style. It is, however, 
blamed for great anachronisms, aud glaring 
mistakes in geography as well as history. 
Frienshemius has written a suppliment to 
Curtius, in which he seems to have made some 
very satisfactory amends for the loss which 
the history has'suffered, by a learned col- 
lection of" facts and circumstances from all 
the different authors who have employed 



QUI -QUI i£9 
tlieir pen 5n writing an account of Alex-antler, 
and of bis Asiatic conquests. Some suppose 
that the historian is the same with that Cur- 
tius Rnfus who lived in the age of Claudius, 
under whom he was made consul. This Ru- 
fus was born of an obscure family, and he 
attended a Roman quaestor in Africa, when 
lie was met at Adrumetum by a woman above 
an human shape, as he was walking under 
ihe porticos in the middle of the day. This 
extraordinary character addressed the indi- 
gent Roman,"and told him that the day should 
come in which he should govern Africa with 
consular power. This strange prophecy ani- 
mated Rufus; he repaired to Rome, where 
he gained the favours of the emperor, ob- 
tained consular honours, and at last retired 
as pro-consul to Africa, where he died.— Ta. 
An. 1 1, c. 23. 

QUINTUS, VERANIUS, a governor of 

Cappadocia. CICERO, the brother of 

Cicero. CATULUS, a Roman consul. 

■ A friend of Csesar. 

QUIRINAL1A, festivals in honour of Ro- 
mulus, surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on 
the !3th of the calends of xMarch. 

QUIRINA'LIS, a hill at Rome, originally 
called Agonius, and afterwards Collinus. 
The name of Quirinalis it obtained from the 
inhabitants of Cures, who settled there under 
their king Tatius. It was also called Caba- 
thins, from two marble statues of a horse, 
one of which was the work of Phidias, and 
the other of Praxiteles.— Li. 1, c. 44.— Ov. 

F. Hi.— Met. 14, v. One of the gates 

of Rome near mount Quirinalis. 

QUIRl'NUS, a surname of Mars among 
the Romans. This name was also given to 
Romulus when he had been made a god by 
his superstitious subjects. — Ov. Fa. 2, v. 475. 

—Also, a surname of the godJanus. SUL- 

PIT1US, a Roman consul born at Lanuvium. 
Though descended of an obscure family, he 
was raised to the greatest honours by Au- 
gustus. He was appointed governor of Syria, 
and was afterwards made preceptor to Caius, 
the grandson of the emperor. He married 
Emilia Lepida, the granddaughter of SylJa 
and Pompey, but some time after he shame- 
fully repudiated her. He died A. D. 22. — 
Ta.' An. 3. 

QUIRITES, a name given to the Roman 
citizens, because they admitted into their 
city the Sabines, who inhabited the town of 
Cures, and w ho on that account were called 
Quirites. After this union, the two nations 
were indiscriminately and promiscuously 
called by that name. It is, however, to be 
observed that the word was confined to 
Rome, and not used in the armies, as we find 
some of the generals applying it only to 
such of their soldiers as they dismissed or 
disgraced. Even some of the emperors ap- 
peased a sedition, by calling their rebellious 
soldiers by the degrading appellation of 
Quirites.— Sue. Cces. 170. — Lamp. b'i.—Lvc. 
5, v. bbH.—Hoi . 4, o. 14, v. ].— Var. de L. 
L. 4.— Li. I, c. 13.— Or. Fa. 2, v. 479. 



R. 

RAEIRIUS, C, a Roman knight, who lent 
an immense sum of money to Ptolemy Aule- 
tes, king of Egypt. The monarch afterwards 
not only refused to repay him, hut even con- 
fined him, and endangered his life. Rabirius 
escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at his 
return to Rome," he was accused by the se- 
nate of having lent money to an African 
prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably 
defended by Cicero, and acquitted with dif- 
ficulty.— Ci. pro. Rab. A Latin poet in 

the asre of Augustus, who wrote, besides sa- 
tires and epigrams, a poem on the victory 
which the emperor had gained over Antony 
at Actium. Seneca has compared him to 
Virgil for elegance and majesty, but Quinti- 

lian is not so favourable to his poetry. 

An architect in the reign of Domitian", who 
built a celebrated palace for the emperor, 
of which the ruins are still seen at Rome. 
RACILIA, the wife of Cincinnatus.— Li. 

3, c. 26. 

RADELIUS, a tribune who complained in 
the senate of the faction of Clodius.— Ci. 
Ver. 2, c. 12. 

ROSACES, an officer of Artaxerxes. He 
revolted from his master, and fled to Athens. 
RAM 1SES, a king of Egypt. Vide Rhamses. 
RAMNES, or RHAMNENSES, one of the 
three centuries instituted by Romulus. After 
the Roman people had been divided into 
three tribes, the monarch elected out of each 
100 young men of the best and noblest fami- 
lies, with which lie formed three companies 
of horse. One of them was called Ramnes, 
either from the tribe of which it was chosen 
or from Romulus. Another was called Ta- 
tian, and the third Luceres. — Var. de L. L. 

4, c. 9.— Li. 1, c. 13.— Hor. de a. poet. 340. 
— Pin. Rom. 

RAN DA, a village of Persia, where 3000 
rebellious Persians were slain by Chiles.— 
Poly. 7. 

RAPO, aRutulian chief.— V. Mn. 10, v.748. 
RASCI'POLIS, a Macedonian sent to the 
assistance of Pompey.— Cces. B. Civ. 3, c. 4. 

RAURACI, a people of Gaul, whose chief 
town is now Augst on the Rhine. — Cces. G. 
1, c. 5. 

RAVENNA, a town of Italy on the Adri- 
atic, which became celebrated under the Ro- 
man emperors for its capacious harbour, 
which could contain 250 ships, and for being 
for some time the seat of the western em- 
pire. It was difficult of access by land, as it 
stood on a small peninsula ; and so ill sup- 
plied with water, that it sold at a higher 
price than wine, according to Martial. The 
emperors kept one of their fleets there, and 
the other at Misenum, on the other side ot 
Italy. It was founded by a colony of Thes- 
salians, or according to others, of Sabines, 
It is now fallen from its former grandeur, 
and is a wretched town situate at the distance 
of about 4 miles from the sea, and surrounded 
with Bwamps and marshes.— Str. 5.— Sue, 



3 E 



VRA— REG 



HEM— REM 



Aug. 49.— PI. 36, c. 12.— Me. 2, c. A.— Mart. 
3, ep. 93, v. 8, 6cc. [Juv. 
RA'VOLA, a celebrated debauchee, &c— 
REA'TE, a pleasant town of Urnbria, built, 
as some suppose, before the Trojan war, 
about 15 miles from Fanum Vacunae, near 
the lake Velinus. Cybele was the chief 
deity of the place, ft was famous for its 
asses.— Str. 5.— Dio. H. \.—Var de R. R.l. 

— Li. 25, 7. 1. 26, 11, I. 28, 45.— Ci. Cat. 3, 2. 
REDl'CULES, a deity whose name is de- 
rived from the word redire (to return). The 
Romans raised a temple to this imaginary 
deity on the spot where Annibal had retired 
when he approached Rome, as if to besiege 
it.-Fest. de V. sig. 

RE'DONES, a nation among the Armorici, 
now the people of Rcnnes and St. Maloes, in 
Brittany.— Cces. B. G. 2, c. 41. 

REGI LLjE, or REGI LLUM, a town in the 
country of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 
miles from Rome.celebrated for a battlewhich 
was fought there, A. U. C. 2-58, between 
24,000 Romans, and 40,000 Etrurians, who 
were headed by the Tarquins. The Romans 
obtained the victory, and scarce 10,000 of 
the enemy escaped from the field of battle. 
Castor and Pollux, according to some ac- 
counts, were seen mounted on white horses, 
and fighting at the head of the Roman army. 

— Li. 2, c. 16.— Dio. H. 5.— Phi. in Cor.— 
Fa. Ma. l — Flor. l.—Sue. Tib. I. 

REGILLIA'N US, Q. NONIUS, a Dacian 
who entered the Roman armies, and was 
raised to the greatest honours under Vale- 
rian. He was elected emperor by the popu- 
lace, who were dissatisfied with Galliemis, 
and w as soon after murdered by his soldiers, 
A. D. 262. 

REGILLUS, a small lakeof Latium, whose 
waters fall into the A uio, at the east of Rome. 
The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin 
army near it.— Li. 2, c. 19. 

REGI'NUM, a town of Germany, now sup- 
posed Ratisbon or Regensburg. 

REGIUM LEPIDUM, a town of Modena, 
now Regio, at the south of the Po.—Pl. 3, 
c. 15.— Ci. 12, /am. 5, 1. 13, ep. 7. 

REG'ULUS, M. ATT1LIUS, a consul dur- 
ing the first Punic war. He reduced Brun- 
dusium, and in his second consulship he took 
64, and sunk 30 gallies of the Carthaginian 
fleet, on the coast of Sicily. Afterwards he 
landed in Africa, and so "rapid was his suc- 
cess, that in a short time he defeated three 
generals, and made himself master of about 
200 places of consequence on the coast. The 
Carthaginians sued for peace, but the con- 
queror refused to grant it, and soon after 
he was defeated in a battle by Xanthippus, 
and 30,000 of his men were left on the field 
of battle, and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regu- 
lus was in the number of the captives, and 
he was carried in triumph to Carthage. He 
was afterwards sent by the enemy to Rome, 
to propose an accommodation, and an ex- 
change of prisoners ; and if his commission 
was unsuccessful, he was bound by the most 
solemn oaths to return to Carthage without 
delay. When he came to Rome, Regulus 
dissuaded his countrymen from accepting 
the terms which the enemy proposed and 



when his opinion had had due influence on 
the senate, Reeulus retired to Carthage, 
agreeably to his engagements. The Car- 
thaginians were told that their offers of 
peace had been rejected at Rome by the 
means of Regulus, and therefore they 
prepared to punish him with the greatest 
severity. His eyebrows were cut, and he 
was exposed for some days to the exces- 
sive heat of the meridian sun, and after- 
wards confined in a barrel, whose sides 
were every where filled with large iron 
spikes, till he died in the greatest agonies. 
His sufferings were heard at Rome, and the 
senate permitted his widow to inflict what- 
ever punishments she pleased on some of 
the most illustrious captives of Carthage, 
who were in their hands. She confined 
them also in presses filled with sharp iron 
points, and was so exquisite in her cruelty, 
that the senate at last interfered, and stopped 
the barbarity of her punishments. Regulus 
died about 251 vears before Christ.— Si. 6, v. 
3IP. — Fl. 2, c. 3."— Hor.3, o. b.—Ci.off. I.e. 13. 
— Va.Ma.l,c.\,].9,C2.— Li. ep. 16. MEM- 
MI IIS, a Roman made govenor of Greece 
by Caligula. While Regulus was in mis 
province, the emperor wished to bring the 
celebrated statue of Jupiter Olympiu*, by 
Phidias, to Rome ; but this was superna- 
turally prevented, and according to ancient 
authors, the ship which was to convey it 
was destroyed by lightning, and the work 
men who attempted to remove the statue 
were terrified av\ay by sudden noises.— Dio 

Cas. A man who' condemned Sejanus. 

ROSCIUS, a man who held the consulship 
but for one day, in the reign of Vitellius. 

REM!, a nation of Gaul, whose principal 
town, Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in the 
north of Champagne.— PI. 4, c. 17.— Cas. li. 
G. 2, c. 5. 

REM MIA LEX de judiciis, was enacted 
to punish all calumniators. The letter K 
was marked on their forehead. This law 
was abolished by Constantine the Great. — 
Ci. pro Ros. 

REM U LUS, a chief of Tibur, whose arms 
were seized by the Rutulians, and afterwards 
became part of the plunder which Euryalus 

obtained.— V. JEn. 9, v. 360. A friend of 

Turnus, trampled to death by his horse, 
which Orsilochus had wounded. Id. 11, v. 636. 

REMULUS, SYLVIUS, a king of Alba, 
destroyed bv lightning on account of his im- 
pietv.— Ov. 'Trist. 4, v. 50. 

REMURIA, festivals established at Rome 
by Romulus, to appease the manes of his 
brother Remus. They were afterwards 
called Lemuria, and celebrated yearly. 

REMUS, the brother of Romulus, was ex- 
posed, together with him, by the. cruelty of 
his grandfather. In the contest which hap- 
pened between the two brothers, about 
buiiding a city, Romulus obtained the pre- 
ference, and Remus, for ridiculir.g the 
rising walls, was put to death by his bro- 
ther's orders, or bv Romulus himself. [Vide 
Rommus.] The Romans were afflicted with 
a plague after this murder, upon which the 
oracle was consulted, and the manes of Re- 
mus appeased by the institution of the Re« 



RES— RHA. 



59 1 



RHA— RHE 



muria.— Ov. One of the auxiliaries of 

Turniis against ^Eneas. V. tEn. 9, v. 330. 

RESEA1NA, a town of Mesopotamia, fa- 
mous for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. 

RESUS, a small river of Asia Minor, fall- 
en? into the Mseander. [6, ep. 16. 

RETINA, a village near Misenum.— PI. 

REUDIGNI, a nation of Germany.— Ta. 
de Ger. 40. 

RHA, a large river, now the Volga of 
Russia. A medicinal root which »rew on 
>is bank was called Rha barbarum. Rhubarb. 

RHAClA, a promontory in the Mediterra- 
nean Sea, projecting from the Pyrenean 
fountains. 

RHAC1US, a Cretan prince, the first of 
f^at nation who entered Ionia with a colony, 
lie seized Claros, of which he became the 
'-overeign. He married Manto, the daughter 
of Tiresius, who had been seized on his 
<-oasts. — Pa. 7, c. 3. 

RHACO'TIS, an ancient name of Alexan- 
dria, the capital of Egypt. — Str. — Pa. 5, c. 21. 

RHADAiM ANTHliS, a son of Jupiter and 
Europa. He was born in Crete, which he 
abandoned about the 30th year of his age. 
He passed into some of the Cyclades, where 
he reigned with so much justice and impar- 
tiality, that the ancients have said he be- 
came" one of the judges of hell, and that he 
was employed in the infernal regions in 
obliging the dead to confess theiF crimes, 
and in punishing them for their offences, 
iihadamanthus reigned not only over some 
of the Cvclades, but over many of the Greek 
cities of Asia.— Pa. 8, c. 53.— Ov. Me. 9, v. 
435.— Diod. 5. — Pla.—H. II, 4, V. 564.— V. 
&n. 6, v. 566. 

RHADAMISTUS, a son of Pharnasmanes, 
king of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the 
•laughter of his uncle Mithridates, king of 
Armenia, and some time after put him to 
death. He was put to death by his father 
for his cruelties, about the year 52 of the 
Christian era. -Tor. An. 13, c. 37. 
RHADIUS, a son of Neleus. 

RH/ETEU M, a city of Phrygia. 
RH^TJ, or R/ETI, an ancient and war- 
like nation of Etruria. They were driven 
from their native country by the Gauls, and 
went to settle on the other side of the Alps. 
[Vide Rhaetia.]— PI. 3, c. 10.— Jus. 20, c. 5. 

RHiETIA, a country at the north of Italy, 
between the Alps and the Danube, which 
now forms the territories of the Grisons, of 
Tyrol, and part of Italy. It was divided 
into two parts, Rhatia prima, and Rhcetia 
secnnda. The first extended from the sources 
of the Rhine to those of the Licus or Lek, 
a small river which falls into the Danube. 
'I he other, called Vindelicia, extended from 
the Licus to another small river called Ginus, 
or Inn, towards the east, The principal 
towns of Rhaetia were called Curia, Triden- 
tum, Belunurn, Fellria. The Rhaelians ren- 
dered themselves formidable by the frequent 
invasions they made upon the Roman em- 
pire, and were at last conquered by Drusus, 
the brother of Tiberius, and others under 
the Roman emperors.— Virg. G. 2, v. 96.—- 
Str. 4— PI. 3, 20, 1.14,2.— Hor. \,Od. 4, & 14. 

RHAMNES, a king and augur, who as- 



sisted Ti rnus against ./Eneas. He was killed 
in the n ght by Nisus.— V. JEn. 9, v. 325. 

RHAi\. NUS", a town of Attica, famous for 
a temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the 
goddess Nemesis, who was from thence 
called Rl amnusia. This statue was made by 
Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble 
which the Persians intended as a pillar to 
be erected to commemorate their expected 
victory over Greece.— Pa. \.—Pl. 36. 

RHAMNUSIA, a name of Nemesis.- Fide 
Rhamnus. 

RHAMPSINITUS, an opulent kin? of 
Egypt, who succeeded Proteus. He built a 
large tower, with stones, at Memphis, where 
his riches were deposited, and of which he 
was robbed by the artifice of the architect, 
who had left a stone in the wall easily 
moveable, so as to admit a plunderer.— Her, 
2, c. 121, &c. 

RHAMSES, or RAMISES, a powerful king 
of Egypt, who, with an army of 700,000 
men, conquered ./Ethiopia, Lybia, Persia, 
and other eastern nations. In his reign, ac- 
cording to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some 
authors consider him to be the same as Se- 
sostris.— Ta. An. 2, c. 60.— PI. 36, c. 8. 

RHANIS, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
— Ov. Me. 3. 

RHAROS, or RHARIUM, a plain of Attica, 
where corn was first sowed by Triptolemus. 
It received its name from the sower's father, 
who was called Rharos.— Pa. I, e. 14. 

RHASCU'PORIS, a kin? of Thrace, who 
invaded the possesions of Cotys, and was put 
to death by order of Tiberius^ kc.—Ta. An. 
2, c. 64. 

RHEA, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Saturn, by whom she had Vesta, 
Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, ike. Her hus- 
band, however, devoured them all as soon as 
born, as he had succeeded to the throne with 
the solemn promise that he would raise no 
male children, or, according to others, be- 
cause he had been informed by an oracle, 
that one of his sons would dethrone him. To 
stop the cruelty of her husband, Rhea con- 
sulted her parents, and was advised to im- 
pose upon him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. 
Accordingly, when she brought forth, the 
child was immediately concealed, and Saturn 
devoured up a stone which his wife had 
given iiim as her own child. The fears of 
Saturn were soon proved to be well founded. 
A year after, the child whose name was Ju- 
piter, became so strong and powerful, that 
he drove his father from his throne. Rhea 
has been confounded by the. mythologists with 
some of the other goddesses, and nirany have 
supposed that she was the same divinity that 
received adoration under the various names 
of Bona Uea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna 
Mater, Ceres, Vesta, Titaea, and Terra, 
Tellus, and Ops. [Vide Cybele, Ceres, Vesta, 
&c] Rhea, after the expulsion of her hus- 
band from his throne, followed hini to Italy, 
where he established a kingdom. Her bene- 
volence in this part of Europe was so great, 
that the golden age of Saturn is often called 
the age of Rhea.— Hes. Th.—Orp. in Hym. 
—Horn. ib.-S.sch. Pro.— En. Bac.—Gv. Fa. 
4 v. J9?o— Avol. 1 c. l.&c- — SYLVIA, the 



RHE — RHE 



592 



RHE— RHI 



mother of Romulus and Remus. She is also 

called Ilia. [Vide Ilia.] A nymyh of Italy, 

who is said to have borne a son called Aven- 
tinus to Hercules.— V. JEn. 7, v. 659. 

RHEBAS, or RHEBUS, a river of Bithynia, 
flowing from mount Olympus into the Euxine 
6ea.— Viae. 7, v. 698. 
RHEDONES. Vide Redones. 
RHEGIUM, now Rheggio,a town of Italy, 
in the country of the Brutii, opposite Me's- 
sana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians 
under Alcidamidas settled, B. C. 723. It was 
originally called Rhegium, and afterwards 
Rhegium Julium, to distinguish it from Rhe- 
gium Lepidi, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. 
Some suppose that it received its name from 
the Greek word " re°rc?o?<«," to because 
it is situate on the streights of Carybdis, 
which were formed when the island of Sicily, 
as it were, was broken and separated from 
the continent of Italy. This town has 
always been subject to great earthquakes, by 
which it. has often been destroyed. The 
neighbourhood is remarkable for its ijreat fer- 
tility, and for its delightful views.— St. 13, 
v. 94.— Ci. Ar. 3.-Ov. Me. 14, v. 5, Sc 48.— 
Ju. 4, c. 1.— Me. 2, c. 4.— Sir. 6. 
RHEGUSCI, a people of the Alps. 
RHEMI. Vide Remi. 
RHENE, a small inland of the £gean, 
about 200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in cir- 
cumference. The inhabitants of Delos 
always buried their dead there, and their 
women also retired there during their labour, 
as their own island was consecrated to 
Apollo, where Latona had brought forth, and 
where no dead bodies were to be inhumated. 
Strabo says, that it was uninhabited, though 
it was once as populous and flourishing as 
the rest of the Cyclades. Folycrates con- 
quered it, and consecrated it to Apollo, after 
he had tied it to Delos, by means of a long 
chain. Rhene was sometimes called the 
small Delos, and the island of Delos the 
great Delos.— Th. 3.—Str. \0.—Me. 2, c. 7. 
RHENI.apeople onthe borders oftheRhine. 
RHENUS, one of the largest rivers of Eu- 
rope, which divides Germany from Gau!. It 
rises in the Rhaetian Alps, and falls into the 
German Ocean. Virgil has called it bi< ornis, 
because it divides itself into two streams. 
The river Rhine was a long time a barrier 
between the Romans and the Germans, and 
on that account its banks were covered with 
strong castles. J. Caesar was the first Roman 
who crossed it to invade Germany. The 
waters of that river were held in great vene- 
ration, and were supposed by the ancient 
Germans to have some peculiar virtue, as 
they threw their children into it, either to 
try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace 
arid invigorate their limbs. If the child 
swam on the surface, the mother was ac- 
liritted of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bot- 
tom, its origin was deemed illegitimate. In 
modern geography the Rhine is known as 
lividing itself into four large branches: the 
Waal, Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. That 
branch which still retains the name of Rhine, 
loses itself in the sands above modern Ley- 
den, and is afterwards no longer known by 
•ts ancient appellation, since the year 860, 



A.D. when the inundations of the sea des- 
troyed the regularity of its mouth.— Oy. Me, 
2, v. 258.— Sir. 4.— Me. 2, c. 5, I. 3, c. 2.— 
C<bs. de b. G. 4, c. 10.— Ta. An. 2, c. 6.—V. 

Mn. 8, v. 727. A small river of Italy, 

falling into the Po on the south, now Rheno. 
—Si. 8, v. 600.— Pi. 3, c. 16. I. 16. C. 36. 
RHEOMITRES, a Persian who revolted 

from Artaxerxes, Sec— Bi. 15. A Persian 

officer killed at the battle of Issus. — C«r.2,c.5. 

RHESUS, a king of Thrace, son of the 
Strymon and Terpsichore, or, according to 
others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many 
warlike exploits and conquests in Europe, 
he marched to the assistance of Priam, king 
of Troy, against the Greeks. He was ex- 
pected with great impatience, as an ancient 
oracle had declared, that Troy should never 
be taken, if the horses of Rhesus drank the 
waters of the Xanthus, and fed upon the 
grass of the Trojan plains. This oracle was 
well known to the Greeks, and therefore two 
of their best generals, Diomedes and Ulysses, 
were commissioned by the rest to intercept 
the Trojan prince. The Greeks entered 
his camp in the night, slew him, and carried 
awav his horses to^ their camp.—//. II. 10.— 
JJi/Cr. 2.—Apol. I.e. 3.— V. Mn. 1, v. 473. 
—Ov. Me. 13, v. 98. 

RHETOGE'NES, a prince of Spain who 
surrendered to the Romans, and was treated 
with great humanity. 
RHE'TICO, a mountain of Rhaeti... 
RHEUNUS, a place in Arcadia.— Pa.8,c.23. 
RHEXENOR, a son of Nausithous, king 

of Phaeacia.— H. Od. 7. The father of 

Chalciope, the wife of iEgeus, king of Athens. 

A musician who accompained Antony in 

Asia. 

RHEXIBIUS, an athlete of Opus, who ob- 
tained a prize in the Olympic games, am* 
had a statue in the grove of Jupiter.-Pa.6,c.l8. 

RHIA'NUS, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori- 
ginally a slave. He wrote an account of the 
war between Sparta and Messenia, which 
continued for twenty years, as also an his- 
tory of the principal revolutions and events 
which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this 
poetical composition nothing but a few verses 
are extant. He flourished about 200 years 
before the Christian era. -Pa. 4, c. 6. 

RHIDAGO, a river of Hyrcania, falling 
into the Caspian sea. — Cur. 6, c. 4. 

RH 1 MO'TACLES, a king of Thrace, who 
revolted from Antony to Augustus. He 
boasted of his attachment to the emperor's 
person at an enterraiument, upon which Au- 
gustus said, prndiiionem amo, proditores 
veros odi. 

RHINOCOLU'RA, a town on the borders 
of Palestine and Egypt.— Li. 45, c. 11. 

RHION, a promontory of Achaia, oppo- 
site to Antirrhium in ^Etolia, at the mouth of 
the Corinthian gulf, called also the Darda- 
nelles of Lepanto. The strait between Nau- 
pactum and Patrae bore also the same name. 
The tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the 
promontory.— Li. 27, c. 30. 1. 38, c. 7.— Pi. 
4. c. 2.— Pa. 7, c. 22. 

RHIPHA, or RHIPHE, a town of Arcadia. 
— St. 4. Th. v. 2^6. 
RHIPHjEI, large mountains at the north 



RHI— RHO 5! 
of Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gor- 1 
gons had fixed their residence. The name 
of Rhipheean was applied to any cold moun- 
tain in a northern country, and, indeed, 
these mountains seem to have existed only 
in the imagination of the poets, though 
some make the Tanais rise there.— PI. 4. c. 
U.—Lnc. 3, v. 272.— Virg. G. 1, V. 240. 

RHINTHON, a Greek poet of Tarentum, 
in the a<ie of Alexander.— Cic. ad At. ep. 20. 

RHIFHEUS, one of the Centaurs. -Ov. 

Me. A trojan praised for his justice, &c. 

V. JEn. 2, v. 426. Vide Ripheus. 

RHIUM. Vide Rhion. 

RH1ZONIT/E, a people of Illy ricum,whose 
chief town was called Rhizinium.— Li. 45,c. 26. 

RHODA, now Roses, a seaport town of 

Spain.— Li. 34, c. 8. A town of the Rhone, 

from which the river received its name. It 
was ruined in Pliny's age. — PI. 3, c, 4. 

RHO'DANUS, a river of Gallia Narbonen- 
sis, rising in the Rhaetian Alps, and falling 
into the Mediterranean Sea, near Marseilles. 
It is one of the largest and most rapid rivers 
of Europe, now known by the name of the 
Rhone.— Me. 2, c. 5.— Ov. Me. 2, v. 258.— Sil. 
3, v. 447. Mar. 15.— Cces. b. G. 1, c. I.— PL 
C. 4.-Str. A.— Luc. 1, v. 433. 1. 6, v. 475. 

RHODE, a daughter of Neptune.— Apol. 
Of Danaus.— Id. 

RHODIA, one of the Oceanides.— Hes. 
A daughter of Danans. — Apol. 

RHODOGY'NE, a daughter of Phraates, 
king of Parthia, who married Demetrius, 
when he was in banishment at her father's 
court — Poly. 8. 

RHODOPE, or RHODO'PIS, a celebrated 
courtezan of Greece, who was fellow ser- 
vant with iEsop, at the court of a king of 
Samos. She was carried to Egypt by Xan- 
thus, and her liberty was at last bought by 
Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Sappho, 
who was enamoured of her, and who married 
ber. She sold her favours at Naucratis, 
where she collected so much money, that, to 
render her name immortal, she con-ecrated 
a number of spits in the temple of Apollo at 
Delphi ; or, according to others, erected one 
of the pyramids of Egypt- iElian says, that 
as Pvhodope was one day bathing herseif, an 
eagle carried away one of her sandals, and 
dropped it near Psammetichus, king of Egypt, 
at Memphis. The monarch was struck with 
the beauty of the sandal, strict inquiry was 
made to find the owner, and Rhodope, when 
discovered, married Psammetichus.— Her. 2, 
c. 134.— Ov. Her. 15.— Ml. V. H. 13, c. 33. 
Perizonins supposes there were two persons 
of that name. 

RHODOPE, a high mountain of Thrace, 
extending as far as the Euxine sea, all across 
the country, nearly in an eastern direction. 
Rhodope, according to the poets, was the 
wife of Haemus, king of Thrace, who was 
changed into this mountain, because she 
preferred herself to .Juno in beauty.— Ov. 
Me. 6, v. 87.— V. Eel. 8, G. 3, v. 351.— Me. 
2, c. 2.— Str. l.—Il. 2, v.73.— Sen. Here. Oet. 

RHODOPEIUS, is used in the same signi- 
fication as Thracian, because Rhodope was a 
mountain of that country. — Ov. A. A. 3, v. 
m-— Herod. 2*— Virg. G. 4. v. 461. 



3 RHO-RHffi 

RHODUNIA, the top of mount (Eta.— it. 
36, c. 16 

RHODUS, a celebrated island in the Car- 
pathian sea, 120 miles in circumference, at 
the south of Caria, from which it is distant 
about twenty miles. Its principal cities were 
Rhodes, founded about 408 years before the 
Christian era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. 
Rhodes was famous for the siege which it 
supported against Demetrius, and for a cele- 
brated statue of Apollo. {Vide Colossus.] 
The Rhodians were originally governed by 
kings, and were independent, but this go- 
vernment was at last exchanged for a demo- 
cracy and an aristocracy. They were na- 
turally given up to commerce, and during 1 
many ages, they were the most powerful 
nation by sea. Their authority was respected, 
and their laws were so universally approved, 
that every country made use of them to decide 
disputes "concerning maritime affairs, and 
they were at last adopted by other commer- 
cial nations, and introduced into the Roman 
codes, from whence they have been extracted 
to form the basis of the maritime regulations 
of modern Europe. 'When Alexander made 
himself master of Asia, the Rhodians lost 
their independence, but they soon after as- 
serted their natural privileges under his 
cruel successors, and continued to hold that 
influence among nations to which their mari- 
time power and consequence entitled them. 
They assisted Pompey against Caesar, and 
were defeated by Cassius, and became de- 
pendent upon the Romans. The island of 
Rhodes has been known by the several 
names of Ophiusa, Stadia, Telchinis, Corym- 
bia, Trinacria, JEtrhea, Asleria, Poessa, 
Alabyria, Oloessa, Marcia, and Pelagia. It 
received the name of Rhodes, either on 
account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph who 
dwelt there, and who was one of the fa- 
vourites ol Apollo, or because roses {rodon) 
grew in great abundance all over the island. 
—Str. 14.— H. II. 2.— Me. 2, c. l.—Dio. 5.-— 
PL 2, c. 62.— Fl. 2, c. l.—Pind. Ol. 7-— Luc. 8, 
v. 248.— Ci. Man. leg. in Br. \3.—Li. 27, c. SO. 

KHCEBUS, a horse of Mezentius, whom 
his master addressed with the determination 
t-o conquer or to die, when he saw his son 
Lausus brought lifeless from the battle. This 
beautiful address is copied from Homer, 
where likewise Achilles addresses his horses. 
— V. JEn. 10, v. 861. 

RHCECUS, one of the Centaurs who at- 
tempted to offer violence to Atalanta. He 
was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous bv 

Bacchus.— Ov. Me. 12, v. 301.— V. G. 2. 

One of the giants killed 'by Bacchus, under 
the form of a lion, in the war which these 
sons of the earth waged against Jupiter and 
the gods.— Hor. 2, O. 19, v. 23. 

RH(EO,a nymph beloved by Apollo.-Zh'o.S. 

HHCETEUM, or RHCETUS, a promontory 
of Troas, on the Hellespont, near which the 
body of Ajax was buried-— Ov. Me. 1 1, v. 197, 4. 
• Fast. v. 219. -V. J?rc.6,v.505,l.I2.v.456. \ Ros.so. 

RHCETIUS, a mountain of Corsica, now 

RHCETUS, a king of the Marrubii, who 
married a woman called Casperia, to whom 
Archemorus, his son by a former wife, of- 
fered violence. After this incestuous attempt, 
3 E 3 



RHO — ROM 594 
Archemorus fled to Turnus, king of tlie 

Rutuli.— V. JEn. 10, v. 388. A Rutulian 

killed by Eiiryalus in the nischt.— Id. 9, v. 344. 

An Ethiopian killed bv Perseus.— Ov. Me. 

5, v. 38. 

RHOSACES, a Persian killed by Clitus as 
he was sioing to stab Alexander at the battle 
of the Granicus.— Curt, 8, c. I. 

RHOSUS, a town of Syria, on the gulph 
of Issus, celebrated for its earthern wares. — 
Ci. 6. At. I. 

RHOXA LAN I, a people at the north of the 
Pains Maeotis.— Ta. Hist. 1, c. 79. 

RHOXANA, or ROXANA, a mistress of 
Alexander, daughter of a Persian satrap. — 
Vide Roxana. [dates made war. 

RHOXANI, a nation a°rain.-t whom Mirhri- 

RHUTE'M, and RHUTHE'Ni, a people of 
Gaul. [Asia Minor.— PI. 5, c. 32. 

RH YN'DACUS, a larg-e river of Mvsia, in 

RHYNTHON, a dramatic writer of Syra- 
cuse, who flourished at Tarentum, where he 
wrote thirly-ei?ht plays. Authors are di- 
vided with respect to "the merit of his com- 
positions, and the abilities of the writer.— 

RHYP/E, a town of Achaia, at the west of 
Helice. 

RIGODULUM, a village of Germany, now 
Rigol, near Cologne. 



ROM— ROM 



body was soon collected, and before trie 
death of the founder, the Romans had co- 
vered with their habitations, the Palatine, 
Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline hills, with 
mount Ccelius, and Quirinalis. After many 
successful wars against the neighbouring 
states, the views of Romulus were directed 
to regulate, a nation naturally fierce, war- 
like, .and uncivilized. The people were 
divided into classes, the interests of the 
whole were linked in a common chain, 
and the labours of the subject, as well as 
those of his patron, tended to the same 
end, the aggrandizement of the state. Un- 
der the successors of Romulus, the power 
of Rome was increased and the boun- 
daries of her dominions extended ; while 
one was employed in regulating the forms 
of worship, and in inculcating iifthe minds of 
his subjects a reverence for the deity, the 
other was engaged in enforcing discipline 
among- the army, and raising the consequence 
of the soldiers in the government of the 
state, and a third made the object of his ad- 
ministration consist in adorning his capital, 
in beautifying its edifices, and in fortifying 
it with towers and walls. During 244 years 
the Romans were governed by kings, but 
i the tyranny, the oppression, and the vio- 



Kvt, iicai v,uiuyiie. — Ta. H. 4^ 

R1PH.&I. Fide Rhiphaei. i lence of the last of' these monarchs, and 

RIPHECS, a Trojan who joined ./Eneas of his family, became so atrocious, that a 
1he night that Troy was reduced to ashes, revolution was effected in the state, and the 
and was at last killed after making a great deniocratical government was established, 
carnage of the Greeks. He is commended | The monarchical government existed under 



for his love of justice and equity. — V. JEn. 2, 

v. 339 & 426. One of the Centaurs killed by 

Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithous.— Ov. 
Me. 12, v. 352. [45, c. 2d. 

RIXAMARjE, a people of Illyricum.— Li 

RO BI'GO, or R UBI XJO, a goddess at Rome, 
particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as 
she presided over corn. Her festivals, called 
Robigalia, were celebrated on the 25th of 
April, and incense was offered to her, as 
also the entrails of a sheep and of a dog. 
She was intreated to preserve the corn from 
blights.— Of. F. 4, v. 911.— Virg. G. 1, v. 
151.— Var. de L. L. 5, de li. R. 1, c. I. 

RODUMNA, now Roanne, a town of the 
/Edui, on the Loire. 

ROMA, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
Roman empire*; situate on the banks of the 
river Tiber, at the distance of about sixteen 
miles from the sea. The name of itsfounder, 
and the manner of its foundation, are not 
precisely known. Romulus, however, is uni- 
versally supposed to have laid the founda- 
tions o'f that celebrated city, on the 20th of 
April, according to Varro, "in the year 3961 
of the Julian period, 3251 years after the 
creation of the world, 753 before the birth of 
Christ, and 431 years after the Trojan war, 
and in the 4th year of the sixth Olympiad. 
In its original state, Rome was but'a small 
castle on the summit of mount Palatine ; and 
the founder, to give bis followers the ap- 
pearance of a nation or a barbarian horde, 
was obliged to erect a standard as a common 
asylum for every criminal, debtor, or mur- 
derer, who fled from their native country 



seven princes, who began to reign in the 
following order : Romulus, B. C. 753 ; and, 
after one year's interregnum, Numa, 715; 
Tulius Hos*tilius, 672 ; Ancus Martius, 640 ; 
Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius Tulius, 578 ; 
andTarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 years 
after, B. C. 509; and this regal administra- 
tion has been properly denominated the in- 
fancy of the Roman empire. After the ex- 
pulsion of the Tarquins from the throne, the 
Romans became more sensible of their con- 
sequence : with their liberty they acquired 
a spirit of faction, and they became so jea- 
lous of their independence, that the first of 
their consuls who had been the most zealous 
and animated in the assertion of their free- 
dom, was banished from the city because he 
bore the name, and was of the family of the 
tyrants; and another, to stop their suspicions, 
was obliged to pull down his house, whose 
stateliness and magnificence above the rest, 
seemed incompatible with the duties and the 
rank of a private citizen. They knew more 
effectually their power when they had fought 
with success against Porsenna, the king of 
Etruia, and some of the neighbouring states, 
who supported the claim of the tyrant, and 
attempted to replace him on his "throne by 
force of arms. A government which is en- 
trusted inlo the hands of two of the most 
distinguished of its members, for the limited 
space of one year, cannot but give rise to 
great men, glorious exploits, and tremendous 
seditions. The general who is placed at the 
head of an army during a compaign, mus- 
be active and diligent, when he knows tha- 



to avoid the punishment which attended his power is terminated with the year, aiK. 
them. From such aa assemblage a numerous 1 if he has a becoming ambitioy- he wili uis* 



ROM — ROM 



595 



ROM— ROM 



tinguish his consulship by some uncommon 
act of valour, before he descends from the 
dignity of an absolute magistrate to the de- 
pendence of a fellow citizen. Yet these at- 
tempts for the attainment of glory often 
failed of success; and though the Romans 
could once boast that every individual in 
their armies could discharge with fidelity and 
honour the superior offices of magistrate and 
consul, there are to be found in their annals 
many years marked by overthrows, or dis- 
graced by the ill conduct, the oppression, and 
the wantonness of their generals. [Vide Con- 
guI.] To the fame which their conquests and 
daily successes had gained abroad, the Romans 
were not alittle indebted for their gradual rise 
to superiority; and to this maybe added the po- 
licy of the census, which every fifth year told 
them their actual strength, and how many 
citizens were able to bear arms. And indeed 
it was no small satisfaction to a people who 
were continually making war to see, that in 
spite of all the losses which they might sus- 
tain in the field, the increase of the inhabitants 
of the city was prodigious, and almost incre- 
dible ; and had Romulus lived after the battle 
of Actium, he wou.d have been persuaded 
with difficulty that above four millions of 
inhabitants were contained within those 
walls, which in the most flourishing period of 
his reign could scarce muster an army of 
3000 infantry, and 300 horse. But when 
Rome had flourished under the consular 
government for about 120 years, and had be- 
held with pleasure the conquests of her citi- 
zens over the neighbouring states and cities, 
winch, according to a Roman historian, she 
was ashamed to recollect in the summit of 
her power, an irruption of the barbarians of 
Gaul rendered her very existence precari- 
ous, and her name was nearly extinguished. 
The valour of an injured individual, [Vide 
Camillas,] saved it from destruction, yet not 
before its buildings and temples were reduced 
to ashes. This celebrated event, which gave 
the appellation of another founder of Rome 
to Camillus, has been looked upon as a 
glorious era to the Romans. The huts 
and cottages which Romulus had erected, 
and all his successors repaired, were totally 
consumed, and when the city arose again 
from its ruins, the streets were enlarged, 
convenience as well as order was observed, 
taste and regularity were consulted, and the 
poverty, ignorance, and rusticity of the Ro- 
mans seemed to be extinguished with their 
old habitations. But no sooner were they 
freed from the fears of their barbarian in- 
vaders, than they turned their arms against 
those states which refused to acknowledge 
their superiority, or yield their independ- 
ence. Their wars with Pyrrhus and the Ta- 
rentiues displayed their character in a differ- 
ent view : if tluy before had fought for free- 
dom and independence, they now drew their 
sword for glory ; and here we may see them 
conquered in the field, and yet refusing to 
grant that peace, for which their conqueror 
himseif had sued- The advantages they 
gained from their battles with Pyrrhus were 
many. The Roman name became known in 
Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or 



gaining a victory, the Romans were enabled 
to examine the manoeuvres, observe the dis- 
cipline, and contemplate the order and the 
encampments of those soldiers whose friends 
and ancestors had accompanied Alexander 
the Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy 
became subjected to the Romans at the end 
of the war with the Tarentines, and that 
period of time has been called the second 
agp, or the adolescence of the Roman em- 
pire. After this memorable era they tried 
their strength not only with distant nations, 
but also upon anew element ; and in the long 
wars which they waged against Carthage, 
they acquired territory, and obtained the 
sovereigf>i^ of the sea, and though Annihal 
for sixteen *ears kept them in continual 
alarms, *>f>» r *;r*c round their gates, and de- 
stroy^ their ^tunes almost before their 
wali)«, yet they <*trf«j doomed to conquer, 
[Vide Punicum Be^ttro,] and soon to add the 
kingdom of Macedonia, [Vide Macedonicum 
Bellum,] and tfcp provinces of Asia, [Vide 
Mithridaticum Beilum,] to their empire. But 
while we consider the Romans as a nation 
subduing their neighbours by war, their 
manners, their counsels, and their pursuits 
at home are not to be forgotten. To be war- 
riors was their profession ; their assemblies 
in the Campus Martius were a meeting of 
armed men, and very properly denominated 
an army. Yet while their conquests were 
so extensive abroad, we find them torn by 
factions at home ; and so far was the resent- 
ment of the poorer citizens carried, that we 
see the enemy at the gates of the city, while 
all are unwilling to take up arms and to 
unite in the defence of their common liberty. 
The senators and the nobles were ambitious of 
power, and endeavoured to retain in their 
hands that influence which had been exer- 
cised with so much success and such crueltv 
by their monarchs. This was the continual 
occasion of tumults and sedition. The peo- 
ple were jealous of their liberty. The oppres- 
sion of the nobles irritated them, and tbe 
stripes to which they were loo often ex- 
posed witlwat mercy, was often productive 
of revolutions. The Plebeians, though ori- 
ginally the poorest and most contemptible 
citizens of an indigent nation, whose food 
in the first ages of the empire was only 
bread and salt, and whose drink was water, 
soon gained rights and privileges by their 
opposition. Though really slaves, they be- 
came powerful in the state ; one conces- 
sion from the patricians produced ano- 
ther, and when their independence was 
boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were 
admitted to share in the highest offices 
of the state, and the laws which forbad 
the intermarriage of plebeian and patrician 
families, were repealed, and the meanest 
peasant could by valour and fortitude be 
raised to the dignity of dictator and consul. 
It was not till these privileges were obtained 
by the people from the senate, that Rome 
began to enjoy internal peace and tranquil- 
lity ; her battles were then fought with more 
vigour, her soldiers were more animated, 
and her sovereignty was more universally 
established. But supreme power lodged in 



ROM — ROM ROM — ROM 



the hands of a factious and ambitious citizen 
becomes too often dangerous. The greatest 
oppression and tyranny took place of subor- 
dination and obedience ; and from those 
causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter 
and effusion of blood under a Sylla or a 
Marius. It has been justly observed, that 
the first Romans conquered their enemies 
by valour, temperance, and fortitude ; their 
moderation also and their justice were well 
known among their neighbours, and not 
only private possessions, "but even mighty 
kingdoms and empires, were left in their 
pov\er, to be distributed among a family or 
to be insured in the hands of a successor. 
They were also chosen umpires to decide 
quarrels, but in this honourable office they 
consulted their own interest; they artfully 
supported the weaker side, that the more 
powerful might be reduced, and gradually 
become their prey. Under J. Caesar and 
Pompey, the rage of civil war was carried 
to unprecedented excess; it was not merely 
to avenge a private injury, but it was a con- 
test for the sovereignty, and though each of 
the adversaries wore the mark of pretended 
sincerity, and professed himself to be the 
supporter of the republic, not less than the 
abolition of freedom and public liberty 
was the aim. What Julius began, bis 
adopted son achieved : the ancient spirit of 
national independence was extinguished at 
Rome, and after the battle of Actium, the 
Romans seemed unable to govern themselves 
without the assistance of a chief, who under 
trie title of imperator, an appellation given 
to every commander by his army after Viroe 
signal victory, reigned with as inuch power 
and as much "sovereignty as another Tarquin. 
Under their emperors the Romans lived a 
luxurious and indolent life ; they had loug 
forgot to apppar in the field, and "their wars 
were left to be waged by mercenary troops, 
who fought without spirit or animosity, and 
wiio were ever ready to yield to him who 
bought their allegiance and fidelity with the 
greatest sums of money. Their leaders 
themselves were not the most prudent or 
the most humane; the power which they had 
acquired by hribery was indeed precarious, 
and among a people, where not only the 
highest offices of the state, but even the im- 
perial purple itself, are exposed to sale, 
there cannot be expected much happiness 
or tranquillity in the palace of the emperor. 
The reigns of the successors of Augustus 
were distinguished by variety : one was the 
most abandoned and profligate of men, whom 
his own vices and extravagance hurried out 
of the world, while his successor, perhaps 
the most clement, just, and popular of 
princes, was sacrificed in the midst of his 
guards and attendants by the dagger of 
some offended favourite, or disappointed 
eunuch. Few indeed were the emperors of 
Rome whose days were not shortened by 
poison, or the sword of an assas-in. If one 
for some time had the imprudence to trust 
himself in the midst of a multitude, at last to 
perish by his own credulity, the other con- 
sulted his safety, but with no better success, 
in the innumerable chambers of his palace, 



and changed every day, to elude discover . 
the place of his retirement. After they had 
been governed by a race of princes, re- 
markable for the variety of their charac- 
ters, the Roman possessions were divided 
into distinct empires, bv the enterprising 
Constantine, A. D. 328. 'Constantinople be- 
came the seat of the eastern empire, and 
Rome remained. in the possession of the 
western emperors, and continued to be the 
capital of their dominions. In the vear fcOO 
of the Christian era, Rome with Italy was 
delivered by Charlemagne, the then emperor 
of the west, into the hands of the Pope, who 
still continues to hold the sovereignty, and 
to maintain his independence under the 
name of the Ecclesiastical States.— The ori- 
ginal poverty of the Romans has often beer 
disguised by their poets and historians, who 
wished it to appear that a nation who were 
masters of the world, had had better begin- 
ning, than to be a race of shepherds and 
robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they 
were indebted for their successes. Their 
houses were originally destitute of every 
ornament, they were made with unequal 
boards, and covered with mud, and these 
served them rather as a shelter agair.st the 
inclemency of the seasons than for relaxa- 
tion and ease. Til) the age of Pyrrhus, 
they despised riches, and many salutary laws 
were enacted to restrain luxury and to pu- 
nish indolence. They observed great tem- 
perance in their meals: young men were 
not permitted to drink wine till they had 
attained their 3uth year, and it was totally 
forbidden to women. Their national spirit 
was supported by policy : the triumphal 
procession of a conqueror along the streets 
amidst the applause of thousands, was well 
calculated to promote emulation ; and the 
number of gladiators which were regularly 
introduced not only in public games and 
spectacles, but also at private meetings, 
served to cherish their fondness for war, 
whiist it steeled their hearts against the 
calls of compassion ; and when they could 
gaze with pleasure upon wretches whom 
they forcibly obliged to murder one ano- 
ther, they were not inactive in the de- 
struction of those whom they considered as 
inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the 
field. In their punishments, civil as well as 
military, the Romans were strict and rigor- 
ous ; a deserter was severely whipped and 
sold as a slave, and the degradation from the 
rank of a soldier and dignity of a citizen was 
the most ignominious stigma which could be 
affixed upon a seditions mutineer. The 
transmarine victories of the Romans proved 
at last tne ruin of their innocence and bra- 
very. They grew fond of the luxury of the 
Asiatics; and conquered by the vices and in- 
dolence of those nations whom they had sub- 
dued, they became as effeminate and as dis 
solute as their captives. Marcellus was the 
first who introduced a taste for the fine arts 
among his countrymen. The spoils and trea- 
sures that were obtained in the plunder of 
Syracuse and Corinth, rendered the Romaic 
partial to elegant refinement and ornamenta 
equipage. Though Cato had despised phi. 



ROM— ROM 



597 



KO 31— ft 03 



losophy, [Vide Carneades] and declared that | fathers over their children was very exfen- 
«ar was the only profession of his country- sive, and indeed unlimited ; they could sell 
men, the R.omans, by their intercourse with I them or put them to death at pleasure, with- 
the Greeks, soon became fond of literature; j out the forms of trial, or the interference 
and though they had onc^ banished the so-j of the civil magistrates. Many of their an- 
phisis of Athens from their city, vet they be-', cient families were celebrated 'for the great 
heid with rapture their settlement among- 1 men which they had produced, but the vigo- 
them in the principal towns of Italy, after the! rous and interested part they took in the 
conquest of Achaia. They soon a'fter began I management of the republic exposed them 
to imitate their polished captives, and to cul- ' often to danger, and some have observed 
Urate poetry with success. From the valour j that the Romans sunk into indolence and 
of their heroes and conquerors, indeed, the ! luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, the 
sublimest subjects were offered to the genius iEmyfii, the Marcelli, &c, who had so often 
or their poets ; but of the little that remains supported their spirit and led them to vie- 
to celebrate the early victories of Rome, j torv, bad been extinguished in the bloody 
nothing can be compared to the nobler effu- wars of Marius and of the two triumvirates, 
sions or the Augustan age. Virgil has done | When Rome was become powerful, she was 
so much for the Latin name that the splen- 1 distinguished from other cities by the flattery 
dour and the triumphs of his countrv are for- i of her neighbours aud citizens ; a form o'f 
gotten for a while, when we are transported ' worship was established to her as a deity, 
in the admiration of the majesty of his num- and temples were raised in her honour, not 
bers, the elegant delicacy of his expressions, I only in the city but in the provinces. The 
and the fire of his muse ; and the applauses goddess Roma was represented like Minerva, 
given to the lyric powers of Horace, the all armed and sitting on a rock, holding 



softness of Tibullus, the vivacity .of Ovid, 
and to the superior composition's of other 
respectable poets, shall be unceasing so 
long as the name of Rome excites our re- 
verence and our praises, and so long as 
genius, virtue, and abilities are honoured 
amongst mankind. Though thev originally 



pike in her hand, with her head covered 
with a helmet and a trophy at her feet. — 
Li. ].-Cat. de R. R.— V. £n. G. & Eel.— 
Hor. 2, S. 6.—FI. I. c. l.—Pat.— Ta. An. 
Tib. A.—Luc.—Plu. Rom. Num.—Ci. Nat. 
D. 1. PI. 7.— Jus. A3.— Far. de L. L. 5.— 
Va. Ma. I.— Mart. 12, ep- «. A daughter 



rejected with horror a law which proposed j of Evander. A Trojan woman who came 

tne building of a public theatre, and the ex- to Italv with jEneas. A daughter of Italus 

nibition of plays, like the Greeks, vet the ! and Luceria. It was after one of these fe- 
Komans soon proved favourable to the com- males, according to some authors, that the 
positions of their countrymen. Living was J capital of Italv was called Roma. [Roma, 
the first dramatic writer of consequence at ROMA'N I, the inhabitants of Rome. Vide 
Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited ROMANES, an officer under Theodosius. 

A. V. C. 514. After him Naevius and Ennius j Another, poisoned bv Nero. A son of 

wrote for the stage ; and in a more polished Constans, &c, 



period Plautus, Terence, Caecilius, and Afra- 
nius, claimed the public attention and gain- ' 
ed the most unbounded applause. Satire did. 

not make its appearance at Rome till 100 ' der which Romulus and Remus were found.- 
years after the introduction of comedy, and Ov. 2, F. v. 412. [10, 
so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of 



RO Ml LI US MARCELLUS. a Roman cen- 
turion in Galba's reign, &c. — Ta. 1. Hist. 
ROM OLA, a name given to the fig-tree un- 



ROML'LEA, a town of the Samnites. — Li. 



writing, that he was called the inventor of RO'MULID.E, a patronymic given to the 
it. In historical writing the progress of the j Roman people, from Romulus their first 
Romans was slow and inconsiderable,and for \ king, and the founder of their city.— V. JEn. 



many years they employed the pen of foreign- 
ers to compile their annals, till the superior I 
abilities of a Livy were made known.— In 



638. 

RO'.MULUS, a son of Mars and Ilia, 
grandson of Numitor, king of Alba, was 



their worship and sacrifices the Romans we-e i born at the same birth with Remus. Thes< 
uncommonly superstitious, the will of tie I two children were thrown into the Tiber by 
gods was consulted on every occasion, and ! order of Amulius, who usurped the crown ot 
no general marched to an expedition without ! his brother Numitor; bnt thev were pre- 



the previous assurance from the augurs, that 
the omens were propitious, and his success 
almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries were 
numerous, they raised altars not only to the 
gods, who, as they supposed, presided over 
their city, but also to the deities of conquer- 
ed nations, as well as to the different pas- 
sions and virtues. There were no less than 
420 temples at Rome, crowded with statues; 
the priests were numerous, and each divi- 
nity had a particular college of sacerdotal 
servants. Their wars were declared in the 
most aw ful and solemn manner, and pravers 
were always offered in the temples for" the 
prosperity of Home, when a defeat had been 
sustained, or a victory woo The power of 



•erved, and according to Fionas, the river 
stopped its course, and a she-wolf came and 
fed tliem with her milk, till they were found 
by Faustulus, one of the king's shepherds, 
who educated them as his own children. 
When they knew their real origin, the twins, 
called Romulus and Remus, put Amulius to 
death, and restored the crown to their 
grandfather Numitor. They afterwards un- 
dertook to build a city ; and to determine 
which of the two brothers should have the 
management of it, thev had recourse to 
omens and the flight of birds. Remus went 
to mount Aventine, and Romulus to mount 
Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of six 
vultures and soon after. Romulus twelve; 



ROM — ROM 



ays 



HOM-ROS 



and therefore, as his number was greater, 
lie began to lay the foundations of the city, 
liopelul that it "would become a warlike and 
powerful nation, as the birds from which he 
had received the omen were fond of prey 
and slaughter. Romulus marked with a 
farrow the place where he wished to erect 
the wails ; but their slenderness was ridiculed 
by Remus, who leaped over them with the 
greatest contempt. This irriiated Romulus, 
and Ren-us was immediately put to death ; 
eithti by the hand of his brother or one of 
the workmen. When the walls were built, 
the city was without inhabitants ; but Romu- 
lus, by making an asylum of a sacred grove, 
soon collected a multitude of fugitives, fo- 
reigners, and criminals, whom he received 
as his lawful subjects. Yet, howe\er nu- 
merous these might be, they were despised 
by the neighbouring inhabitants, and none 
were wilting to form matrimonial connec- 
tions with them. But Romulus obtained by 
force what was denied to his petitions. The 
Romans celebrated games in honour of the 
gcd Cousos, and forcibly carried away all 
the females who had assembled there to be 
spectators of these unusual exhibitions. These 
violent measures offended the neighbouring 
nations ; they made war against the ravishers 
v\iih various success, till at last they entered 
Rome, which had been betrayed to'them by 
one of the stolen virgins. A violent engage- 
ment was begun in the middle of the Roman 
forum ; but the Sabines were conquered, or 
according to Ovid, the two enemies laid 
down their arms when the women had 
rushed between the two armies, and by their 
tears and entreaties raised compassion in 
the bosoms of their parents and husbands. 
The Sabines left their original possessions 
and came to live in Rome, where Tali us, 
their king, shared the sovereign power with 
Romulus. The introduction of the Sabines 
into the city of Rome was attended with the 
most salutary consequences, and the Romans 
by pursuing" this plan, and admitting the 
conquered nations among their citizens, ren- 
dered themselves more powerful and more 
formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided 
the lands which he had obtaim d by conquest ; 
one part was reserved for religious uses, to 
maintain the priests, to erect temples, and to 
consecrate altars ; the other was appro- 
priated for the expenses of the state ; and 
the third part was equally distributed among 
his subjects, who were "divided into three 
classes or tribes. The most aared and ex- 
perienced, to the number of lob, were also 
cho>en, whom the monarch might consultin 
matters of the highest importance, and from 
their age they were called senators, and 
from ti.eir authority patres. The whole 
body of the people "was also distinguished 
by the name ot patricians and plebeians, 
patron and client, who, by mutual interest 
were induced to preserve the peace of the 
state, and to promote the public good. Some 
time after, Romulus disappeared as he was 
giving instructions to the senators, and the 
eclipse of the sun, which happened at that 
time, was favourable to the rumour which 
asserted that the king had been taken up to 



heaven, 714 B. C, after a reign of 39 years. 
This was further confirmed by J. Procuius, 
one of the senators, who solemnly declared, 
that as he returned from Alba, he had seen 
Romulus in a form above human, and that 
he had directed him to tell the Romans to 
! pay him divine honours under the name of 
j Quirinns, and to assure them that their city 
was doomed one day to become the capita"! 
of the w orld. This "report was immediately 
I credited, and the more so as the senators 
dreaded the resentment of the people, who 
suspected them of having offered him vio- 
lence. A temple was raised to him, and a 
j regular priest, called Fiamen Quirinalis, 
was appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romu- 
lus was ranked by the Romans among the 
twelve great gods, and it is not to be won- 
dered that he received such distinguished 
; honours, when the Romans considered him 
as the founder of their city and empire, and 
; the son of the god of war. He is generally 
| represented like his father, so much that it 
' is difficult to distinguish them. The fable of 
the two children of Rhea Sylvia being nou- 
rished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, 
Faustului-'s wife, having brought them up. 
[Vide Acca.]-i>?o. H. I.— Li. 1, c. 4.— Jus. 
43, c. 1 6c 2.—FI. 1, c. I. — Pin. Rom.— Va. 
Ma. 3, C. 2, 1. 5, c. 3.— PI. 15, c. 18.— V. j£n. 

2, v. 342, 605.— Ov. Me. 14, V. 616, fc45.— Hor. 

3, o. 3.— Juv. 18, v. 272. 

RO'MULUS SYLVIUS, or ALLADIUS, a 

king of Alba. INI OMY LLCS AUGUSTU- 

LUS, the last of the emperors of the western 
empireof Rome. His country wasconquered 
A. U. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, 
who assumed the name of king of Italy. 

ROM US, a son of /Eneas by Lavinia. 
Some suppose that he was the "founder of 

Rome. A son of ^mathion, sent by Dio- 

medes to Italy, and also supposed by" some 
to be the founder of Rome. 

ROSCIA LEX de Thcalris, by L. Ros- 
cius Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It 
required that none should sit in the four- 
teen first seats of the theatre, if they were 
not in possession of 400 sestertia, which was 
the fortune required to be a Roman knight, 

ROSCIANUM, the port of Thurii, 'now 
Rossano. 

ROSCIUS, Q., a Roman actor, born at 
Lanuvium, so celebrated on the stage, that 
every comedian of excellence and merit has 
received his name. His eyes were naturally 
distorted, and he always* appeared on the 
stage with a mask, but "the Romans obliged 
him to act his characters without, and they 
overlooked the deformities of his face, that 
they might the better hear his elegant pro- 
nunciation, and be delighted with the sweet- 
ness of his voice. He was accused on sus- 
picion of dishonourable practices ; but Ci- 
cero, who had bteu one of his pupils, 
undertook his defence, and cleared him of 
the malevolent aspersions of his enemies, in 
an elegant oration still extant. Roscius 
wrote a treatise, in which he compared with 
great success and much learning, the pro- 
fession of tiie orator with that of the come- 
dian. He died about 60 years before Christ. 
— Hor. 2, ep. 1.— Qnin.— Ci. Ros.—Plv. Ci. 



ROS— RUE 



RUB— RU1 



— -SEXTUS, a ricli citizen of Ameria ? mur- 
dered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son, 
of the same name, was accused of the mur- 
der, and eloquently defended by Cicero in 
an oration still extant, A.U.C.673.— Ci. Ros. 

LUCIUS, a lieutenant of Csesar's army 

in Gaul. OTHO, a tribune, who made a 

law to discriminate the knights from the 
common people at public spectacles. 

ROSfiE CAMPUS, or ROS1A, a beautiful 
plain in the country of the Sabines, near the 
Jake Velinum.— Var. R. R. 1, c. 7.— V. Mn. 
7, v. 712.— Ci. 4, At. 15. [ria. 

ROSILLANUS AGER, a territory in Etru- 

ROSIUS, a harbour of Cilicia. A man 

made consul only for one day under Vitel- 
Jius, &c— Ta. [Rosi. 

ROSITLUM, a town of Etruria, now Monte 

ROTOMAGUS, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. 

ROXA'NA, a Persian woman, taken pri- 
soner by Alexander. Theconqueror became 
enamoured of her, and married her. She 
behaved with greatcruelty after Alexander's 
death, and she was at last put to death by 
Cassander's order. She was daughter of 
Darius, or, according to others, of one of his 

satraps.— Cur. 8, c. A.— Pin. Al. A wife of 

F,thridates the Great, who poisoned herself. 

ROXOLA'NI, a people of European Sar- 
matia, who proved very active and rebellious 
in the reign of the Roman emperors, [dinavia. 

R U BE^E.the northcape at the north of Scan- 

RUBELLIUS BLANDUS, a man who mar- 
ried Julia, the daughter or Drustis, 6cc. 

One of the descendants of Augustus treacher- 
ously put to death by Nero, kc.—Ta. 

PLAUTUS, an illustrious Roman, who dis- 
graced himself by his arrogance and am- 
bitious views.— Juv. 8, v. 39. 

RUBI, now Rnvo, a town of Apulia, from 
which the epithet Rubens is derived, applied 
to bramble bushes which grew there. The 
inhabitants were called Ruhitini.—Hor. 1, 
&'. 5, v. 94.— Virg. G. I, v. 226. 

RU'BICON, now Rugone, a small river of 
Italy, which it separates from Cisalpine 
Gaul. It rises in the Appennine mountains, 
and falls into the Adriatic sea. By crossing 
it, and rhus transressing the boundaries of 
his province, J. Caesar declared war against 
the senate and Pompey, and began the civil 
wars.— Lit. 1, v. 185 & 213.— Str. 5.— Sue. 
Cats. 32 PI. 3 c. 15. 

RUBIE'NUS LAPPA, a tragic poet in the 
age of Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his 
great genius as his povertv —Juv. 7, v. 72. 

RURl'GO, a goddess. Vide Robisro. 

RUBO, the Dwina, which falls into the 
Baltic at Riga. 

RUBRA SAX A, a place of Etruria, near 
Veii, at the distance of above eight miles 
from Rome.— Ma. 4, ep. 64, v. 15.— Li. 3,c. 49. 

RUBRIA LEX was enacted after the tak- 
ing of Carthage, to make an equal division 
of the lands in Africa. 

RUBRIUS, a Roman knight accused of 

treason under Tiberius, kc.—Ta. A man 

who fled to Parthii on suspicion that the 

Roman affairs were ruined. A friend of 

Vitellius. An obscure Gaul in great favour 

with Domitian.— Juv, 4, v. 145. An officer 

in Csesar's army. 



RUBRUM MARE (the Red Sea), is situ- 
ate between Arabia, Egypt, and /Ethiopia, 
and is often called iErythrseum Mare, and 
confounded with the Arabicus Sinus, and the 
TndianSea.— PI. 6, c.23, 24.— Li. 36, c. 17.— 
V. En. 8, v. 686.— Ln. 8, v. 853. 

RUDISE, a town of Calabria, near Brun- 
dusium, built by a Greek colony, and fa- 
mous for giving- birth to the poet Ennius.— 
Ci. Arch. 10.—//. 12, v. 396.— Me. 2, c. 4. 

RUFFINI ANUS, JUL., a rhetorician, &c» 

RUFFINUS, a general of Gaul in the 
rcigrn of Vitellius, &c— Ta. H. 2. c. 94. 

RUFFUS CRISP1NUS, an officer of the 

Erastorian guards under Claudius. He was 
anished by Agrippina for his attachment to 
Brittanicus and Octavius, the sons of Mes- 
salina, and put himself to death. His wife 
Poppsea Sabina, by whom he had a son 
called Ruffinus Crispinus, afterwards mar- 
ried Nero.— Ta. 12, Hist. c. 42. A sol- 
dier presented with a civic crown for pre- 
serving the life of a citizen, &c. [Alsace. 
R' FIA'NA, a town of Gaul, now Rufast, in 
RUFILIUS, a Roman ridiculed by Horace 
Sat. 2, v, 27, for his effeminacy. 
RUFINUS, a general of Theodocius, &c. 
RUFRiE, a town of Campania, of which 
the inhabitants were called Rufreni. — Ci. 10. 
Fa. 71.— Si. 8, v. 568.— V. Mn. 7, v. 739. 

RUFRIUM, a town of Samnium, now Rn- 
vo. — Li. 8, c. 25. 
RUFUS, a Latin historian. [Vide Quin- 

tius.] A friend of Commodus, famous for 

his avarice and ambition. One of the an- 
cestors of Sylla, degraded from the rank of 
a senator because ten pounds' weight of gold 

were found in his house. A governor o 

Judaea. A man who conspired against Do- 
mitian. A poet of Ephesus in the reign of 

Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, 

now lost. A Latin poet. Sempronius. 

Vide Prajtorius. [Baltic. 
RUGIA, now Rugen, an island of the 
RUGII, a nation of Germany.— Ta. Ger. 43. 
RUP1LLUS, an officer surnamed Rex, for 
his authoritative manners. He was pro- 
scribed by Augustus, and fled to Brutus.— 

Hor. i, S. 7, v. 1. A writer whose treatises 

de figuris sententiarum, &c. were edited by 
Runnken, 8vo. L. Bat. 1786. 
RUSCINO, a town of Gaul at the foot of 

the Pyrenees.— Li. 21, c. 24. A seaport 

town of Africa.— Id. 30, c. 10. 
RUSCIUS, a town of Gaul. ij, c. 24. 
RUSCONIA, a town of Mauritania.— Li. 
RUSELL/E, an inland town of Etruria, 
destroyed by the Romans.— Li. 28, c. 45. 

RUS'PINA, a town of Africa near Adru- 
metum.— Si. It. 3, v. 260.— Hir. Af. 640. 

RUSTICUS, L. JUN. ARULENUS, a man 
put to death by Domitian. He was tne 
friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, 
who praises his abilities, and he is likewise 
commended by Tacitus, 16, H. c. id.— PI. 

1, ep. 14.— Sue. Dom. A friend of M. 

Anrelius. 

RUsUCCURUM, a town of Mauritania 
believed to be modern Algiers. 

RUTE'NI, a people of Gaul, now Ru- 
vergne, in G uienne. —C<rs. B. G. 

RU'TLA, a deformed old woman, wLo 



RUT— SAB 



m 



SAB -SAB 



lived near 100 years, kc.—Pl, 7, c. 4B.—Juv. 
JO. v. 294. 

RUTILUS,arieh man reduced to beggary 
bv his extrava?ance. — Jut. II, v. 2. 

RUTIL1US, RUFUS, P., a Roman consul 
in the a?e of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues 
and writings. He refused to comply with 
the requests of his friends because they were 
unjust. When Sylla had banished him from 
Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the ac- 
clamations and praises of the people ; and 
when some of his friends wished him to be 
recalled home by means of a civil war, he 
severely reprimanded them, and said, that 
he wished rather to see his country blush at 
his exile, than to plunge it into distress by 
his return. He was the first who taught the 
Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, 
and by thus mixing dexterity with valour, 
rendered the attacks more certain and 
more irresistible. During his banishment 
he employed his time in study, and wrote 
an history of Rome in Greek, and an ac- 
count ot his own life in Latin, besides manv 
other works.— Or. F. 6, v. 663.— Sen.de Ben. 
—Ci. Br.—Va. Ma. 2, c. 3. 1. 6, c. 4.— Pai. 
2, c. 9. A Roman proconsul, who is sup- 
posed to have encouraged Mithridates to mur- 
der all the Romans w lio were in his province. 

LUPUS, a praetor, who fled away with 

three cohorts from Tarracina. A rhetori- 
cian.— Quin. c. I. A man who went against 

Jugurtha. A friend of Nero. CLAUD. 

N UM ANTI AN US, a poet of Gaul in the 
reign of Honorius. According to some, he 
wrote a poem on mount /Etna. He wrote 
also an itinerary. 

R.DTDBA, a "river of Liguria, falling from 
theAppennine into the Mediterranean.— Lur. 
2, v. 4-22. Of Latium, falling into the Ti- 
ber.— Luc. 2. v. 422. [96. 

R I TUBUS, a giadiator, kc.—Hor.i, S. 7, 

RU'TULI, a people of Latium, known, as 
well as the Latins, by the name of Abori- 
gines. When iEneas came into Italy. Tur- 
nus was their king, and they supported him 
in the war which he waged against this 
foreign prince. The capital of their domi- 
nions w as called Ardea.— Ov. F. 4, v. S83, A/e. 
14, v. 455, Scc.—V. Mn. 7.— Pi. "i. c. 5. 

RUTUPiE, a seaport town on the southern 
coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent 
oysters, whence the epitnet of Rutupinus. 
Some suppose that it is the modern town of 
Dover, but others Richborough or Sandwich. 
—Luc. 6, v. 67— Juv. 4, v. 141. 

R'x PHS.I MONTHS. Vide Rhipaei. 



S. 

SABA, a town of Arabia, famous for frank- 
incense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. The 
inhabitants were called Sab<ei.—Slr. 16.— 
—Diod. 3.-Virg. G. 1, v. 57, Mn. 1, v. 420. 

SA'BACHCS, or SABACON, a king- of 
/Ethiopia, who invaded Egypt and reigned 
there, after the expulsion of king Ama-is. 
After a reign of 50 years he was terrified by 
a dream, and retired into his own kingdom. 
—Her. 2, c. 137, &c 



SAB2EI, a people of Arabia.— Vide Saba. 

SABA'TA, a town of Liguria with a safe 
and beautiful harbour, supposed to be the 

modern Savo7ia.—Si. 8, v. 461.— Str. 4. 

A town of Assyria. 

SABATHA, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa. 

SABA THRA, a town of Syria Si. 3, v. 256. 

SAB ATI NT, a peole of Samniura, living- on 
the banks of the Sabatus, a river which falls 
into the Vulturnus.— Lit. 26, c. 33. 

SABAZIUS, a surname of Bacchus, as also 
of Jupiter.— Ci. de N. D. 3, c. 23.— Ar. 4. 

SABBAS, a kin? of India. 

SABELLA, the nurse of the poet Horace. 
—1 Sat. 9, v. 29. 

SA BELLI, a people of Italy, descended 
from the Sabines, or, according to some, 
from the Samnites. They inhabited that 
part of the country which lies between the 
Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet 
of Sabrllicus.—Hor. 3, o. 6.— PiYg.G.3,v.235. 

SABELLUS, a Latin poet in the reign of 
Domitian and Nerva. 

JULIA SABI'NA, a Roman matron, who 
married Adrian by means of Plotina the wife 
of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private 
as well as public virtues. Adrian treated her 
with the greatest asperity, though he had re- 
ceived from her the imperial purple ; and 
the empress was so sensible of his unkind- 
ness, that she boasted in his presence that 
she had disdained to make him a father, lest 
his children should become more odious or 
more tyrannical than he himself was. The 
behaviour of Sabina at last s>o exasperated 
Adrian that he poisoned her, or according 
to some, obliged her to destroy herself. The 
emperor at that time laboured under a morta. 
disease, and therefore he was the more en 
cour;iged to sacrifice Sabina to his resent- 
ment, that she might not survive him. Di- 
» ine honours were paid to her memory. She 
died after she had been married 38 years to 
Adrian. A. D. 13S. 

SABI'NT, an ancient people of Italy, reck- 
oned among the Aborigines, or those inhabit- 
ants whose origin was not known. Some 
suppose that they were originally a Lace- 
demonian colony, who settled in that part 
of the country. ' The possessions of the Sa- 
bines were situated in the neighbourhood of 
Rome, between the river Nar and the Anio, 
and bounded on the north by the Appennines 
and Umbria, south by Latium, east by the 
iF.qui, and Etruria on the west. The great- 
est part of the contiguous nations were de- 
scended from them, such as the Umbrians, 
the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, Sam- 
nites, Heruici, jEqui, Marsi, Brutii, &c. 
The Sabines are celebrated in ancient his- 
tory as being the first who took up arms 
aga'inst the Romans, to avenge the rape or 
their females at a spectacle where they had 
been invited. After some engagements, the 
greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient 
possessions, and migrated to Rome, where 
thev settled with their new allies. They 
were at last totally subdued, about the year 
of Rome ^73, and ranked as Roman citizens. 
Their chief cities were Cures, Fidenae, Reate, 
Crustumerium, Corniculum, Nomentum, 
Collatia, &c. The character of the nation 



SAB — SAB 601 SAB— SAC 

for chastity, for purity of morals, and for near the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, 
the knowledge of herbs and incantations was abont 70 miles from the modern Tripoli.— 
great. — Hor. 17, ep. 28.— Ci. Vat. 15. It. 3, v. 256.— PI. 5, c. 4. 
— PL 3, c. 12.— Li. 1, c. 9 & 18.— Bio. 2, c. SABR1NA, the Severn in England. 
51.— Sir. 5.—FI. 1, c. 1, 1. 3. c. \8.-It. 8, v. SAB'URA, a general of Juba, king of Nn- 
424.— Ov. Me. 14, v. 775 <k 797.— Juv. 10, v. 197. ' midia, defeated and killed in a battle.— Luc. 

SABINIA'NUS, a general who revolted in ; 4, v. 722. 
Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was de- \ SABURA'NUS, an officer of the preetorian 

teated soon after, A. D. 240. A general of guards. When he was appointed to this 

the eastern empire, &c. ! office by the emperor Trajan, the prince 

SABI'NUS, AULUS, a Latin poet intimate ! presented him with a sword, saying, Use 
with Orid. He wrote some epistles and ele- I this weapon in my service as long as my 
gies, in the number of which were men- commands are just ; but turn it against my 
tioned, an epistle from iEneas to Dido, from ; own breast, whenever I become cruel or 
Hippolytus to Phaedra, and from Ja.-on to ! malevolent. 

Hipsipyle, fromDemophoon to Phyllis, from SABUS, one of the ancient kings of the 
Paris to CEnone, from Ulysses to Penelope ; Sabines ; the same a6 Sabinus.— [Vide Sabi- 

the three last of which, though said to bejnus.j A king of Arabia. 

his composition, are spurious. — Ov. Am. 2, 1 SACADAS, a musician and poet of Argos, 

1. 18, v. 27. A man from whom the Sa- who obtained three several times the prize 

bines received their name. He received di- -■ ■ 



vine honours after death, and was one of 
those deities whom iEneas invoked when he 
entered Italy. He was supposed to be of 

Lacedaemonian origin.— V. JEn. 7, v. 171. 

An officer of Caesar's army, defeated by the 
Gauls. JULIUS, an officer, who pro- 
claimed himself emperor in the beginning of 
•Vespasians's reign. He was soon after 
defeated in a battle; and to escape from the 
conqueror he hid himself in a subterraneous 
cave, with two faithful domestics, where he 
continued unseen for nine successive year*. 
His wife found out his retreat, and spent 
her time with him, till her frequent visits to j 
the cave discovered the place of his con- 
cealment. He was dragged before Vespa- 
sian, and by his orders put to death, though 
his friends interested themselves in his cause, 
and his wife endeavoured to raise the em- 
peror's pity, by showing him the twins whom 
she had brought forth in their subterranpy j., 

retreat. CORN., a mau who conspired 

against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed 

himself. TJT1US, a Roman senator 

shamefully accused and condemned by Seja- 
nus. His body, after execution, was dragged 
through the streets of Rome, and treated 
with the greatest indignities. His dog con- 
stantly followed the body, and when it was 
thrown into the Tiber, the faithful animal 
plunged in after it, and was drowned. — PL 

8, c. 40. POPPjEUS, a Roman consul, 

who presided above 24 years over Mcesia, 
and obtained a triumph for his victories over 
the barbarians. He was a great favourite 

of Augustus and of Tiberius.— Ta. An. 

FLAVIUS, a brother of Vespasian, killed by 
the populace. He was well known for his 
fidelity to Vitellius. He commanded in the 
Roman armies 35 years, and was governor 

of Rome for 12. A friend of Domitian. 

A Roman who attempied to plunder the 

temple of the Jews. A friend of the em- 
peror Alexander. A lawyer. 

SABIS, now Sarnbre, a river of Belgic 
Gaul, falling into the Maese at Namur. — 
Cats. 2, C..16 & 18. 

SABOAT, the same as Sabatha. 

SABRAC.&, a powerful nation of India. 
-Cuxt: 9, c. 8. 

SAB RATA, a maritime town of Africa, 



at the Pythian games. — Plu.m. — Pa. 6, c. 14. 

SACiE, a people of Scythia, who inhabited 
the country that lies at the east of Bactriana 
and Sogdiana, and towards the north of 
mount Imaus. The name of Sacse was given 
in general to all the Scythians, by the Per- 
sians. They had no towns, according to 
some writers, but lived in tents. — Ptol. 6, c. 
U.—Her. 3, c. 93.— PI. 6, c. il.—Sol. 62. 

SACER MONS, a mountain near Rome. 
Vide Mons Sacer. [the Liris. 

SACER LUCUS, a wood of Campania, on 
SACER.PORTUS, or SACRI PORTUS, a 

Elace of Italy, near Prgeneste, famous for a 
attle that was fought there between Syiia 
and Marius, in which the former obtained 
the victory. — Pat. 2, c. 26. — Luc. 2, v. 134. 

SACRA'NI, a people of Latium, who as- 
sisted Turnus against ./Eneas. They were 
descended from the Pelasgians, or from a 
priest ol Cvbele.— V. JEn. 7, v. 796. 

S ACRATOR, one of the friends of Turnus. 
— V. JEn. 10, v. 747. 

SACRA VIA, a celebrated street of Rome, 
where a treaty of peace and alliance was 
made between Romulus and Tatius. It led 
from the amphitheatre to the capitol, by the 
temple of the goddess of peace, and the tem- 
ple of Caesar. The triumphal processions 
passed through it to go to the capitol. — 
Hor. 4, o. 2.— Li. 2, c. 13.— Ci. Plan. 7.— 
At. 4, ep. 4. 

SACRATA LEX mililaris, A. U. C. 411, 
by the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some 
suppose, enacted that the name of no sol- 
dier which had been entered in the muster 
roll should be struck out but by his consent, 
and that no person who had been a military 
tribune should execute the office of due tor 
ordinv.nl 

SACRA'TIVER, M. a friend of Caesar, 
killed at Dvrrachium. — C<e. bel. G. 
SACRI P'ORTUS. Vide Sacer Portus. 
SACRUM BELLUM, a name given to the 
wars carried on concerning the temple of 
Delphi. The first began B. C. 448, and in 
it the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were 
auxiliaries, on opposite sides. The second 
war began 357 B. C. and finished 9 years 
after by Philip of Macedonia, who destroyed 
all the cities of the Phocians. [Vide Phocis.l 

PROMONTORIUM, a promontory o? 

3 F 



SAD— SAL 



602 



SAL-SAL 



Spain, now Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo 
the most westerly part of the earth." 

SADALES, a son of Cotvs, king- of Thrace, 
who assisted Pompey with a body of 500 
liorsenipn.— Cas. b. G. 3.—Ci. Fer. 1. 

SADUS, a river of India. 

SAD YATES, one of the Mernmndae, who 
reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father 
Gxges. He made war against the Milesians 
for six years.— Her. I, c. 16, .vc. 

SjETABIS, a town of Spain near the Lu- 
cro, on a rising hill, famous for its fine 
linen.— Sil. 3, v. 373. 

SAGALASSUS,a town ofPisidiaon the bor- 
ders of Phn gia,' now Sadjakin.—Li. 38, 15. 

SA'GA'NA, a woman acquainted with ma- 
gic and enchantments.— Hur. ep. 5, v. 25. 

SA'SARIS, a river of Asia, rising from 
incur Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling 
into the Euxihe. [Vide Saugaris.] — Ov. Pon. 

4, ep. 10, v. 47. One of the companions 

of yEneas, killed by Turnus.— V. £n. 5, v. 263. 

SAGITTA, C. an officer who encouraged 
Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero, Sec. 
— Ta. Hist. 4, c. 49. 

SAGRA, a small river of ..a.y in the coun- 
try of the Bruiii, where 130,000 Crotoniata; 
were routedbv 10,000 Locriansand Rhegiaus. 
— Ci. Nat. D. 2, c. 2.— Sir. 6. 

SAGUNTUM, or SAGUNTUS, a town of 
Hispania Terraconensis, at the west of the 
Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, 
now called Morvedro. It had been founded 
by a colony of Zacynthians, and by some of 
the Rutuli of Ardea. Sagunttim is celebrated 
for the clay in its neighbourhood, with 
which cups, pocula Sagundna, were made, 
but more particularly it is famous as being 
the cause of the second Punic war, and for 
the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest 
of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of 
about eight months ; and the inhabitants, 
not to fall into the enemy's hands, burnt 
themselves with their houses, and with all 
their effects. The conqueror afterwards 
rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with 
all the noblemen whom he detained as hos- 
tages from the several neighbouring nations 
of' Spain. Some suppose that he called it 
Spartagene.—Fl. 2, c. 6.— Li. 21, c. 2, — Si. 
1, v. 271.— Luc. 3, v. 250.— Sir. 3. Me. 2,c.6. 

SAIS, now Sa, a town in the Delta of 
Egypt, situate between the Canopic and Se- 
bennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently 
the capital of Lower Egypt. There was 
here a celebrated temple indicated to Mi- 
nerva, with a room cut out of one stone, 
which had been conveyed by water from 
Elephantis by the labours of 2000 mer.ir. 
three years. The stone measured on the 
outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight 
high. Osiris was also buried near the town 
of Sais. The inhabitants were called Saitcc. 
One of the mouths of the Nile, which is ad- 
joining to the town, has received the name of 
Saiticum.—Str. il.—Her. 2, c. 17. 

SALA, a town of Thrace, near the mouths 

of the Hebrus. A town of Mauritania. 

Of Phrygia. A river of Germany fall- 
ing into the Elbe, near which are salt pits. 

-Ta. An. 13, c. 57. Another, falling into 

Mie Rhine, now the lisel. 



SAL'ACON, a poor man who pretended Ut 
be uncommonly rich, &c. — Ci. Di. 7, c. 24. 

SALAMI'NIA, a name given to a ship at 
Athens, which was employed by the re- 
public in conveying the officers of state to 
their different administrations abroad, &e. 

A name given to the island of Cyprus, 

on account of Salamis.one of its capital cities. 

SALA'MIS, a daughter of the river Asopus. 
bv Methone. Neptune became enamoured 
of her, and carried her to an island of the 
vEgean, which afterwards bore her name, 
and where she gave birth to a son called Cen- 
clireus. — Diod. 4. 

SALAMIS, SALAMI'NS, or SALAMI'NA, 
now Colouri, an island in the Saronicus 
Sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, op- 
posite Eleusis, at the distance of about a 
league, with a town and harbour of the same 
name. ItisaboutoO miles in circumference. 
It was originally peopled by a colony of 
lonians, and afterwards by some of the 
Greeks from the adjacent islands and coun- 
tries. It is celebrated for a battle which 
was fought there between the Heels of the 
Greeks and that of the Persians, when 
Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy's ships 
amounted to above 2000, and those of the 
Peloponnesians to about 380 sail. In this 
engagement, which was fought on the 20th 
oTOctober, B. C. 4S0, the Greeks lost 40 
ships, and the Persians about 200, besides 
an immense number which were taken, with 
all the ammunition they contained. The 
island of Salamis was anciently called Sciras, 
Cyclnia, or Cencltria, and its bay the gulf 
of Engia. It is said that Xerxes attempted 
to join it to the continent. Teucer and 
Ajax, who went to the Trojan war, were 
natives of Salamis.— Str. 2.— Her. 8, c. 56.— 
—Flu. C. Nep. Them.— Diod. 4.— Va. Ma. 5, 
c. 3.— fa. 1, c. 35.— Me. 2, c. 7.— Luc. 5, v. 
109.— Si. 14, v. 283. 

SALAMIS, or SALAMI'NA, a town at the 
east of the island of Cyprus. It was built 
by Teucer, who gave it the name of the 
island Salamis, from which he had been ba- 
nished, about 1270 years before the Chris- 
tian era; and from this circumstance the 
epithets of ambigua andofa^erawere applied 
to it, as the mother country was also called 
vera, for the sake of distinction. His des- 
cendants continued masters of the town lor 
above 800 years. It was destroyed by an 
earthquake, and rebuilt in the 4th* century, 
and called Constanlia.—Slr. 9.— Her. 8, c. 
94.— Hor. 1, od. 7, v. Ul.—Pat. 1, c. I.— Luc. 
3, v. 183. 

SALA PI A, or SALAPI/E, now Salpe, a 
town of Apulia, where Annibal retired after 
the battle of Cannae, and where he devoted 
himself to licentious pleasure, forgetful of 
his fame and of the interests ol his country. 
It was taken from the Carthaginian general 
by Marcellus. Some remains of this place 
may be traced near a lake called Salapnia 
Paius, now used for making salt, which, 
from the situation near the sea, is easily 
convey ed by small boats to ships of superior 

hiirden.— Luc. 5, v. 377— ''a. Ma.<3, c. 8 

PI. 3, C. 11. 

SA'LARA, a town of Africa propria, taken 
Scipio.— Li. 29, c. 34, Sec. 



SAL— SAL 



603 



SAL — SAL 



SALARIA, a street and gate at Rome placed their body in different attitudes, and 
which led towards the country of the Sa- 1 struck with their' rods the shields which thev 
bines. It received the name of Salaria, be- held in their hands. They also sung- hvmns 
cause salt (sal), was generally conveyed to in honour of the gods, particularly of iYlars, 

Rome that way. — Mart. 4, ep. 64. Abridge Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were 

called Salarius, was built four miles from j accompanied in the chorus by a certain 



Rome through the Salarian gate on the 
river Anio. 

SALASSl, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who 
were in continual war with the Romans. 
They cut off' 10,000 Romans under Appius 
Claudius, A. U. C. 610, and were soon after 
defeated and at last totally subdued and 
sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, 
now called Val de Aousta, after a colony 
settled there, and called Augusta Prcetoria, 
was situate in a valley between the Alps 
Graeae and Penninse, or Great and Little St. 
Bernard.— Li. 21, c. 38— PL a, c. 17.— Sir. 4. 

SALE I US, a poet of great merit in the 
age of Domitiaii, yet pinched by poverty, 
though born of illustrious parents, and dis- 
tinguished by purity of manners and inte- 
grity of mind.— Juv. 7, v. 80.— Quin. 10, c. 1. 
SALE'NI, a people of Spain.— Me. 3, c. 1. 
SALENTf'NI, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
lia, on the southern coast of Calabria. Their 
chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, 
and Hydruntum.— It. 8, v. 579.— V. JEn. 3, 
v. 400.— Far. de R. R. 1, c. 2i.—Str. 6.— 
Me. 2, c. 4. 

SALERNUM, now Salerno, a town of the 
Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene 
Sea, south of Campania, and famous for a 
medical school in the lower ages.— PI. 13, c. 
3.— Li. 34, c. 45.— Luc. 2, V. 425.— Pat. 1, C 
15. — Hor. 1, ep. 15. 

SALGANEUS, or SALGANEA, a town of 
Boeotia, on the Euripus.— Li. 3-3, c. 37, &c. 

SALIA, a town of Spain, where Pruden- 
tius was born. — Me. 
SALICA, a town of Spain. 
SALII, a college of priests at Rome, insti- 
tuted in hononr of Mars, and appointed by 
Numa to take care of the sacred shields 
called Ancylia, B. C. 7C9. [Vide Ancyle.] 
They were twelve in number ; the three 
elders among them had the superintendance 
of all the rest ; the first was called prasul, 
the second vales, and the third magister. 
Their number was afterwards doubled by 
Tullus Hosuiiu-, afier he -had obtained a 
victory over the Fidenates, in consequence 
of a vow which he had made to Mars. 
The Salii were all of patrician families, 
and the office was very honourable. The 
first of March was the" day on which the 
Salii observed their festivals in honour of 
Mars. They were generally dressed in a 
short scarlet tunic, of which only the edges 
were seen ; they wore a large purple-co- 
loured belt about the waist, which was 
fastened with brass buckles. They had on 
their heads round bonnets with two corners 
standing up, and they wore in their right 
hand a "small rod, and in their left a small 
buckler. In the observation of their solem- 
nity they first offered sacrifices, and after- 
wards went through the streets dancing in 
measured motions, sometimes all together, 
or at other times separately, while musical 
instruments were playing beiore them Thev 



number of virgins, habited like themselves, 
and called ,Suli<e. The Salii instituted by 
Numa were called Palatini, in contradistinc- 
tion from the others, because they lived on 
mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices 
there. Those that were added by Tullus 
were called Collini, Agonales, or Quirinales, 
from a mountain of the same name, where 
they had fixed their residence. Their name 
seems to have been derived a saliendo, or 
saltando, because during their festivals it was 
particularly requisite that they should leap 
and dance. Their feasts and entertainments 
were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, 
whence dapes saliares is proverbially applied 
to such repasts as are most splendid and 
costly. It was usual among the Romans 
when they declared war, for the Salii fc> 
shake their shields with great violence, as if 
to call upon the god Mais to come to their 
assistance.— Li. l, c. 20.— Tar. de L. o. 4, 
c. 15.— Ov. F. 3, v. 387.— Bio. 3.—FI. l, c. 2. 

V. JEn. 8, v. 2S5. A nation of Germany 

who invaded Gaul, and were conquered bv 
the emperor Julian.— Am. Mar. 17. 

SALINATOR, a surname common to the 
family of the Lit ii, and others. 

SALIUS, an Acarnauian at the games ex- 
hibited by jEneas in Sicily, and killed in the 
wars with Turnus. It is said by some that 
he taught the Latins those ceremonie , ac- 
companied with dancing, which afterwards 
bore his name in the appellation of the 
Salii.— V. Mn. 5, v. 298,1. 10, v. 753. 

SALLUSTIUS,CRISPUS,a Latin historian, 
bcrn at Amiternum, in the country of the 
Sabines. He received his education at Rome, 
and made himself known as a public magis- 
trate in the office of quaestor and consul. 
His licentiousness, and the depravitv of his 
manners, however, did not escape the cen- 
sure of the age, ;,nd Sallust was degraded 
from the djgnitv of a senator, B. C. 5o. His 
amour with Fausta, the daughter of Sylla, 
was a strong proof of his debauchery ; "and 
Milo, the husband who discovered the adul- 
terer in his house, revenged the violence 
ottered to his bed, by b« ating him with 
stnpes, and selling him his liberty at a hi»h 
price. A continuation of extravagance could 
not long be supported by the' income of 
Sallust, but he extricated himself from all 
difficulties by embracing the cause of Ceesar. 
He was restored to the rank of senator, and 
made governor of Numidia. In the adminis- 
tration of his province, Sallust behaved with 
unusual tyranny ; he enriched himself by 
plundering the Africans, and at his returntb 
Rome he built himself a magnificent house, 
and bought gardens, which from tiieir de- 
lightful and pleasant situation, still preserve 
the name of the gardens of Sallust. He 
married Terentia, the divorced wife of 
Cicero; and from this circumstance, accord- 
ing to some, arose an immortal hatred 
between the historian and the orator. Sallusi 



SAL SAL 



B04 



SAL- SAL 



died in the 51st year of his age, 35 years be- 
fore the Christian era. As a writer, he is 
peculiarly distinguished. He had composed 
a history of Rome, but nothing remains of it 
except a few fragments, and his only com- 
positions extant are his history of Catiline's 
conspiracy, and of the wars" of Jugurtha, 
king of Numidia. In these celebrated works 
the author is greatly commended for his 
elegance, the vigour and animation of bis 
sentences; tie every where displays a won- 
derful knowledge of the human heart, and 
paints with a masterly hand the causes that 
gave rise to the great events which he 
relates. No one was better acquainted with 
the vices that prevailed in the capital of 
Italy, and no one seems to have been more 
severe against the follies of the age, and the 
failings of which he himself was guilty in the 
eyes of the world. His descriptions are 
elegantly correct, and his harangues are 
nervous'and animated, and well suiting the 
character and the different pursuits of the 
great men in whose mouth tney are placed. 
The historian, however, is blamed for tedious 
and insipid exordiums, which often disgust 
the reader without improving him ; his af- 
fectation of old and obsolete words and 
phrases is also censured, and particularly 
his unwarrantable partiality in some of his 
narrations. Though faithful in every other 
respect, he has not painted the character of 
Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy 
which the reader claims from the aistorian ; 
and in passing in silence over many actions 
which reflect the greatest honour on the 
first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero 
has disgraced himself, and rendered his com- 
positions less authentic. There are two 
orations or epistles to Caesar, concerning the 
regulations of the state, attributed to him, 
as also an oration against Cicero, whose au- 
thenticity" some of the moderns have disputed. 
—Quin. "|0, c. 1.— Sue. Gr. in Cces.—Mart. 

14, ep. 191. A nephew of the historian, by 

whom he was adopted. He imitated the 
moderation of Maecenas, and remaiued satis- 
fied with the dignity of a Roman knight, 
when he could have made himself powerful 
by the favours of Augustus and Tiberius. 
He was very effeminate and luxurious. 
Horace dedicated 2 od. 2, to him.— To. An. 

'.—PI. 34, c. SECUNDUS PROMOTUS, 

a native of Gaul, very intimate with the 
emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his 
integrity, and the soundness of his counsels. 
Julian made him prefect of Gaul. There is 
also another Sallust, called Secundus, whom 
some have improperly confounded with Pro- 
motus. Secundus was also one of Julian's 
favourites, and was made by him prefect of 
the east. He conciliated the good graces of 
the Romans bv the purity of his morals, his 
fondness for di"sciplioe,and his religious prin- 
ciples. After the death of the emperor 
Jovian, he was universally named by the 
officers of the Roman empire to succeed on 
the imperial throne ; but he refused this 
great though dangerous honour, and pleaded 
infirmities of body and old age. The Romans 
wished upon this" to invest his son with the 
imperial purple, but Secundn* nnnospd it, j 



and observed that he was too young to snp. 

port the dignity. A prefect' of Rome in 

the reign of Valentinian. An officer in 

Britain. 

SAL'MACIS, a fountain of Caria, 'near 
Halicarnassus, which rendered effeminate all 
those who drank of its waters. It was 
there that Hermaphroditus changed his sex, 
though he still retained the characteristics 
of his own.— Op. Me. 4, v. 28, 5, I. 15, v. 319. 
—Hvg.\.H\.—Fest. de V. sg. [lamanca. 
SALMANTICA, a town of Spain, now Sa- 
SALMO'NE, a town of Elis in Pelopon- 
nesus, with a fountain, from which the Eni- 
peus takes its source, and falls into the 
Alpheus, about 40 stadia from Olympia, 
which on account of that is called Saimonis. 

— Ov. 3, am. el. 6, v. 43. A promontory at 

the east of Crete. — Dio. 5. 

SALMON EUS, a king of Elis, son of JEo- 
lus and Enarete, who married Alcidice, by 
whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called 
a god, and to receive divine honours from 
his subjects ; therefore to imitate the thunder, 
he used to drive his chariot over a brazen 
bridge, and darted burning torches on every 
side, as if to imitate the lightning. This 
impietv provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus wasi 
struck'with a thunderbolt, and placed in the 
infernal regions near his brother Sisyphus.— 
H. Od. II, v. 235.— Apol. 1, c 9.—Hyg. f. 
60.— ViodA.— F.^En.6,v.585. [Vide Salmone. 
SALMO'NIS, a name given to Olympia. 
SALMUS, (unlis^ a town of Asia near the 
Red Sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical 
representation.— Diod. 17. 
SALM YDESSUS, a bav on the Euxine sea. 
SALO, now Xaion, a river In Spain, falling 
into the lberus.— MajM0,ep.20. [Helveti. 
SALO DURUM, now Soleure, a town of the 
SALO' ME, a queen of Judaea. This name 
was common to some of the princesses in 
the familv of Herod, &c. 
SALON, a countrv of Bithynia. 
SALONA, or SALONS, a town of Dal- 
matia, about 10 miles distant from the coast 
of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who 
on that account called his son Saloninus, in 
honour of the victory. It was the native 
place of the emperor Dioclesian, and he 
retired there to enjoy peace and tranquillity, 
after he had abdicated the imperial purple, 
and built a statelv palace, the ruins of 
which were still seen in the loth century. A 
small village of the same name preserves 
the traces of its fallen grandeur. Near is 
Spalatro.— Lice. 4, v. 404.— Cces. b. ci. 9.^-Me. 
2, c. 3. 

SALONT'NA, a celebrated matron who 
married the emperor Gallienus, and distin- 
guished herself bv her private as well as 
public virtues. She was a patroness of all 
the fine arts, aud to her clemency, mildness, 
and benevolence, Rome was indebted some- 
time for her peace and prosperity. She ac 
companied her husband in some of his expe 
ditions, and often called him away from thf 
pursuits of pleasure to make war against 
the enemies of Rome. She was put to death 
by the hands of the conspirators, who also 
assassinated her husband and family, about 
I the vear 26S of the Christian era. 



SAL— SAM 



605 



SAM— SAM 



SALON I'NUS, a son of Asinius Poliio. He 
received his name from the conquest of 
Salone by his father. Some suppose that he 
is the hero of Virgil's fourth eclogue, in 
which the return of the golden age is so 

warmlv and beautifully anticipated. P. 

LICINIUS CORNELIUS, a son of Gallienns, 
by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be 
taught the art of war. He remained there 
some time, till the usurper Postliumius 
arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. 
Saloninus was upon this delivered up to the 
enemy, and put to death in the 10th year of 
his age. 

SALONIUS, a friend of Cato the censor. 
The daughter of Censorius married Salonius 
in his old age. — Piu. A tribune and cen- 
turion of the Roman army, hated by the 
populace for his strictness. 

SALPIS, a colony of Etruria, whose in- 
habitants are called lSalpi?iales.— Li. 5, c. 31. 

SALSUM, a river in Spain.— Cces. [tury. 

S A LV [AN ,one of the fathers of thefifth cen- 

SALVI DIE'N US, an officer in the army of 
Augustus. He was betrayed by Antony, and 

put to death. A Latin writer in the age 

of the emperor Probus. 

SALV1US, a flute-player, saluted king by 
the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of 
Marius. He maintained for some time war 

against the Romans. A nephew of the 

emperor Otho. A friend of Pompey. 

A man put to death by Dondtian. A 

freed man of Attieus.— C'i. Di. c. 11. 

Another of the sons of Hortensius.— Id. 

SALUS, daughter of iEsculapius, worship- 
ped at Rome as the god less of health, and 
bv the Greeks under the title of Hvgeia.— 
Li. P. 

SALYES, a people of Gaul, on the Rhone. 
— Li. 5, c. 34. 

SA'MARA, a river of Gaul, now called the 
Somme, which falls into t-he British Channel, 
near Abbeville. 

SAMARIA, a city and country of Palestine, 
famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, 
called Samaritans, were composed of Hea- 
then* and rebellious Jews, and on having a 
temple built there after the form of that of 
Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between 
the people of Judse'aand of Samaria, so that 
no intercourse took place between the two 
countries, and the name of Samaritan be- 
came a word of reproach, and as if it were 
a curse. f Amiens, in Picardv. 

SAM AROBRIVA, a town of Gaul, now 

SAMBU'LOS, a mountain near Mesopota- 
mia, where Hercules was worshipped.— Ta. 
A. 12, C. 13. 

SAMBUS, an Tndian king defeated by 
Alexander.— Diod. 17- A river of India. 

SAME, or SAMOS, a small island in the 
Ionian Sea, near Ithaca, called also Cephat- 
len'w.— V. JEn. 3, v. 271. 

SAM I A, a daughter of the river Masander. 

— Pa. 7,c. 4. A surname of Juno, because 

she was worshipped at Samos. 

SAM N IT^E, or AM N ITi£,a people of Gaul. 

SAMNI'TES, a people of Italy, who in- 
habited the country situate between Pice- 
num, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. 
They distinguished themselves by their im- 



placable hatred against the Romans, in the 
first ages of that' empire, till they were at 
last totally extirpated, B. C. 272, after a 
war of 71 years. Their chief town was 
called Samnium, or Samnis.— Li. l.—Fl. ], 
c. 16.— Str. 5.—Lii'\ 2.—Eut. 2. 

SAMNIUM, a town and port of Italy in- 
habited by the Samnites. Vide Samnitps. 

SAMOCHON1TES, a small lake of Pates- 

SAMONlUM.apromontoryofCrete. [tine. 

SAMOS, an island in the ^gean Sea, on 
the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is 
divided oy a narrow streight, with a capita, 
of the same name, built B. C. 986. It is 
about 87 miles in circumference, and is fa- 
mous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has 
been anciently called Parthcnia, Anthemusa, 
Slephane, Melamphyllus, Anthemus, Cypa- 
rissia, and Dryusa. It was first in the pos- 
session of the Leleges, and afterwards of the 
lonians. The people of Samos were at first 
governed by kings, and afterwards the form 
of their government became democratical 
and oligarchical. Samos was in its most 
flourishing situation under Polycrates, who 
had made himself absolute there. The Sa- 
mians assisted the Greeks ag-ainst the Per- 
sians when Xerxes invaded Europe, and 
were reduced under the power of Athens, 
after a revolt by Pericles, B. C. 441. They 
were afterwards subdued by Eumenes, king- 
of Pergamus, and were restored to their 
ancient liberty by Augustus. Under Vespa- 
sian, Samos became a Roman province^ 
Juno was held in the greatest veneration 
there ; her temple was uncommonly magnifi- 
cent and it was even said that the goddess 
had been born there under a willow-tree, on 
the banks of the Imbrasus. — Me. 2, c. 7. — 
Pa. 7, c. 2 6c 4.—Plu. Per.— PI. 5, c. 31.— V. 

JEn. 1, v. 20.— Th. The islands of Samo- 

tlirace and Cephallenia were also known by 
the name of Samos. 

SAMO'SATA, a town of Syria, near the 
Euphrates, below mount Taurus, where Lu- 
cia n was born. 

SAMO THRA'CE, or SAMOTHRACIA, an 
island in the VEgean sea, opposite the mouth 
of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from 
which it is distant about 32 miles. It was 
known by the ancient name of Lencosia, 
Melitis, Elertria, Leucania, and Dardania. 
It was afterwards called Samos, and distin- 
guished from the Samos which lies on the 
coast of Ionia by the epithet of Thracian, 
or by the name of Samothrace. It is about 
38 miles in circumference, according to 
Pliny, or only 20 according to moder tra- 
vellers. The origin of tile first inhabitants 
of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, 
suppose that they were Thracians, and that 
the place was afterwards peopled by the 
colonies of the Pelasgians, Sainians," and 
Phoenicians. Samothrace is famous for a 
deluge which inundated the country, and 
reached the very top of the highest moun- 
tains. This inundation, which happeued 
before the age of the Argonauts, was owing 
to the sudden overflow of the waters of the 
Euxine, which the ancients considered 
merely as a lake. The Samothracians were 
very religious j and as all mysteries were 



SAM— SAN 



60t> 



SAN— SAP 



supposed to have taken their origin there, ■ from (fathering- the boughs of an almond* 
"' ^island received the surname of sacred, \ tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, 



and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all 
fugitives and criminals. The island was 
originally governed by kings, but afterwards 
the government became democratical. It 
enjoyed all its rights and immunities under 
the Romans till the reign of Vespasian, who 
reduced it with the rest of the islands in the 
£gean into the form of a province.— PL 
4, c. \2.—Slr. 10.— Her. 7, c. 108.— V. JEn, 
7, v. 208.--M*?. 2, c. l.—Pa. 7, C.4.— F/.2,c. 1 2. 

SAMUS, a son of Ancaeus and Samia. 
grandson of Neptune. — Pa. 7, c. 4. 

SANA, a town of mount Athos, near which 
Xerxes began to make a channel to convevthe 

SANAOS, a town of Phrvgia.— Sir. [sea. 

SANCHONTATHON, a" Phoenician his- 
torian, born at Berytus, or, according tc 
others, at Tyre. He" flourished a few years 
before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the 
language of his country, an history in nine 
books, in which he amply treated of the the- 
ology and antiquities of Phoenicia, and the 
neighbouring places. It was compiled from 
the various records fonnd in cities, and the 
annals which were usually kept in the tem 
pies of the gods among the ancients. This 
history was translated into Greek by Philo, 
a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign 
of the emperor Adrian. Some few frag- 
ments of this Greek translation are extant. 
Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, 
while others contend that they are true and 
authentic. 

SANCUS, SANGUS, or SANCTUS, a deity 
of the Sabines introduced among the gods 
of Rome (iuder the name of Dius Fidius. 
According to some, Sancus was father to 
Sabus or Sabinus, the first king of the Sa- 
bines.— It. 8, V. 421- Var % de L. L. 4, c. 10. 
~Ov. F. 6, V. 213. 

SAN DACE, a sister of Xerxes. 

SANDALIOTIS, a name given to Sardi- 
nia, from its resemblance to a sandal.— PI. 
3, c. 7. 

SAN DALIUM, a small island of the^gean, 
near Lesbos. A port of Pisidia. — Sir. 

SAN DA NTS, a Lydian who advised Croe- 
sus not to make war against the Persians. 

SAN DANES, a river of Thrace nearPallene. 

SANDROCOTTUS, an Indian of a mean 
origin. H s impertinence to Alexander was 
the beginning of his greatne.-s ; the con- 
queror ordered him to be seized, but San- 



according to some, was daughter of this 
river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. — 
Ov. Pon. 4, el. 10.— Claud, in Eut. 2.— Pa. 
7, c. 17. 

S ANGUINT US, a man condemned for ill 
language, &c. — Ta. An. 6, c. 7. 

SANNYRION, a tragic poet of Athens. 
He composed many dramatical pieces, one 
of which was called lo, and another Danae. 
— A Uu 9. 

SAVTONES, and SAN'TONE, now Sain- 
longe, a people with a town of the same 
name in Gaul.— Lwc.l,v.422.— Marl. 3, ep.96. 

SAON, an historian. — Dio. H. A man 

who first discovered the oracle of Tropho- 
nius.— Pa. 9, c. 40. 

SAPjEI, or SAPHiEI, a people of Thrace, 
called also Sintii.— Ov. F. l. v. 389. 

SAPIRENE, an island of the Arabic gulph. 
— PL 6, c. 29. 

SAPIS, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cispa- 
dana, falling into the Adriatic. — Lmc.2,v. 406. 

SAPOR, a king of Persia, who succeeded 
his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year of 
the Christian era. Naturally tierce and am- 
bitious, Sapor wished to increase his pater- 
nal dominions by conquest ; and as the in- 
dolence of the emperors of Rome seemed 
favourable to his views, lie laid waste the 
provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cili- 
cia ; and he might have become master of 
all Asia, if Odeiiatus had not stopped his pro- 
gress. 1 f Gordian attempted to repel him, his 
efforts were weak; and Philip. who succeeded 
him on the imperial throne, bought the peace 
of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was after- 
wards invested with the purple, marched 
against the Persian monarch, but he was de- 
feated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no 
sooner heard that the Roman emperor was 
a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he at- 
tempted to release him by force of arms. 
The forces of Persia were cut to pieces, the 
wives and the treasures of the monarch fell 
into the hands of the conqueror, and Ode- 
natus penetrated, with little opposition, into 
the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon 
after this defeat, was assassinated by his 
subjects, A. D. 273, after a reign of 32 years. 
He was succeeded by his son called Hormis- 

das.— Mar. &c. The second of that name 

succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne 
of Persia. He w as as great as his ancestor 
irocottus fled away, and at last dropped i of the same name; and by undertaking a 
down overw helmed" with fatigue. As he , war against the Romans, he attempted to 
slept on the ground, a lion came to him and 
gently licked ihe sweat from his face. This 
uncommon tameness of the animal appeared 
supernatural to Sandrocottus, and raised his 
ambition. He aspired to the monarchy, and 
after the death of Alexander, he made him 



his dominions, and to add the pro- 
vinces on the west of the Euphrates to his 
empire. His victories alarmed the Roman 
emperors, and Julian would have perhaps 
seized him in the capital of his dominions, 
if he had not received a mortal wound, 
seif master of apart of the country which Jovian, who succeeded Julian, made peace 
was in the hands of Seleucus. — Jus. 15, c. 4. with Sapor ; but the monarch, always rest- 
SAN E, a town of Macedonia, less and indefatigable, renewed hostilities, 

SAVGALA, a town of India destroyed by invaded Armenia, and defeated the empe- 
Alexander.— Arr. 5. | ror Valenes. Sapor died A. D. 380, after a 

SAN'GARIUS, or SAN'GARIS, a river of i reign of 70 years, in w hich he had often been 
Phrvgia, rising in mount Dindymus, and ! the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by 
falling into the Euxine. The daughter of ; Artaxerxes, and Artaxerxes by Sapor the 
the Sangarius became pregnant of Altes only ! Third, a prince who died after a reign of 



SAP— SAR 



607 



SAIl — SAR 



five years, A. D. 389, in the age of Theodo- 
sius "the Great. — Mar. kc. 

SAPPHO, or SAPHO, celebrated for her 
beauty, her poetical talents, and her amor- 
ous disposition, was born in the island of 
Lesbos, about 600 years before Christ. Her 
father's name, according' to Herodotus, was 
Scamandronymus, or, according- to others, 
Symon, or Semus, or Etarchus, and her mo- 
ther's name was Cleis. Her tender passions 
were so violent, that some have represented 
her attachments with three of her female 
companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara^ 
as criminal, and, on that account, have 
given her the surname of Tribas. She con- 
ceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of 
Mitylene, that upon his refusal to gratify 
her desires, she threw herself into the sea 
from mount Leucas. She had composed 
nine book* in lyric verses, besides epigrams, 
elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, 
nothing now remains but two fragments, 
whose uncommon sweetness and elegance 
show how meritoriousLy the praises of the 
ancients have been bestowed upon a poetess, 
who for the sublimity of her genius was 
called the tenth Muse. Her compositions 
were all extant in the age of Horace. The 
Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of 
Sappho, that after her death they paid her 
divine honours, and raised her temples and 
altars, and stamped their money with her 
image. The poetess has been censured for 
writing with that licentiousness and freedom 
which so much disgraced her character as a 
w oman. The Sapphic verse has been called 
after her name.— Ov. Her. 15. — Hor. 2, Od. 
13.— Her. 2, c. 135.— tt. 5, Sy. 3, v. 155.— 
Ml. V. H. 22, C. 18 & 29.— PI. 22, C 8. 

SAPT1NE, a daughter of Darius, the last 
kin? of Persia, offered in marriage to Alex- 
ander. 

SARACENE, part of Arabia Petraea, the 
country of the Saracens who embraced the 
religion of Mahomet. 

SARACORI, a people who go to war riding 
on asses.— Ml. V. H. 12. [6. c. 16. 

SARANGiE, a people near Caucasus.— PI. 

SARANGES, a river of India, falling into 
the Hvdraotes, and thence into the In us. 

SARAPA'NI, a people of Colchis.— Sir. 

SARAPUS, a surname of Pittacus, one of 
the seven wise men of Greece. 

SARASA, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, 
on the Tigris.— Str. 

SARASPADES, a son of Phraates, king of 
Parthia, sent as an hostage to Augustus, 
Sec— Sir. 

SARAVUS, now the Soar, a river of Bel- 
gium, falling into the Moselle. 

SARDANAPA'LUS, the 40th and last king 
of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and 
voluptuousness. The greatest part of his 
time was spent in the company of his eu- 
nuchs, and the monarch generally appeared 
in the midst of his concubines, disguised in 
the habit of a female, and spinning wool 
for his amusement. This effeminacy irri- 
tated his officers ; Belesis and Arsaces con- 
spired against him, and collected a nume- 
rous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus 
quitted his voluptuousness for a while, and 



appeared at the head of his arm'**. Tfae 
rebels were defeated in three ?<sW**$ve 
battles, but at last Sardanapalus bK&ten 
and besietred in the city of Nirvi? two 
years. When he despaired o t " meve%s, he 
burned himself in his palace, vriik nis eu- 
nuchs, concubines, and all hi5» tr-easures, 
and the empire of Assyria vss divided 
among the conspirators. "This famous event 
happened B. C. 820, according to Eusebius ; 
though Justin and others, wish jess probabi- 
lity, place it 80 years eariie , Sardanapalus 
was made a god after death. — Her. 2, c. 150. 
—Diod. 2.- Str. 14.— Ci. Tus. 5, c. 35. 
SARDI, the inhabitants of Sardinia. Vide 
SARDES. FideSardis. [Sardinia. 
SAR'DINIA, the greatest island in the Me- 
diterranean after Sicily, is situate between 
Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It 
was originally called Sandaliotis, or Ich- 
nusa, from its resembling the human foaht, 
(ichnos), and it received the name of Sar- 
dinia from Sardijs. * son of Hercules, who 
settled there with a colony which he had 
brought with bin; from Libya. Other colonies, 
under Aristseus, Norax, and Iolas, also 
settled there. The Carthaginians were long 
masters of it, and were dispossessed by the 
Romans in the Punic wars, B.C. 231. Some 
call it, with Sicily, one of the granaries of 
Rome. The air was very unwholesome, 
though the soil was fertile in corn, in wine, 
and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents are 
found in Sardinia, nor any poisonous herb, 
except one, which, when eaten, contracts the 
nerves, and is attended with a paroxysm of 
laughter, the forerunner of death : hence 
risus Sardonicus, or Sardous.— Ci. Fa. 7, c. 
25.— Serv. ad Virg. 7, el . 41.— Ta. An. 2, c. 
85.— Me. 3, c. 7.— Str. 2 & h.—Ci. Man. ad Q. 
frat. 2, ep. 3.-PI. 3, c. 7.— Pa. 10, c. 17.— 
Var. de R. R.—Va. Ma. 7, c. 6. 
SARDICA, a town of Thrace. 
SARDIS, or SARDES, now Sart, a town 
of Asia Minor, the capital of the kingdom of 
Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, 
on the banks of the Pactolus. It is cele- 
brated for the many sieges it sustained against 
the Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Mace 
donians, lonians, and Athenians, and for the 
battle in which, B. C. 262, Antiochus Sotei' 
was defeated by Eumenes, king of Perga 
mus. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 
the reign of Tiberius, who ordered it to be 
rebuilt. It fell into the hands of Cyrus, 
B. C. 548, and was burnt by the Athenians, 
B. C. 504, which became the cause of the in 
vasion of Attica by Darius.— Pin. Al.—Ov 
Me. 11, v. 137, \52,6ic.—Str. 13.— Her. 1, c.7. 

SAR.DONES, the people' of Roussilon in 
France, at the foot of the Pyrenees.--Pi.3,c.4- 
SARDUS, a son of Hercules, who led a 
colonv to Sardinia and gave it his name. 

SAREPHTA, a town of Phoenicia between 
Tvre and Sidon, now Sarfand. 

*SARI ASTER, a son ol Tigranes, king oi 
Armenia, who conspired against his father 
&c— Vu. Ma. 9, c. 11. [Caspian. 
SARIPHI, mountains at the east of the 
SARMA'TTE, or SAIJROMAT.fi, the inha- 
bitants of Sarmatia. Vide Sarmatia. 
SARMATIA, an extensive country at the 



SAR— SAR 



GO 8 



SAR-SAT 



north of Europe and Asia, divided into Eu- 
ropean and Asiatic. The European was 
bounded by the ocean on the north, Germany 
and the Vistula on the west, the Jazygae on 
the south, and Tanais on the east. The 
Asiatic was bounded by Hyrcania, the Ta- 
nais, and the Euxine Sea. The former 
contains the modern kingdoms of Rvssia, 
Poland, Lithuania, and Little Tartary ; 
and the latter, Great Tartary, Circassia, 
and the neighbouring country. The Sar- 
matians were a savage uncivilised nation, 
often confounded with the Scythians, na- 
turally warlike, and famous for painting 
their bodies to appear more terrible in the 
field of battle. They were well known for 
their lewdness, and they passed among the 
Greeks and Latins by the name of barbari- 
ans. In the time of the emperors they be- 
came very powerful ; they disturbed the peace 
of Romeby their frequent incursions ; till at 
last, increased by the savage hordes of 
Scythia, under the barbarous names of Huns, 
Vandals, Goths, Alans, 6cc. ; they success- 
fully invaded and ruined the empire, in the 
third and fourth centuries of the Christian era. 
They generally lived on the mountains 
without any habitation, except their chariots, 
whence they have been called Hamaxobii. 
They lived upon plunder, and fed upon 
milk" mixed with the blood of horses.— Str. 7. 
— Me. 2, c. A.-Diod. 2.—FI. 4, c. \2.—Luc. 

1. —Juv. 2.—Ov. Tr. 3. 

SARM ATICU M MARE, a name given to 
the Euxine sea, because on the coast of 
Sarmatia.— Or. 4, ex Pon. ep. 10, v. 38. 

SARMENTUS, a scurrilous person, men- 
tioned by Hor. 1,5, v. 56. [cania. 

SARNlUS, a river of Asia, near Hyr- 

SARNUS, a river of Picenum, dividing 
it trom Campania, and falling into the 
Tuscan Sea.— St. t. Syl. 2, v. 265.— V. Jin. 7- 
T.ib.— Str. 5. 

SARON, a king of Trcezene, unusually 
fond of hunting. He was drowned in the 
sea, where he had swam for some miles in 

ursuit of a stag. He was made a sea-god 
y Neptune, and divine honours were paid 
to him by the Trcezenians. It was customary 
for sailors to offer him sacrifices before tney 
embarked. That part of the sea where he 
was drowned, was called Saronicns Sinus, on 
the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus of 
Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at 
Trnezene, arid instituted festivals to her 
honour, called from himself Saronia.— Pa. 

2, c. 30.— Me. 2, c. 3.— Str. 8. 
SARONICUS SINUS, now the Gulph of 

Engia, a bay of the ^Egean Sea, lying at the 
south of Attica, and on the north of the 
Peloponnesus. The entrance into it is 
between the promontory of Sunium and that 
'of Scylla. Some suppo"se that this part of 
the sea received its name from Saron, who 
was drowned there, or from a small river 
which discharged itself on the coast, or from 
a small harbourof the same name. The Sa- 
ronic bay is about 62 miles in circumference, 
23 miles in its broadest, and 25 in its long- 
est part, accordiug- to modern calculation. 

SARPE'OON, a son of 'upiter by Europa, 
the daughter of Agenor. Fe banished him- 



self from Crete, after he had in vain zf 
tempted to make himself king in preference 
to his elder brother Minos, and he retired 
to Caria, where he built the town of Miletus. 
He went to the Trojan war to assist Priam 
against the Greeks, where he was attended 
by his friend and companion Glaucus 4 . He 
was at last killed by Patroclus, after he had 
made a great slaughter of the enemy, anc« 
his body, by order of Jupiter, was con- 
veyed to Lyoia by Apollo, where his friends 
and relations paid him funeral honours, and 
raised a monument to perpetuate his valour. 
Recording- to some mycologists, the brother 
of king Minos, and the prince who assisted 
Priam, were two different persons. Thi» 
last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter, 
by Laodamia, the daughter cf Bellerophon, 
and lived about a hundred years after the 
age of the son of Europa.— Apol. 3, c. 1. — 

Her. I, c. 173.— Sir. 12.— H. II. 16. A son 

of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his bar- 
barons treatment of strangers. A learned 

preceptor of Cato of Utica.— Phi. in Cat. 

A town of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred 

to Apollo and Diana. Also a promontory 

of the same name in Cilicia, beyond which 
Antiochus was not permitted to sail, by a 
treaty of peace which he had made with the 

Romans.— Li. 38, c. 38.— Me. I, c. 13. A 

promontory of Thrace. A Syrian general 

who flourished B. C. 143. 

SARRA, a town of Phoenicia, the same as 
Tyre. It receives this name from a small 
shell-fish of the same name, which was found 
in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood 
garments were dyed. Hence came the epi- 
thet of sarranus, so often applied to Tvrian 
colours, as well as to the inhabitants of tlx 
colonies of the Tyrians, particularly Car- 
thage.— Sit. 6, V. 662, 1. 15, V. 205.— Virg. 
G. 2, v. 506. 

SARRASTES, a people of Campania on 
the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against 
jEneas. — V. JEn. 7, v. 738. 

SARRON, a king of the Celtae, so famous 
for his learning, tlrat from him philosophers 
were called Sarronidce .—Diod. 6, c. 9. 

SARS,a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre. 

SAR'SINA, an ancient town of Umbria, 
where the poet Plautus was born. The in- 
habitants are called Sarsinates. — Mart. 9,ep. 
59. — PI. 3, C. 14.—//. 8, V. 462. 

SAR US, a river of Cappadocia.— I,i.33,c.4l . 

SASANDA, a town of Caria.— Biod. 14. 

SASON, an island at the entrance of the 
Adriatic Sea, lying between Brundusium and 
Auion, on the coast of Greece. Jt is barren 
and inhospitable.— Sir. 6.— Luc. 2, v. 627 <!* 
5, v. 650.— Si. It. , v. 460. A river fall- 
ing into the Adriatic. 

SATARCH^E, a people near the Palus 
Maeotis.— Me. 2, c. 1. — Flac. 6, v. 144. 

SATASPES, a Persian hung on a cross by 
order of Xerxes, for offering violence to 
the daughter of Megabyzus. His father's 
name was Theaspes.— her. 4. 

SATIBARZANES, a Persian, made satrap 
of the Arians by Alexander, from whom he 
afterwards revolted.— Curt. 6 & 7. 

SATI'CULA 6c SATICULUS, a town near 
Capua.— V% Mn. 7, v. 729.— Li. 9, c. 21. 



SAT— SAT 



609 



SAT— SAT 



SATIS, a town of Macedonia. 

S ATRjE, a people of Th race.— Her .7,c. 1 1 1 . 

SATRAPE'NI, a people of Media under 
Ti <rra nes.— Plu. (millns.— Li. 6, c. 8. 

SATRICU M, a town of Italy, taken by Ca- 

SATROPACES, an officer in the army of 
Darius, kc.—Curt. 4, c. 9. 

SA'TURA, a lake of Latium, forming 1 part 
of the Pontine lakes.— Sil. 8, v. 3S2. — V. Mn. 
7, v. 801. 

SATUREIUM, or SATUREUM,a town of 
Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous pas- 
tures and horses, whence the epithet of satu- 
reianus in Hot. 1, 6. 

SATUREIUS.oneofDomitian's murderers. 

SATURNA'f.jA, festivals in honour of Sa- 
turn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or ac- 
cording- to others, the 16th of December. 
They were instituted long- before the founda- 
tion of Rome, in commemoration of the 
freedom and equality which prevailed on 
earth in the golden reign of Saturn. Some 
however suppose, that the Saturnalia were 
first observed at Rome in the reign uf Tuilus 
Hostilius, after a victory obtained over the 
Sabines ; while others support, that Janus 
first instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, 
from whom he had learned agriculture. 
Others suppose, that they were first cele- 
brated in the year of Rome 257, after a vic- 
tory obtained over the Latins by the dictator 
Posthumius. TheSaturnalia were originally 
celebrated only for one day, but afterwards 
the solemnity continued for three, four, five, 
and at last for seven days. The celebration 
was remarkable for the liberty which uni- 
versally prevailed. The slaves were per- 
mitted to ridicule their masters, and to 
speak with freedom upon every subject. It 
was usual for friends to make presents one 
to another, all animosity ceased, no crimi- 
nals were executed, schools were shut, war 
was never declared, but all was mirth, riot, 
and debauchery. In the sacrifices the priests 
made their offerings with their heads un- 
covered, a custom which was never observed 
at other festivals.— Senec. ep. 18.— Cat. de 
R. R. &7.—Sue. Vesy. l9.—Ci. ad. At. 5,ep.20. 

SATURN I A, a name given to Italy, be- 
cause Saturn had reigned there during the 

golden age.— Virg. G. 2, v. 173. A name 

given to Juno, as being the daughter of 

Saturn.— Virg. G. 2, v. 173. An ancient 

town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn, 

i>n the Tarpeian ruck.— V. Mn. 8, v^358. 

A colonv of Etruria.— Liv. 39, c. 55. 

SATURNINUS, P. SEMPRON IUS, a ge- 
neral of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in 
Egypt by his troops after he had rendered 
himself celebrated by his victories over the 
barbarians. His integrity, his complaisance, 
and affability, had gained him the affection 
of the people, but his fondness of ancient 
discipline provoked his soldiers, who wan- 
tonly murdered him in the 43rd year of his 

age, A. D. 262. SEXTUS JULIUS, a 

Gaul, intimate with Aurelian. The emperor 
esteemed him greatly, not only for his pri- 
vate virtues, but for his abilities as a gene- 
ral, and for the victories which he had ob- 
tained in different parts of the empire. He 
was saluted emperor at Alexandria, and 



compelled by the clamorous army to accept 
of the purple, which he rejected with dis- 
dain and horror. Probus, who was then 
emperor, marched his forces against him, 
and besieged him in Apamea, where he 
destroyed himself when unable to make 

head against his powerful adversary. 

APPULEIUS, a tribune of the people, who 
raised a sedition at Rome, intimidated the 
senate, and tyrannized for three years. 
Meeting at last with opposition, he seized 
the capitol, but being induced by the hopes 
of a reconciliation to trust himself amidst 
the people, he was suddenly torn to pieces. 
His sedition has received the name of Appu- 
leiana, in the Roman annals.— Flor. LU- 
CIUS, a seditious tribune, who supported 
the oppression of Marius. He was at last 
put to death on account of his tumultuous 

disposition.— Plu. Ma. —Fl. 3, c. 16. An 

officer in the court of Theodosius, murdered 

for obeying the emperor's orders, ,Vc. 

POMfFlUS, a writer in the reign of Tra- 
jan. He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, 
v>Kc speaks of him with great warmth and 
approbation, as an historian, a poet, and an 
orator. Pliny always consulted the opinion 
of Saturninus before he published his com- 
positions. SENTIUS, afriend of Augustus 

and Tiberiiw. He succeeded Agrippa in the 
government of the provinces of Syria and 

Phoenicia. VITELL1 US, an officer among 

the friends of the emperor Otho. 

SATURNIUS, a name given to Jupiter, 
Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of 
Saturn. 

SA'TURNUS, a son of Ccelus, or Uranus, 
by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, orTitheia. 
He was naturally artful, and by means of 
his mother, he revenged himself on his 
father, whose cruelty 'to his children had 
provoked the anger of Thea. The mother 
armed her son with a scythe, which was fabri- 
cated with the metals drawn from her bowels, 
and as Ccelus was going to unite himself 
to Thea. Saturn mutilated him, and for ever 
prevented him from increasing the number 
of his children, whom he treated with un- 
kindness and confined in the infernal re- 
gions. After this the sons of Ccelus were 
restored to liberty, and Saturn obtained his 
father's kingdom by the consent of his bro- 
ther, provided he did not bring up any mala 
children. Pursuant to this agreement, Sa- 
turn always devoured his sons as soon as 
born, because, as some observe, he dreaded 
from them a retaliation of his unkind ness to 
his father, till his wife Rhea, unwilling to 
see her children perish, concealed from her 
husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and 
Pluto, and instead of the children she gave 
him large stones, which he immediately 
swallowed without perceiving the deceit. 
Titan was some time after informed that 
Saturn had concealed his male children ; 
therefore he made war again»t him, de- 
throned and imprisoned him with Rhea; 
and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in 
Crete, was no sooner grown up, than he 
flew to deliver his father, and to replace 
him on his throne. Saturn, unmindful of 
his son's kindness, conspired against him. 



SAT— SAT 



GlO 



SAT— SCJE 



when he heard that he raised cabals against 
him, but Jupiter banished him from his 
throne, and the father fled for safety into 
Italy, where the country retained the" name 
of Latium,aa being the place of his conccal- 
•nient (laleoj. Janus, who was then king of 
Italy, received Saturn with marks of atten- 
tion ; lie made him his partner on the throne ; 
and the king 1 of heaven employed himself in 
civilizing the barbarous manners of the 
people of Italy, and in teaching them agri- 
culture and the useful and liberal arts. His 
reign there was so mild and popular, so 
beneficent and virtuous, that mankind nave 
railed it the golden age, to intimate the 
happiness and tranquillity which the earth 
then enjoyed. Saturn was father of Chiron 
the centaur by Philyra,whom he had changed 
into a mare* to avoid the importunities of 
Rhea. The worship of Saturn was not so 
solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. 
It w u s usual to ofler human victims on his 
altars, but this barbarous custom was abo- 
lished by Hercules, who substituted small 
images of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, 
the priest always performed the ceremony 
with his head uncovered, which was unusual 
at other solemnities. The god is generally 
represe nted as an old man bent through a°re 
and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his 
right hand, "with a serpent which bites his 
own tail, which is an emblem of time and 
of the revolution of the yt ar. In his left 
hand he holds a child, which he raises upas 
if instantly to devour it. Tatius, king of 
the Sabines, first built a temple to Saturn on 
the Capitoline bill ; a second was afterwards 
added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by 
the first consuls. On his statues were ge- 
nerally hung fetters, in commemoration of 
the chains he had worn when imprisoned by 
Jupiter. From this circumstance all slaves 
that obtained their liberty generally dedi- 
cated their fetters to him. Dunn"- the cele- 
bration of the Saturnalia, tiie chains were 
taken from the statues to intimate ihe free- 
dom and the independence which mankind 
enjoyed during the golden age. One of 
his temples at Rome was appropriated for 
the public treasury, and it was there also 
that the names of foreign ambassadors were 
enrolled.— Hes. Th.—Apol. I, c. 1. — V. JEn. 
8, v. 319. — Pa. 8, C. b.—Tib. el. 3, V. 35.— 
H. II.— Or. F. 4, v. 197 ; Mel. 1, v. 123. 

SA'TURUM. a town of Calabria, where 
stuffs of all kinds were dyed in different 
colours with great success. — Virg. G. 2, v. 
197, I. 4, v. 335. 

SATYRI', demigods of the country, whose 
origin is unknown. They are represented 
like men, but with the feet and tiie legs of 
goat-, short horns on the head, and the 
whole body covered with thick hair. They 
chiefly attended upon Bacchus, and ren- 
dered themselves known in his orgies by 
their riot and lasciviousness. The first 
fruits of every thing were generally offered 
to them. The Romans promiscuously cailed 
them Fauni, Panes, and Sylvani. It is 
said that a Satyr was brought to Sylla as 
that general returned from Thessaly. The 
monster had been surprised asleep in a 



cave ; but his voice was inarticulate when 
brought into the presence of the Roman ge- 
neral, and Sylla was so disgusted with it, 
that he ordered it to be instantly removed. 
The monster answered in every degree the 
description which the poets and painters 
have given of the Satyrs.— Pa. l,c. 26,—Plu. 
Sy.—V. Eel. 5, v. 13.— Of. Her. 4, v. 171. 

SA'TYRUS, a king of Bosphorus, who 
reigned 14 years, &c. His father's name 

was Spartaciis.— Diod. 20. An Athenian 

who attempted to eject the garrison ol De- 
metrius from the citadel, &c. — Poly. A 

Greek actor w ho instructed Demosthenes, and 
taught him how to have a good and strong 
delivery. A man who assisted in murder- 
ing Timophanes, by order of his brother 

Timoleon. A Rhodian sent by his conn- 

trymen to Rome, when Eumenes had ac- 
cused some of the allies of intentions to fa- 
vour the interest of Macedonia against the 

republic. A peripatetic philosopher and 

historian who flourished B. C. 148. A ty- 
rant of Heraclea, 346 B. C. An architect 

who, together with Petus, is said to have 
planned and built the celebrated tomb 
which Artemisa erected to the memory of 
Mausolus, and which became one of the 
wonders of the world. The honour of 
erecting it is ascribed to others. 

SAUFE1US TROGUS, one of Messalina's 
favourites, punished by Claudius, &c.—Ta. 

An. 11, c. 35. APP1US, a Roman, who 

died on his return from the bath upon taking 
mead, kc.—Pl. 7, c. 53. 

SAUROMA YJE, a people in the northern 
parts of Europe and Asia. They are called 
Sarmalte by the Latins. Vide Sarmatia. 

SAURUS, a famous robber of El is, killed 

bv Hercules.— Pa. 6,c. 21. A statuary.— 

PI. 36, C. 5. 

SAVERA. a village of Lvcaonia. 

SAVO, or SAVONA, a town with a small 
river of the same name in Campania.— St. 4. 
—PI. 3, c. 5. A town of Liguria. 

SAVUS, a river of Pannonia, rising in 
Noricum, at the north of Aquileia, and fall- 
ing into the Danube, after flowing through 
Pannonia, in an eastern direction.— Claud, 
de Stil. 2. A small river of Numidia, fall- 
ing into the Mediterranean. 

SAXONES, a people of Germany, near 
the Chersonesus Cimbrica.— Ptol. 3, 11.— 
Claud. 1, Eutr. v. 392. 

SAZICHES, an ancient legislator of Egvpt. 

SCiEA, one of the gates of Troy, where 
the tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name 
is derived bv some from " skaios" (sinister) 
because it was through this avenue that the 
fatal horse was introduced. — H. Il.SU. 13, 
v. 73. One of the Danaides. Her hus- 
band's name was Dayphron. — Apol. 

SCjEVA, a soldier in Caesar's army, who 
behaved with great courage at Dyrrhachium. 

—Luc. 6, v. 144. M EM OR, a Latin poet 

in the reign of I itus and Domitian. A 

man who poisoned his own mother. — Hor. 2, 

s. i, v. 53. A friend of Horace, to whom 

the poet addressed 1 Ep. 17. He was a Ro 
man knight. 

SC^E'VOLA. Vide Mutius. [dent Spain 

SCALABIS, now St. Irene, a town. of an 



SCA-SCA 61 
SCALDIS, or SCALDIUM, a river of 
Belgium, now called The Scheldt, and divid- 
ing- 'the modern country of the Netherlands 

from Holland.— Cces. G. 6, v. 33. PONS, 

a town on the same river, now called Conde 
Cces. 

SCAMANDER, or SCAM ANDROS, a ce- 
lebrated river of Troas, rising- at the east of 
mount Ida, and falling into the sea below 
Sigseum. It receives the Simois in its course, 
and towards its mouth it is very muddy, and 
flows through marshes. This river, accord- 
ing to Homer, was called Xanlhxs, by the 
gods, and Scamander by men. The waters 
of the Scamander had the singular property 
of giving a beautiful colour to the hair or 
the wool of such animals as bathed in them ; 
and from this circumstance the three god- 
desses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed 
there before they appeared before Paris, to 
obtain the golden apple. It was usual 
among all the virgins of Troas to bathe in 
the Scamander, when they were arrived to 
nubile years, and to offer to the god their 
virginity in these words, " Aabe mou, Ska- 
mandre teen parlhenianf 1 The god of the 
Scamander had a regular priest, and sacri- 
fices offered to him. Some suppose that the 
river received its name from Scamander, 
the son of Corvbas.— JEl. An. 8, c. 21.— Str. 
\.—Pl. 5, C 30.— Me. J, c. 18.— H. II. 5.— 

Plic. — JEsch. ep. 10. A son of Corybas and 

Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete 
into Phryg-ia, and settled at "the foot of 
mount Ida, where he introduced the festivals 
of Cybeie, and the dances of the Corybantes. 
He some time after lost the use of his senses, 
and threw himself into the river Xantlms, 
which ever after bore his name. His son-in- 
law Teucer succeeded him in the govern- 
ment of the colony. He had two daughters, 
Thymo and Callirhoe. — Apol. 3,c.l2.— Dio. 4. 

SCAMANDRIA, a town on the Scamander. 
—PI. 4, c. 30. 

SCAMANDRIUS, one of the generals of 
Priam, son of Strophius. He was killed bv 
Menelaus. — H. II. 5, v. 49. [of Cos.— Sir. 14". 

SCANDARIA, a promontory in the island 

SCANDINAVIA, ^ name given by the 
ancients to that tract of territory which 
contains the modern kingdoms of Norway, 
Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland, &c. 
supposed by them to bean island.— Pt. 4, c. 13. 

SCANTIA SYLVA, a wood of Campania, 
the property of the Roman people.— Ci. 

SCANTILLA, the wife of Didius Julianus. 
It was by her advice that her husband bought 
the empire which was exposed to sale at the 
death of Pertinax. 

SCANTINI A LEX. Vide Scatinia. 

SCAPTESYLE, a town of Thrace, near 
Abdera, abounding in silver and gold mines, 
belonging to Ti.ucydides, who is supposed 
there to have written his history of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war.— Lu. 6, v. 810.— Plu. Cim. 

SCAPTIA, a town of Latium.— Sit. 8, v. 
396.— PI. 3, c. 5.— Li. 8, c. 17. 

SCAPT1US, an intimate friend of Brutus 

-Ci. ep.ad. Att. 5.— His brother was a mer- 
chant of Cappadocia.i 

SCAPULA, a native of Corduba, who de- 
fended that town against Caesar, after the 



I SCA-SCE 
baUle of Munda. When he saw that all his 
efforts were useless against the Roman gene- 
ral, he destroyed himself.— C<es. B. H. 33. 
An usurper.— Ci. At. 12, ep. 37. [matia. 

SCAR DON, a town on the confines of Dai- 

SCARDM, a ridffe of mountains of Mace- 
donia, which separate it from lllyricum.— 
Li. 43, c. 20. 

SCARPHIA, or SCARPHE, a town near 
Thermopylae, on the confines of Phthiotis.— 
Sen. in Tr. 

SCATINIA LEX de pndicitia, by C. Sca- 
tinius Aricinus, the tribune, was" enacted 
against those who kept calamites, and such 
as prostituted themselves to any vile or un- 
natural service. The penalty was originally 
a line, but it was afterwards made a capital 
crime under Augustus. It is sometimes called 
Scantinia, from a certain Stantinius, upon 
whom it was first executed. 

SCAURUS, M. A:M1L1US, a Roman con- 
sul, who distinguished himself by his elo- 
quence at the bar, and by his successes in 
Spain, in the capacity of "commander. He 
was sent against Jugurtha, and some time 
after accused of suffering himself to be 
bribed by the Numidian prince. Scaurns 
conquered the Ligurians, and in his censor- 
ship he built the Milvian bridge at Rome, 
and began to pave the road, which from him 
was called the jEmylian. He was originally 
very poor. He wrote some books, and 
among these an history of his own life, all 
now lost. His son, of the same name, made 
himself known by the large theatre he built 
during his edileship. This theatre, which 
could contain 30,000 spectators, was sup- 
ported by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet in 
height, and adorned with 3000 brazen statues. 
This celebrated edifice, according to Pliny, 
proved more fatal to the manners and the 
simplicity of the Romans, than the proscrip- 
tions and wars of Sylla had done to the in- 
habitants of the "city. Scaurus married 
Murcia.— Ci. in Bru.—Va. Ma. 4, c. 4.— PL 

34, c. 7, 1. 36, c. 2. A Roman of consular 

dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, 
the son of Scaurus behaved with great 
cowardice, upon which the father sternly 
ordered him never to appear again in the 
field of battle. The severity of this command 
rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he 
plunged a sword into his own heart, to free 
himself from farther ignominy. AU RE- 
LI US, a Roman consul taken prisoner by 
the Gauls. He was put to a cruel death be- 
cause he told the king of the enemy not to 
cross the Alps to invade Italy, which was 

universally deemed unconquerable. M. 

jEMILIUS, a man in the reign of Tiberius, 
accused of adultery with Livia, and put to 
death. He was an eloquent orator, but very 

lascivious and debauched in his morals. 

MAMERCUS, a man put to death by Tibe- 
rius. MAXIM US, a man wfto conspired 

against Nero. TERENTIUS.a Latin gram- 
marian. He had been preceptor to the em- 
peror Adrian. — A. Gel. 11, c. 15. 

SCE'DASUS, a native of Leuctra in Bceotia. 
His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia, 
whom some called Theano or Hippo, were 
ravished by 6ome Spartans, in the reijru o! 



SCE— SCI 



612 



sci— csr 



Cleombrotus, and after this they killed them- 
selves, unable to survive the loss of their 
honour. The father became so disconsolate, 
that when he was unable to obtain relief 
from his country, he killed himself on their 
tomb.— Pa. 9, c. 13.— P/m. Am. 3. 

SCELERA'TUS, a plain at Rome near the 
Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was 
buried alive, when convicted of adultery.— 

Li. 8. c. is. One of the gates of Rome 

was called Scelerata, because 300 Fabii, 
who were killed at the river Crennra, had 
passed through it when they went to attack 
the enemy. It was before named Carmen- 

talis. There was also a street at Rome 

formerly called Cyprius, which received the 
name of the Sceleratus vicus, because there 
Tullia ordered her postilion to drive her 
chariot over the body of her father, king 
Senilis.— Li. I, c. 48.— Ov. Ib. 365. 

SCENA, a town on the confines of Baby- 
lon.— Sir. 16. A river of Ireland, now the 

ShaJinon.—Oros. 1, c. 2. [PL 5, C. li. 

SCEN1T/E, Arabians who live in tents. — 

SCEPSIS, a town of Troas where the 
works of Theophrastus and Aristotle were 
long concealed under ground, and damaged 
by the wet, Scc—Str. 10. 

SCHEDIA, a small village of Egypt, with 
a dock yard, between the western mouths of 
the Nile and Alexandria.— Sir. 

SCHEDIUS, one or Helen's suitors.— Pa. 
10, c. 4. [Pa. 2, c. 5.— PL 4, c. 12. 

SCHER1A, an ancient name of Corcyra.— 

SCHCENEUS, a son of Athamas. The 

rather of Atalanta. 

SCH(ENUS, or SCHENO, a port of Pelo- 
ponnesus, on the Saronicus Sinus. Vil- 
lage near Thebes, with a river of the same 

name. A river of Arcadia. Another 

near Athens. 

SC1ASTES, a surname of Apollo at Lace- 
daemon, from the village Scias, where he 
was particularly worshipped.— Lyc. 562.— 
L. Tzel. loco. [8. c. 14. 

SCI'ATHIS, a mountain of Arcadia. — Pa. 

SCI'ATHOS, an island in the jEgean sea, 
opposite mount Pelion, on the coast of Thes- 
saly.— Va. Flue. 2. 

SCIDROS, a town of Magna Graecia. 

SCILLUS, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
Oly mpia, where Xenophon wrote his history. 

SCILU'RUS, a king of Scythia, who had 
80 sons. Vide Scylurus. 

SCINIS, a cruel robber who tied men to 
the boughs of trees, which he had forcibly 
brought together, and which he afterwards 
un.oosened, so that their limbs were torn in 
ar. instant from their body.— Ov. Me. 7,v. 440. 

SCINTH1, a people of Germany. 

SCIO'NE, a town of Thrace, in the posses- 
sion of the Athenians. It revolted and 
passed into the hands of the Lacedaemonians 
during the Peloponnesian war. It was built 
by a Grecian colony in their return from the 
Trojan war.— Th. 4.— Me. 2, c. 2.— PL 4,c.l0. 

SCI'PlADiE, a name applied to the two 
Scipios, who obtained the surname of Afri- 
canns, from the conquest or Carthage.— V. 
&n. 6, v. 843. 

SCIPIO, a celebrated family at Rome, who 
>btained the greatest honours in the repub- 



lic. The name seems to be derived from 
Scipio, which signifies a stick, because one 
of the family had conducted his blind father, 
and had been to him as a stick. The Sci- 
pios were a branch of the Cornelian family. 
The most illustrious were — P. CORN., a 
man made master of horse by Camillus, Sec. 

A Roman dictator. L. CORNEL., a 

consul, A. U. C. 454, who defeated the Etru- 
rians near Volaterra. Another consul, 

A. U. C. 493. CN. surnamed Asina, was 

consul A. V. C. 492 and 498. He was con- 
quered in his first consulship in a naval bat- 
tle, and lo.-t 17 ships. The following year 
he took Aleria, in Corsica, and defeated 
Hanno, the Carthaginian general, in Sardi- 
nia. He also took 200 of the enemy's ships, 
and the city of Panormum in Sicily. Ht 
was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio, 
Publius, in the beginning of the second 
Punic war, wa; «ent with an army to Spain 
to oppose Annibal ; but when he heard that 
his enemy had passed over into Italy, he 
attempted by his quick marches and secret 
evolutions to stop his progress. He was 
conquered by Annibal near the Ticinus, 
w here he nearly lost his life, had not his son, 
who was afterwards surnamed Africanus, 
courageously defended him. He again passed 
into Spain, where he obtained some memo- 
rable victories over the Carthaginians, and 
the inhabitants of the country. His brother 
Cneus shared the supreme command with 
him, but their great confidence proved their 
ruin. They separated their armies, and 
soon after Publius was furiously attacked by 
the two Asdrubals and IVIago, who com- 
manded the Carthaginian armies. The 
forces of Publius were too few to resist with 
success the three Carthaginian generals. 
The Romans were cut to pieces, and their 
commander was left on the field of battle. 
No sooner had the enemy obtained this vic- 
tory than they immediately marched to meet 
Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of 30,000 
Celdberians had weakened and alarmed. 
The general, who was already apprised of 
his brothel's death, secured an eminence, 
where he was soon surrounded on all sides. 
After desperate acts of valour, he was left 
among the slain, or according to some, he 
fled into a tower where he was burnt with 
some of his friends by the victorious enemy. 
—Li.2\.—PaA.—FL 2, c. 6.— But. 3, c. 8.— ^~ 
PUBL1US CORNELIUS, surnamed Africa- 
mis, was son of Publius Scipio,who was killed 
in Spain. He first distinguished himself at 
the battle of Ticinus, where be saved his 
father's life by deeds of unexampled valour 
and boldness. The battle of Cannae, which 
proved so fatal to the Roman arms, instead 
of disheartening Scipio, raised his expecta- 
tions, and he no sooner heard that some of 
his desperate countrymen wished to aban- 
don Italy, and to fly from the insolence of 
the conqueror, than with his sword in his 
hand, and by his firmness and example, he 
obliged them to swear eternal fidelity to 
Rome, and to put to immediate death the first 
man who attempted • to retire from his 
country. In his 2lst year, Scipio was made 
an ediie an honourable office, which wa» 



SCI— SCI 



613 



SCI-SCI 



er given but to such as had reached their 
2?th year. Some time after, the Romans 
were" alarmed by the intelligence that the 
commanders of their forces in Spain, Pub- 
lins and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, 
and immediately young 1 Scipio was appointed 
to avenge the death of his father, and of his 
uncle, and to vindicate the military honour 
of the republic. It was soon known how 
able he was to be at the head of an army ; 
the various nations of Spain were conquered, 
and in four years the Carthaginians were 
banished from that part of the continent, 
the whole province became tributary to 
Rome; new Carthage submitted in one day, 
and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy were 
left dsad on the field. After these' signal 
victories, Scipio was recalled to Rome, 
which still trembled at the continual alarms 
of Annibal, who was at her gates. The con- 
queror of the Carthaginians in Spain was 
looked upon as a proper general to en- 
counter Annibal in Italy ; but Scipio op- 
posed the measures which his countrymen 
wished to pursue, and he declared in the 
senate that if Annibal was to be conquered 
he must be conquered in Africa. These bold 
measures were immediately adopted, though 
opposed by the eloquence, age, and experi- 
ence of the great Fabius, and Scipio was 
empowered to conduct the war on the coasts 
of Africa. With the dignity of consul he 
embarked for Carthage. Success attended 
nis arms, his conquests were here as rapid 
as in Spain ; the Carthaginian armies were 
routed, the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was 
set on fire during the night, "and his troops 
totally defeated in a drawn battle. These 
repeated losses alarmed Carthage; Annibal, 
who was victorious at the gates of Rome, 
was instantly recalled to detend the walls of 
his country, and the two greatest generals 
of the age met each other in the field. Terms 
of accommodation were proposed ; but in 
the parley which the two commanders had 
together, nothing satisfactory was offered, 
and while the one enlarged on the vicissitudes 
of human affairs, the other wished to dic- 
tate like a conqueror, and recommended 
the decision of the controversy to the sword. 
This celebrated battle was fought near Zama, 
and both generals displayed their military 
knowledge in drawing up their armies and 
in choosing their ground. Their courage 
and intrepidity were not less conspicuous 
in charging the enemy ; a thousand acts of 
valour were performed on both sides, and 
though the Carthaginians fought in their 
own defence, and the Romans tor fame and 
glory, yet the conqueror of Italy was van- 
quished. About 20,000 Carthaginians were 
slain, and the same number made prisoners 
of war, B. C. 202. Only 2,000 of the Ro- 
mans were killed. This battle was decicive : 
the Carthaginians sued for peace, which 
Scipio at last granted on the most severe 
and humiliating terms. The conqueror after 
this returned to Rome, were he was received 
with the most unbounded applause, honoured 
with a triumph, and dignified with the ap- 
pellation of Africanns. Here he enjoyed 
for some time the tranquillity and the 



honours which his exploits merited, but In 
him also as in other great men, fortune 
showed herself inconstant. Scipio offended 
the populace in wishing to distinguish the 
senators from the rest of the people at the 
public exhibitions, and when he canvassed 
for the consulship for two of his friends, he 
had the mortification to see his application 
slighted, and the honours which he claimed 
bestowed on a man of no character, and re- 
commended by neither abilities nor merito- 
rious actions. He retired from Rome, no 
longer to be a spectator of the ingratitude 
of his countrymen, and in the capacity of 
lientenant he accompanied his brother 
against Antiochus, king of Syria. In this 
expedittion his arms Vere attended with 
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch sub- 
mitted to the conditions which the con- 
querors dictated. At his return to Rome, 
Africauus found the malevolence of his ene- 
mies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate 
rival, raised seditions against him, and the Pe- 
tilli, two tribunes of the people, accused the 
conqueror of Annibal of extortion in the 
provinces of Asia, and of living in an indo- 
lent and luxurious manner. Scipio conde- 
scended to answer to the accusation of his 
calumniators ; the first day was spent in 
hearing the different charges, but when he 
a?ain appeared on the second day of his 
trial, the accused interrupted his judges, 
and exclaimed, "Tribunes and fellow citi- 
zens, on this day, this very day, did I con- 
quer Annibal and the Carthaginians ; come, 
therefore, with me, Romans ; let us go to 
the capitol, and there return our thanks to 
the immortal gods for the victories which 
have attended our arms." These words had 
the desired effect : the tribes and all the as- 
sembly followed Scipio, the conrt was de- 
serted, and the tribunes were left alone in 
the seat of judgment. Yet when this me- 
morable day was past and forgotten, Afri- 
canus was a third time summoned to ap- 
pear; but he had fled before the impending 
storm, and retired to his country house 
at Liternum. The accusation was there- 
fore stopped, and the accusers silenced, 
when one of the tribunes, formerly distin- 
guished for his malevolence against Scipio, 
rose to defend him, and declared in the as- 
sembly, that it reflected the highest disgrace 
on the Roman people, that the conqueror of 
Annibal should become the sport of the po- 
pulace, and be exposed to the malice and 
envy or disappointed ambition. Some time 
after Scipio died in the place of his retreat, 
about 184 years before Christ, in the 48th 
year of his'age ; and so great an aversion did 
he express, as he expired, for the depravity 
of the Romans, and the ingratitude of their 
senators, that he ordered his bones not to be 
conveyed to Rome. They were accordingly 
inhumiated at Liternum, where his wife 
Emilia, the daughter of Paulus iEmilius, 
who fell at the battle of Cannae, raised a 
mausoleum on ms tomb, and placed upon it 
his statue, with that of the poet Ennius, who 
had been the companion of his peace and of 
his retirement. If Scipio was robbed during 
his life-time of the honours which belonged 
3 G 



SCI— SCI C 

to him as the conqueror of Africa, he was 
not forgotten when dead. The Romans 
viewed his character witli reverence; with 
raptures they read of his warlike actions, 
and Africanus was regarded in the following 
ages as a pattern of virtue, of innocence, 
courage, and liberality. As a general, the 
fame and the greatness of his conquests ex- 
plain his character, and indeed we hear that 
Annibai declared himself inferior to no gene- 
ral that ever lived except Alexander the 
Great, and Pyrrhus kinsr of Epirus; and 
when Scipio asKea mm what rank he would 
claim if he had conquered him, the Canha- 
ginian general answered, If I hud conquered 
you, Scipio, I would call myself greater than 
the conqueror of Darius and Che ally of the 
Tarentines. As an instance of Scipio's con- j 
tiuence, ancient authors have faithfuliy re- 1 
corded that the conqueror of Spain refused I 
to see a beautiful princess that had fallen into i 
his hands after the taking of New Carthage, | 
and that he not only restored her inviolate to j 
her parents, but also added immense pre- 
sents for the person to whom she was be- 1 
trothed. It w as to the artful complaisance 
of Africanius that the Romans owed their 1 
alliance with Masinissa. king of Numidia, ! 
and also that with king Syphax. The friend- ! 
ship of Scipio and Laeli'us is well known.— ! 
Pol.6.-Pln.— Fl. 2, c 6.— Ci. Br.— But. ! 

LUCIUS CORNELIUS, surnamed Asia- \ 

ticus, accompanied his brother Africanus in 
his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was 
rewarded with the consulship, A. U.C. 562, j 
for his services to the state, and he was em- 
powered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, 
who had declared war against the Romans. 
Lucius was accompained in this campaign by j 
his brother Africanus ; and by his own valour, j 
and the advice of the conqueror of Annibai, 
he soon routed the enemy, and in a battle i 
near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 foot 
and 4000 horse. Peace was soon after set- I 
tied by the submission of Antiochus, and the 
conqueror at his return home, obtained a 1 
triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He j 
did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity ; I 
Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned 
his fury against Asiaticus, and the two Pe- 
tilli, his devoted favourites, presented a pe- 
tition to the people, in which they prayed 
that an inquiry might be made to know 
what money had been received from Antio- 
chus, and his allies. The petition wis in- 
stantly received, and Asiaticus, charged to 
have suffered himself to be corrupted by An- 
tiochus, was summoned to appear before the 
tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on this 
occasion created praetor. The judge, who 
was an inveterate enemy to the family of the 
Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his two 
lieutenants and his quaestor, guilty of having 
received the first 6,000 pounds' weight of gold, 
and 480 pounds' weight of silver, and the 
others nearly an equal sum, from the mo- 
narch, against whom, in the name of the Ro- 
man people, they were enjoined to make w ar. 
Immediately they wpre condemned to pay 
large, fines ; but while the others gave se- 
curity, Scipio declared that he had accounted 
to the public for all the money which he had 



I SCI-SCI 
brought from Asia, and therefore that he was 
innocent. For this obstinacy Scipio was 
dragged to prison, but his cousin Nasica 
pleaded his cause before the peopie.aud the 
prastor instantly ordered the goods of the 
prisoner to be seized and confiscatpd. The 
sentence was executed, but the. eriects of 
Scipio were insufficient to pay the tine, and it 
was the greatest justification of his innocence, 
that whatever was found in his house, had 
never been in the possession of Antiochus 
or his subjects. This, however, did not to- 
tally liberate him ; he was reduced to 
poverty, and refused to accept the offers of 
his friends and of his clients. Some time 
after he was appointed to settle the disputes 
between Eumenes and Seleuchus, and at his 
return the Romans, ashamed of their severity 
towards him, rewarded his merit with such 
uncommon liberality, that Asiaticus was 
enabled to celebrate games in honour of his 
victory over Antirthus, for ten successive 
days, at his own expense.— Li. 3K, c. 55. — 

Eut. 4. NASICA was son of Cneus Scipio, 

and cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was re- 
fused the consulship, though supported by the 
interest and the fame of the conqueror of 
Annibai; but he afterwards obtained it, and 
in that honourable office conquered the Boii, 
and gained a trumph. He was also success- 
ful in an expedi ion which he undertook in 
Spain. When the statue of Cybele was 
brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman 
senate delegated one of their body, who was 
the most remarkable for the purity of his 
manners and the innocence of his life, to go 
and meet the goddess in the harbour of Ostia. 
Nasica was the object of their choice, and as 
such he was enjoined to bring the statue of 
the goddess to Rome with the greatest pomp 
and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished 
himself by the active part he took in confut- 
ing the accusations laid against the two 
Scipios, Africanus and Asiaticus. There 
was also another of the same name who dis- 
tinguished himself by his enmity against the 
Gracchi, to whom he was nearlv related. 

Pat. 2, c. l.—Fl. 2, c. 15.— Li. 29,' c. 14. 

PUBL. ,EMILIANUS, son of Paulus, the 
conqueror of Perseus, was adopted by the son 
of Scipio Africanus. He received the same 
surname as his grandfather, and was called 
Africanus the younger, on account of his 
victories over Carthage. jEmilianus first ap- 
peared in the Roman armies under his fa- 
ther, and afterwards distinguished himself 
as a legionary tribune in the Spanish pro- 
vinces, where" he killed a Spaniard of gigan- 
tic stature, and obtained a mural crown at 
the siege of Intercatia. He passed into 
Africa to demand a reinforcement from king 
Masinissa, the ally of Rome, and he was the 
spectator of a long and bloody battle which 
was fought between that monarch and the 
Carthaginians, and which soon produced the 
third Punic war. Some time after jEmilia- 
nus was made edile, and next appointed con- 
sul, though under the age required for that 
important office.. The surname which he had 
received from his grandfather, he was doom- 
ed lawfully to claim as his own. He was 
empowered to finish the war with Carthage, 



SCI— SCI 315 SCI— SCI 

snd as he was permitted by the senate to ment quelled their sedition, when he re- 
choose his colleague, he took with him his j proached them for their cowardice, and ex- 
friend Lselius, whose father of the same I claimed, " Factious wretches, do you think 



name had formerly enjoyed the confidence 
and shared the victories of the first Africa- 
nus. The siege of Carthage was already be- 
gun, but the operations of the Romans were 
not continued with vigour. Scipio had no 
sooner appeared before the walls of the 
enemy, than every communication with the 
land was cut off, and that they might not 
have the command of the sea, a stupendous 
mole was thrown across the harbour with 
immense labour and expense. This, whicli 
might have disheartened the most active 
enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more 
eager in the cause of freedom and indepen- 
dence ; all the inhabitants, without distinc- 
tion of rank, age, or sex, employed them- 
selves without cessation to dig another har- 
bour, and to build and equip another fleet. 
In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and 
activity of iEmilianus, the Romans were as- 
tonished to see another harbour formed, and 
50 gallies suddenly issuing under sail, ready 
for the engagement. This unexpected fleet, 
by immediately attacking the Roman ships, 
might have gained the victory, but the de- 
lay of the Carthaginians proved fatal to their 
cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to 
prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the 
possession of a small eminence in Hie har- 
bour, and, by the success of his subsequent 
operations, be broke open one of the gates 
of the city and entered the streets, where he 
made his way by fire and sword. The sur- 
render of abov e 50,000 men was followed by 
the reduction of the citadel, and the total 
submission of Carthage, B.C. 147. The cap- 
tive city was set on (ire, and though Scipio 
was obliged to demolish its very walls to 
obey the orders of the Romans, yet he wept 
bitterly over the melancholy and tragical 
scene ; and in bewailing the miseries or 
Carthage, he expressed his fears, lest Rome, 
in her turn, in some future age, should ex- 
hibit such a dreadful conflagration. The re- 
turn of iEmilianus to Rome was that of an- 
other conqueror of Annibal, and like him he 
was honoured with a magnificent triumph 
and received the. surname or Africanus. Hi 
was not long left in the e>ijoyment of his 
glory, before he was called to obtain fresh 
lionours. He was chosen consul a second 
time, and appointed to finish I lie war whicl 
the Romans had hitherto carried on without 
success or vigorous eytrtions against Nu- 
mantia. The fall of Numantia was more 
noble than that of the capital of Africa, and 
the conqueror of Carthage obtained the vic- 
tory only when the enemies had been con- 
sumed by famine or by self-destruction, 
B. C. 1.33. From his conquests in Spain, 
iEmilianus was honoured with a second 
triumph, and with the surname of Numan- 
tinus. Yet his popularity was short, and 
by telling the people that the murderof their 
favourite, his brother-in law Gracchus, was 
lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical 
to the peace of the republic, Scipio incurred 
the displeasure of the tribunes, and was re- 
ceived with hisses. His authority for a mo- 



that your clamours can intimidate me ; 
whom thefuiy of your enemies never daunt- 
ed 1 Is this the gratitude that yon owe to my 
father Paulus who conquered Macedonia, 
and to me! Without my family you were, 
slaves. Is this the respect you owe to your 
deliverers ? Is this your affection ?" "This 
firmness silenced the murmurs of the assem- 
bly, and some time after Scipio retired from 
the clamours of Rome to Caieta, where, with 
his friend Lselius, he passed the rest of his 
time in innocent pleasures and amusement, 
in diversions which had pleased them when 
children ; and the two greatest men that 
ruled the state, were often seen on the sea- 
shore picking up light pebbles, and throwing 
them on the smooth surface of the waters. 
Though fond of retirement and literary ease, 
yet Scipio often interested himself in the 
affairs of the state. His enemies accused him 
of aspiring to the dictatorship, and the 
clamours were most loud against him, when 
he had opposed the Sempronian law, and 
declared himself the patron of the inhabi- 
tants of the provinces of Italy. This active 
part of Scipio was seen with pleasure by the 
friends of the republic, and not only the 
senate, but also the citizens, the Latins, and 
neighbouring states, conducted their illustri- 
ous friend and patron to his house. It seem- 
ed also the universal wish that the troubles 
might be quieted by the election of Scipio to 
the dictatorship, and many presumed that 
that honour would be on the morrow con- 
ferred upon him. In this, however, the ex- 
pectations of Rome were frustrated ; Scipio 
was found dead in his bed to the astonish- 
ment of the world ; and those who inquired 
for the causes of this sudden death, per- 
ceived violent marks on his neck, and con- 
cluded that he had been strangled, B.C.I 28. 
This assassination, as it was then generally 
believed, was committed by the triumvirs, 
Papirius Carbo, C. Gracchus, and Fulvius 
Flaccus, who supported the Sempronian 
law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is 
charged with having introduced the mur- 
derers into his room. No inquiries were 
made after the authors of his death ; Grac- 
chus was the favourite of the mob, and 
the only atonement which the populace 
made for the death of Scipio was to attend 
his funeral, and to show their concern by 
their cries and loud lamentations. The 
second Africanus has often been compared 
to the first of that name ; they seemed to 
be equally great and equally meritorious, 
and the Romans were unable to distinguish 
which of the two was entitled to a greater 
share of their regard and admiration. 
jEmilianus, like his"grandfatln r, was fond 
of literature, and he saved from the flames 
of Carthage many valuable compositions, 
written by Phoenician and Funic authors. 
In the midst ot his greatness he died poor, 
and his nephew, U. Fahius lYlaximus, who 
inherited his estate, scarce found in his 
house thirty-two pounds weight of silver, 
and two and a half of ^old. His liberality 
3 G 2 



SCI— SCO 



r>:6 



SCO— SCY 



to his brother and to his sisters deserves the 
greatest commendations, and indeed no 
higher encomium can be passed upon his 
character, private as well as public, than 
the words of his rival Metellus, who told his 
sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and at- 
tend the funeral of the greatest man that 
ever lived or should live in Rome. — Li. 44. 
— Ci. de Sen.—Pol.—App.-Pat. I, c. 12.— 

SL A son of the first Africanus, taken 

captive by Antiochus king of Syria, and 
restored to his father without a ransom. 
He adopted as his son young ifEmilianus, 
the son of Paulus jEmilius, who was after- 
wards surnamed Africanus. Like his father, 
Scipio, he distinguished himself by his fond- 
ness for literature, and his valour in the 
Roman armies. METELLUS, the father- 
in-law of Pompey, appointed commander in 
Macedonia, he was present at the battle of 
Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to Africa, 
with Cato. He was defeated by Caesar at 
Thapsus.— Plu. SALUTIO, a mean per- 
son in Caesar's army in Africa. The gene- 
ral appointed him his chief commander, 
either to ridicule him, or because there was 
an ancient oracle that declared that the 
Scipios would ever be victorious in Africa. 

— Plu. L. CORNELIUS, a consul who 

opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by 

his army, and proscribed. The commander 

of a cohort in the reisni of Vitellius. 

SCIRA, an aunual solemnity observed at 
Athens in honour of Minerva, or according 
to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It re- 
ceived its name either from Sciras, a small 
town of Attica, or from a native of Eleusis, 
called Scirus. [the Saronicus Sinus. 

SCIRADIUM, a promontory of Attica, on 

SCIRAS, a name of jEgina. Minerva was 
also called Sciras.— Sir. 9. 

SC I RESSA.a mountain ofArcadia.PZ.4,c.5. 

SC1RON, a celebrated thief in Attica, who 
plundered the inhabitants of the country, 
and threw them down from the highest 
rocks into the sea, after he had obliged 
them to wait upon him and to wash his 
feet. Theseus attacked him, and treated 
him as he treated travellers. According to 
Ovid, the earth as well as the sea refused to 
receive the bones of Sciron, which remained 
for some time suspended in the air, till they 
were changed into large rocks called Sciro- 
nia Saxa, situate between Megara and Co- 
rinth. There was a road near them which 
bore the name of Sciron, naturally small 
and narrow, but afterwards enlarged by the 
emperor Adrian. Some suppose that lno 
threw herself into the sea from one of 
these rocks. Sciron had married the daugh- 
ter of Cychreus, a king of Salamis. He 
was brother-in-law to Telamon the son of 
iEacus.— Ov. 7, Me. v. 444.— Str. 9.— Me. 2, 
c. 13.— PL 2, c. Al.—Diod. A.—Hyg. fa. 38. 
—Prop, c, el. 14.— Pa. 1, c. 44.— Sen. N. Q. 
5, c. 17. 

SCIRUS, a villageof Arcadia, of which the 

inhabitants are called Sciritce. A plain and 

river of Attica, near Megara.— Pa. 1, c. 36. 

SCISSIS, a town of Spain.— Li. 21, c. 60. 

SCODRA, a town of Illyricum, where 
Gentius resided.— Li. 43, c. 2*0. 



SCOLUS, a mountain of Bceotia. A 

town of Macedonia, near Olynthus.— Sir. 

SCOMBRUS, a mountain of Thrace near 
R hod ope. 

SCOPAS, an architect and sculptor of 
Ephesus, for some time employed in making 
the mausoleum which Artemisa raised to 
her husband, and which was reckoned one 
of the seven wonders of the world. One of 
his statues of Venus was among the anti- [ 
quities with which Rome was adorned. 
Scopas lived about 450 vears before Christ. 
—Pa. 1, c. 43— Hor. 4,'Od. 8.—VU. 9, c. 9. | 

—PL 34, e. 8. An ./Etolian who raised 

some forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
king of Egypt, against his enemies Antio- 
chus and his allies. He afterwards con- 
spired against the Egyptian monarch, and 
was put to death, B. C. 196. An am- 
bassador to the court of the emperor Domi- 
SCOFIUM, a town of Thessalv. [tian. 
SCORD1SCI and SCORDISC&, a people 
of Pannonia and Thrace, well known dur- 
ing the reign of the Roman emperors for 
their barbarity and uncivilized manners. 
They were fond of drinking human blood, 
and "they generally sacrificed their captive 
enemies to their gods. — Li. 41, c. 19.— Sir. 
l.—SL 3, c. 4. 

SCOTI, the ancient inhabitants of Scot- 
land, mentioned as different from the Picts. 
—Claud, de Hon, 3, cons. v. 54. [Str, 15. 
SCO TPNUS, a surname of Heraclitus.— 
SCOTUSSA, a town of Thessaly at the 
north of Larissa and of the Peneus, de- 
stroyed by Alexander of Pherae.— Li. 29, c. 
5.— Str. 7.— Pa. 6, c. b. Another in Ma- 
cedonia.— PL 4, c. 10. 

SCRIBONIA, a daughter of Scribonius, 
who married Augustus after he had di- 
vorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter 
the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was some 
time after repudiated, that Augustus might 
marry Livia. She had been married twice 
before she became the wife of the emperor. 

—Suet, in Aug. 62. A woman who mar- 1 

ried Crassus. 

SCRIBONIA'NUS, a man in the age of 1 
Nero. Some of his friends wished him to 
be competitor for the imperial purple 
against Vespasian, which he declined.— Ta. 
H. 4, c. 39. There were also two bro- 
thers of that name, who did nothing with- 
out each other's consent. — Id. 4, c. 41. 
SCRIBONIUS, a man who m.ide himself 

master of the kingdom of Bosphorus. A 

physician in the age of Augustus and Tibe- 
rius. A man who wrote annals, A. D. 22. 

A friend of Pompey, &c. 

SCULTENNA, a river of Gaul Cispadana, 
falling into the Po, now called Punaro. — 
Li. 41, c. 12.— PL 3, c. 16. 

SCVLACEUM, a town of the Brutii, 
built by Mnestheus at the head of an Athe- 
nian colony. As Virgil has applied the 
epithet Navifragum to Sylaceum, some sup- 
pose that either the poet was mistaken in 
his knowledge of the place, because there 
I are no apparent dangers to navigation 
I there, or that he confounds this place with 
■ a promontory of the same name on the 
(Tuscan sea. 'Servius explains this passive 



SCY— SCY 



617 



SCY— SCY 



by supposing that the houses of the place 
were originally built with the shipwrecked 
vessels of Ulysses's fleet, (a most puerile 
explanation !)— V. En. 3.—Str. 6. 

SCY LAX, a geographer and mathemati- 
cian of Caria, in the age of Darius, son of 
Hyataspes, about 560 years before Christ. 
He was commissioned by Darius to make 
discoveries in the east, and after a journey 
of 30 months he visited Egypt. Some sup- 
pose that he was the first who invented 
geographical tables. — Her. 4, c. 44. — Str. 
A river of Cappadocia. 

SCYLLA, a daughter of Nisus, king of 
Megara, who became enamoured of Minos, 
as that Monarch besieged her father's capi- 
tal. To make him sensible of her passion, 
the informed him that she would deliver 
Megara into his hands if he promised to 
marry her. Minos consented, and as the 

Prosperity of Megara depended on a golden 
air, which was on the head of Nisus, 
Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, 
and from that moment the sallies of the 
Megareans were unsuccessful, and the ene- 
my easily became master of the place. 
Scylla was disappointed in her expecta- 
tions, and Minos treated her with such 
contempt and ridicule, that she threw her- 
self from a tower into the sea, or according 
to other accounts, she was changed into a 
lark by the gods, and her father into a 
hawk.-Ov. TV. 2, v. 393.— Pa. 2, c. 34.— 
Prop. 3, el. \9.—Hyg. fa. 198.— Virg. G. 1, 

v. 405. A daughter of Typhon, or, as 

some say, of Phorcys, who was greatly loved 
by Glaucus, one of the deities of the sea. 
Scylla scorned the addresses of Glaucus, 
and the god, to render her more propitious, 
applied to Circe, whose knowledge of herbs 
and incantations was universally admired. 
Circe no sooner saw him than she beeame 
enamoured of him, and instead of giving 
him the required assistance, she attempted 
to make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To 
punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of 
some poisonous herbs into the waters of 
the fountain where Scy 11' bathed, and no 
sooner had the nymph touched the place 
than she found every part of her body 
below the waist changed into frightful mon- 
sters like dogs, which never ceased barking. 
The rest of her body assumed an equally 
hideous form. She found herself supported 
by twelve feet, and she had six different 
heads, each with three rows of teeth. This 
sudden metamorphosis so terrified her, that 
she threw herself into that part of the sea 
which separates the coast of Italy and 
Sicily, where she was changed into rocks, 
which continued to bear her name, and 
which were universally deemed by the an- 
cients as very dangerous to sailors, as well 
as the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coast 
of Sicily. During a tempest the waves are 
described by modern navigators as roaring 
dreadfully when driven into tlie rough and 
uneven cavities of the rock.—//. Od. 12, v. 
hb.—Ov. Me. 14.— Fa. 2, c. 34.— Hyg. fa. 

199. Some authors, as Prop. 4, el. 4, & 

Virg. Eel. 6, with Ov. Fa. 4, have confounded 
the daughter of Typhon with the daughter 



of Nisus.— V. Mn. 3. A ship in the fleet 

of ^Eneas, commanded by Cloanthus, &c. — 
V. JEn. 5. 

SCYLLjEUM, a promontory of Pelopon- 
nesus on the coast of Argolis. A promon- 
tory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be 
the same as Scylaceum, near which was the 
famous whirlpool Scylla, from which the 
name is derived. 

SCYLLIAS, a celebrated swimmer who 
enriched himself by diving after the goods 
which had been shipwrecked in the Persian 
ships near Pelium. is said that he could 
dive eighty stadia under the water.— Her. 8, 
c. 8.— Pa.")0, c. 19. 

SCYLLIS and DIPCENLS, statuaries of 
Crete before the age of Cyrus, king of Per- 
sia. They were said to be sons and pupils 
of Daedalus, and they established a school at 
Sicyon, where they taught the principles of 
their profession. — Pa. — PI. 36, c. 4. 

SCYLLUS, Oralis,) atown of Achaia, given 
to Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians. — Sir. 

SCYLU'RUS, a monarch who left eighty 
sons. He called them to his bed side as he 
expired, and by enjoining them to break a 
bundle of sticks tied together, and afterwards 
separately, he convinced them, that when al- 
together ffrmly united, their power would 
be insuperable, but if ever disunited, they 
would fall an easy prey to their enemies. — 
Plu. de garr. [of Colophon.— fa. 7, c. 3. 
SCYPPIUM, a town in the neighbourhood 
SCYRAS, a river of Laconiar— Pa. 3, c. 25. 
SCYR1AS, a name applied to Deidamia as 
a native of Scyros.— Ov. A. 1, v. 6^2. 

SCYROS, arccky and barren island in the 
iEgean, at the distance of about 28 miles 
north-east from Euboea, sixty miles in cir- 
cumference. It was originally in the posses- 
sion of the Pelasgians and Carians. Achilles 
retired there not to go to the Trojan war, 
and became father of Neoptolemus by Dei- 
damia, the daughter of king Lycomedes. 
Scyros was conquered by the Athenians under 
Cimon.— H. Od. 10.— Ov. Me.l.—Pa. l,c.7. 
— Sir. 9. [Scythia. 
SCYTH/E, the inhabitants of Scythia. Vide 
SCYTHES, or SCYTHA, a son of Jupiter 
by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body was 
that of a man, and the rest that of a serpent. 
He became king of a country which he 

called Scythia.— Diod. 2. A son of Hercules 

and Echidna. 

SCYTHIA, a large country situate on the 
most northern parts of Europe and Asia, 
from which circumstance it is generally de- 
nominated European and Asiatic. The most 
northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited 
on account of the extreme coldness of the 
climate. The more southern in Asia that 
were innabited were distinguished by the 
name of Scythia intra and extra Imaum, 6cc. 
The boundaries of Scythia were unknown to 
the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated 
beyond the vast tracts of lands which lay at 
the north, eaat, and west. Scythia compre- 
hended the modern kingdoms of Tartarv, 
Russia in Asia, Siberia, Muscovy, the Cri- 
mea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania, 
the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, 
Norway, &c. The Scythians were divided 



SCY-SEG f» 
Into several nations or tribes, they had no 
cities, but continually changed their habita- 
tions. They inured themselves to bear la- 
bour and fatigue ; they despised money, and 
lived upon milk, and covered themselves 
with the skins of their cattle. The virtues 
seemed to flourish amon? them, and that 
philosophy and moderation which other 
nations wished to acquire by study, seemed 
natural to them. Some authors, however, 
represent them as a savage and barbarous 
people, who fed upon human flesh, who 
•lrank the blood of their enemies, and used 
the skulls of travellers as vessels in their 
sacrifices to their gods. The Scythians made 
several irruptions upon the more southern 
provinces of Asia, espesially B. C. 624, when 
they remained in possession of Asia .Minor 
for twenty-eight years, and we find them at 
different periods extending their conquests 
in Europe, and penetrating as far as Egypt. 
Their government was monarchical, andthe 
deference which thev paid to their sovereigns 
was unparalleled. "Ween the king died, his 
body was carried through every province, 
where it was received in solemn procession, 
and afterwards buried. In the fim centuries 
after Christ, they invaded the Roman em- 
pire with the Safmatians. [Vide Sarmatia.] 
— Her. J, c. 4.— Sir. l.—Diod. 2.— Fa. Ma. 
5, c. 4.— Jus. 2, c. I.— Or. Me. 1, v. 64. 

SCYTHl'NUS, a Greek poet of Teos in 
Ionia, who wrote Iambics.— Diog. in Her.— 
Ath. II. [Ov. Me. 4. 

SCYTHON, a man changed into a woman. 

SCYTHO'POLIS, a town of Syria, said to 
have been built by Bacchus.— Sir. 16.— PL 
5, c. is. [Taurica.— PL 4, c. 12. 

SCYTHOTAURI, a people of Chersonesus 

SEBASTA, a town of Judaea. Another 

In Cilicia. The name was common to 

several cities as it was in honour of Au- 

SEBASTIA, a town of Armenia, [gustus. 

SEBENNY'TUS, a town of the Delta in 
Eg-ypt. That branch of the Nile which flows 
near it, has been called the Sebennytic.— 
PI. 5, C. 10. 

SEBE'TUS, a small river of Campania, 
falling into the bay of Naples, whence the 
epithet Sebelhis, given to one of the nvmphs 
who frequented its borders, and became 
mother uf CEbalus bv Telon.— V. Mn. 7. 

SEBUSIA'NT, or SEGUSIANT, a people of 
Celtic Gaul. 

SECTA'NUS, an infamous debauchee in 
the age of Horace.— l Sat. 4. 

SECUNDUS JULIUS, a man who pub- 
lished some harangues and orations in the 
age of the emperor Titus. A favourite of j -— 

Nero. One of the associates of Sejanus. I of places of honour and dignity, and w ho 

SEDITA'NI, or SEDENTAN1, a people of I has the command of the public money, can- 
Spain.— It. 3. [Cws. B. G. 3. I not but be the favourite of those who'are in 
SEDU'N l,an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. | need of his assistance. It is even said, that 
SEDUSII, a people of Germany near the j Sejanus gained to his views all the wives of 
Suevi.— C(bs. the senators, by a private and most secret 
SEGESTA, a town of Sicily founded by ; promise of marriage to each of them, when- 
iEneas, or according to some, by Crinisus. j ever he had made himself independent and 
Vide vEgesta. sovereign of Rome. Yet, however succes>- 
SEGESTES, a German, friendly to 'he'ful with the best and noblest families in 
Roman interest in the time of Germanicus. \ the empire, Sejanus had to combat ntim- 
His daughter married Arminius— Ta.A .1 ,c.55. j bers in the house of the emperor ; but these 
SEGETIA, a divinity at Rome, invoked fay i seeming obstacles were soon removed. All 



8 SEG SEJ 

the husbandmen that the harvest might be 
plentiful.— Aug. de Ci. D. 4, c. 8.— Ma. 1, c. 
16.— PL 18, c/2. 

SEGNT, a people with a town of the same 
name in Belg-ic Gaul.— Cccs. B. G. 6. 

SEGOBRICA, a town of Spain near Sa- 
guntum.— PI. 3, c. 3. 

SEGO'NAX, a prince in the southern 
parts of Britain, who opposed Caesar by or- 
der of Car-sivelaunus, &c— C<ps. B. G.5, c. 2 . 

SEGONTIA, or SEGUNTIA, a town of 
Hispania Tarraconensis. — Li. 34, c. 10. 

SEGONTIAC1, a people of Belgic Gaul, 
who submitted to J. Caesar. 
SEGOVIA, a town of Spain, of great 

power in the age of the Caesars. There 

was al>o another of the same name in Ln- 
sitania. Both had been founded by the Cel- 
tiberi. 

SEGUNTIUM,a town of Britain, snppcsed 
to be Carnarvon in Wales.— Cces. G.5, c. 21. 

SEGUSIA'NI, a people of Gaul on the 
Loire.— Cces. G. 1, c. 10.— PL 4, c. 18. 

SEG US 10, a town of Piedmont on the 
Durias.— Pi. 3, c. 17- 

SEJA'NUS, MELIUS, a native of Vulsinum 
in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in the 
court of Tiberius. His father's name was 
Seius Strabo, a Roman kuight, commander 
of the praetorian guards. His mother was 
descended from the Junian family. Sejanus 
first gained the favours of Cains "Caesar, the 
grandson of Augustus, but afterwards he 
attached himself to the interest and the 
views of Tiberius, who then sat on the 
imperial throne. The emperor, who was 
naturally of a suspicious temper, was free 
and open with Sejanus, and while he dis- 
trusted others, he communicated his greatest 
secrets to this fawning favourite. Sejanus 
improved this confidence, and when he had 
found that he possessed the esteem of Ti- 
berius, he next endeavoured to become the 
favourite of the soldiers, and the darling 
of the senate. As commander of the prae- 
torian guards, he was the second man in 
Rome, and in that important office he made 
use of insinuations and every mean artifice 
to make himself beloved and revered. His 
affability and condescension gained him the 
hearts of the common soldiers, and by ap- 
pointing- his ow n favourites and adherents to 
places of trust and honour, all the officers 
and centurions of the army became devoted 
to his interest. The views of Sejanus in 
this were well known ; yet to advance with 
more success, he attempted to gain the af- 
fection of the senators. In this he met with 
no opposition. A man who has the disposal 



SEI— SEI Oil 

the children and grand-children of Tiberius, 
were sacrificed to the ambition of the fa- 
vourite under various pretences ; and Drusus, 
the son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, 
made his destruction sure and inevitable. 
Livia, the wife of Drnsus, was gained by 
Sejanus, and though the mother of many 
children, she was prevailed upon to assist 
her adulterer in the murder of her husband, 
and she consented to marry him when 
Drusus was dead. No sooner was Drusus 
poisoued, than Sejanus openly declared his 
I wish to marry Livia. This was strongly 
opposed hy Tiberius ; and the emperor, by 
I recommending Germanicus to the senators 
1 for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold and 
I determined. He was more urgent in his 
1 demands; and when he could not gain the 
I consent of the emperor, he persuaded him 
i to retire to solitude from the noise of Rome 
and the troubles of the government. Ti- 
berius, naturally fond of ease and luxury, 
yielded to his representations, and retired to 
Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of 
the empire. This was highly gratifying to 
the favourite, and he was now without a 
master. Prudence and moderation might 
have made him what he wished to be, but 
Sejanus offended the whole empire when he 
declared that he was emperor of Rome, and 
Tiberius only the dependent prince of the 
island of Capreae, where he had retired. 
Tiberius was upon this fully convinced of 
the designs of Sejanus, and when he had been 
informed that his favourite had had the 
meanness and audacity to ridicule him by 
introducing him on the stage, the emperor 
ordered him to be accused before the senate. 
Sejanus was deserted by all his pretended 
friends, as soon as by fortune ; and the man 
who aspired to the empire, and who called 
himself the favourite of the people, the 
darling of the praetorian guards, and the 
companion of Tiberius, was seized without 
resistance, and the same day strangled in 
prison, A. D. 31. His remains were exposed 
to the fury and insolence of the populace, 
and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. His 
children and all his relations were involved 
in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed to his re- 
sentment and suspicions, all those who were 
even connected with Sejanus, or had shared 
his favours and enjoyed his confidence. — Ta. 
3, An.— Bio. 53.— Sue. Tib. 

SEIUS, CN., a Roman who had a famous 
horse of large size, and uncommon beauty. 
He was put to death by Antony, and it was 
observed, that whoever obtained possession 
of his horse, which was supposed to be of 
the same race as the horses of Diomedes 
destroyed by Hercules, and which was called 
Sejanus equus, became unfor'unate and lost 
all his property, with every member of his 
family. Hence arose the proverb, Ille homo 
habet Scjanum equum, applied to such as 
were oppressed with misfortunes. — Ay.. Gel. 
3, c. 9. 

SEIUS STRABO, the father of Sejanus, 
was a Roman knight, and commander of the 
praetorian guards. 

SELASIA. Vide Sellasia. 

SELEMNUS, a river of Achaia.-Pa. 7, c 
23. Vide Selirauus. 



9 SEL— SEL 

SELE'NE, the wife of Antiochus, king of 
Syria, put to death by Tigranes, king of Ar- 
menia. She was daughter of Physcon, king 
of Egypt, and had first married her brother 
Lathurus, according to the custom of her 
country, and afterwards by desire of her 
mother, her other brother Gryphus. At the 
death of Gryphus she had married Antiochus, 
surnamed .Eusebes, the son of Antiochus 
Cyzicenus, by whom she had two sons. Ac- 
cording to Appian, she first married the 
father, and after his death, his son Eusebes, 
~App. Syr. 

SILEUCE'NA, or SELEUCIS, a country 
of Syria, in Asia. Vide Seieucis. 

SELEUCI'A, a town of Syria, on the sea- 
shore, generally called Pieria, to distinguish 
it from others of the same name. There 
were no less than eight other cities which 
were called Seleucia, and which had all re- 
ceived their name from Seleucus Nicator. 
They were all situate in the kingdom of 
Svria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. — 
Fl. 3, c. It.— Plu. Bern.— Me. 1, c. U.-Str. 

11. — PI. 6, c. 26. Also the residence of 

the Parthian kings.— Ci. 8, fa. 14. 

SELEUCIDiE, a surname given to thee 
monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, 
which was founded by Seleucus, the son of 
Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. 
The era of the Seleucida? begins wiih the 
taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B. C. 312, 
and ends at the conquest of Syria by Pom- 
pey, B. C. 65. The order in which these 
monarchs reig^ned, is shown in the account 
of Svria. Vide Svria. 

SELEUCIS, a division of Syria, which re- 
ceived its name from Seleucus, the founder 
of the Syrian empire, after the death of 
Alexander the Great. It was also called 
Tetrapolis, from the four cities it contained, 
called also sister cities ; Seleucia called afier 
Seleucus, Antioch called after his father, 
Laodicea after his mother, and Apamea after 
his wife.— S/r. 16. 

SELEUCUS, First, one of the captains of 
Alexander the Great, surnamed Nicator, or 
Victorious, was son of Antiochus. After the 
king's death, he received Babylon as his 
province ; but his ambitious views, and his 
attempt to destroy Eumenes as he passed 
through his territories, rendered him so un- 
popular, that he lied for safety to the court 
of his friend Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He 
was soon after enabled to recover Babylon, 
which Antigones had seized in his absence, 
and he increased his dominions by the imme- 
diate conquest of Media, and some of the 
neighbouring provinces. When he had 
strengthened himself in his empire, Seleucus 
imitated the example of the rest of the 
generals of Alexander, and assumed the 
title of independent monarch. He afterwards 
made war against Antigonus, with the united 
forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysima- 
chus ; and after this monarch had been con- 
quered and slain, his territories were divided 
among his victorious enemies. When Se- 
leucus became master of Syria, he built a 
city there, which he called Antioch, in 
honour of his father, and made it the capital 
of his dominions. He also made war against 
Demetrius and LysimachiiSj though he had 



SEL— SEL 



SEL — SEL 



ijriginally married Stratonice, tiie daughter 
or the former, and had lived in the closest 
friendship with the latter. Seleueus was at 
last murdered by one of his servants called 
Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man on whom he 
bestowed the greatest favours, and whom he 
had distinguished by acts of the most un- 
bounded confidence! According to Arrian, 
Seleueus was the greatest and most power- 
ful of the princes who inherited the Mace- 
donian empire after the death of Alexander. 
His benevolence has been commended ; and 
it has been observed, that he conquered not 
to enslave nations, but to make them more 
happy. He founded no less than 34 cities in 
different parts of his empire, which he peo- 
pled with Greek colonies, whose national 
industry, learning, religion, and spirit, were 
communicated to the indolent and luxurious 
inhabitants of Asia. Seleueus was a great 
benefactor to the Greeks, he restored to the 
Athenians the library and statues which 
Xerxes had carried away from their city 
when he invaded Greece, and among them 
were those of Harmodius and Aristogiton. 
Seleueus was murdered 280 years before the 
Christian era, in the 32nd year of his reign, 
and the 78th, or accordingto others, the 73rd 
year of his age, as he was going to conquer 
Macedonia, where he intended to finish his 
days in peace and tranquility in that pro- 
vince w here he was born. He was succeeded 
bv Antiochus Soter.— Just. 13, c. A.—Plu. 
f)em.—Pl. 6, c. 17.— Pa. 8, c. 51.— Jos. Ant. 

12. The Second, surnamed Callinicus, 

succeeded his father Antiochus Theus on the 
throne of Syria. He attempted to make war 
against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but his fleet 
was shipwrecked in a violent storm, and his 
armies soon after conquered by his enemy. 
He was at last taken prisoner' by Arsaces, 
an officer who made himself powerful by the 
dissensions which reigned in the house of the 
Seclucidae, between the two brothers, Seleu 
cus and Antiochus ; and after he had been a 
prisoner for some time in Parthia, he died 
of a fall from his horse, B. C. 226, after a 
reisr. of 20 years. Seleueus had received 
the'surname of Pogon, from his long beard, 
and that of Callinicus, ironically to express 
his very unfortunate reign. He had married 
Laodice, the sister of one of his generals, 
by whom he had two sons, Seleueus and An- 
tiochus, and a daughter whom he gave in 
marriage to Mithridates, king of Pontus.- 

Mr. 16.— Just. 27.— App. Syr. The Third, 

succeeded his father Seleueus, 2nd, on the 
throne of Syria, and received the surname 
of Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he was a 
very weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. 
He was murdered by two of his officers after 
a reign of three years, B. C. 223, and his 
brother Antiochus, though only fifteen years 
old, ascended the throne, and rendered him- 
self so celebrated, that he acquired the namp 

of the Great.— App. The Fourth .succeeded 

his father Antiochus the Great, on the throne 
of Syria. He was surnamed Philopator, or 
according to Josephus, Soter. His empire 
had been weakened by the Romans when he 
became monarch, and the yearly tribute of a 
thousand talent?, 'o these victorious enemies 



concurrel in lessening his power and con 
equence among nations. Seleueus was poi- 
soned after a reign of twelve years, B. C. I7 r >. 
His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, 
there to receive his education, and he be- 
came a prince of great abilities.— Sit*. 16.— 

Jus. 32. — App. The Fifth, succeeded his 

father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of 
Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He was 
put to death in the first year of his reign bj 
Cleopatra his mother, who had also sacri 
ficed her husband to her ambition. He i<. 
not reckoned by many historians in the num- 
ber of the Syrian monarchs. The Sixth, om 

the Seleucidae, son of Antiochus Gryphus, 
killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who 
wished to obtain the crown of Syria. He 
was some after banished from his kingdom 
by Antiochus Pius, son of Cyzicenus, and 
fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt in a pa- 
lace by the inhabitants, B. C. 93.— App.— 

Jos. A prince of Syria, to whom the 

Egyptians offered the crown of which they 
had robbed Auletes. Seleueus accepted it, 
but he soon disgusted his subjects, and re- 
ceived the surname of Cybiosactes, or Scut' 
lion, for his meanness and avarice. He was 
at last murdered by Berenice, whom he had 

married. A servant of Cleopatra, the last 

queen of Egypt, who accused his mistress be- 
Octavianns^ of having secreted part of her 
jewels and treasures. A mathematician in- 
timate with Vespasian, the Roman emperor. 

A part of the Alps. A Roman consul. 

A celebrated singer.— Juv. 10, 211. A 

kin? of the Bosphorus, who died B. C. 429. 

SELGE, a town of Pamphylia, made a 
colony by the Lacedaemonians.— Li. 35, c. 
13.— St r. 

SELIMNUS, a shepherd of Achaia, who 
for some time enjoyed the favours of the 
nymph Argyra without interruption. Ar- 
gyra was at last disgusted with her lover, 
and the shepherd died through melancholy, 
and was changed into a river of the same 
name. Argvra was also changed into a 
fountain, arid was fond of mingling her 
waters with those of the Selimnus.— Pa. 7, 23. 

SELI'NUNS,orSELI'NUS,rwM/w;,atown 
on the southern parts of Sicily, founded 

A. D. C. 127, by a colony from Megara. 
It received its name from " selinou," pars- 
ley, which grew there in abundance. Tl : « 
marks of its ancient consequence are visib.'. 
in the venerable ruins now found in it- 
neighbourhood. — Virg. Aln. 3, v. 705. — P-i. 

6, c. 19. A river of Elis in Peloponnesus. 

which watered the town of Scillus.— Pa. 5 

c. 6. Another in Achaia. Another in 

Sicily. A river and town of Cilicia, when 

Trajan died.— Li. 33, c, 20.— Sir. 14. Tw,- 

small rivers near Diana's temple at Ephesu* 

— PI. 5, c. 29. A lake at the entrance o: 

the Cavster.— Sir. 14. 

SELLASIA, a town of Laconia, where 
Cleomenes was defeated by the Achaeans. 

B. C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 La 
cedaemonians survived the battle. — Plu. 

SELLE1S a river of Peloponnesus falling 
into the Ionian sea. — H. II. 

SELLETiE, a people of Thrace ne?,t 
mount Haemire.— Li. 3S, c. 40. 



SEL— SEM 



G21 



SEM — SEM 



SEL LI, an ancient nation of Epirus near 
Dodona.— Luc. 3, v. ISO. — Str. 7. 

SELYMBRIA, a town ef Thrace, an the 
?ropontis. — Li. 39, c. 39. 

SEMELE, a daughter of Cadmus, by Her 
mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. 
She was tenderly beloved by Jupifer : but 
Juno, who was always jealous of her hus- 
band's amours, and who hated the house of 
Cadmus because they were related to the 
goddess of beauty, determined to punish 
this successful rival. She borrowed the gir- 
dle of Ate, which contained every wicked- 
ness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of 
Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited the house 
of Jupiter's mistress. Semele listened with 
attention to the artful admonitions of the 
false Beroe, and was at last persuaded to 
entreat her lover to come to her arms with 
the same majesty as he approached Juno. 
This rash request was heard with horror by 
Jupiter ; but as he had sworn by the Styx to 
grant Semele whatever she required, he 
came to her bed attended by the clouds, the 
lightning, and thunderbolts. The mortal 
nature of Semele could not endure so much 
majesty, and she was instantly consumed 
with fire. The child, however, of which she 
was pregnant, was saved from the flames by 
Mercury, or according to others by Dirce, 
one of the nymph« of the Achelous, and Ju- 
piter placed him in his thigh the rest of the 
time which he ought to have been in his 
mother's womb. This child was called Bac- 
chus, or Dionysius. Semele immediately 
after death was honoured with immortality 
under the name of Thyone. Some, how- 
ever, suppose that she remained in the in- 
fernal regions till Bacchus her son was per- 
mitted to bring her back. There were in 
the temple of Diana, at Trcezene, two altars 
raised to the infernal gods, one of which 
was over an aperture, through which, as 
Pausanias reports, Bacchus returned from 
hell with his mother. Semele was particu- 
larly worshipped at Brasiae in Laconia, 
where, according to a certain tradition, she 
had been driven by the winds with her son, 
after Cadmus had exposed her on the sea, 
on account of her incontinent amour with 
Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, though 
she received divine honours, had no tefn- 
ples ; she had a statue in a temple of Ceres, 
at Thebes, in Bceotia. — P. 3, c. 2A.— Hes. 
Th.—H. II. 14.— Orp. tty. -Eur. Bac- 
Apol. 3, c. 4.—Ov. Me. 3, v. 254.— Diod. 3. 

SEMIGERMA'Nl, a name given to the 
Helvetica people of Germany.— Li. 21, c. 38. 

SEMIGUNTus,a generalof the Cherusci, 
taken prisoner by Germanicus, Ike— Str. 7. 

SEMI'RAMIS, a celebrated queen of Assy- 
ria, daughter of the goddess Derceto, by a 
young Assyrian. She was exposed in a 0^- 
sart, but her life was preserved by doves tor 
one whole year, till Simtnas, one of the 
shepherds of Ninus, found her and brought 
her up as his own child. Semiramis, when 
grown up, married IVlenones, the governor 
of Nineveh, and accompanied him to the 
siege of Bactra, where, by her advice and 
prudent directions, she hastened the king's 
operations and took the city. These emi- 



nent services, but chiefly her uncommon 
beauty, endeared her to Ninus. The mo- 
narch asked her of her husband, and offered 
him instead, his daughter Sosana ; but Me- 
nones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, re- 
fused, and when Niiius had added threats to 
entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner 
was Menones dead than Semiramis, who 
was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by 
whom she had a son called Ninyas. Ninus 
was so fond of Semiramis, that at her re- 
quest he resigned the crown to her, and 
commanded her to be proclaimed queen and 
sole empress of Assyria. Of this, however, 
he had cause to repent ; Semiramis put him 
to death, the better to establish herself on 
the throne, and when she had no enemies to 
fear at home, she began to repair the capi- 
tal of her empire, and by her means Babylon 
became the most superb and magnificent 
city in the world. She visited every part of 
her dominions, and left every where immor- 
tal monuments of her greatness and bene- 
volence. To render the roads passable, 
and communication easy, she hollowed 
mountains and filled up vallies, and water 
was conveyed at a great expence by large 
and convenient aqueducts, to barren desarts, 
and unfruitful plains. She was not less 
distinguished as a warrior, many of the 
neighbouring nations were conquered ; and 
when Semiramis was once told as she was 
dressing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, 
she left her toilette with precipitation, and 
though only half-dressed, she refused to 
have the rest of her head adorned before 
the sedition was quelled and tranquility re- 
established. Semiramis has been accused of 
licentiousuess, and some authors have ob- 
served, that she regularly called the strong- 
est and stoutest men in her army to her 
arms, and afterwards put them to death 
that they might not be living witnesses of 
her incontinence. Her passion for her son 
was also unnatural, and it was this criminal 
propensity which induced Ninyas to destroy 
his mother with his own hands. Some say 
that Semiramis was changed into a dove 
after death, and received immortal honours 
in Assyria. It is supposed that she lived 
about 1965 years before the Christian era, 
and that she died in the 62nd year of her 
age, and the 25th of her reign. Many fabu- 
lous reports have been propagated about 
Semiramis, and some have declared that for 
some time she disguised herself and passed 
for her son Ninyas.— Fa. Ma. 9, c. 3.— Her. 
1, c. 184.— Diod. 2.— Me. 1, c. 3.— Str. 5 — 
Pat. 1, c.,6.— Jus. I, c. I.— Prop. 3, el. II.— 
Pin. Fort.—Ov. Am. 1, el. 5.— Mar. 14, c. 6. 

SEM'NONES, a people of Italy on the 

borders of Umbria. Of Germany on the 

Elbe and Oder. 

SEMO'NES, inferior deities of Rome, that 
were not in the number of the twelve great 
gods. Nmong these were Faunus, the Sa- 
tyrs, Friapus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Si- 
lenus, and all such illustrious heroes as had 
received divine honours after death. The 
word seems to be the same as semi homines, 
because they were inferior to the supreme 
gods and superior to men.— Ov. Fa. 6. 



515M— SEM 



622 



bEM — SEM 



SEMOSANTUA, one of the pods of the 
Romans among' the Indigetcs, or such as 
were born and educated in their country. 

SEMPRONIA, a Roman matron, mother 
of the two Gracchi, celebrated for her learn- 
ing', and her private as well as public vir- 

tues. Also a sister of the Gracchi, who 

is accused of having assisted the triumvirs 
Carb , Gracchus, and Flaccus, to murder 
her husband Scipio Africanus the younger. 
The name of Sempronia was common to the 
female descendants of the family of the 
Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios. 

SEMPRO'NIA LEX de ma gstratibus, by C. 
Sempronius Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
630, ordained that no person who had been 
legally deprived of a magistracy for misde- 
meanors, should be capable of bearing an 
office again. This law was afterwards re- 
pealed by the author. Another, de civi- 

tate, by the same, A. U. C. 630. It or- 
dained that no capital judgment should be 
passed over a Roman citizen without the 
concurrence and authority of the senate. 
There were also some other regulations in- 
cluded in tfi is law. Another, de co?nitiis, 

by the same, A. U. C. 635. It ordained 
that in giving their votes, the centuries 
should be chosen by lot, and not give it ac- 
cording to the order of their classes. An- 
other, de comitiis, by the same, the same 
year, which granted to the Latin allies of 
Rome the privilege of giving votes at elec- 
tions, as if they were Roman citizens. 

Another, de provhiciis, by the same, A. U. C. 
630. It enacted that the senators should be 
permitted before the assembly of the consu- 
lar comilia, to determine as they pleased 
the particular provinces which should be 
proposed to the consuls, to be divided by 
lot, and that the tribunes should be deprived 
nf the power of interposing against a decree 

of the senate. Another, called Agraria 

prima, by T. Sempronius Gracchus, the tri- 
bune, A. U. C. 6^0. It confirmed the lex 
agraria Lv.inia, and enacted that all such 
as were in possession of more lands than 
that law allowed, should immediately resign 
them, to be divided among the poor citizens. 
Three commissioners were appointed to put 
this law into execution, and its consequences 
were so violent, as it was directly made 
against the nobles and senators, that it cost 
the author his life. Another, called Agra- 
ria altera, by the same. It required that 
all the ready money which was found in the 
treasury of Attalus, king of Pergamus, who 
had left theRomans his heirs,should be divided 
among the poorer citizens of Rome, to sup- 
ply them with all the various instruments 
requisite in husbandry, and that the lands 
of that monarch should be farmed by the 
Roman censors, and the money drawn from 
thence should be divided among the people. 
Another, frumentaria, by C. Sempro- 
nius Gracchus. It required that a certain 
quantity of corn should be distributed among 
the people, so much to every individual, for 
which it was required that theyshould onh pay 

the trimng sum of a semissis and a triens. 

Another, de usura, by M. Sempronius, the tti- j 
bune, A. U.C. 560. It ordained that in lending | 



money to the Latins and the allies of Rome;, 
the Roman laws should be observed as well 

as among the citizens. Another, dejudi- 

cibus, by the tribune C. Sempronius, A. U. C. 
630. It required that the right of judging, 
which had heen assigned to the Senatorian 
order by Romulus, should be transferred 
from them to the Roman knights. Ano- 
ther, militaris, by the same, A. U. C. 630. 
It enacted that the soldiers should be clothed 
at the public expence, without any diminu- 
tion of their usual pay. It also ordered 
that no person should be obliged to serve in 
the armv before the age of 17. 

SEMPRO'NIUS,A. ATRATINUS, a sena- 
tor who opposed the Agrarian law, which 
was proposed by the consul Cassius, soon 

after the election of the tribunes. L. 

ATRATINUS, a consul, A. U.C. 311. He 
was one of the first censors with his col- 
league in the consulship, Papirius. 

CA IUS, a consul summoned before an as- 
sembly of the people because he had fought 

with ill success against the Volsci. BL/E- 

sus, a consul, who obtained a triumph for 

some victories gained in Sicily. SOPH US, 

a consul against the jEqui. He also fought 
against the Picentes, and during the en- 
gagement there was a dreadful earthquake. 
The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus en- 
couraged them, and observed that the earth 
trembled only for fear of changing its old 

masters. A man who proposed a law 

that no person should dedicate a temple or 
altar, without the previous approbation of 
the magistrates, A. U. C. 449. He repu- 
diated his wife because she had gone to see 
a spectacle without his permission or know- 
ledge. RUFUS, a senator, banished from 

the senate, because he had killed a crane to 

serve him as food. TU D IT AN US, a man 

sent against Sardinia by the Romans. A 

legionary tribune, who led away from Can- 
nae the remaining part of the soldiers who 
had not been killed by the Carthaginians. 
He was afterwards consul, and fought in 
the field against Annibal with great success. 
He was killed in Spain. Tiberius Longus, 
a Roman consul defeated by the Cartha- 
ginians in an engagement which he had 
begun against the approbation of his col- 
league, C. Scipio. He afterwards obtained 

victories over Hanno and the Gauls. 

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, a consul who de 
feated the Carthaginians and the Campa 
nians. He was afterwards betrayed by Ful 
\ius, a Lucanian, into the hands of the Car 
thaginians, and was killed, after he had 
made a long and bloody resistance against 
the enemy. Hannibal snowed great honour 
to his remains ; a funeral pile was raised at 
the head of the camp, and the enemy's ca 
valrv walked round it in solemn procession, 

GRACCHUS, a man who had debauched 

Julia. [Vide Gracchus.] An eunuch, 

ma le governor of Rome by Caracalla. 

DENSUS, a centurion of a pretorian cohort 
who defended the person of GaJba against 
the assassins. He was killed in the attempt. 
The lather of the Gracchi. [Vide Grac- 
chus.] A censor, who was also sent aa 

ambassador to the court of Egypt. A 



SEM— SEN 



623 



SEN— SEN 



tribune of the people, Scc.—Tac.—FU—Li.— 
, —Plu.—Cms.—App. 

SEMUR1UM, a place near Rome, where 
J Apollo had a tempie*— Ci. Phil. 6, 6.- — An 
' emperor. [Vide Saturninus.] 
j SENA, or SENOGALL1 A, a town of Urn- 
bria in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the 
Senones, after they had made an irruption 
j into Italy, A. U. C. 396 ; and on that ac- 
j count called Gallica. There was also a small 
J river in the neighbourhood which bore the 
I name of Sena. It was near it that Asdrubal 
was defeated by CI. Nero.— C. Nep. in. Cat. 
— Sil. 8, v. 454.— Li. 27, c. 46.— Ci. Br. 18. 
f SENATUS, the chief council of the state 
Ij among the Romans. The members of this 
j body called senatores on account of their 
age, and patres on account of their authority, 
j were of the greatest consequence in the re- 
public. The senate was first instituted .by 
Romulus, to govern the city, and to preside 
over the affairs of the state during his ab- 
, sence. This was continued by his successors ; 

but Tarquin the Second disdained to consult 
j them, and by having his own council chosen 
I from his favourites, and men who were 
totally devoted to his interest, he di- 
minished the authority and the consequence 
of the senators, and slighted the occurrence 
I of the people. The senators whom Romulus 
. created were an hundred, to whom he after- 
I wards added the same number when the Sa- 
bines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the 
Ancient made the senate consist of 300, and 
phis number remained fixed for a long time. 
After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose 
tyranny had thinned the patricians as well 
as the plebeians, 164 new senators were 
chosen to complete the 300; and as they 
were called conscripts, the senate ever after- 
wards consisted of members who were de- 
nominated patres and conscripti. The num- 
ber continued to fluctuate during the times 
of the republic, but gradually increased to 
700, and afterwards to 900 "under julius 
Caesar, who filled the senate with men of 
ever yrank and order. Under Augustus, the 
senators amounted to 1000, but this number 
was reduced to 300, which being the cause 
of complaints, induced the emperor to limit 
the number to 600. The place of a senator 
was always bestowed upon merit ; the mo- 
narchy had the privilege of choosing the mem- 
bers, and after the expulsion of the Tarquius 
it was one of the rights of the consuls, till 
the election of the censors, who, from their 
office, seemed most capable of making 
choice of men whose character was irre- 
proachable, whose morals were pure, and 
relations honourable. Sometimes the as- 
semby of the people elected senators, but it 
was only upon some extraordinary occa- 
sions; there was also a dictator chosen to 
fill up the number of the senate after the 
battle of Cannae. Only particular families 
were admitted into the senate; and when 
the plebeians were permitted to share the 
honours of the state, it was then required 
that they should be born of free citizens. It 
was also" required that the candidates should 
be knights before their admission into the 
senate. They were to be above the age of 



25, and to have previously passed through 
the inferior offices of quaestor, tribune of the 
people, edile, praetor, and consul. Some, 
however, suppose that the senators whom 
Romulus chose were all old men ; yet his suc- 
cessors neglected this, and often men who 
were below the age of 25 were admitted by 
courtesy into the senate. The dignity of a sen- 
ator could not be supported without the pos- 
session of 80,000 sesterces, or about 70001. Eng- 
lish money, and therefore such as squander- 
ed away their money, and whose fortune was 
reduced below this sum, were generally 
struck out of the list of senators. This re- 
gulation was not made in the first ages of 
the republic, when the Romans boasted of 
their poverty. The senators were not per 
mitted to be of any trade or profession. 
They were distinguished from the rest of 
the "people by their dress : they wore the 
laticJave, half boots of a black colour, with 
a crescent or silver buckle in the form of a C ; 
but this last honour was confined only to 
the descendants of those hundred senators 
who had been elected by Romulus, as the 
letter C seems to imply. They had the sole 
right of feasting publicly in the capitol in 
ceremonial habits ; they satin curule chairs, 
and at the representation of plays and pub- 
lic spectacles, they were honoured with par- 
ticular seats. Whenever they travelled 
abroad, even on the own business, they were 
maintained at the public expense, and al- 
ways found provisions for themselves and 
their attendants ready prepared on the road ; 
a privilege that was generally termed free 
legation. On public festivals they wore the 
prcetexla, or long white robe, with purple 
borders. The right of convocating the se- 
nate belonged only to the monarchs ; 
and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, 
to the consuls, the dictator, master of 
the horse, governor of Rome, and tribunes 
of the people ; but no magistrate could ex- 
ercise this previlege except in the absence 
of a superior officer, the tribunes excepted. 
The time of meeting was generally three 
times a month on the calends, nones, and ides. 
Under Augustus they were not assembled on 
the nones. It was requisite that the place 
where they assembled should have been pre- 
viously consecrated by the augurs. This 
was generally in the temple of Concord, of 
Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor and Pol- 
lux, &ic, or in the Curiae called Hostilia, 
Julia Pompeia, &c. When audience was 
given to foreign ambassadors, the senators 
assembled without the walls of the city, 
either in the temples of Bellona or of Apollo ; 
and the same ceremony as to their meeting 
was also observed when they transacted 
business with their generals, as the ambas- 
sadors of foreign nations, and the command- 
ers of armies, while in commission, were 
not permitted to appear within the walls of 
the city. To render their decrees valid and 
authentic, a certain number of members 
was requisite, and such as were absent with- 
out some proper cause, were always fined. 
In the reign of Augustus, 400 senators were 
requisite to make a senate. Nothing was 
transacted before sun-rise, or after sun-sc*.. 



SEN— SEN 



624 



SEN— SEN 



In liieir office the senaiors were the guar- the ediles of the people. The degrada- 
dians of religion, they disposed of ttie pro- 1 tion of the senators was made by the 
vinces as they pleased, they prorogued the censor, by omitting their names when 
assemblies of the people, they appointed I he called over the list of the senate. This 
thanksgivings, nominated their ambassadors, I was called preterite. A senator could be 
distributed the public money, and in short, again introduced into the senate if he could 



had the management of every thing \>o\\ 
tical or civil in the republic, except the 
creating of magistrates, the enacting: of laws, 
and the declarations of war or peace, which 
were confined to the assemblies of the peo- 
ple. Rank was always regarded in their 
meetings; the chief magistrates of the state, 
such as the consuls, the praetors, and cen- 
sors, sat first, after these the inferior ma- 
gistrates, such as the ediles and quaestors, 
and last of all, those that then exercised no 
office in the state. Their opinions were ori- 
ginally collected, each according to his age : 
but when the office of censor was instituted 



repair his character, or fortune, which had 
been the causes why the censor had law 
fully called him unqualified, and had chal- 
lenged his opposition. The meeting of the 
senate was often sudden, except the parti- 
cular times already mentioned, upon any 
emergency. After the death of J. Caesar, 
they were not permitted to meet on the 
ides of March, which were called parrici- 
dium, because on that day the dictator had 
been assassinated. The "sons of senators 
after they had put on the toga virilix, were 
permitted to come into the senate, but this 
was afterwards limited. [Fide Fapirius.] 



the opinion of the princeps senatus, or the The rank and authority of the senators,, 
person whose name stood first on the cen- which were so conspicuous in the first ages 
sor's list, was hrst consulted, and afterwards | of the republic, and which caused the mihis- 
those who were of consular dignity, each in I ter of Pyrrhus to declare, that the Roman 
their respective order. In the uge of Cicero j senate was a venerable assembly of kings, 

' dwindled into nothing under the emperors. 
Men of the lowest character were admitted 
into the senate; the emperors took pleasure 
in robbing this illustrious body of their privi- 



the consuls elect were first consulted ; and 
iii the age of Caesar, he was permitted to 
speak first till the end of the year, on whom 
the consul had originally conferred that 
honour. Under the emperors the same 
rules were observed, but the consuls were 
generally consulted before all others. When 
any public matter was introduced into the 
senate which was always called referre ad 
senatum, any senator' whose opinion was 
asked, was permitted to speak upon it as 
long as he pleased, and on that account it 
was often usual for the senators to protract 
their speeches till it was too late to deter- 
mine. When the question was put, they 
passed to the side of that speaker whose opi- 
nion they approved, and a majority of votes 
was easily collected, without the trouble of 
counting "the numbers. This mode of pro- 
ceeding was called pedibus in alicujus sen- 
tentinm ire, and therefore, on that account, 
the senators who had not the privilege of 
speaking, but only the right of giving a si- 
lent vote, such as bore some curuie honours, 
and on that account were permitted to sit 
in the senate, but not to deliberate, were 
denominated pedarii senatores. After the 
majority had been known, the matter was 
determined, and a senatus consultum was 
immediately written by the clerks of the 
house, at the feet of the chief magistrates, 
and it was signed by all the principal mem- 
bers of the house. When there was not a 
sufficient number of members to make a se- 
nate, the decision was called senatus autori- 
ias, but it was of no consequence if it did 
not afterwards pass into a senatus consultum. 
The tribunes of the people, by the word veto, 
could stop the debates, and' the decrees of 
the assembled senate, as also any one who 
was of equal authority with him who had 
proposed the matter. The senatus co?isu/,ta 
were left in the custody of the consuls, 
who could suppress or preserve them ; 
but about the year of Rome 304, they 
were always deposited in the temple of 
Ceres, and afterwards in the treasury, by 



leges and authority, and the senators them- 
selves, by their meanness and servility, con- 
tributed as much as the tyranny of the sove- 
reign to diminish their own consequence ; 
and by applauding the follies of a Nero, and 
the cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced 
the world that tney no longer possessed suf- 
ficient prudence or authority to be consulted 
on matters of weight and importance. In 
the election of successors to the imperial 
purple after Augustus, the approbation of the 
senate was consulted, but it was only a mat- 
ter of courtesy, and the concurrence of a 
body of men was little regarded who were 
without power, and under the control of a 
mercenary army. The title of Ctarissimus 
was given to the senators under the em- 
perors, and indeed this was the only distinc- 
tion they had in compensation for the loss of 
their independence. The senate was abolished 
by Justinian, 13 centuries after its first in- 
stitution bv Romulus. 

SEN'ECA, M. ANN/EOS, a native of Cor- 
duba in Spain, who married Helvia, a wo- 
man of Spain, by whom he had three sons, 
Seneca, the philosopher, Annaeus Novatus, 
and Annaeus Mela, the father of the poet 
Lucan. Seneca made himself known by 
some declamations of which he made a col- 
lection from the most celebrated orators of 
the age, and from that circumstance, and 
for distinction, he obtained the appelation 
of declamator. He left Corduba, and went 
to Rome, where he became a Roman knight. 
His son, L. Annaeus Seneca, who was born 
about six years before Christ, was early dis- 
tinguished by his extraordinary talents. He 
was taught eloquence by his father, and re- 
ceived lessons in philosophy from the best 
and most celebrated stoics of the ag;e. As 
one of the followers of the Pythagorean 
doctrines, Seneca observed the most reserved 
abstinence, and in his meals never eat the 



SEN— SEN 



625 



SEN— SEN 



flesh of animals; but this he abandoned { 
ai the representation of his father, when Ti- 
berius threatened to punish some Jews and 
Egyptians, who abstained from certain meats. 
In "the character of a pleader, Seneca ap- 
peared with great advantage, but the fear 
of Caligula, who aspired to the name of an 
eloquent speaker, and who consequently was 
jealous of his fame, deterred him from pur- 
suing his favourite study, and he sought a 
safer employment in canvassing for the 
honours and offices of the state. He was 
maiJe quaestor, but the aspersions which were 
thrown upon him on account of a shameful 
amour with Julia Li villa, removed him from 
Rome, and the emperor banished him for 
some time into Corsica. During his banish- 
ment, the philosopher wrote some spirited 
epistles to his mother, remarkable for ele- 
gance of language and sublimity; but he 
soon forgot his philosophy, and disgraced 
himself by his flatteries to "the emperor, and 
in wishing to be recalled, even at the expence 
ot his innocence and character. The dis- 
grace of Messalina at Rome, and the mar- 
riage of Agrippina with Claudius, proved 
favourable to Seneca, and after he had re- 
mained five years in Corsica, he was recalled 
by the empress to take care of the education 
of her son Nero, who was destined to succeed 
to the empire. In the honourahle duty of 
preceptor, Seneca gained applause, and as 
long as Nero followed his advice, Rome 
enjoyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe 
and happy under the administration of the 
son of Agrippina. Some, however, are cla- 
morous against the philosopher, and observe 
that Seneca initiated his pupil in those un- 
natural vices, and abominable indulgences, 
which disgraced him as a monarch and as a 
man. This may be the language of malevo- 
lence, or the insinuation of jealousy, In the 
corrupted age of Nero, the preceptor had 
to withstand the clamours of many wicked 
and profligate ministers, and if he had been 
the favourite of the emperor, and shared his 
pleasures, his debauchery and extravagance, 
Nero would not perhaps have been so 
anxious of destroying a man, whose example, 
from vicious inclinations, he could not follow, 
and whose salutary precepts his licentious 
associates forbad him to obey. Seneca was 
too well acquainted with the" natural disposi- 
tion of Nero to think himself secure ; he had 
been accused of having amassed the most 
ample riches, and of having built sumptuous 
houses, and adorned beautiful gardens, dur- 
ing the four years in which he had attended 
Nero as a preceptor, and therefore he de- 
sired his imperial pupil to accept of the 
riches, and the possessions which his at- 
tendance on his person had procured, and 
to permit h'm to retire to solitude and study. 
Nero refused with artful duplicity, and 
Seneca, to avoid further suspicions, kept 
himself at home for some time as if labour- 
ing under a disease. In the conspiracy of 
Piso, which happened some time after, and 
in which some of the most noble of tiie 
Roman senators were concerned, Seneca's 
name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, 
who was glad of an opportunity of sacrific- 



ing him to his secret jealousy, ordered him 
to destroy himself. Seneca very probably 
was not accessary to the conspiracy, and the 
only thing which could be produced against 
him as a crimination, was trivial and un- 
satisfactory. Piso, as Natalis declared, had 
complained that he never saw Seneca, and 
the philosopher had observed in answer, 
that it was not proper or conducive to their 
common interest, to see one another often. 
He further pleaded indisposition, and said 
that his own life depended* upon the safety o 
Piso's person. Seneca was at table with his 
wife Paulina and two of his friends, when 
the messenger from Nero arrived. He heard 
the words which commanded him to destroy 
himself, with philosophical firmness, and 
even with joy, and observed, that such a 
mandate might have long been expected from 
a man who had murdered his own mother, 
and assassinated all his friends. He wished 
to dispose of his possessions as he pleased, 
but this was refused, and when he heard 
this, he turned to his friends who were weep- 
ing at his melancholy fate, and told them, 
that since he could not leave them what he 
believed his own, he would leave them at 
least his own life for an example, an inno- 
cent conduct which they might imitate, and 
by which they might acquire immortal fame. 
Against their tears and wailingshe exclaimed 
with firmness, and asked them whether they 
had not learned better to withstand the at- 
tacks of fortune, and the violence of tyranny ? 
As for his wife, he attempted to calm her 
emotions, and when she seemed resolved to 
die with him, he said he was glad to find his 
example followed with so much constancy. 
Their veins were opened at the same mo- 
ment, but the life of Paulina was preserved, 
and Nero, who was partial to her, ordered 
the blood to be stopped, and from that mo- 
ment, according to some authors, the philo- 
sopher's wife seemed to rejoice that she 
could still enjoy the comforts of life. Se- 
neca's veins bled but slowly, and it has been 
observed, that the sensible and animated 
conversation of his dying moments was col- 
lected by his friends, and that it has been 
preserved among his works. To hasten his 
death he drank a dose of poison, but it had 
no effect, and therefore he ordered himself 
to be carried into a hot bath, to accelerate 
the operation of the draught, and to make 
the blood flow more freely. This was at- 
tended with no better success, and as the 
soldiers were clamorous, he was carried 
into a stove, and suffocated by the steam, 
on the 12th of April, in the 65th year of the 
Christian era, in his 53rd year. His body 
was burnt without pomp or funeral ceremony, 
according to his will, which he had made 
when he enjoyed the most unbounded 
favours of Nero. The compositions of Se- 
neca are numerous, and chiefly on moral 
subjects. He is so much admired for his 
refined sentiments and virtuous precepts, for 
his morality, his constancy, and his innocence 
of manners, that St. Jerome has not hesitated 
to rank him among Christian writers. His 
style is nervous, it abounds with ornament, 
and seems well suited to the taste of the age 
3H 



SEN— SEP 



626 



SEP-SER 



in which he lived. The desire of recom- 
mending- himself and his writings to the 
world, obliged liim too often to depreciate 
the merit of the ancients, and to sink into 
obscurity. His treatises are de ira, de con- 
solatione, de Providentia, de tranquil Mate, 
animi, de dementia, de sapientis constan- 
tia, de otio sapientis, de breiituie vile, de 
benejiciis, de vita beala, besides his natu- 
ra/es qu&stionts, Indus in Claudium, moral 
letters, ifC There are also some tragedies 
ascribed to Seneca. Quintilian supposes 
that the Medea is his composition, and ac- 
cording- to others, the Troas and the Hip- 
poly tus, were also written by him, and tne 
Agamemnon, Hercules furens, Thyestes 4- 
Hercules in Ocla by his father Seneca the 
declaimer. — Ta. An. 12.— Dio.— Sue in Ner. 
—Quin. 

SENECIO, CLAUDIUS, one of Nero's 
favourites, and the associate of his pleasure 

and debauchery. TULLIUS, a man who 

conspired against Nero, and was put to death 
though he turned informer against the rest 

of the conspiiators. A man put to death 

by Domitian, for writing an account of the 
life of Hehidius, one of the emperor's ene- 
mies. One of Constantine's enemies. 

A man, who from a re-tiess and aspiring 
disposition, acquired the surname of Gri 
dio. — Sen. suas. 1. [PI. 3, c. 

SENTA, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
SENNA, or SENA, a river of Umbria. 
[Vide Sena.]— Luc. 2, v. 407. 

SEN'ONES, an uncivilized nation of Gallia 
Transaipina, who left their native posses- 
sions, and under the conduct of Brennus 
invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome. They 
afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, 
and Etrurians, to make war again>t the 
Romans, till they were totally destroyed by 
Dolabella. The chief of their towns'in that 
part of Italy where they settled ne r Um- 
bria, and w hich from them was called Seno- 
gallia, were Fannm Eortunae, Sena, Pisau- 
iiini, and Ariminum. [Vide Cimbri.] — Luc. 
1, V. 254.— Sil. 8, V. 454.— Li. 5, C 35.— Fl. 

A people of Germany near the Suevus. 

SENT1A LEX de senatu, by C. Sentius 
the consul, A. U. C. 734, enacted the choos- 
ing of proper persons to fill up the number 
of senators. [27. 
SENTINUM, a town of Umbria.— Li. 10, c. 
SENTHJS,CN., a governor of Syria, under 

the emperors. A governor of Macedonia. 

SEPTIMIUS, one of the soldiers of 

Pompey, who assisted the Egyptians in mur- 
dering him. A Roman emperor. [Vide 

Severus.] A writer in the reign of the 

emperor Alexander, of whose life he w rote 
an account in Latin, or, according to others, 
in Greek. 

SEPIAS, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, 
at the north of Eubcea, now St. George. 

SEPLAS1A, a place of Capua, where oint- 
ments were sold.— Cic. Pis. 7. 

SEPTEM AQUiE, a portion of the lake 

near Reate. Ci. 4. Alt. 15. FRATRLS, a 

mountain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Mousa. 

—Str. 17. MARIA, the entrance of the 

6even mouths of the Po. 

SEPTEM PEDA, a town of Picenum. 



SEPTERION, a festival observed once in 

ine years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. 
It was a representation of the pursuit of Py- 
thon, by Apollo, and of the victory obtained 
bv tne god. 

SEPTIMIUS, TIT., a Roman knisrht dis- 
tinguished by his poetical compositions, both 
lyric and tragic. He was intimate with Au- 
ustus as well as Horace, who has addressed 
tne 6 of his 2 lib. of Odes to him. A cen- 
turion put to death, &c— Tac. A. 1, c. 32. 

A native of Africa, who distinguished 

himself at Rome as a poet. He wrote among 
other things an hymn in praise of Janus. 
Only eleven of his verses are preserved.— M. 
Ter.-Crin. in vi. 

SEIM IMULEIUS, L., a friend of C. 
Gracchus. He suffered himself to be bribed 
by Opimins, and had the meanness to carry 
his friend's head fixed to a pole through the 
streets of Rome. 

SEPVRA, a town of Cilicia, taken by Ci- 
cero when he presided over that province.— 
Cic. ad Div. 15, c. 4. 

SE'QUANA, a river of Gaul, which sepa- 
rates the territories of the Belgae and the 
Celtic, and is now called la Seine. — Sir. 4. — 
Me. 3, c. 2.— Luc. 1, v. 425. 

SEQUANI, a people of Gaul, near the ter- 
ritories of the iEdui, between the Soane and 
mount Jura, famous for their wars against 
Rome, tec. IVide /Edui.] The country 
which they inhabited is now called Franche 
Compte, or Uppei Burgundy .—Cas. G. 

SEQUINIUS, a native of Alba, who mar- 
ried one of his daughters to Curiatius of 
Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of 
Rome. The two daughters were brought to 
bed on the same day, each of three male 
children. 

SERAPIO, a surname given to one of the 
Scipios, because he resembled a swine-herd 

of that name. A Greek poet who flourished 

in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with 

Plutarch. An Egyptian put to death by 

Achillas, when he came at the head of an 
embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisoner 

in the hands of J. Caesar. A painter.— 

PI. 35, C. 10. 

SERA'PIS, one of the Egyptian deities, 
supposed to be the same at Osiris. He had 
a magnificent temple at Memphis, another 
very rich at Alexandria, and a third at Ca- 
nopus. The worship of Serapis was intro- 
duced at Rome, by the emperor Antonius 
Pius, A. D. 146, and the mysteries celebrated 
on the 6th of May, but with so much licen- 
tiousness, that the senate were soon after 
obliged to abolish iU Herodotus, who speaks 
in a very circumstantial manner of the 
deities, and of the religion of the Egyp- 
tians, makes no mention of the god Serapis. 
Apollodorus savs it is the same as the bull 
Apis.— Pa. I, c." 18.— Ta. Hist. 4, c. 83.— Str. 
Yl.—Mnrt. 9, ep. 30. [lestine. 

SERBO*N IS, a lake between Egypt and Pa- 

SERE'NA, a daughter of Theodosius, who 
married Stilicho. She was put to death. &c. 
—Claud. 

SERENIA'NUS, a favourite of Gallus. the 
brother of Julian. He was put to death. 
SERE'NUS SAMONTCUS, a physician in 



SER-SER 



627 



SER— SER 



the age of the emperor Sevenis and Cara- 
cal la. There remains a poem of his com 

position on medicine. VI Bl US, a governor 

of Spain, accused of cruelty in the govern- 
ment of his province, and" put to death by 
order of Tiberius. 

SERES, a nation of Asia, according to 
Ptolemy, between the Ganges and the 
eastern ocean in the modern Thibet. They 
were naturally of a meek disposition. Silk, 
of which the fabrication was unknown to the 
ancients, who imagined that the materials 
were collected from the leaves of trees, was 
brought to Home from their country, and on 
that account it received the name of Sericum, 
and thence a garment or dress of silk is called 
serica vestis. Heliogabalus the Roman em- 
peror, was the first who wore a silk dress, 
which at that time was sold for its weight in 
gold. It afterwards became very cheap, and 
consequently was the common dre:>s among 
the Romans. Some suppose that the Seres 
are the same as the Chinese. — Ptol. 6, c. 16, 
~Hor. 1, od. 29.— Luc. I, v. 19.— Ov. Am. 1, 
el. 14, v. Q.— Virg. G. 2, v. 121. 

SERGESTUS, a sailor in the fleet of tineas, 
from whom the family of the Sergii at Rome 
were descended.— V. Mn 5, 121. 

S ERGIA, a Roman matron. She conspired 
with others to poison their husbands. The 
plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some 
of her accomplices, drank poison and died. ! 

SERGIUS, one of the names of Catiline. 1 

A military tribune at the siege of Veii. 

The family of the Sergii was patrician, and 
branched out into the several families of the 
Fidenates, Sili, Catilince, Natt<e, Ocelle, and 
yianci. 

SERGIUS and SERGIO'LUS, a deformed 
youth, greatly admired by the Roman ladies 
in Juvenal's age. — Juv. o, v. 105. 

SERl'PHUS, an island in the iEgean sea, 
about 3*5 miles in circumference, according 
to Pliny only twelve, very barren and un- ! 
cultivated. The Romans generally sent S 
their criminals there in banishment, and ft j 
was there that Cassius Severus the orator 
was exiled, and there he died. According to 
iElian, the frogs of this island never croaked, 
but wheu they were removed from the island 
to another place, they were more noisy and 
clamourous than others, hence the proverb 
of seriphia rana applied to a man who neither 
speaks nor sings. This, however, is found 
to be a mistake by modern travellers. It 
was on the coast of Serjphos that the chest 
was discovered in which Acrisius had .ex- 
posed his daughter Danae and her son 
Perseus,— Str. \u.-JEL An. 3, c. 37.— Me. 
2, C l.—Apol. |, c. 5.— Tac. An. 4, c. 21.— 
Ov. Me. 5, v. 242. [c. 122. 

SERMYLA, a town of Macedonia.— Her. 7. 

SERON.ageneral of Antiochus Epiphanes. 

SERRA'NUS, a surname given to Cincin- 
natus, because he was found sowi?ig his fields 
when told that he had been elected dictator. 
Some, however, suppose that Serranus was 
a different person from Cincinnalus.— PI. 

18, c. 3.— Li. 3, c. 26.— V. JEn. 6, v. 844. 

One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed in 

the night by Nisus.— V. JEn. 9, v. 335. 

A poet of some merit in Domitian's reign.— 
*/<?'. 7, v. 80. 



SERRHEUM, a fortified place of Thrace- 
—Li. 31, c. 16 

SERTORIUS, QUTNTUS, a Roman gene- 
ral, son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. 
His first compaign was under the great 
i Marius, against the Teutones and Cimbri. 
j He visited the enemy's camp as a spy, and 
j had the misfortune to lose one eye in the 
I first battle he fought. When Marius and 
1 Cinna entered Rome and slaughtered all 
their enemies, Sertorius accompanied them, 
but he expressed his sorrow and concern at 
the melancholy death of so many of his 
countrymen. He afterwards fled for safety 
into Spain, when Scylla had proscribed him, 
and in this distant province he behaved him- 
self with so much address and valour, that 
he was looked upon as the prince of the 
country. The Lusitanians universally re- 
vered and loved him, and the Roman general 
did not show himself less attentive to their 
interest, by establishing public schools, and 
educaling'the children of the country in the 
polite arts, and the literature of Greece 
and Rome. He had established a senate, 
over which he presided with consular au- 
thority, and the Romans, who followed 
his standard, paid equal reverence to his 
derson. They were experimentally convinced 
of his valour and magnanimity as a general, 
and the artful manner in which lie imposed 
upon the credulity of his adherents in the 
garb of religion, did not diminish his repu- 
tation. He pretended to hold commerce 
with heaven by means of a white hind which 
he had tamed with great success, and which 
followed him every where, even in the field 
of battle. The success of Sertorius in Spain, 
and his popularity among the natives, 
alarmed the Romans. They sent some troops 
to oppose him, but with little success. Four 
armies were found insufficient to crush, or 
venhurt Sertorius ; and Hompey and Metel- 
lus, who never engaged an enemy without 
obtaining the victory, were driven with dis- 
honour from the field. But the favourite of 
the Lusitanians was exposed to the dangers 
which usually attend greatness. Perpenna, 
one of his officers, who was jealous of his 
fame aud tired of a superior, conspired 
against him. At a banquet the conspirators 
began to open their intentions by speaking 
with freedom and licentiousness in the pre- 
sence of Sertorious, whose age and character 
had hitherto claimed deference from others. 
Perpenna overturned a glass of wine, as a 
signal to the rest of the conspirators, and 
immediately Antonius, one of his officers, 
stabbed Sertorius, and the example was fol- 
lowed by all the rest, 73 years before Christ. 
Sertorius has been commended for his love 
of justice and moderation. The flatter- 
ing description he heard of the Fortunate 
Islands when he passed into the west, of 
Africa, almost tempted him to bid adieu to 
the world, and perhaps he would have re- 
tired from the noise of war, and the clamours 
of envv, to end his days in the bosom of a 
peaceful and solitary island, had not the 
stronger calls of ambition and the love of 
fame prevailed over the intruding reflections 
of a moment. It has been observed, that in 
3 H 3 



SER-SER 



023 



SER-SER 



his latter days, Sert-.rius became indolent, 
and fond of luxury and wanton cruelty ; vet 
we must confess that, in affability, clemency, 
complaisance, generosity, and "military va- 
lour, he not onlv surpassed bis contempo- 
raries, but the rest of the Romans.— Phi. vL 
—Put. 2, c. 30. — Ft. 3, c. ll.—App. Civ.— 
Fa. Ma. I, c, 2.— Eui.— Aul. Get. 15, c. 22. 

SERVIUS, a man accused bv Tiberius of 
bein? privy to the conspiracy o'f Sejanus.— 
Ta. A. 6, c. 7. 

sERVl.VNUS, a consul in the reign of 
Adrian. He was a great favourite of the 
emperor Trajan. 

SERYTLIA, a sister of Cato of ("tica. 
greatly enamoured of J. Caesar, though her 
brother was one of the most inveterate ene- 
mies of her lover. To convince Caesar of 
her affection, she sent him a letter filled 
with the most tender expressions of regard 
for his person. The letter was delivered to 
Caesar in the senate house, while they were 
' ebating about punishing the associates of 
Catiline's conspiracy ; arid when Cato saw 
it, he exclaimed that it was a letter from 
the conspirators, and insisted immediately 
on its being made public. Upon this Caesar 
gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had 
no sooner read its contents, than he threw 
it back with the words of " take it, drunk- 
ard." From the intimacy which existed 
between Servilia and Caesar, some have sup- 
posed that the dictator was the father of H . 
Brutus.— Plu. Cas.-C. Nep. Att. Ano- 
ther sister of Cato, who married Silanus.— 

Id. A daughter of Thrasea, put to death 

by order of "Nero, with her father. Her 
crime was the consulting of magicians, only 
to know what would happen in her family. 

SERVILIA LEX, de pecuniis repetundis, 
by C. Servilius the praetor, A. U. C. 653. It 
punished severely such as were guilty of 
peculation and extortion in the provinces. 

Its particulars are not precisely known. 

Another, de judicibus, by Q. Servilius Cae- 
pio, the consul, A. U. C 647. It divided 
the right of judging between the senators 
and the equites, a privilege, which though 
originally belonging to the senators, had 
been taken from them and given to the 
equites. Another, de civitate, by C. Ser- 
vilius, ordained that if a Latin accused a 
Roman senator, so that he was condemned, 
the accuser should be honoured with the 
name and privileges of a Roman citizen. 

Another, Agraria, bv P. Servilius Rul- 

lus, the tribune, A. U'. C. 690. It re- 
quired the immediate sale of certain houses 
and lands which belonged to the peo- 
ple, for the purchase of others in a dif- 
ferent part of Italy. It required that ten 
commissioners should be appointed to see it 
carried into execution, but Cicero prevented 
its passing into a law by the three orations 
w hich he pronounced against it. 

SERVILIA'NUS, a Roman consul defeated 
by Viriathus, in Spain, Sec. 

SERVILIUS QCINTUS, a Roman, who 

in his dictatorship defeated the JEqui. 

Pr>BLIUS,a consul who supported the cause 
of the people against the nobles, and ob- 
tained a triumph in spite of the opposition | 



of the senate, after defeating the Volscl. 
He afterwards changed his opinions, and 
very violently opposed the people because 

they had illiberally treated him. A pro- 

| consul killed at the battle of Cannae by 

Annibal. AHA LA, a master of horse to 

the dictator Cincinnatus. When Madias 
refused to appear before the dictator to an- 
swer the accusations which were brought 
against him on suspicion of his aspiring to 
tyranny, Ahala slew him in the midst of the 
people" whose protection he had claimed. 
. Ahala was accused for this murder and 
j bniished, but his sentence was afterwards 
repealed. He was raised to the dictatorship. 

MARCUS, a man who pleaded in favour 

of Paulus jEmilius, &c. An augur prose- 
cuted by Lucullus for his inattention in his 
office. "He was acquitted. A praetor or- 
dered by the senate to forbid Sylla to ap- 
proach "Rome. He was ridiculed and in- 
sulted by the conqueror's soldiers. A 

man appointed to guard the sea-coast of 

Pontus, by Pompey. PUBLIUS, a pro- 

con>ul of Asia during the age of Mithridates. 
He conquered Isauria, for which service lie 
w as snrnamed Isauricus, and rewarded with 
a triumph. A Roman general who de- 
feared an army of Etrurians. An informer 

in the court "of Tiberius. A favourite of 

Augustus. GEMINI'S, a Roman consul 

who ooposed Annibal with success. NO- 

MANLS, a Latin historian who wrote an 
history of Rome, in the reign of Nero. 
There were more than one writer of this 
name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius re- 
markable for his eloquence and learning; 
and Quintiiian mentions another, also illus- 
trious for his genius and literary merit. 

CASCA, one of Caesar's murderers. The 

family of the Servilii was of patrician rank, 
and came to settle at Rome after the de- 
struction of Alba, where they were pro- 
moted to the highest offices of the state. 
To the several branches of this family were 
attached the different surnames of Ahala, 
Axilla, Priicus, Capio, Structus, Geminus, 
Pulex, Vatia, Casea, fidenas, Lungus, anil 

Tucca. LACUS, a lake near Rome.— Ci 

S. Ros. 32. 

SERVIUS, TULLUS, the sixth king of 
Rome, was son of Ocnsia, a slave of Corni- 
cnluni, by Tullius, a man slain in the de- 
fence of" his country against the Romans. 
Ocrisia was given by" Tarquiu to Tanaquail 
his wife, and she brought up her son in the 
king's family, and added the name of Ser- 
vius to that'which he had inherited from 
his father, to denote his slavery. Young 
Servius was educated in the palace of the 
monarch with great care, and though ori- 
ginally a slave, be raised himself so much to 
consequence, that Tarquin gave him his 
daughter in marriage. His own private 
merit and virtues recommended him to no- 
tice not less than the royal favours, and 
Servius, become the favourite of the people 
and the darling of the soldiers, by his libe- 
rality and complaisance, was easily raised 
to the throne on the death of his father- 
in-law. Rome had no reason to repent of 
her choice. Servius endeared himself stili 



SES— SES 6 
more as a warrior and as a legislator. He 
defeated the Veientes and the Tuscans, and 
bv a proper act of policy he established the 
census, which told him that Rome contained 
about eighty four thousand inhabitants. He 
increased the number of the tribes, he beau- 
tified and adorned the city, and enlarged its 
boundaries by taking within its walls the 
hills Quirinafis, Viminalis, and Esquilinns. 
He also divided the Roman people into 
tribes, and that he might not seem to neg- 
lect the worship of the gods, he built seve- 
ral temples to the goddess of fortune, to 
whom lie deemed himself particularly in- 
debted for obtaining the kingdom. He also 
built a temple to Diana on mount Aventine, 
and raised himself a palace on the hill JEs- 
quilinus. Servius married his two daugh- 
ter* to the grandsons of his father-in-law ; 
the elder to Tarquin, and the younger to 
Arunx. This union, as might be supposed, 
tended to insure the peace of his family ; 
but \f snch were his expectations, he was 
unhappily deceived. The wife of Arunx, 
naturally fierce and impetuous, murdered 
her own'husband to unite herself to Tar- 
quin, w ho had likewise assassinated his wife. 
These bloody measures were no sooner pur- 
sued than Servius was murdered by his own 
son-in-law, and his daughter Tullia showed 
herself so inimical to filial gratitude and 
piety, that she ordered her chariot wheels 
to be driven over the mangled body of her 
father, B. C. 534. His death was univer 
sally lamented, and the slaves annually ce- 
lebrated a festival in his honour, in the 
temple of Diana, on mount Aventine, the 
day that he was murdered. Tarquinia, his 
wife, buried his remains privately, and died 
the following dav.— Li. 1, c. 41.— Dio. H. 4. 
— Fl. 1, c. 6.— Ci. Di. 1, c 83.— Va. Ma. 1, 
c. 6,-Ov. F. 6, v. 601. GALBA, a sedi- 
tious person who wished to refuse a triumph 
to Paulus iEmylius after the conquest of 

Macedonia, -"CLAUDIUS, a grammarian. 

— Sue. de el. Gr. A friend of Sy Ha, who 

applied for the consulship to no purpose. 

CORNELIUS, a consul in the first ages 

of the republic, &c. SULPI TIUS, an ora- 
tor in the age of Cicero and Hortensius. 
He was sent as ambassador to M. Antony, 
and died before his return. Cicero obtained 
a statue for him from the senate and the 
Roman people, which was raised in the 
Campus Martius. Besides orations he wrote 
verges which were highly censured for their 
indelicacy. His works are lost.— Ci. Br. — PI. 
5, ep. 3. A despicable informer in the Au- 
gustan age.-Z/o?-. 2.S.I, v. 47. HONORA- 

TUS MAURUS, a learned grammarian in 
the age of young Theodosius. He wrote 
Latin commentaries upon Virgil, still extant. 

SESARA, a daughter of Celeus, king of 
Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus.— Pa. I, c. 38. 

SESOSTRIS, a celebrated king of Egypt, 
some ages before the Trojan war. His fa- 
ther ordered all the children in his domi- 
nions who were born on the same day with 
him to be publicly educated, and to pass 
their youth in the company of his son. 
This succeeded in the highest degree, and 
Sesostris had the pleasure to find himself 



59 SES-SET 
surrounded by a number of faithful ministers 
and active warriors, whose education and 
intimacy with their prince rendered them 
inseparably devoted to his interest. When 
Sesostris had succeeded on his father's 
throne, he became ambitious of military 
fame, and after he had divided his kingdom 
into 36 different districts, he marched at the 
head of a numerous army to make the con- 
quest of the world. Libya, /Ethiopia, Ara- 
bia, with all the islands* of the Red Sea, 
were conquered, and the victorious monarch 
marched through Asia, and penetrated far- 
ther into the east than the conqueror of 
Darius. He also invaded Europe, and sub- 
dued the Thracians ; and that the fame of 
his conquests might long survive him, ha 
placed columns in the several provinces he 
had subdued ; and many ages after, this 
pompous inscription was read in many 
parts of Asia, "Sesostris, the king of kings, 
has conquered this territory by his arms." 
At his return home the monarch employed 
his time in encouraging the fine arts, and 
in improving the revenues of his kingdom. 
He erected 100 temples to the gods for the 
victories he had obtained, and mounds of 
earth were heaped up in several parts of 
Egypt, where cities were built for the re- 
ception of the inhabitants during the inun- 
dations of the Nile. Some canals were also 
dug near Memphis to facilitate navigation, 
and the communication of one province 
| with another. In his old age Sesostris, 
I grown infirm and blind, destroyed himself, 
j after a reign of 44 years, according to 
I some. His mildness towards the conquered 
| has been admired, while some have up- 
: braided him for his cruelty and insolence 
j in causing his chariot to be drawn by some 
1 of the monarchs whom he had conquered, 
l The age of Sesostris is so remote from 
every authentic record, that many have 
I supported that the actions and conquests 
j ascribed to this monarch are uncertain and 
totally fabulous.— Her. 2, c. 102.— Diod. 1. 
—Va. Flac. 5, v. 419.— PI. 33, c. 3.— Luc. 
10, v. 276.— Sir. 16. 

SESSITES, now Sessia, a river of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Po.— PI. 3, c. 16. 

SESTIAS, a name applied to Hero, as 
born at Sestos.— Si. 6, Th. 547. 

SESTIUS, a friend of Brutus, with whom 
he fought at the battle of Philippi. Augus- 
tus resigned the consulship in his favour, 
though he still continued to reverence the 

memory of Brutus. A governor of Syria. 

SESTOS, or SESTUS, a town of Thrace 
on the shores oi the Hellespont, exactly op- 
posite Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is ce- 
lebrated for the bridge which Xerxes built 
there across the Hellespont, as also for 
being the seat of the amours of Hero and 
Lewsder.— Me. 2. c. 2.— Sir. l3.—Mvs(e. de 
L. 6c R.—Virg. G. 3, V. 2iS.-Ov.Her. I8,v. 2. 
Si&UVII, a people of CelticGaul.C<w.#.G'. 
SE'TABIS, a town of Spain between New 
Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the 
manufacture of linen. There was also a 
small river of the same name in the neigh- 
bourhood.— Si. !6, v. 474.— Sir. 2.— Me. 2, 
c. 6.— PI. 4, c. 3. 

3 H 3 



SET— SEV 



630 



SEV— SEV 



SETHON, a priest of Vulcan, who made 
himself king of Egypt after the death of Any- 
sis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and 
delivered from this powerful enemy by an 
immense number of rats, which in one 
night gnawed their bow-strings and thongs 
so that on the morrow their arms w ere found 
*o be useless. From this wonderful circum-i 
stance Sethon had a statue which repre- j 
sentec him with a rat in his hand, with the, 
inscription of, Whoever fixes his eyes upon 
me, let him be pious.— Her. 2, c. 141. 

SETJA, a town of Latium above the Pon- 
tine marshes, celebrated for its wines, which 
Augustus is said to have preferred to all 
others.— PL 14, c. 6.— Juv. 5, v. 34.— Sat. 
10, v. 27.— Mart. 13, ep. 112. 

SEVE'RA, JULIA AQUILIA, a Roman 
lady, whom the emperor Heliogabalus 
married. She was soon after repudiated, 
though possessed of all the charms of 
mind and body which could captivate the 

most virtuous.- VALERIA, the wife of 

Valentia, and the mother of Gratian, as well 
known for her avarice and ambition. The 
emperor, her husband, repudiated her, and 
afterwards took her again. Her prudent 
advice at last insured her son Gratiau on 

the imperial throne. The wife of Philip 

the Roman emperor. 
SEVERIA'NUS, a governor of Macedonia, 

father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A 

genera) in the Roman armies, in the reign of 

VaJentinian, defeated by the Germans. 

A son of the emperor Severus. 

SEVE'RUS, LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS, a Ro- 
man emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a 
noble family. He gradually exercised all 
the offices of the state, and recommended 
himself to the notice of the world by an am- 
bitious mind and a restless activity, that 
could, for the gratification of avarice, en- 
dure the most complicated hardships. After 
the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved to 
remove Didius Julianus, who had brought 
the imperial purple when exposed to sale by 
the licentiousness of the pretorians, and 
therefore he proclaimed himself emperor on 
the borders of Iliyricum, where he was 
stationed against the barbarians. To sup- 
port himself in this bold measure, he took 
as his partner in the empire Albinus, who 
was at the head of the Roman forces in 
Britain, and immediately marched towards 
Home, to crush Didius and all his partizans. 
He was received as he advanced through 
the country with universal acclamations, 
and Julianus himself was soon deserted by 
his favourites, and assassinated by his own 
soldiers. The reception of Severus at Rome 
was sufficient to gratify his pride ; the 
streets were strewed with flowers, and the 
submissive senate were ever ready to grant 
whatever honours or titles the "conqueror 
claimed. In professing that he had assumed 
the purple only to revenge the death of the 
virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many ad- 
herents, and was enabled not only to disarm, 
but to banish the pretorians, w hose insolence 
and avarice were become alarming,not only to 
tiie citizens, but to the emperor. But while 
he was victoiious at Rome Severus did not 



forget that there was another competitor 
for the imperial purple. Pescennius Niger 
was in the east, at the head of a powerful 
army, and with the name and ensigns of 
Augustus. Many obstinate battles were 
fought between the troops and officers of the 
imperial rivals, till on the plains of fssus, 
which had been above five centurips before 
covered with the blood of the Persian sol- 
diers of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by 
the loss of 20,000 men. The head of Niger 
was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who 
punished in a most cruel manner all the 
partisans of his unfortunate rival. Severus 
afterwards pillaged Byzantium, which had 
shut her gates against him ; and after he had 
conquered several nations in the east, he 
returned to R.ome, resolved to destroy Al- 
binus, with whom he had hitherto reluc- 
tantly shared the imperial power. He at- 
tempted to assassinate him by his emissaries ; 
but when this had failed of success, Severus 
had recourse to arms, and the fate of the 
empire was again decided on the plains of 
Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the con- 
queror was so elated with the recollection 
that he had now no longer a competitor 
for the purple, that he insulted the dead 
body of his rival, and ordered it to be 
thrown into the Rhone, after he had 
suffered it to putrily before the door of 
his tent, and to be torn to pieces by his 
dogs. The family and the adherents of 
Albinus shared his fate; and the return of 
Severus to the capital exhibited the bloody 
triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The richest 
of the citizens were sacrificed, and their 
money became the property of the emperor. 
The wicked Commodus received divine 
honours, and his murderers were punished 
in the most wanton mannpr. Tired of the 
inactive life he led in Rome, Severus marched 
into the east w ith his two sons Caracalla and 
Geta, and with uncommon success made 
himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and 
Ctesiphon; and advanced without opposi- 
tion far into the Parthian territories. From 
Parthia the emperor marched towards the 
more southern provinces of Asia ; after he 
had visited the tomb of Pompey the Great, 
he entered Alexandria; and after he had 
granted a senate to that celebrated city, he 
viewed with the most criticising and inqui- 
sitive curiosity the several monuments and 
ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. 
The revolt of Britain recalled him from the 
east. After he had reduced it under his 
power, he built a wall across the northern 
parts of the island, to defend it against the. 
frequent invasions of the Caledonians. Hi- 
therto successful against his enemies, Seve- 
rus now found the peace of his family dis- 
turbed. Caracalla attempted to murder his 
father as he was concluding a treaty of 
peace with the Britons ; and the emperor 
was so shocked at the undutifulness of his 
son, that on his return home he called him 
into his presence, and after hehad upbraided 
him for his ingratitude and perfidy, he 
offered him a drawn sword, adding, " If you 
are so ambitious of reigning alone, now im- 
brue your hand. t in the blood of your father, 



SEV— SEV 631 SEV— SEV 

and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses reign ot 13 vears and nine davs, on the 18t n 
of your want of filial tenderness." If these ; of March, A. D. 235. His mother Mammae a 
words checked Caracalla, yet he did not ! shared his fate, with all his friends; but this 
show himself concerned, and Severus, worn | was no sootier known than the soldiers 



out with infirmities which the gout and the 
uneasiness of his mind increased, soon after 
died, exclaiming he had been every thing 
man could wish, but that he was then no- 
thing. Some say that he wished to poison 
himself, but that when this was denied, he 
eat to great excess, and soon after expired 
at York, on the fourth of February, in the 
21 1th year of the Christian era, in the 66th 
year of his age, after a reign of 17 years 8 
months and 3 days. Severus has been so 
much admired for his military talents that 
some have called him the most warlike of 
the Roman emperors. As a monarch he 
was cruel, and it has been observed that he 
never did an act of humanity, or forgave a 
fault. In his diet he was temperate, and he 
always showed himself an open enemy to 
pomp and splendour. He loved the appel- 
lation of a man of letters, and he even com- 
posed an history of his own reign, which 
some have praised for its correctness and 
veracity. However cruel Severus may ap- 
pear in his punishments and in his revenge, 
many have endeavoured to exculpate him, 
and observed that there was need or" severity 
in an empire whose morals were so cor- 
rupted, and where no less than 3000 persons 
were accused of adultery during the space 
of 17 years. Of him, as of Augustus, some 
were fond to say, that it would have been 
better for the world if he had never been 
born, or had never died.— Dio.— Herod.— 

Vict. Sec. ALEXANDER, (MARCUS 

AURELIUS) a native of Phoenicia, adopted 
by Heiiogabalus. His father's name was 
Genesius Marcianus, and his mother's Julia 
Mammaea, and he received the surname of 
Alexander, because he was born in a temple 
sacred to Alexander the Great, He was 
carefully educated, and his mother, by pay- 
ing particular attention to his morals, and 
the character of his preceptors, preserved 
him from those infirmities and that licen- 
tiousness whicli old age too often attributes 
to the depravity of youth. At the death of 
Heiiogabalus, who had been jealous of his 
virtues, Alexander, though only in the 14th 
year of his age, was proclamed emperor, 
and his nomination was approved by the 
universal shouts of the army, and the con- 
cratulations of the senate. He had not long 
been on the tnrone before the peace of the 
empire was disturbed by the incursions of 
the Persians. Alexander marched into the 
east without delay, and soon obrained a de- 
cisive victory over the barbarians. At his 
return to Rome he was honoured with a 
triumph, but the revolt of the Germans soon 
after called him away from the indolence of 
the capital. His expedition in Germany wa: 
attended with some success, but the virtues 
and the amiable qualities of Alexander were 
forgotten in the stern and sullen strictness 
of the disciplinarian. His soldiers, fond of 
repose, murmured against his severity ; their 



Eunished with immediate death all such as 
ad been concerned in the murder, except 
Maximinus. Alexander had been admired 
for his many virtues, and every historian, ex- 
cept Herodian, is bold to assert, that if he 
had lived, the Roman empire might soon 
have been freed from those tumults and 
abuses which continually disturbed her 
peace, and kept the lives of her emperors 
and senators in perpetual alarms. His seve- 
rity in punishing offences was great, and 
such as had robbed the public, were they 
even the most intimate friends of the empe- 
ror, were indiscriminately sacrificed to the 
tranquillity of the state, which they had vio- 
lated. The great offices of the state, which 
had before his reign been exposed to sale, 
and occupied by favourites, were now be- 
stowed upon merit, and Alexander could 
boast that all his officers were men of trust 
and abilities. He was a patron of literature, 
and he dedicated the hours of relaxation to 
the study of the best Greek and Latin his- 
torians, orators, and poets ; and in the pub- 
lic schools which his liberality and the de- 
sire of encouraging learning had founded, 
he often heard with pleasure and satisfaction 
the eloquent speeches and declamations of 
his subjects. The provinces were all sup- 
plied with provision^, and Rome was em- 
bellished with many stately huildings and 
magnificent porticos.— Alex, vi.— Herod. — 

Zosim.-Victor. FLAVIUS VALERIUS, 

a native of Illyricum, nominated Caesar by 
Galerius. He" was put to death by Maxim i- 

anus, A. D. 307. JULIUS, a governor of 

Britain under Adrian. A general of Va- 

lens. LIBIUS, a man proclaimed empe- 
ror of the west, at Ravenna, after the death 
of Majorianus. He was soon after poisoned. 

LUCIUS CORNELIUS, a Latin poet in 

the age of Augustus, for some time employed 
in the judicial proceedings of the forum. 

CASSIUS, an orator banished into the 

island of Crete by Augustus, for his illiberal 
language. He was banished 17 years, aixl 
n Seriphos. He is commended as an 
able orator, yet declaiming with more warmth 
than prudence. His writings were destroyed 

bv order of the senate. — Sue. Oct. — Quin. 

SULPITIUS, an ecclesiastical historian, who 
died, A. D. 420. The best of his works is 
his Historia Sacra, from the creation of the 
world to the consulship of Stilicho, of which 
the style is elegant, and superior to that of 

the age in which he lived. An officer under 

the emperor Julian. AQUILIUS, a native 

of Spain, who wrote an account of his own 

life in the reign of the emperor Valens. 

An officer of Valentinian, &c. A prefect 

of Rome, &c. A celebrated architect em- 
ployed in building Nero's golden palace at 

Rome, after the burning of that city. A 

mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris.— V. £n. 
7, r. 713. 

SEVO, a ridge of mountains between Nor- 



clamours were fomented by the artifice of way and Sweden, now called Fiell, or Dofn 
Maximinus, and Alexander was murdered | —PI. 4, c. 15. 

<n his tent, in the midst of his camp, after a SEUTHES, a man who dethroned his inc. 



SEU— SIB 



632 



STB— SIB 



narch, &c. A friend of Perdiccas, one of | different names of Amalthaea, Deroophile, 



Alexander's generals. A Thracian kin?, 

who encouraged his countrymen to revolt, 
&c. This name is common to several of the 
Thracian princes. 

SEXTIA, a woman celebrated for her 
virtue and her constancy, put to death by 
Nero.— Ta. An. 16, c. 10. 

SEXTIA LICINIA LEX, de Magistratibm, 
by C. Licinius and L. Sextius the tribunes, 
A.U.C. 386. It ordained that one of the 
consuls should be elected from amon? the 

plebeians. Another, de religione, by the 

same, A.U.C. 385. It enacted thatade'cem- 
virate should be chosen from the patricians 
and plebeians instt ad of the decemviri sacris 
faciu ndis. 

SEXTI^E AQUiE, now A'rx, a place of 
Cisalpine Gaul, where the Cimbri were de- 
feated by Marius. It was buiit by C. Sextius, 
and is famous for its cold and hot springs.— 
Li. 61.— Ve. Pa. 1, c. 15. 

SEXTILIA, the wife of Vitellius. She 

became mother of two children.— Sue. vi. 

Another in the same family.— Ta. H. 2, c.64. 

SEXTIL1US, a governor of Africa, who 
ordered Marius, when he landed there, to de- 
part immediately from his province. Marius 
heard this with some concern, aud said to the 
messenger, " Go and tell your master that 
you have seen the exiled Marius sitting on 
the ruins of Carthage.'''' — Pin. Ma.- A Ro 



Herophile, Daphne, Manto, Phemonoe, and 
Deiphobe. It is said that Apollo became 
enamoured of her, and that to make her 
sensible of his passion, he offered to give her 
whatever she should ask. The Sibyl de- 
manded to live as many years as she had 
grains of sand in her haiid,"but unfortunately 
forgot to ask for the enjoyment of the health, 
vigour, and bloom, of which she was then 
in" possession. The god granted her re- 
quest, but she refused to gratify the passion 
of her lover, though he offered her perpetual 
vouth and beauty. Some time after she be- 
came old and decrepid, her form decayed, 
melancholy paleness and haggard looks suc- 
ceeded to bloom and cheerfulness. She had 
already lived about 700 years when iEneas 
came to Italy, and, as some have imagined, 
she had three centuries more to live before 
her vears were as numerous as the grains of 
sand* which she had in her hand. She gave 
iEneas instructions how to find his father in 
the infernal regions, and even conducted 
him to the entrance of hell. It was usual 
for the Sibvl to write her prophecies on 
leaves which she placed at the entrance of 
her cave, and it required particular care in 
such as consulted her to take up these leaves 
before thev were dispersed by the wind, as 
their meaning then became incomprehen- 
ible. According to the most authenticjiis- 



man preceptor, who was seized and carried j torians of the Roman republic, one of the 

away b\ pirates, &c. One of the officers i Sibv Is came to the palace of Tarquin the 

of Lucullus. HjENA.a poet. [Vide Haena.] ; Second, with nine volumes, which she offered 

— An officer sent to Germany,A:c.-7a.#.3,c.7. | to sell for a very high price. The monarch 
SEXTIUS, a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. | disregarded her, and she immediately dis* 

A seditious tribune in the first ages of the ! appeared, and soon after returned, when she 

republic. LUC I US was remarkable for his | had burned three of the volumes. She asked 

friendship with Brutus ; he gained the con- j the same price for the remaining six books ; 
fidence of Augustus, and was consul, A.U.C. | and when Tarquin refused to buy them, she 
7o0. Horace, who was in the number of his burned three more, and still persisted in de- 
friends, dedicated 1 od. 4, to him. The first | manding the same >um of money for the 

plebeian consul. A dictator. One of the I three that were left. This extraordinary 

sons of Tarquin. Vide Tarquinius. behaviour astonished Tarquin ; he bought 

SEXTUS, a praenomen given to the sixth the books, and the Sibyl instantly vanished, 

son of a family. A son of Pompey the and never after appeared to the world. 

Great. Vide Pompeius. A stoic pliiloso- These books were preserved with great care 

pher, born at Cheronaea in Bceotia. Some by the monarch, and called the Sibylline 
suppose that he was Plutarch's nephew. \ verses. A college of priests was appointed 



verses. 

j to have the care of them ; and such rever- 
ence did the Romans entertain for these pro- 
phetic books, that they were consulted with 
the greatest solemnity, and only when the 
state seemed to be iii danger. When the 
capital was burnt in the troubles of Sylla, 
the Sibylline verses which were deposited 
there, p'erished in the conflagration ; and to 
repair the loss which the republic seemed to 
have sustained, commissioners were imme- 
diately sent to different parts of Greece, to 
collect whatever verses could be found of 
Plato speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of j the inspired writings of the Sibyls. The fate 
three, iElian of four, and Varro of ten,' an i of the-e Sibylline verses, which were col- 
opinion which is universally adopted by the i leeted after the conflagration of the capitol, 
learned. These ten Sibyls generally resided is unknown. There are now 8 books of 
in the following places: Persia, Libya, | Sibylline verses extant, but they are aniver- 
Delphi, Cumae in Italy, Erythraea, Samos, [sally reckoned spurious. Thev speak so 
Cumae in iEolia, Marpessa "on the Helles- j plainly of our Saviour, of his sufferings, and 
pont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tibartis. The | of his death, as even to surpass far the sub- 
most celebrated of the Sibyls is that of Cumae lime prediction of Isaiah in description, anJ 
in Italy, wi¥»«n SO me have called by the I therefore from this very circumstance, it is 



He was preceptor to M. Anrelius and L. 
Verus. A governor of Syria. A philo- 
sopher in the age of Antonius. He was one 
of the followers of the doctrines of Pvrrho. 

SIBiE, a people of India.— Str. 

SI BAR IS. Vide Sybaris. 

SIBIM, a people near the Suevi. 

S1BURTIUS, a satrap of Arachosia,in the 
age of Alexander, &c. 

SIBYLLA, certain women inspired by- 
heaven, who flourished in different parts of 
the world. Their number is unknown 



SIC— SIC 



G33 



SIC- SIC 



evident that they were composed in the 
second century, by some of the followers of 
Christianity, who wished to convince the 
heathens of their error, by assisting- the 
cause of truth, with the arms of pious arti- 
fice. The word Sibyl seems to be derived 
from " siou," /Eolice for " Dios," Jovis, and 
* l boule,' n consilium.—Plu»Ph(e. — Ml. V.H. 1 2, 
c. 35.— Pa. 10, c. 12.—JJio. l.—Ov. Me. 14, 
v. 109.— V. Mn. 3, v. 445.— Luc. 1, v. 564.— 
PL 13, c. \3.-Fl. 4, c. I. — Sal. — Ci. Cat. 3. 
— Va. Ma. 1 , c. J . 1. 8, c. 1 5j &c. 

SICA, a man who showed much attention 
to Cicero in his banishment. Some suppose 
that he is the same as the Vibius Sicuius 
mentioned by Plu. Ci.—Ci. At. 8, ep. 12. 

SICA'MBRI, or SYGA'MBRI, a people of 
Germany, conquered by the Romans. They 
revolted against Augustus, who marched 
against them, but did not totally reduce 
them. Drusus conquered them, and they 
were carried away from their native country 
to inhabit some of the more westerly pro- 
vinces of Gaul.— Bio. 54.— Sir. A.—Hor. 4. 
Od. 2, v. 36, Od. 14, v. 51.— Ta. 2, An. 26. 

S [CAMBRIA, the country of the Sicambri, 
formed the modern province of Guelderland. 
—Cla. Eut, l, v. 383. 

SICA'NI, a people of Spain, who left their 
native country and passed into Italy, and 
afterwards into Sicily, which they called Si- 
cania. They inhabited the neighbourhood 
of mount iEtna, where they built some cities 
and villages. Some reckoned them the next 
inhabitants of the island after the Cyclops. 
They were afterwards driven from their 
ancient possessions by the Siculi, and retired 
into the western parts of the island.— Bio. 
H. l.—Ov. Me. 5.—V. Mcl.\0.-Mn. 7, v. 795. 
— Cio.b. — Hoy. ep. 17, v. 32. 

SI CA'N I A, and SIT AN I A, an ancient name 
of Italy, which it received from the Sicani, 
or from Sicanus, their king, or from Sicanus, 
a small riverin Spain, in the territory where 
they lived, as some suppose. The name was 
more generally given to Sicily. Vide Sicani. 

SICCA, a town of Numidia, to the west of 
Carthage.— Sa. Ju. 56. 

Sl'CELIS, (Si'CELlDES, pZur.) an epi- 
thetapplied to the inhabiiantsof Sicily. The 
Muses are called Sicelidesby Virgil, because 
Theocritus was a native o'f Sicily, whom 
the Latin poet, as a writer of Bucolic poetry, 
professed to imitate.— V. Ec. 4. 

SICHjEUS, called also Sicharbas and 
Acerbas, was a priest of the temple of Her- 
cules in Phoenicia. His father's name was 
Philisthenes. He married Elisa, the daugh- 
ter of Belus, and sister to king Pygmalion, 
better known by the name of Dido. He was 
so extremely rich, that his brother-in law 
murdered him to obtain his possessions. 
This murder Pygmalion concealed from his 
sister Dido ; and he amused her by telling 
her, that her husband was gone upon an 
affair of importance, and that he would 
soon return. This would have perhaps 
succeeded, had not tne shades of Sichasus 
appeared to Dido, and related to her the 
cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to 
tly from Tyre, after she had previously 
secured some treasures, which, as he men- 



tioned, were concealed in an obscure anrt 
unknown place. According to Justin, Acer- 
bas was the uncle of Dido. — V. Mn. 1, v. 3-17. 
—Pat. 1. c. 6.— Jus. 18, c..4. 

si'CILIA, the largest and most celebrated 
island in the Mediterranean sea, at the bot- 
tom of Italy. It was anciently called Sicania, 
Trinacria, and Triquelra. It is of a trian- 
gular form, and has three celebrated promon- 
tories, one looking towards Africa, called 
Lilybseum ; Pachynum, looking towards 
Greece ; and Pelorum, towards Italy. Si- 
cily is about 600 miles in circumference, 
celebrated for its fertility, so much that 
it was called one of the granaries 'f 
Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the 
husbandman an hundred fold. Its most fa- 
mous cities were Syracuse, Messana, Leon- 
tini, Lilybaeum, Agrigentum, Gela, Drepa- 
nun, Eryx, &c. The highest and most fa- 
mous mountain in the island is iEtna, whose 
frequent eruptions are dangerous, and often 
fatal to the country and its inhabitants, from 
which circumstance the ancients supposed 
that the forges of Vulcan and the Cyclops 
were placed there. The poets feign that 
the Cyclops were the original inhabitants of 
this island, and that after them it came into 
the possession of the Sicani, a people of Spain, 
and at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. 
[Vide Siculi.] The plains of Enna are well 
known for their excellent honey, and, ac- 
cording to Diodorus, the hounds lost their 
scent in hunting on account of the many 
odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed 
the air. Ceres and Proserpine were the 
chief deities of the place, and it was there, 
according to poetical tradition, that the lat- 
ter was carried away by Pluto. The Phoe- 
nicians and Greeks settled some colonies 
there, and at last the Carthaginians became 
masters of the whole island, till they were 
dispossessed of it by the Romansin the Punic 
wars. Some authors suppose that Sicily 
was originally joined to the continent, and 
that it was separated from Italy by an earth- 
quake, and that the streightsof the Chary bdis 
were formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were 
so fond of luxury, that Siculce mensoe became 
proverbial. The rights of citizens of Rome 
were extended to them by M. Antony.— Ci. 
14. Alt. \2.—Ver. 2, c. 13.— H. Od. 9.— Jus. 
4, c. I.— P. Mn. 3, v. 414.—//. 14, V. 11 — 

Plin. 3, c. 8. The island of Naxos in the 

/Egean, was called Little Sicily, on account 
of its fruitfulness. 

SICINIUS DENTATUS, L., a tribune of 
Rome, celebrated for his valour and the 
honours he obtained in the field of battle 
during the period of 40 years, in which he 
was engaged in the Roman armies. He was 
present in 121 battles; he obtained H civic 
crowns; 3 mural crowns ; 8 crowns of gold ; 
83 golden collars ; 6o bracelets ; 18 lances ; 
23 horses with all their ornaments, and all 
as the reward of his uncommon services. 
He could show the scars of 45 wounds, 
which he had received all in his breasi, 
particularly in opposing the Sabines when 
they took the capitol. The popularity of 
Sicinius became odious to Appius Claudius, 
who wished to make himself absolute at 



SIC — SIC 684 SID— SIG 

Rome ; anc therefore to remove him from the The territory is said to abound with corn, 
capital, he sent him to toe army, by which, wjne, and olives, and also with iron mines, 
soon after his arrival, he was attacked and It produced many celebrated men, particu- 
murdered. Of 100 men who were ordered I larly artists. Vide Sicyon. 
to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15, and, SIDE, the wife of" Orion, thrown into 
wounded 30; and, according' to Dionysius, j hell by Juno, for boasting' hen-elf fairer 

the surviving number had recourse to arti- J than the goddess. — Apol. l,c.4. A daugh- 

fice to overpower him, by killing him with i ter of Belus. A daughter of Danaus. 

a shower of stones and" darts thrown at a | A town of Pamphvlia. £?. 37, c. 23. Ci.3,fa.6. 
distance, about 405 years before the Chris- SIDE'RO, the stepmother of Tyro, killed 
tian era. For this uncommon couraee Sici- 1 by Pelias. 

nius has been called the Roman Achilles.— SIDICI'NUM, a town of Campania, called 

Fa. Ma. 3, c. 2.— Dion. 8. VELLUTUS, also Teanum. [Vide Teanum.] V. £.n. 

one of the first tribunes in Rome. He raised 7, 727. 

cabals against Coriolanus, and was one of I SIDON, an ancient city of Phoenicia, the 

his accusers.— Plu. in Cor. SAB1NUS, a capital of the country, "with a famous har- 

Koman general who defeated the Volsci. bour, now called Said. It is situate on the 
SICI'NUS, a man privately sent by The- shores of the Mediterranean, at the distance 
mistocles to deceive Xerxe>j and to" advise of about 50 miles from Damascus, and 24 
him to attack the combined forces of the from Tyre. The people of Sidon are well 
Greeks. He had been preceptor to Themis- known for their industry, their skill in 

♦ocles. — Plu. An inland, &c. arithmetic, in astronomy, and commercial 

SI COR US, now Segre, a rher of Hispania affairs, and in sea voyages. They, however, 
Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenean moan- J had the character of being very dishonest, 
tains, and falling into the Iberus, a little 'Their women were particularly happy in 
above its mouth. It was near this city that j working embroidery. The invention of 
J. Caesar conquered Afranius and Petreius, | slass, of linen, and" of a beauitful purple 
the partizans of Ponipey.— Luc. 4, v. 14, 130. j dye, is attributed to them. The city of 
— PI. 3, c. 3. bidon was taken by Ochus, king of Persia, 

SI'CULl, a people of Italy, driven from after the inhabitants had burnt themselves 
their possessions by the Opici. They fled ! and the city, B. C. 351 ; but it was ai'ter- 
into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled I wards rebuilt by its inhabitants. — Luc. 3, v. 
in the territories which the Sicani inhabited. 217. 1. 10, v. 141. — Diod. \6.—Jus. II, c. 10. 
They soon extended their borders, and alter I Pi. 36, C.26.—H. Od. 15, v.411. — Me. 1, c. 12. 
they had conquered their neighbours, the j SIDOMORUM INSULyE, islands iu the 
Sicani, they gave their name to the island. Persian Gulph.— Str. 16. 
This, as some suppose, happened about 3vo SIDO'NIS, is the country of which Sidon 
years oefore Greek colonies settled in the was the capital, situate at the west of Syria, 
island, or about 1059 years before the Chris- on the coast of the Mediterranean. Or. Me.U, 

tian era.— Di. S.— Di'o. H.—Slr. F. 19. DIDO, as a native of the country, 

srCUJLUM FRETUM, the sea whichsepa- is often cailed Sidonis.— Ov. Me. 14, v. 80. 
rates Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but SI DOM US, CAIUS SOLLIUS APOLLI- 
in some places so narrow, that the barking NARIS, a Christian writer, born A. D. 4j0. 
of dogs can be heard from shore to shore. He died in the 52d year of his age. There 
This streight is supposed to have been are remaining, of his compositions, some 
formed by an earti quake, which separated i letters and different poems,cousisting chiefly 



the island from the continent.— PI. 3, c 

SICYON, now Basilica, a town of Pelo- 
ponnesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is 
celebrated as being the most ancient king- 
dom of Greece, which began B. C. 20S9, 
and ended B. C. I0S6, under a succession of 
monarchs of whom little is known, except 
the names. jEgialeus was the first king. 
Some ages after, Agamemnon made himself 
master of the place, and afterwards it fell 



of panegyrics on the great men of his time, 
written in heroic verse, and occasionally in 
other metre. The epithet of Sidonius is 
applied not only to the natives of Sidon, 
but it is used to "express the excellence of 
any thing, especially embroidery or dyed 
g-armeuts. Carthage is called Sidonia urbs t 
because built bv Sidonia'ns.— V . JEn.l, v. 682. 

SIENA JULIA, a town of Etruria.--Ci. 
Br. 18.— To. 4. Hist. 45. 



into the hands of the Heraclidae. It became SIGA, now Ned-lio7na,z town of Numidia, 
very powerful in the time of the Achaean famous as the palace of Syphax. — PI. 5, 11. 
league, which it joined B.C. 251, at the SIGiEUM, or SlGE'UM,now cape Inerhi~ 
persuasion of Aratus. The inhabitants of \sari, a town of Troas, on a promontory of 
Sicyon are mentioned by some authois as ' the same name, where the Scamander falls 
dissolute and fond of luxury: hence the Unto the sea, extending six miles along the 
Sicyonian shoes, which were once very cele- shore. It was near Sigaeum that the greatest 
brated,were deeemed marks of effeminacy, part of the battles between the Greeks and 
Apol. 3, c. 5.— Luc. 1, v. U18.— Li. 32, c. Trojans were fought, as Homer mentions, 



91, 1. 33, c. lo.-Str. 8.-iVe.2, c. 3.— Plu. Bern, 
—Pa. 2. c. l.-Ci. de Or. 1, c. 54.— Vii g. G. 2. 

SICYONIA, a province of Peloponnesus, 
on the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was 
the capital. It is the most eminent kingdom 
of Greece, and in its flourishing situation, 
not only its dependent states, but also the 



and there Achilles was buried.— V. JEn.2, 
312.— Ov. Me. 12, v. 71.— Luc. 9, v. 962.— 
Me. 1, c. 18.— Str. 13.— Diet. Cret. 5, c. 12. 

SIGNTA, an ancient town of Lalium, 
whose inhabitants are callea Signini. The 
wine of Signia was used by the ancients for 
medicinal purposes. — Mart. 13, ep. 



whole Peloponnesus, were called Sicyonia. A mountain of Phrygia.— PI. 5, c. 29. 



SIG— SII 



635 



SIL -SIL 



SIGOYESSUS, a prince among the Cellte, 
in the reign of Tarquin. — Li. 5, c. 34. 

SIGYNI, SIGUN/E, or SIGYNN/E, a na- 
tion of European Scythia, beyond the Da- 
nube.— Her. 5, c. 9. 

S1LA, or SYLA, a large wood in the coun- 
try of the Brutii, near the Apennines, abound- 
ing with much pitch.— Slr.6. — V.JEn. 12,713. 

SILA'NA JULIA, a woman at the court of 
Nero, remarkable for her licentiousness and 
impurities. She had married C. Julius, by 
whom she was divorced. 

SILA'NUS, D., a son of T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, accused of extortion in the manage- 
ment of the province of Macedonia. The 
father himself desired to hear the complaints 
laid against his son, and after he had spent j 
two days in examining the charges of the 
Macedonians, he pronounced on the third ] 
day his sen guilty of extortion, and unworthy ; 
to be called a citizen of Rome. He also ; 
banished him from his presence, and so I 
struck was the son at the severity of his fa- 1 
ther, that lie hanared himself on the following 
night.— Li. 54 — Ci. de Fin.— Fa. Ma. 5, c. 8. | 
— C. JUNIUS, a consul under Tiberius, 
accused of extortion, and banished to the 
island of Cy there. -7a. MARCUS, a lieu- 
tenant of Caesar's armies in Gaul. The 

father in-law of Caligula.— Sue. Cat. 22. 

A proprietor in Spain, who routed the Car- 
thaginian forces there, while Ainibal was 

in Italy. TURPILIUS, a lieutenant of 

Me tell us against Jugurtha. He was accused 
by Marius, though totally innocent, and con- 
demned by the malice* of his judges. 

TORQUATUS, a man put to death by Nero. 

LUCIUS, a man betrothed to Octavia, 

the daughter of Claudius. Nero took Oc- 
tavia away from him. and on the day of 

her nuptials, Silanus 'killed himself. An 

augur in the army of 10,000 Greeks, at their 
return from Cunaxa. 

SILARUS, a river of Picenum, rising In 
the Apennine mountains, and falling into the 
Tyrrhene sea. Its wafers, as it is reported, 
petrified all leaves that fell into it. — Sir. 5.— 
Me. 2, c. A.—Virg. G. 3, v. 146.— PI. 2, c. 
103.— Sil. 2, v. 5s2. [dus.— PI. o", C 20. 

S I LEW 1 , a people on the bank- of the In- 
SILE'NUS, a derui-god, who became the 
nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the 
god Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, 
son of Pan, or according to others, of Mer- 
cury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was the 
place of his birth. After death he received 
divine honours, and had a temple in Elis. 
Sileuus is generally represented as a fat and 
jolly old man, riding on an ass, crowned 
with flowers, and always intoxicated. He 
w as once found by some peasants in Phrygia, 
after he had lost his way, and could not 
follow Bacchus, and he was carried to king 
Midas, who received him with great atten 
tion. He detained him for ten days, and 
afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for 
which he was rewarded with the power of 
turning into gold whatever he touched 
Some authors assert, that Silenus was e 

{)hilosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in 
lis Indian expedition, and assisted him by 
the soundness of his counsels, From this 



circumstance, therefore, he is often intro- 
duced speaking with all the gravity of a 
philosopher concerning the formation of the 
world, and the nature of things. The Fauns 
in general, and the Satvrs, are often called 
Sileni.— Pa. 3, c. 25.— Phil. 23.— Ov. Me. 4. 
—Hyor.fa. ]9\.—Di. 3.-CL Tus. I, c. 4S.— 

Ml. V. H. 3, c. 18. — V. Bel. 6, v. 13. A 

Carthaginian historian who wrote an account 
of the affairs of his country in the Greek 

language. An historian who wrote an 

account of Sicily. 
S1LICENSE, a river of Spain. 
SIL1CIS MONS, a town near Padua. 
SI LIS, a river of Yenetia in Italy, which 
falls into the Adriatic— PI. 3, c. 18. 

SILIUS ITA'LICUS.C, a Latin poet, who 
was originally at the bar, where he for 
some time distinguished himself, till he re- 
tired from Rome, more particularly to con- 
secrate his time to study. He was consul 
the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny has 
observed, that when Trajan was invested 
with the imperial purple, Silius refused to 
come to Rome, and congratulate him like 
the rest of his fellow-citizens,— a neglect 
which was never resented by the emperor, 
or insolently mentioned by the poet. Silius 
was in possession of a house where Cicero 
had lived, aud another in which was the 
tomb of Virgil, and it has been justly re- 
marked, that he looked upon no temple with 
greater reverence than upon the sepulchre 
of the immortal poet, whose steps he fol- 
lowed, but whose fame he could not equal. 
The birth-day of Virgil was yearly celebrated 
with unusual" pomp and solemnity by Silius; 
and for his partiality, not only to the me- 
mory, but to the compositions "of the Man- 
tuan poet, he has been called the ape oi 
Virgil. Silius starved himself when labour- 
ing under an impostiiume which his phy- 
sicians were unable to remove, in the begin- 
ning of Trajan's reign, about the 75th year 
of his age. There remains a poem of Italicus, 
on tne second Punic war, divided into 17 
books, greatly commended by Martial. The 
moy.-j-ns have not been so favourable in their 
opinions concerning its merit. The poetry 
is weak and inelegant, yet the author de- 
serves to be commended for his purity, the 
authenticity of his narrations, and his inter- 
esting descriptions. He has every where 
imitated Virgil, but with little success. Silius 
was a great collector of antiquities. His 
son was honoured with the' consulship during 

his life-time.— Mart. II, ep. 49. CAIUS, 

a man of consular dignity, greatly loved by 
Messalina for his comely appearance and 
elegant address. Messalina obliged him to 
divorce his wife, that she might enjoy his 
company without intermission. Silius was 
forced to comply, though with reluctance, 
and he was at last put to death for the 
adulteries which the empress obliged him to 

commit.— Ta. Sue.—Dio. A tribune in 

Caesar's legions in Gaul. A commander in 

Germany, put to death by Sejanus.— Ta. A. 3 
SILPHIA, a town of Spain.— Li. 28, c. 12. 
SILPH1UM, a part of Libya. [& 4. 

SILVA'NUS, a rural deity, son of at. Ita- 
lian shepherd by a goat. From this circum- 



SIL SIM 636 SIM— SIN 

stance he is generally represented as half a biographer Diogenes,who has preserved then 

man and halt a g-oat. According to Virgil, title.— Diog. 2, c. 14. Another who wrote 

he was son of Picas, or, as others report, on rhetoric— Id. A sculptor. — Id. The 

of Mars, or according to Plutarch, of Va- ; name of Simon was common among the Jews. 
Jeria Tusculanaria, a young woman, who SIMO'NIDES, a celebrated poet of Cos, 
introduced herself into her father's bed, who flourished 538 years B. C. His father's 
and became pregnant by him. The wor- j name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He 
ship of Silvanus was established only in j wrote elegies, epigrams, and dramatical 
Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, pieces, esteemed for their elegance and 
he reigned in the age of Evander. This ; sweetness, and composed also epic poems, 
deity was sometimes represented holding a \ one on Cambyses, king of Persia, &c. Si 
cypress in his hand, because he became j monides was universally courted by the 
enamoured of a beautiful youth called Cy- princes of Greece and Sicily, and according 
parissus, who was changed into a tree of the \ to one of the fables if Phaedru*,, he was such 
same name. Silvanus presided over gardens , a favourite of the gods, that his life was 
and limits, and he is often confounded with I miraculously preserved in an entertainment 
the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus.— Pin. in i when the roof of the house fell upon all 
jjar.— V. Eel. 10.— Ml. An. 6, c. 42.— Ov. those who were feasting. He obtained a 
Me. lO.—Hor. ep. 2.— Dion. H. A man poetical prize in the 80th year of his age, 



who murdered his wife Apronia, by throw- 
ing her down from one of the windows 
of his chambers. One of those who con- 
spired against Nero. An officer of Con- 

stantius, who revolted and made himself em 
peror. He was assassinated by his soldiers. 

SfLVTUM, a town of Apulia, now Gorgo- 
lione.—Piin. 3, c. II. A town of Istria. 



and he lived to his 90th year. The peopleVf 
Syracuse, who had hospitably honoured him 
when alive, erected a magnificentmonument 
to his memory. Simonides, according to 
some, added four letters to the alphabet 
o f the Greeks. Some fragments of his poetry 
ate extant. According to some, the grand- 
son of tlie elegiac poet of Cos was also called 



SILURES, the people of South Wales in ! Simonides. He flourished a few years before 



Britain. 

SIMBRIVIUS, or SIMBRD VIUS, a lake 
of Latium, formed by the Anio.— 7a. 14, 
An. 22. f Pi. 5, c. 27. 

SIMENA, a town of Lvcia near Chimsera. 

SIME'THUS, or SYME'THUS, a town and 
river at the east of Sicily, which served as a 
boundary between the territories of the peo- 
ple of Calana and the Leotini. in its neigh- 
bourhood the gods Palici were born.— V. 
Mn. 9, v. 584. 

Sl'MILiE, a grove at Rome where the or- 
gies of Bacchus were celebrated.— Li.39,c. 12, 

SI MI LIS, one of the courtiers of Trajan, 
who retired from Rome into the. country to 
enjov peace and solitarv retirement. 

SJMMIAS, a philosop'her of Thebes who 

wrote dialogues. A grammarian of Rhodes. 

A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy 

against Alexander, on account of his inti- 
macy with Philotas.— Curt. 7, c. 1. [rence. 

SI'MO, a comic character spoken of by Te- 

SI'MOIS, (entis,) a river of Troas which 
rises in mount Ida, and falls into the Xan- 
thus. It is celebrated by Homer, and most 
of the ancient poets, as in its neighbourhood 
were fought many battles during the Trojan 
war. It is found to be but a small rivulet 
by modern travellers, and even some have 
disputed its existence.—//. II.— V. Mn. 1, v. 
104.— Ov. Me. 13, v. 324.— Me. 1, c. 18. 

S1MOSSIUS, a Trojan prince, son of An- 
themion, killed by Ajax.— H. II. 4, v. 473. 

SIMON, a currier of Athens, whom So- 
crates often visited on account of his great 
sagacity and genius. He collected all the 
information he could receive from the con- 
versation of the philosopher, and afterwards 
published it with his own observations in 33 
dialogues. He was the first of the disciples 
of Socrates who attempted to give an account 
of the opinions of his master concerning 
virtue, justice, poetry, music, honour, &c. 
These dialogues were extant in the age of the 



the l'eloponnesian war, and was the author 
of some books of inventions, genealogies, &c. 
—Quin. 10, c A.—Phce. 4, fa. 21.— H or. 2, Od. 
1, v. 3$.— Her. 5, c. 102.— Ci. de Or.—Aris. 
—Pind. hth. 2.— Cat. 1, ep. 39.— Lu. de Mac. 
—Ml. V. H. 8, c. 2. 

SIMPLICIUS, a Greek commentator on 
Aristotle, whose works were all edited in the 
16th century, and the latter part of the 15th, 
but without" a Latin version. 

Sl'AIULUS,an ancient poet whowrote some 
verses on the Tarpeian rock. — Plu. Rom. 1 
SIM US, a king of Arcadia after Phialus.— 
Pa. 8, c. 5. 
S1MYRA, a town of Phoenicia.— Me.\,c. 12. 
SINiE, a people of India, called by Pto- 
lemy the most eastern nation of the world. 

SINDiE, islands in the. Indian Ocean, sup- 
posed to be the Nicabar islands. 

SINDI, a people of European Scythia, on 
the Pal us Maeotis.— Flac. 6, v. 86. 

SING^I. a people on the confines of Ma- 
cedonia and Thrace. [tamia, now Sinjar. 
S1NGARA, a city at the north of Mesopo- 
SINGULIS, a river of Spain falling into 
the Guadalquiver. 
S1NGUS, a town of Macedonia. 
SIN IS, a famous robber. Vide Scinis. 
SINNACES, a Parthian of an illustrious fa- 
mily, who conspired against his prince, &c. 
— fa. 6, An. c. 31. 

SI N'N ACH A,a town of Mesopotamia,where 
Crassuswas put to death bySurena. [up Pan. 
SINOE, a nymph of Arcadia, who brought 
SINON, a son of Sisyphus, who accompa- 
nied the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
there distinguished himself by his cunning 
and fraud, and his intimacy with Ulysses. 
When the Greeks had fabricated the famous 
wooden horse, Simon went to Troy with his 
hands bound behind his back, and by the 
most solemn protestations, assured Priam, 
rhat the Greeks were gone from Asia, and 
that they had been ordered to sacrifice one 



01 N — SIP 



5S7 



SIR— SIR 



of their soldiers, to render the wind f;ivour- twelve others in the' neighbourhood, in tnet 
tb!e to their return, and that because the \ reign of Tiberius. — Str. 1 & 12.— Pa.\,c. 20.— 
lot had fallen upon him, at the instigation of! Apol. 3, c. 5. — H. II. 2\.—Hyg. f. 9.—Ta, 



Ulysses, he had fled away from their campj 
not to be cruelly immolated. These false 
•assertions were immediately credited by the 
Trojans, and Sinon advised Priam to bring 
into his city the wooden horse which the 
Greeks had left behind them, and to conse- 
crate it to Minerva. His advice was fol- 
lowed, and Sinon in the night, to complete 
his perfidy, opened the side of the horse, 
from which issued a number of armed Greeks, 
who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged their 
city.— Bar. Phr.—H. Od. 8, v. 492.— V.JEn 



An. 2, c. 47. One of Niobe's" children, 

killed by Apollo.— Ov. Me. 6, fa. 6. 

SIRBO, a lake between Egvpt and Pales- 
tine, now Sebaket Bardoil.—Pl. 4, c. 13. 

SIRE'NES, sea-nymphs who charmed so 
much with their melodious voice, that all 
forgot their employments to listen with more 
attention, and at last died for want of food. 
They were daughters of the Achelous, by 
the muse Calliope, or according to others, 
by Melpomene or Terpsichore. They were 
three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia, 



, Sre.— Pa. 10, c 27.— Q. Smy. 12, §r. and Leucosia, or, according to others^ 
SINO'PE, a daughter of the Asopus by Molpe, Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, or 
Methone. She was beloved by Apollo, who Thelxione, and they usually lived in a small 
carried her away to the border of the Eux- 1 island near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some 
ine sea, in Asia Minor, where she gave birth authors suppose that they were monsters, 

to a son called Syrus. — Diod. 4. A seaport ; who had the form of a woman above the 

town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, now Sinah, waist, and the rest of the body like that of a 
founded or rebuilt by a colony of Milesians. ! bird ; or rather that the whole body was 
It was long an independent state, till Phar- , covered with feathers, and had the shape of 
naces, king of Pontus, seized it. It was a bird, except the head, which was that of a 
the capital of Pontus, under Mithridates, beautiful female. This monstrous form they 
and was the birth-place of Diogenes, the 1 had received from Ceres, who wished to 
cynic philosopher. It received its name ; punish them, because they had not assisted 
from Sinope, whom Apollo married there. — her daughter when carried awav by Pluto. 
Ov. Pon. 1, el. 3,v.67.— Str. 2.— Diod. 4.— Me. I But according to Ovid, they were' so discon- 

c. 19. The original name of Sinuessa. I solate at the rape of Proserpine, that they 

SINORIX, a governor of Gaul,&c. — Pol.8. prayed the gods to give them wings that 
SINTICE, a district of Macedonia. | they misrht seek her in the sea as well as by 

SINTII, a nation of Thracians, who inha- 1 land. The Sirens were informed by the 



bited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there from 
heaven.—//. II. 1, v. 594. 

SINUESSA, a maritime town of Campa- 
nia, originally called Sinope. It was cele- 
brated for its hot baths and mineral waters, 
which cured people of insanity, and rendered 
women prolific— Of. Me. 15, v. 715.— Me. 2, 
c. 4.— Sir. 5.— Li. 22, c. 13.— Mart. 6, ep. 42, 
I. 11, ep. 8.— Tac. An. 12. [was built. 

SIGN, one of the hills on which Jerusalem 

SIPHNOS, now Sisano, one of the Cy- 
clades, situate at the west of Paros, twenty 
miles in circumference, according to Pliny, 
or, according to modern travellers, forty. 
Siphnos had many excellent harbours, and 
produced great plenty of delicious fruit. 
The inhabitants were so depraved, that their 
licentiousness became proverbial. They, 
however, behaved with spirit in the Persian 
wars, and refused to give earth and water 
to the emissaries of Xerxes in token of sub- 
mission. There -vere some gold mines in 
Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded a tenth 
part. When the inhabitants refused to con- 
tinue to offer part of their gold to the god of 
Delphi, the island was inundated, and the 
mines disappeared. The air is so wholesome 
that many of the natives live to their 120th 
year.— Pa. 10, c. 11. — Her. 8, c. 46— Me. 1, 
c. 7 -—Str. 10. 

SIPONTUM, SIPUS, or SEPUS, a mari- 
time town in Apulia in Italy, founded by Dio- 
medes after his return from the Trojan war. 
Str. 6.— Luc. 5, v. 377.— Me. 2, c. 4. 

SIPYLUM and SYPYLliS, a town of Lydia, 
with a mountain of the same name near the 
Meander, formeriy called Ceraunius. The 
town was destroyed by an earthquake with 



oracle, that as soon as any persons passed 
by them without suffering themselves to be 
charmed by their songs they should perish ; 
and their "melody had prevailed in calling 
the attention of all passengers, till Ulysses, 
informed of the power of their voice by 
Circe, stopped the ears of his companions 
with wax, and ordered himself to be tied to 
the mast of his ship, and no attention to be 
paid to his commands, should he wish to 
stay and listen to the song. This was a 
salutary precaution. Ulysses made signs 
for his companions to stop, but they were 
disregarded, and the fatal coast was passed 
in safety. Upon this artifice of Ulysses, the 
Sirens were so disappointed, that they threw 
themselves into the sea and perished. Some 
authors say, that the Sirens challenged the 
Aluses to a trial of skill in singing, and that 
the latter proved victorious, and plucked the 
feathers from the wings of their adversaries, 
with which they made themselves crowns. 
The place where the Sirens destroyed them- 
selves, was afterwards called Sirenis, on the 
coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, Mn. 5, v. 
864, places the Sirenum Scopuli on the coast 
of Italy, near the island of Caprea. Some 
suppose that the Sirens were a number of 
lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted 
themselves to stransrers, and made them for- 
get their pursuits while drowned in unlawful 
pleasures. The Sirens are often represented 
holding, one a lvre, a second a flute, and the 
third singing.— "Pa. 10, c. 6.—H. Od. 12, v. 
167.— Str. 6.— /4m. 29, c. 2.— Hy g. fa. 141 — 
Apol. 2, c. 4.— Ov. Me. 5, v. 555, de A. Am. 
3, v. 311.— It. 12, v. 33. 
SIRENTJ'SA:, three small rocky islands 
■S 1 



SIR-SIS 



638 



SIS-SIS 



near the coast of Campania, where the Sirens 
were supposed to reside. 

SIR1S, a town of Magna Graecia, founded 
by a Grecian colony after the Trojan war, 
at the mouth of the "river of the same name. 
There was a battle fought near it between 
Pyrrhus and the Romans. — Dio. Per. v. 221. 

The /Ethiopians gave that name to the 

Nile before its divided streams united into 

one current.— PL 5, c. 9. A town of 

Paeonia in Thrace. 

SIRIUS, or CAMCULA, the dog-star, 
whose appearance, as the ancients supposed, 
always caused great heat on the earth.— V. 
JEn. 3, v. 141. 

SIRMIO, now Sermione, a peninsula in 
the lake Benacus, where Catullus had a 
villa.— Carm. 29. 

SIRMIUM, the capital of Pannonia, at the 
confluence of the Savus and Bacuutius, very 
celebrated during the reign of the Roman 
emperors. 

SISAMNES, a judge flayed alive for his 
partiality, by order of Cainbyses. His skin 
was nailed on the benches of the other 
judges, to incite them to act with candour 
«ud impartiality. — Her. 5, c. 25. 

SISAPHO, a Corinthian, who had murdered 
his brother because he had put his children 
to death. — Ovm in lb. 

SISAPO, a town in Spain, famous for its 
vermiilion mines, whose situation is not well 
ascertained.— PL 33, c. l.—Ci. Phi. 2, c. 19. 

SISCIA, a town of Pannonia, now Sisseg. 

SISEN ES,a Persian deserter, w ho conspired 
against Alexander.— Curl. 3, c. 7. 

SISESNA, L., au ancient historian among 
the Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an account 
of tiie republic, of w hich Cicero speaks with 
great warmth, and also translated from the 
Greek, the Milesian fables of Aristides. 
Some fragments of his compositions are 
quoted bv different authors.— Or. Tr. 2,v. 443. 

— Ci. in Br. 64 & 67.— Pat. 2, c. 9. CORN. 

a Roman, who on being reprimanded in the 
senate for the ill comluctand depraved man- 
ners of his wife, accused publicly Augustus 

of unlawful commerce with her. — Dio.54. 

The family of the Cornelii and Apronii re- 
ceived the* surname of Sisenna. They are 
accused of intemperate loquacity in the Au- 
gustan atre, bv Hor. 1, S. 7, v. 8. 

SISIGAMBIS, or SISYGAMBIS, the mo- 
ther of Darius, the last king of Persia. She 
was taken prisoner by Alexander the Great, 
at the battle of Issus, with the rest of the 
royal family. The conqueror treated her 
with uncommon tenderness and attention ; 
he saluted her as his own mother, and what 
he had sternly denied to the petitions of his | 
favourites and ministers, he often granted to 
the intercession of Sisygambis. Tire regard 
of the queen for Alexander was uncommon, 
and, indeed, she no sooner heard that he 
was dead, than she killed herself, unwilling- 
to survive the loss of so generous an enemy 



! SISIMITHR/E, a fortified place of Bactri- 
ana, 15 stadia high, 60 in circumference, and 
plain at the top. Alexander married Roxana 
there.— Sir. 11. 

S1SOCOSTUS, one of the friends of Alex- 
ander, intrusted with the care of the rock 
A or n us. — Curt. 8, c. If. 

SI'SYPHUS, a brother of Athamas and 
Salmoneus, son of /Eolus and Enaretta, the 
most crafty prince of the heroic ages. He 
married Merope, the daughter of Atlas, or 
according to others, of Pandareu*, bv whom 
he had several children. He built Ephyre, 
called afterwards Corinth, and he debauched 
Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus, because 
he had been told by an oracle that his chil- 
dren by his brother's daughter would avenge 
the injuries which he had suffered from tiie 
malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, 
as Hyginus says, destroyed the two sons 
whom she had' had by her uncle. It is re- 
ported that Sisyphus, mistrusting Autolycus, 
who stoie the neighbouring flocks, marked 
his bulls under the feet, and when they had 
been carried away by the dishonesty of his 
friend, he confounded and astonished the 
thief by selecting from his numerous flocks 
those bulls, which by the mark he knew to 
be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so 
pleasing to Autolycus, who had now found 
one more cunning* than himself, that he per- 
mitted him to enjoy the company of his 
daughter Anticlea, whom a few days after 
he gave in marriage to Laertes of Ithaca. 
After his death, Sisyphus was condemned in 
hell, to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, 
which had no sooner reached the summit, 
than it fell back into the plain with impe- 
tuosity, and rendered his punishment eternal. 
The causes of this rigorous sentence are 
variously reported. Some attribute it to his 
continual depredations in the neighbouring 
country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of 
stones on those whom he had plundered, and 
suffering them to expire in the most agoniz- 
ing torments. Others, to the insult offered 
to Pluto, in chaining death in his palace, and 
detaining her till Mars, at the request of the 
king of hell, went to deliver her from con- 
finement. Others suppose that Jupiter in- 
flicted this punishment because he told Aso- 
pus where his daughter iEgina had been 
carried away by her ravisher. The more 
followed opinion, however, is, that Sisyphus, 
on his death-bed, intreated his wife to leave 
his body uuburied, and when he came into 
Pluto's kingdom, he received the permission 
of returning upon earth to punish this seem- 
ing negligence of his wife, but, however, on 
promise of immediately returning. But he 
was no sooner out of the infernal regions, 
than he violated his engagements ; and when 
he was at last brought back to hell by Mars, 
Piuto, to punish his want of fidelity and ho- 
nour, condemned him to roll a huge stone to 
the top of a mountain. The institution of 



though she had seen, with less concern, the j the Pythian games is attributed by some to 
fall of her son's kingdom, the ruin of his sub- 1 Sisyphus. To be of the blood ot Sisyphus 
jects, and himseif murdered by his servants, i y,as deemed disgraceful auong the ancients. 
She had also lost in one day, her husband \—.H. Vd. ll, v. 592.— V. Mn. 6, v. 61b.— Ou. 
and 60 of her brothers, whom Ochus had as- j Me. 4, v. 459.— Pa. 2.—Hyg.f. 60.— Hor. 2, 

sassinated to make himself master of the j od. 14, v. 20.— Apol. 3, c. 4. A son of M. 

kingdom of Persia. — Curt. 4, c, 9, "• c. 5. Antony, w«o was born Unformed, and re- 



-SMY 



639 



SMY-SOC 



t-eived the name of Sisyphus, because he was 
endowed with genius and an excellent under- 
standing.— Hor. 1, S. 3, v. 47. 

SITALCES, one of Alexander's generals, 
'mprisoned for his cruelty and avarice in the 
government of his province.— Curt. 10, c. 
1. A king of Thrace, B. C. 436. 

Sl'THNIDES, certain nymphs of a foun- 
tain in Megara.— Pa. 1, c.*40. [theiEgean. 

SITHON, a king of Thrace. An island in 

SI'THONIA, a country of Thrace between 
mount Haemus and the Danube. Sithonia is 
often applied to all Thrace, and thence the 
epithet Sithonis, so often used by the poets. 
It received its name from kingSithon. — Hor. 
1, od. 18,v.9.— Ov,Me. 6, v. 588.— Her.7.c.l22. 

SITIUS, a Roman who assisted Csesar in 
Africa with great success. He was rewarded 
with a province of Numidia.— Sal. Jug. 21. 

SITONES, a nation of Germany, or mo- 
dern Norway, according to some. — Ta. de 
Oer. 45. [27. 

SITTACE, a town of Assyria.— PI. 6, c. 

SMARAGDUS, a town of Egypt, on the 
Arabian Gulf, where emeralds (smaragdi) 
were dug.— Str. 16. 

SMENUS, a river of Laconia, rising in 
mount Taygetus, and descending into the sea 
near Hypsos.— Pa. 3, c. 24. 

SMERDIS, a son of Cyrus, put to death 
by order of his brother Cambyses. As his 
execution was not public, and as it was only 
known to one of the officers of the monarch, 
one of the Magi of Persia, who was him 
self called Smerdis, and who greatly resem- 
bled the deceased prince, declared him- 
self king, at the death of Cambyses. This 
usurpation would not perhaps have been 
known, had not he taken too many precau- 
tions to conceal it. After he had reigned 
for six months with universal approbation, 
seven noblemen of Persia conspired to de- 
throne him, and when this had been executed 
with success, they chose one of their num- 
ber to reign in the usurper's place, B. C. 521. 
This was Darius the son of Hystaspes.— Her. 
3, c. 30.— Jus. 1, c. 9. 

SMILAX, a beautiful shepherdess who 
oecame enamoured of Crocus. She was 
changed into a flower, as also her lover.— 
Ov. Me. 4, v. 283. [Daedalus.— Pa. 7. 

SMI LIS, a statuary of .ftlginain the age of 

SMINDYRIDES, a native of Sybaris, fa- 
mous for his luxury.— Ml. V. H. 9, c. 24. 

SMINTHEUS, one of the surnames of 
Apollo in Phrygia, where the inhabitants 
raised him a temple, because he had de- 
stroyed a number of rats that infested the 
country. These rats were called " smin- 
thai," in the language of Phrygia, whence 
the surname. There is another story simi- 
lar to this related by the Greek scholiast 
of H. II. 1, v. 39.— Str. 13.— Ov. Me. |2,v.585. 

SMYRNA, a celebrated seaport town of 
Ionia, in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, 
by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the 
iEolians. It has been subject to many revo- 
lutions, and been severally in the possession 
of the iEolians, lonians, Lydians, and Mace- 
donians. Alexander, or according to Strabo, 
Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years after it hao 
been destroyed by the Lydians. U was one 



of the richest and most powerful cities of 
Asia, and became one of the twelve cities of 
I he Ionian confederacy. The inhabitant* 
were given much to luxury and indolence, 
but they were universally esteemed for their 
valour and intrepidity when called to action. 
Marcus Aurelius repaired it after it had 
been destroyed by an earthquake, about the 
180th year "of the Christian era. Smyrna 
still continues to be a very commercial town. 
The river Meles flows near its walls. The 
inhabitants of Smyrna believed that Homer 
was born among them, and to confirm this 
opinion they not only paid him divine 
honours, but showed a place which bore the 
poet's name, and also had a brass coin in 
circulation which was called Homerium. 
Some suppose that it was called Smyrna 
from an Amaon of the same name who took 
possession of it.— Her.X ,c.l6.— Str. 1 2&14.— It. 

8, v. 565.— Pa. 5, C 8.— Me. 1, c. 17. A 

daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis. 

An Amazon. The name of a poem which 

Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine years, 
and which was worthy of admiration, ac- 
cording to Catullus, 94. 

SMYRNiEUS, a Greek poet of the third 
century, called also Calaber. Vide Calaber. 

SOANA, a river of Albania.— Ptol. 

SOANDA, a town of Armenia. 

SOANES, a people of Colchis, near Cau- 
casus, in whose territories the rivers abound 
with golden sands, which the inhabitants 
gather in wool skins, whence, perhaps, 
arose the fable of the golden fleece.— Sir. 
U.— Pl. 34, c. 3, 

SO'CRATES, the most celebrated philoso- 
pher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. 
His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and 
his mother Hhenarete was by profession a 
midwife. For some time he followed the 
occupation of his father, and some have 
mentioned the statues of the Graces, admired 
for their simplicity and elegance, as the 
work of his own hands. He was called away 
from this meaner employment, of which, 
however, he never blushed, by Crito, who 
admired his genius and courted his friend- 
ship. Philosophy soon became the study of 
Socrates, and under Archelaus and Anaxa- 
goras he laid the foundation of that exem- 
plary virtue which succeeding ages have 
ever loved and venerated. He appeared 
like the rest of his countrymen in the field 
of battle : he fought with boldness and intre- 
pidity, and to his courage two of his friends 
and disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades,owed 
the preservation of their life. But the cha- 
racter of Socrates appears more conspicuous 
as a philosopher and moralist than as that 
of a warrior. He was fond of labour, he in- 
ured himself to sutler hardships, and he ac- 
quired that serenity of mind and firmness of 
countenance which the most alarming dan- 
gers could never de*troy, or the most sudden 
calamities alter. If he was poor, it was from 
choice, and not the effects of vanity, or the 
wish of appearing singular. He bore inju 
ries with patience, and the insults of malice 
or resentment, he not only treated with con- 
tempt, but even received with a mind thai 
expressed some concern, and felt compassion 



S0C-30C 



640 



Tor the depravity of human nature. So sin- The whole discourse was full of simplicity 
gfe and so venerable a character was ad- 1 and noble grandeur, the energetic Ian; 



mired by the most enlightened of the At _ 
nians. Socrates was attended by a number 
of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed by 
his exemplary life, as well as by his doc- 
trines. He had no particular place where 
to deliver his lectures, but as the good of 



of offended innocence. He modestlv said, 
that what he possessed was applied for the 
service of the Athenians ; it was his wish to 
make his fellow-citizens happy, and it was a 
duty which he performed by the special com 
raand of the gods, ivhose authority, said he 



his countrymen, and the reformation of i emphatically, to his judges, J regard more 



their corrupted morals, and not the aggre- 
gation of riches, was the object of his study, 
he was present every where, and drew the 
attention of his auditors either in the groves 



than yours. " Such language from a man who 
was accused of a capital crime, astonished 
and irritated the judges. Socrates was con- 
demned, but only by a majority of three 



f Academus, the Lyceum, or oa the banks ! voices ; and when he was demanded, aceord- 



of the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom on 
every subject, religious as well as civil, and 



to the spirit of the Athenian laws, 
pass sentence on himself, and to mention the 



had the courage to condemn the violence of death he preferred, the philosopher said, 
his countrymen, and to withstand the tor- " For my attempts to teach the Athenian 
rent of resentment, by which the Athenian youth justice and. moderation, and to render 
generals were capitaily punished for not the rest of my countrymen more happy, let 
burying the dead at the battle of Arginusre. me be maintained at the public expense the 
This independence of spirit, and that visible remaining years of my life in the Pryta- 
6uperiority of mind and genius over the rest neum, an honour, O Athenians, which I de- 
of his countrymen, created many enemies to serve more than the victors of the Olympic 
Socrates ; but as his character was irre- games. They make their countrymen more 
proachable, and his doctrines pure, and happy in appearance, but I have made you so 
void of all obscurity, the voice of malevo- in reality." This exasperated the judges in 
lence was silent. " Yet Aristophanes soon the highest degree, and he was condemned to 
undertook, at the instigation of Melitus, in drink hemlock. Upon this he addressed the 
his comedy of the Cloud, to ridicule the court, and more particularly the judges who 
venerable character of Socrates on the stage ; had decided in his favour,in a pathetic speech . 
and when once the way was open to calumny He told them that to die was a pleasure 
and defamation, the fickle and licentious since he was going to hold converse with tht 
populace paid no reverence tothe philosopher greatest heroes of antiquity ; he recommended 
whom they had before regarded as a being to their paternal care hisdefenceless children, 
of a superior order. When this had sue- j and as he returned to the prison, he ex- 
ceeded, Melitus stood forth to criminate him, i claimed : "I go to die, you to live; but 
together with Anitus and Lycon, and the \ which is the best the divinity "alone can know." 
philosopher was summoned before the tribu- ' The solemn celebration of the Delian festivals 
Dal of the Five Hundred. He was accused of [VideDehz. Jprevented his execution for thirty 
corrupting the Athenian youth, of making days, and during lhattime he was confined iii 
innovations in the religion of the Greeks, and ; the prison and loaded with irons. His friends, 
of ridiculing the many gods which the Athe- and particularly hisdisciples,werehis constan; 
nians worshipped; yet, false as this might I attendants ; he discoursed with them upon dif- 
appear, the accusers relied for the success of I ferent subjects with all his usual cheerfulness 
their cause upon the perjury of false witnesses, land serenity. He reproved them for their 
and the envy of the judges, whose ignorance sorrow, and when one of them was uncom- 
would readify yield to misrepresentation, and monly grieved because he was to suffer though 
be influenced and guided by eloquence and i innocent, the philosopher replied, would you 
artifice. In this their expectations were not then have me die guilty? With this composure 



frustrated, and while the judges expected 
submission from Socrates, and that meanness 
of behaviour and servility of defence which 
distinguished criminals, the philosopher, 
perhaps, accelerated his own fall by the firm- 
ness of his mind, and his uncomplying 
integrity. Lysias, one of the most celebrated 
orators of the age, composed an oration in a 
1 iboured and pathetic style, which he offered 
to his friend to be pronounced as his defence 
in the presence of his judges. Socrates read 
it, but after he had praised the eloquence 
and the animation of the whole, he rejected 
it, as neither manly nor expressive of forti- 
tude, and, comparing it to Sicyonian shoes, 
which though fitting, were proofs of effemi- 
nacy, he observed, that a philosopher ought 
to be conspicuous for magnanimity and for 
firmness of soul. In his apology he spoke 
with great animation, and confessed that 
while others boasted that they were acquain- 
ted with every thing, he himselfknew nothing. 



he spent his last days ; he continued to be a 
preceptor til 1 the moment of his death, and in- 
structed his pupils on questions of the greatest 
importance ; he told them his opinions in 
support of the immortality of the soul, and 
reprobated with acrimony the prevalent cus- 
tom of suicide. He disregarded the inter- 
cession of his friends, and when it was in his 
power to make his escape out of prison, he 
refused it, and asked with his usual pleasantry, 
where he could escape death ; where, says 
he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and 
made his escape certain, where shall I fly 
to avoid this irrevocable doom passed on all 
mankind ? When the hour to drink the 
poison was come, the executioner presented 
him the cup with tears in his eyes. Socrates 
received it with composure, and after he had 
made a libation to the gods, he drank it with 
an unaltered countenance, and a few mo- 
ments after he expired. Such was the end 
of a man whom the uninfluenced answer of 



soc— soc 



SGSM -S'JL 



the oracle of Delphi had pronounced the 
wisest of mankind. Socrates died 400 years 
before Christ, in the 70th year of his age. 
He was no sooner buried than the Athenians 
repented of their cruelty ; his accusers were 
universally despised and shunned ; one suffer- 
ed death, some were banished, and others, 
with their own hands, put au end to the 
life, which their severity to the best of the 
Athenians, had rendered insupportable. The 
actions, sayings, and opinions of Socrates, 
have been faithfully recorded by two of the 
most celebrated of his pupils, Xenophon 
and Plato, and every thing which relates to 
the life and circumstances of this great phi- 
losopher, is now minutely known. To his 
poverty, his innocence, and his example, 
the Greeks were particularly indebted for 
their greatness and splendour and the learn- 
ing which was universally disseminated hy 
his pupils, gave the whole nation a con- 
sciousness or their superiority over the rest 
of the world, not only in the polite arts, but 
in the more laborious exercises which their 
writings celebrated. The philosophy of So- 
crates forms an interesting epoch in the 
history of the human mind. The son of So- 
phronicus derided the more abstruse inquiries 
and metaphysical researches of his prede- 
cessors, and by first introducing moral phi- 
losophy, he induced mankind to consider 
themselves, their passions, their opinions, 
their duties, actions, and faculties. From 
this it was said that the founder of the So- 
cratic school drew philosophy down from 
heaven upon the earth. In his attendance 
upon religious worship, Socrates was himself 
an example : he believed the divine origin of 
dreams and omer.s, and publicly declared 
that he was accompanied by a daemon or in- 
visible conductor, {Vide Daemon.] whose 
frequent interposition stopped him from the 
commission of evil, and the guilt of miscon- 
duct. This familiar spirit, however, ac- 
cording to some, was nothing more than a 
sound judgment assisted by prudence and 
long experience, which warned him at the 
approach ot danger, and from a general 
speculation of mankind could foresee what 
success would attend an enterprise, or what 
calamities would follow an ill-managed ad- 
ministration. As a supporter of the immor- 
tality of the soul, he allowed the perfection 
of a supreme knowledge, from which he de- 
duced the government of the universe. From 
the resources of experience as well as nature 
and observation, he perceived the indis- 
criminate dispensation of good and evil to 
mankind by the hand of heaven, and he was 
convinced that nothing but the most incon- 
siderate would incur the displeasure of their 
Creator to avoid poverty or sickness, or gra- 
tify a sensual appetite, which must at the end 
harass their soul with remorse and the con- 
sciousness of guilt. From this natural view 
of things, he perceived the relation of one 
nation with another, and how much the 
tranquillity of civil society depended upon 
the proper discharge of these respective du- 
ties. The actions of men furnished materials 
also for his discourse ; to instruct them was 
his aim, and to render them happy was the 



ultimate object of his daily lessons. From 
principles like these, which were inforced 
by the unparalleled example of an affection- 
ate husband, a tender parent, a warlike sol- 
dier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates, soon 
after the celebrated sects of the Platonists, 
the Peripatetics, the Academics, Cyrenaics, 
Stoics, &c. arose. Socrates never wrote for 
the public eye, yet many support that the 
tragedies of his pupil Euripides were partly 
composed by him. He was naturally of a 
licentious disposition, and a physiognomist 
observed, in looking in the face of the phi- 
losopher, that his heart was the most de- 
praved, immodest, and corrupted that ever 
was in the human breast. This nearly cost the 
satirist his life, but Socrates upbraided his 
disciples, who wished to punish the physiogno- 
mist, and declared that his assertions were 
true, but that all his vicious propensities had 
been duly corrected and curbed by means of 
reason. Socrates made a poetical version of 
jEsop's fables, while in prison. — Laer. — Xen. 
—Pla.—Pa. 1, c. 22.— Plu.de op. Phil.—Ci. 
deor. 1, c.54.— Tus. l,c. 41.— Va. Ma. 3, c. 4. 

A leader of the Achseans, at the battle of 

Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death by 

order of Artaxerxes. A governor of Ci- 

licia under Alexander the Great. A 

painter. A Rhodian in the age of Augus- 
tus. He wrote an account of the civil wars. 
A scholiast, born A.D. 380, at Constanti- 
nople. He wrote an ecclesiastical history 
from the year 309, where Eusebius ended, 
down to 450, with great exactness and judg- 
ment. An island on the coast of Arabia. 

S OEM [AS, (JULIA) mother of the emperor 
Heliogabalns, was made president of a senate 
of women, whiJi she had elected to decide 
the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman 
matrons. She at last provoked the people 
by her debaucheries, extravagance, and cru- 
elties, and was murdered with her son and 
family. She was a native of Apamea; her 
father's name was Julius Avitus, and her 
mother's Masa. Her sister Julia Mammgea 
married the emperor Septimus Severus. 

SOGDIA'NA, a country of Asia, bounded 
on the north by Scythia, east by the Sacae, 
south by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, 
and now known by the name of Zagatay^ or 
Usbec. The people are called Sogdiani. The 
capital was called Marcanda.— Her. 3, c. 93. 
—Cxirt. 7, c. 10. 

SOGDIA'NUS, a son of Artaxerxes Longi- 
manus, who murdered his elder brother, king 
Xerxes, to make himself master of the Per- 
sian throne. He was but seven months in 
possession of the crown. His brother Ochus, 
who reigned under the name of Darius No- 
thus, conspired against him, and suffocated 
him in a tower full of warm ashes. 

SOL, (the sun) was an object of veneration 
among the ancients. It was particularly 
worshipped by the Persians, under the name 
of Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the 
Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites, 
the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of 
the Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Sy- 
rians. The Massagetae sacrificed horses to 
the sun on account of their swiftness. Ac- 
cording to some of the ancient poets, Sol 
3 1 3 



SOL— SOL 642 
and Apollo were two different persous. 
Apollo, however, and Phoebus and Sol, are 
universally supposed to be the same deity. 

SOLI CIN III M, a town of Germany, now 
Sultz, on the Neekar. 

SOLl'NUS, (C. JULIUSJ) a grammarian 
at the end of the first century, who wrote a 
book called Polyhistor, which is a collection 
of historical remarks and geographical an- 
notations on the most celebrated places of 
every country. He has been called Pliny's 
ape,, because 'he imitated that well know na- 
turalist, [bya. Vide Ammon. 
SOLIS FONS, a celebrated fountain in Li- 
SOLOE, or SOLI, a town of Cyprus, built 
on the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian 
coiony. It was originally called JEpeia, till 
Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocy- 
prus, one of the princes of the island, to 
change the situation of his capital. His ad 
vice was followed, a new town was raised ii_ 
a beautiful plain, and called after the name 
of the Athenian philosopher.— S/r. 14. — Plu. 

in Sol. A town of Ciliciaon the sea-coast, 

built by the Greeks and Rhodians. It was 
afterwards called Pompeiopotis, from Pom- 
pey, who settled a colony of pirates there.— 

PL 5, c. 21.—Dio. -'Some suppose that 

the Greeks, who settled in either of these 
two towns, forgot the purity of their native 
language, and hence arose the term Solecis- 
mus, applied to an inelegant or improper 
expression. 

SOLOEIS, or SOLOENTIA, a promontory 
of Libya, at the extremity of mount Atlas', 
now cape Cantin. A town of Sicily, be- 
tween Panormus and Himera, now Solanto. 
—Ci. V. 3, c. 43.— Th. 6. 

SOLON, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, was born at Salamis, and educated 
at Athens. His father's name was Eupho- 
rion,or Exechestides, one of the descendants 
of king Codrus, and by his mother's side he 
reckoned among his relations the celebrated 
Pisistratus. After he had devoted part of 
his time to philosophical and political stu 
dies, Solon travelled over the greatest part 
of Greece ; but at his return home he was 
distressed with the dissensions which were 
kindled among his countrymen. All fixed 
their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and he 
was unanimously elected archon and sove- 
reign legislator. He might have become ab- 
solute, but he refused the dangerous office 
of king of Athens, and in the capacity of 
lawgiver he began to make a reform in every 
department. The complaints of the poorer 
citizens found redress, all debts were re- 
mitted, and no one was permitted to seize 
the person of his debtor, if unable to make 
a restoration of his mone3 r . After he had 
made the most salutary regulations in the 
state, and bound the Athenians by a solemn 
oath, that they would faithfully observe his 
laws for the space of 100 years, Solon re- 
signed the office of legislator, and removed 
himself from Athens. He visited Egypt, 
and in the court of Crcesus, king of Lydia, 
he convinced the monarch of the instability 
of fortune, and told him, when he wished to 
know whether he was not the happiest of 
mortals, that Tellus, an Athenian, who had 



SOL— SOL 
always seen his country in a flourishing 
state, who had seen his children lead a vir- 
tuous life, and who had himself fallen in de- 
fence of his country, was more entitled to 
happiness than the possessor of riches, and 
the master of empires. After ten year*' 
absence, Solon returned to Athens, but he 
had the mortification to find the greatest part 
of his regulations disrega rded by the factious 
spirit of his countrymen, and the usurpation 
of Pisistratus. Not to be longer a spectator 
of the divisions that reigned in his country, 
he retired to Cyprus, where he died at the 
court of king Fhilocyprus, in the 80th year 
of his age, 658 years before the Chris'tian 
era. The salutary consequences of the laws 
of Solon can be discovered in the length of 
time they were in force in the republic of 
Athens. For above 400 years they flourished 
in full vigour, and Cicero, who was himself 
a witness of their benign influence, passes 
the highest encomiums upon the legislator, 
whose superior wisdom framed such a code 
of regulations. It was the intention of Solon 
to protect the poorer citizens, and by divid- 
ing the whole body of the Athenians into 
four classes, three of which were permitted 
to discharge the most important offices 
and magistracies of the state, and the last to 
give their opinion in the assemblies, but not 
have a share in the distinctions and honours 
of their superiors, the legislator gave the 
populace a privilege which, though at first 
small and inconsiderable, soon rendered 
them masters of the republic, and of all the 
affairs of government. He made a reforma- 
tion in the Areopagus, he increased the au- 
thority of the members, and permitted them 
yearly to inquire how every citizen main- 
tained himself, and to punish such as lived 
in idleness, and were not employed in some 
honourable and lucrative profession. He 
also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the 
number of its j udges to 400. The sanguinary 
laws of Draco were all cancelled, except 
that against murder, and the punishment 
denounced against every offender was pro- 
portioned to his crime ; but Solon made no 
law against parricide or sacrilege. The for- 
mer of these crimes, he said, was too horri- 
ble to human nature for a man to be guilty 
of it, andthe latter could never be committed, 
because the history of Athens had never fur- 
nished a single instance. Such as had died 
in the service of their country, were buried 
with great pomp, and their family was 
maintained at the public expense ; but such 
as had squandered away their estates, such 
as refused to bear arms in defence of their 
country, or paid no attention to the infirmi- 
ties and distress of their parents, were 
branded with infamy. The laws of marriage 
were newly regulated, it became an union 
of affection and tenderness, and no longer a 
mercenary contract. To speak with ill lan- 
guage against the dead as well as the living, 
was made a crime, and the legislator wished 
that the character of his fellow-citizens 
should be freed from the aspersions of ma- 
levolence and envy. A person that had no 
children was permitted to dispose of his es- 
tates as he pleased, and the females were not 



' SOL— SOP «43 



SOP— SOP 



allowed to be extravagant in their dress or 
expenses. To be guilty of adultery was a 
capital crime, and the friend and associate 
of lewdness and debauchery was never per- 
mitted to speak in public, for, as the philo- 
sopher observed, a man who lias no shame, 
is not capable of being intrusted with the 
people. These celebrated laws were en- 
graved on several tables, and that they 
might be better known and more familiar to 
the Athenians they were written in verse. 
The indignation which Solon expressed on 
seeing the tragical representations of Thes- 
pis, is well known, and he sternly observed^ 
that if falsehood and fiction were tolerate" 
on the stage, they would soon find their way 
among the common occupations of men. 
According to Plutarch, Solon was reconciled 
to Pisistratus, but this seems to be false, as 
the legislator refused to live in a country 
where the privileges of his fellow citizens 
were trampled upon by the usurpation of a 
tyrant. [Vide Lycurgus.] — Plu. Sol. — Her. 
I,c. <9.—Diog. I.— Pa. l,c. 40.— Ci. [Utens. 

SOLONA,a town of GaulOispandana on the 

SOLONIUM, a town of Latium on the 
borders of the Etruria. — Plu. in Mar.—Cic. 
de Di. I. [Vide Soloeis.]— Str. 14. 

SOLUS, (untis) a maritime town of Sicily. 

SOLVA, a town of Noricum. 

SOL'YMA, and SOL'YM^, a town of Ly- 
cia. The inhabitants, called Solymi, were 
anciently called Milyades, and afterwards 
Termili and Lycians. Sarpedon settled 
among them.— Str. \A.—H. 11. 6.— PI. 5, 

c. 27 & 29. An ancient city of Jerusalem. 

[Vide Hierosolvma.] — Juv. 6, v. 543. 

SOMNUS, so'n of Erebus and Nox, was 
one of the infernal deities, and presided 
over sleep. His palace, according to some 
mythologists, is a dark cave, where the sun 
never penetrates. At the entrance are a 
number of poppies and somniferous herbs. 
The eod himself is represented as asleep on 
a bed of feathers with black curtains. The 
dreams stand by him, and Morpheus as his 
principal minister watches, to prevent the 
noise from awaking him. The Lacedaemoni- 
ans always placed the image of Somnus near 
that of Death.-/?™. Th.—H. II. 14.— V. 
j£n. 6, v. 8g3.— Ov. Me. 11. 

SONCHIS, an Egyptian priest, in the age 
of Solon. Jt was he who told that celebrated 
philosopher a number of traditions, particu- 
larly about the Atlantic isles, which he re- 
presented as more extensive than the con- 
tinent of Africa and Asia united. This is- 
land disappeared, as it is said, in one day 
and one night. — Plu. in Isid. 

SONTIA'TES, a people in Gaul. 

SO'PATER, a philosophfr of Apamea, in 
the age of the emperor Constantine. He 
was one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and 
after his death he was at the head of the 
Platonic philosophers. 

SOPHAX, a son of Hercules and Tinga, 
the widow of Antaeus, who founded the 
kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from 
whom were descended Diodorus, and Juba, 
king of Mauritania.— Sir. 3. 

SOPHE'NE, a country of Armenia, on the 
borders of Mesopotamia.— Luc. 2, v. o93. 



SO'PHOCLES, a celebrated tragic poet of 
Athens, educated in the school of jEschylus. 
He distinguished himself not only as a poet, 
but also as a statesman. He commanded 
the Athenian armies, and in several battles 
he shared the supreme command with Peri- 
cles, and exercised the office of archon with 
credit and honour. The first appearance of 
Sophocles as a poet reflects great honour on 
his abilities. The Athenians had taken the 
island of Scyros, and to celebrate that mem- 
orable event, a yearly contest, for tragedy 
was instituted. Sophocles on this occasion 
obtained the prize over many competitors, 
in the number of whom was* iEschylus, his 
friend and his master. This success con- 
tributed to encourage the poet ; he wrote for 
the stage with applause, and obtained the 
poetical prize 20 different times. Sophocles 
was the rival of Euripides for public praise ; 
they divided the applause of the populace, 
and while the former surpassed in the sub- 
lime and majestic, the other was not infe- 
rior in the tender and pathetic. The Athe- 
nians were pleased with their contention, and 
as the theatre was at that time an object of 
importance and magnitude, and deemed an 
essential and most magnificent part of the 
religious worship, each had his admirers 
and adherents; but the two poets, captivated 
at last by popular applause, gave way to 
jealousy and rivalship. Of 120 tragedies 
which Sophocles composed, only seven are 
extant; Ajax, Electra, OZdipus the tyrant, 
Antigone, the Trachiniae, Philoctetes, and 
OZdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the 
children of Sophocles is well known. They 
wished to become immediate masters of their 
father's possessions, and therefore, tired of 
his long life, they accused him before the 
Areopagus of insanity. The only defence 
the poet made was to read his tragedy of 
(Edipus at Colonos, which he had lately 
finished, and then he asked his judges, 
whether the author of such a performance 
could be taxed with insanity 1 The father 
upon this was acquitted, and the children 
returned home covered with shame and con- 
fusion. Sophocles died in the 9lst year of 
his age, 406 years before Christ, through ex- 
cess of joy, as some authors report, of hav- 
ing obtained a poetical prize at the Olympic 
games. Athenseus has accused Sophocles of 
licentiousness and debauchery, particularly 
when he commanded the armies of Athens. 
— Ci. in Ca. de Di. l, c. .25.— Plu. in Cim. 
SiC.—Qnin. 1, c. 10, 1. 10, c. \.-Va. Ma. 8, 
c. 7, I. 9, c. 12.--P/. 7, c. 53-—Ath. 10, 6cc. 

SOPHONISBA, a daughter of Asdrubai 
the Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. 
She married Scyphax, a prince of Numldia, 
and when her husband was conquered by the 
Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive 
into the hands of the enemy. Masinissa 
became enamoured of her, and married her. 
This behaviour displeased the Romans, and 
Scipio, who at that time had the command 
of the armies of the republic in Africa, re- 
buked the monarch severely, and desired 
him to part with Sophonisba. This was an 
arduous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded 
| the Romans. He entered Sophonisba's tenl 



SOP-SOS 
with tears in his eyes, and told her that as 
he could not deliver her from captivity and 
the jealousy of the Romans, he recommended 
her, as the strongest pledge of his love and 
affection for her person, to die like the 
daughter of Asdrubal. Sophonisba obeyed, 
and drank with unusual composure and se- 
renity, the cup of poison which Masinissa 
sent to her, about 203 vears before Christ.— 
Li. 30, c. 12, <kc— Sal.' Jug.— Jus. 

SOPH RON, a oomic poet of Svracuse, son 
of Agathocles and Damasyllis. His compo- 
sitions were so universally esteemed, thai 
Plato is said to have read them with rapture. 
—Va. Ma. 8, c. 7.—Quin. 1, c. 10. 

SOPHROMSCDS, the father of Socrates. 

SOPHROMA, a Roman lady whom Max- 
entius took by force from her husband's 
hou>e, and married. Sophronia killed her- 
self when she saw her affections were abused 
by the tyrant. [by Dion's sister. 

SOPHROSY'NE, a daughter of Diouvsius 



644 SOS-SOT 

SOSl'GENES, an Egyptian mathematician 
who assisted J. Caesar in regulating the Ro- 
man calendar.— Sue. — Diod.—PL 16, c. 25. 

A commander of the fleet of Eumenes — 

Poly A. A triend of Demetrius Polioreetes. 

SOSII, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in 
the age of s- orace, 1, ep. 20, v. 2. 

SO'SILUS, a Lacedaemonian in the age of 
Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with 
the Carthaginian, taught him '.reek, and 
wrote the history of his life. — C. Nep. in An. 

SOSIP'ATER a, grammarian in the reign 
of Honorius. He published five books of 

observations on grammar. A Syracusan 

Magistrate. A general of Philip king of 

Macedonia. 

SOCIS, a seditious Syracusan, who raised 
tumults againt Dion. When accused before 
the people he saved himself by flight, and 
thus escaped a capital punishment. 
SOSIS'TRA TUS, a tyrant of Syracuse, in 

i the age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhus 

SOi OLIS, the father of Hermolaus.— j into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from 
Curt. 8,c.7 A painter in the age of Cicero. | him. He was at last removed by Hernm- 



—Ci. Att. 4, ep. ... 

SORA, a town of the Volsci, of which the 
inhabitants were called Soranu—It. 8, v. 
335.-CL PL 

SORACTES, and SORACTE, a mountain 
of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, 
at the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred 
to Apollo, who is from thence surnamed 
Soractis ; and it is said that the priests of 
the god could walk over burning coals with- 
out hurting themselves. There was, as some 
report, a fountain on monnt Soracte, whose 
waters boilded at sun-rise, and intantlv killed 
all such birds as drank of them.— Sir. 5.— 

PI. 2, ,c. 93, 1. 7, c. 2.—Hor. 1, Od. 9 V. 

&n. II, v. 785.— It. 5. 

SORA'NUS, a man put to death by Nero. 

[Vide Valerius.] The father of Atilia, the 

first wife of Cato. 

SOREX, a favourite of Sylla, ar.d the 
companion of his debaucheries.— Plu. 

SORGE, a daughter of CEneus king of 
Ca/ydon, by JEthm, daughter of Thestii 
She married Andremon, and was mother of 
Oxilus.— Apol. 1 & 2. 

SORITIA, a town of Spain. 

SOS I A GALLA, a woman at the court of 
Tiberius, banished, &ic.—Ta. An. 4, c. 19. 

SOSiBIUS, a grammarian of Laconia.B.C. 
255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy Phi- 
lopater, and advised him to murder his bro- 
ther, and the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. 
He lived to a great age, and was on that ac- 
count culled Polychronos. He was afterwards 
permitted to retire from the court, and spend 
the rest of his days in peace and tranquillity, 
after he had disgraced the name of minister 
by the most abominable crimes, and the 
murder of many of the royal family. His 
son of the same name, was preceptor to king 

Ptolemy Epiphanes. The preceptor of Bri- 

tannicus, the son of Claudius.— Ta.A. 11, c. 1. 

SO'SICLES, a Greek, who behaved with 
great valour when Xerxes invaded Greece. 

SOSI'CRATES, a noble senator among the 
Achaeans, put to death because he wished 
his countrymen to make peace with the 
Roman* 



erases.— Poly. 1. Another tv-ant.— Id. 

SOS1US, aconsui who followed the interest 

of Mark Antony. A governor of Syria. 

A Roman of consular dignity, to w'hom 

Plutarch dedicated his lives. 

SOS'PITA, a surname of Juno in Latium. 
Her most famous temple was at Lanuvium. 
She had also two at Rome, and her statue 
was covered with a goat-skin, with a buckle, 
&c— Liv. 3, 6, 8, kc.—Fest. de V. sig. 

SOSThENES, a seneral of Macedonia, 
who flourished B. C. 2m I. He defeated the 
Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the 

battle.— Jus. 24, c. 5. A native of Cnido9, 

who wrote an history of Iberia. — Plu. 

SOS'TRATUS, a friend of Hermolaus, put 
to death for conspiring against Alexander. 

—Curl. 8, c. 6. A grammarian in the age 

of Augustus. He was Strabo's preceptor.— 

Sir. 14. A statuary. An architect of 

Cnidos, B. C. 284, who built the white 
tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. 
He inscribed his name upon it. — [Vide Pha- 

ms.]— Sir. 17.— Pi. 30, c. 12. A priest of 

Venus at Paphos, among the favourites o. 

Vespasian.— Ta. Hist. 2, c. 7. A favourite 

of Hercules. A Greek historian who 

wrote au account of Etruria. A poet, who 

wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes 
into Greece.— Juv. 10, v. 178. 

SO'TADES, an Athlete. A Greek poet 

of Thrace. He wrote verses against Phiki- 
delphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown 
into the sea in a cage of lead. He was 
called Cincedus, not only because he was 
addicted to the abominable crime which the 
surname indicates, but because he wrote a 
poem in commendation of it. Some suppose 
that, instead of the word Socraticos in the 
second satyr, verse the tenth, of Juvenai, 
the word Sotadicos should be inserted, as 
the poet Sotades, and not the philosopher 
Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cinse- 
dus. Obecene verses were generally called 
Sotadea carmina, from him. They could be 
turned and read different ways without losing 
their measure or sense, such as the follow- 
ing, winch can be read backwards, 



SOT — SPA 6 

Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. 

Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis. 

Sole medere pede, ede, perede melos. 

SOTER, a surname of the first Ptolemy. 
■ It was also common to otlier monarchs. 

SOTEK I A, days appointed for thanksgiv- 
ings and the offerings of sacrifices for deli- 
verance from danger. One of these was ob- 
served at Sicyon to commemorate the deli- 
verance of that city from the hands of the 
Macedonians, bv Aratus. 

SOTERlCUS,"a poet and historian in the 
age of Dioclesian. He wrote a panegyric 
on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius 
Thyanaeus. His works, greatly esteemed, 
are now lost, except some few fragments 
preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron. 

SOTHJS, an Egyptian name of the con- 
stellation called Scirius, which received 
divine honours in that country. 

SOTIATES, a people of Gaul, conquered 
by Caesar.— Cats. B. G. 3, c. 20, & 21. 

SOTION, a grammarian of Alexandria, pre- 
ceptor to Seneca, B. C. 204.— Sen. ep. 49 & 58. 

SOTIUS, a philosopher in the reign of 
Tiberius. 

SOUS, a king of Sparta, who made him- 
self known by his valour, kc. 

SO'ZOMEN ,an ecclesiastical historian who 
died 450 A. D. His history extends from 
the year 324 to 439, and is dedicated to The- 
odosius the younger, being written in a 
btyle of inelegance and mediocrity. [ — Her. 

SPACO, the nurse of Cyrus. — his. l. c. 4. 

SPARTA, a celebrated city of Peloponne- 
sus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the 
Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles 
from its mouth. It received its name from 
Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, who mar- 
ried Lacedaemon. It was also called Lace- 
daemon. Vide Lacedaemon. 

SPAR'lACUS, a king of Pontus. An- 
other, king of Bosphorus, who died B. C. 
433. His son and successor of the same 

name died B. C. 407. Another, who died 

284 B. C. A Thracian shepherd, cele- 
brated for his abilities and the victories 
he obtained over the Romans. Being 
one of the gladiators who were kept at 
Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escaped 
from the place of his confinement with 30 of 
his companions, and took up arms against 
the Romans. He soon found himself with 
10,000 men equally resolute with himself, 
and though at first obliged to hide himself 
in the woods and solitary retreats of Cam- 
pania, he soon laid waste the country ; and 
when his followers were increased by addi- 
tional numbers, and better disciplined, and 
more completely armed, he attacked the 
Roman generals in the held of battle. Two 
consuls and other officers were defeated 
with much loss, and Spartacus, superior it 
counsel and abilities, appeared more terrible 
though often deserted hy his fickle attend 
ants. Crassus was sent against him, but 
this celebrated general at first despaired of 
success. A bloody battle was fought, in 
which, at last, the gladiators were defeated. 
Spartacus behaved with great valour ; when 
•founded in the leg, he fought on his knees, 



SPA-SPH 

covering himself with his buckler in, on e 
hand, and using his sword with the other; 
and when at last he fell, he fell upon a heap 
of Romans, whom he had sacrificed to his 
fury, B. C. 71. In this battle no less than 
40,000 of the rebels were slain, and the war 
totally finished.— FL 3. c. 20.— Li, 95.— But. 
6, c. 2,—Plu. in Crass.— Pat. 2. c. 30.— App. 

SPARTjE, or SPARTI, a name given to 
those men who sprang from the dragon's 
teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all de- 
stroyed one another, except five, who sur 
vived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes. 

SPARTA'NI, or SPARTI AT B, the inha- 
bitants of Sparta. Vide Sparta, Lacedse- 
mon. 

SPARTIA'NUS jELIUS, a Latin historian, 
who wrote the lives of all the Roman 
emperors, from J. Caesar to Dioclesian. 
He dedicated them to Dioclesian, to whom, 
according to some, he was related. Of 
these compositions only the life of Adrian, 
Verus, Didius Julianus, Septimus Severus, 
Carajalla, and Geta, are extant, published 
among the Scriptores Historiae Augustas. 
Spartianus is not esteemed as an historian 
or biographer. [of Cyprus. 

SPECHIA, an ancient name of the island 

SPENDIUS, a Campanian deserter who 
rebelled against the Romans, and raised 
tumults, and made war against Amilcar, the 
Carthaginian general. 

SPENDON, a poet of Lacedaemon. 

SPERCHIA, a town of Thessaly, on the 
banks of the Sperchius. — Ptol. 

SPERCHIUS, a river of Thessaly, rising 
on mount OZta, and falling into the sea in 
the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name 
is supposed to be derived from its rapidity 
C" sperkein," feslinare). Peleus vowed, to 
the god of this river, the hair of his son 
Achilles, if ever he returned safe from the 
Trojan war.— Her. 7, c. 198,— Str. 9.—H. It. 
23, V. 144.— Apol. 3, C 13.— Me. 2, C 3.— Ov. 
Me. I, v. 557, 1. 2, v. 250, 1. 7, v. 230. 

S PERM ATOPH'AGI, a people who lived 
in the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed 
upon the fruits that fell from the trees. 

SPEUS1PPUS, an Athenian philosopher, 
nephew, as aho successor of Plato. His fa- 
ther's name was Eurymedon, and his mo 
ther's Pototie. He presided in Plato's school 
for eight years, and disgraced himself by his 
extravagance and debauchery. Plato at- 
tempted to check him, but to no purpose. 
He died of the lousy sickness, or killed him- 
self according to some accounts, B. C. 339. 
Plu. Lys.— Uiog. 4.— Fa. Ma. 4, c. 1. 

SPHACTERI.&, three small islands oppo- 
site Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. '1 hey 
are also called Sphagiee. 

SPHERUS, an arm-bearer of Pelops, son 
of Tantalus. He was buried in a small 
island near the isthmus of Corinth, which 
from him was called Spheria.-Pa. o. c. 10. 

A Greek philosopher, disciple to Zeno 

of Cvprus, 243 B. C He came to Sparta in 
the a?e of Agis and Cleomenes, and opened 
a school there.— Pin. in Ag.—Diod. 

SPHINX, a monster which had the head 
and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, 
the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, 



SPH--SPI 



SPI — STA 



the paws of a lion, and a human voice. It Darius, who conspired against the murderer 
sprang from the union of Orthos with the I Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander.— 
Chimaera, or of Tvphon with Echidna. The Curt. 7, c. 5. 

Sphinx had been 'sent into the neighbour- i SPITHO'BATES, a satrap of Ionia, son- 
hood of Thebes by Juno, who wished l to pu- in-law of Darius. He was killed at the 
nish the familv of Cadmus, which she per-; baule of the Granicns. — Diod. 17. 
secured with "immortal hatred, and it laid | SPITHRIDATES, a Persian killed by Cli- 
this part of Bceotia under continual alarms tus as he was going to strike Alexander 

by proposing enigmas, and devouring the! dead. A Persian satrap in the age of Ly- 

inhabitants if unable to exrlain them. In j sanrler. 

the midst of their consternation the Thebans SPOLETIUM, now Spoleto, a town of 
were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx Umbria, which bravely withstood Annibai 
would destroy herself as soon as one of the while he was in Italy.' The people were 
enigmas she* proposed was explained. In called Spolerani. Water is conveyed to the 
this enitrma she wished to know what ani- town from a neighbouring fountain by an 
mal walked on four legs in the morning, aqueduct of such a great height, that in one 
two at noon, and three in the evening - . | place the top is raised above the foundation 
Upon this, Creon, king of Thebes, promised j 230 yards. An inscription over the gates 
his crown and his sister Jocastain marriage j still 'commemmorates the defeat of Annibai. 
to him who could deliver his country from — Mart. 13, ep. 20. 

the monster by a successful explanation of SPORADES, a number of islands in the 



the enigma. It was at last happily ex 
plained by CEdipus, who observed that man 
walked on his hands and feet when young 
or in the morning of life, at the noon of 
life he walked erect, and in the evening of 
his days he supported his infirmities upon a 
stick.' [Vide (Edipus.] The Sphinx no 
sooner heard this explanation than she 
dashed her head against a rock, and imme- 
diately expired. Some mythologists wish to 
unriddle the fabulous traditions about the 
Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the 
daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the 



iEgean Sea. They received their name, a 
" speiro," spargo, "because they are scattered 
in the sea, at some distance from Delos, and 
in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those is- 
lands that are contiguous to Delos, and that 
encircle it, are called Cyclades.—Me. 2, c.7. 
—Str. 2. 

SPURl'NA, a mathematician and astrolo- 
ger who told J. Caesar to beware of the ides 
of March. As he went to the senate-house 
on the morning of the ides, Caesar said to 
Spurina, " The ides are at last come." 
" Yes," replied Spurina, " but not yet past." 



country of Thebes by her continual depre- 1 Caesar was murdered a few moments after. — 



dations, because she had been refused a part 
of her father's possessions. The lion's paw 
expressed, as they observe, her cruelty, the 
body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enig- 
mas the snares she laid for strangers and tra- 
vellers,-and her wings the dispatch she used 
in her expeditions.— Plu. — Hes. Th. v. 326.— 
Hvg. fa. 6S.—Apol. 3, c. o,—Diod. 4.— Or. 
in lb. 31%.— Sir. 9.— Soph. (Ed. tyr, 

SPHODR1AS, a Spartan who, at the in 
stigation of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize 
the Piraeus.— Diod. 15. 

SPHRAGIDIUM, a retired cave on mount 
Cithaeron in Bceotia. The nymphs of the 
place, called Sphragitides, were yearly ho- 
noured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by 
order of the oracle of Delphi, because they 
had Kst few men at the battle of Plataea.— 
PL 36, c. 6.— Pa. 9, c. 3.—Plu. in Aris. 

SPiCILLUS, a favourite of Nero. Here- 
fused to assassinate his master, for which he 
was put to deatli in a cruel manner. 

SPINA, now Primaro, a town or. the most 
southern mouih of the Po.— PL 3, c. 16. 

SP1NTHARUS, a Corinthian architect, 
who built Apollo's temple at Delphi.— Pa. 

10, c. 5. A freedman of Cicero.— Ad. Alt. 

13, pp. 25. 

SPINTHER, a Roman consul. He was 
one of Pornpey's friends, aud accompanied 
him at the ba'ttle of Pharsalia, where he 
eetrayed his meanness by being too confi- 
dent of victory, and contending for the pos- 
session of Caesar's offices and gardens before 
toe action.- JPiiu 

SPIO, ore oi the Nereides.— V.£n. 5, 826. 

SPlTA'MENES.one of the officers of king 



Sue. in Cces. 61=— Fa. Ma. I & 8. 

SPL'RIUS, praenomen common to many 
of the Romans. One of Caesar's mur- 
derers. L A T 1 1' S , a Roman who defended 

the bridge over the Tiber against Porsenna's 

armv. A friend of Otho. 

STABERIUS, L., a friend of Pompey set 
over Apollonia, which he was obliged to 
vield to Caesar, because the inhabitants fa- 
voured his cause.— Cas. B. G. An avari- 
cious fellow who wished it to be known that 
he was uncommonly rich. — Hor. 2, c. 3. — 
Sat. 1, v. 89. 

STABIiE, a maritime town of Campania, 
on the bay of Puteoli. destroyed by Sylla, 
and converted into a villa, whither Pliny 
endeavoured to escape from the eruption of 
Vesuvius, in which he perished. — PL 3, c. 5, 
ep. 6, c. 16. 

STABCLCM, a place in the Pyrenees, 
where a communication was open from 
Gaul into Spain. 

STAGI'RA, a town on the borders of Ma- 
cedonia, near the bay into which the Stry- 
mon discharges itself, at the south of Am- 
phipolis ; founded 665 years before Christ. 
Aristotle was born there, from which cir- 
cumstance he is called Stasirites.—Th. 4.— 
Pa. 6, c. A.—Laer. in Sol. 'Ml. V. H. 3, c. 46. 

STA I US, an unprincipled wretch in Nero's 
age, who murdered all his relations.— Pers. 
2, v . 19, 

S TALE'NCS, a senator who sat as judge 
in the trial or" Cluentius, kc.—Ci. pr. Cln. 

STA'PHYLCS, one of the Argonaut- 
son of Theseus, or according to others of 
Bacchus and Ariadne.— Apol. 1, c. 9 



STA-STA 



647 



STA — STE 



STASANDER,an officer of Alexander who 
had Aria at the general division of the pro- 
vinces.— Curt. 8, c. 3. 

STASEAS, a peripatetic philosopher, en- 
gaged to instruct young- M. Piso in philoso- 
phy.— Ci. Or. I, c. 22. 

STASICRATES, a statuary and architect 
in the wars of Alexander, who offered to 
make a statue of mount Athos, which was 
rejected bv the conqueror. 

STASILEUS, an Athenian killed at the 
battle of Marathon. He was one of the ten 
prgefors. 

STATILLI, a people of Liguria, between 
the Taenarus and the Apennines.— Li. 42, c. 
7.— Ci. 11, fa. 11. 

STATILiA, a woman who lived to a great 
age, as mentioned by Seneca, ep.77. — -Ano- 
ther. Vide Messalina. 

STAT1LIUS, a young Roman celebrated 
for his courage and constancy. He was an 
inveterate enemy to Caesar, and when Catu 
murdered himself, he attempted to follow 
his example, but was prevented by his 
friends. The conspirators against Caesar 
wished him to be in their number, but the 
answer which he gave displeased Brutus. 
He was at last killed bv the armv of the 

triumvirs.— Plu. LUCIUS, one" of the 

friends of Catiline. He joined in his con- 
spiracy, and was put to death.— Ci. Cat. 2. 

A young general in the war which the 

Latins undertook against the Romans. He 

was killed, with 25,000 of his troops. A 

general who fought against Antony. ! 

TAURUS, a pro-consul of Africa. He was { 
accused of consulting magicians, upon which 
he put himself to death.— Ta. A. 12, c. 59. 

STA'TINiE, islands on the coast of Cam- 
pania, raised from the seabvan earthquake. 
— PL 2, c. 88. 

STATTRA, a daughter of Darius, who | 
inarried Alexander. The conqueror had for- 
merly refused her, but when she had fallen 
into his hands at Issus, the nuptials were ce- 
lebrated with uncommon splendour. No less 
than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom 
Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered 
to the gods. Statira had no children by 
Alexander. She was cruelly put to death 
by Roxana, after the conqueror's death.— 

Jus. 12, c. 12. A sister of Darius, the last 

king of Persia. She also became his wife, 
according to the manners of the Persians. 
She died after an abortion, in Alexander's 
camp, where she was detained as a prisoner. 
She was buried with great pomp by the con- 
queror.— Plu. Al. A wife of Artaxerxes 

Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law, 

queen Parysatis.— Plu. Art. A sister of" 

Mithridates the Great.— Plu. 

STATIUS, (CjECILIUS,) a comic poet in 
the age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, 
and originaiiy a slave. His latinity was bad, j 
yet be acnuired great reputation by his co- 
medies. He died a little after Ennius,— Ci. 
ds sen.~~ — ANNjEUS, a physician, the friend 
of the philosopher Seneca.— Ta. A. 15, c. 64. 

P. PAPINTUS, a poet born at Naples. 

in the reign of the emperor Domitian. His 
faiher's name was Statius of Epirus, and his 
mother's Ageliua. Statius had made himself 



known by two epic poems, the Thebats u. 
twelve books, and the Achilleis iu two books, 
which remained unfinished on account .of 
his premafre death. There are besides 
other pieces composed on several subjects, 
which are extant, and well known under the 
name of Sylvce, divided into four books. 
The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated 
to Domitian, whom the poet ranks among 
the gods. They were universally admired 
in his age at Rome, but the taste of the times 
^as corrupted, though some of the moderns 
have called them inferior to no Latin com- 
positions except Virgil's. The style of Sta- 
tius is bombastic and affected, and heoftens 
forgets the poet to become the declaimer 
and the historian. In his Sylvce, which were 
written generally extempore, are many beau- 
tiful expressions and strokes of genius. 
Statius, as some suppose, was poor, and he 
was obliged to maintain himself by writing 
for the stage. None of his dramatic pieces 
are extant. Martial had satirized him, and 
what Juvenal has written in his praise, some 
have interpreted as an illiberal reflection 
upon him. Statius died about the 100th 

year of the Christian era. DOMITIUS, 

a tribune in the age of Nero, deprived of his 
office when Piso's conspiracy was discovered. 

—7a. An. 15, c. 17. A* general of the 

Samnites. An officer of the praetorian 

guards, who conspired against Nero. 

STATOR, a surname of Jupiter, giveii 
him bv Romulus, because he stopped (slot 
the flight of the Romans in a battle against 
the Sabines. The conqueror erected him a 
temple under that name.— Li. ), c. 12. 

STELLATIS, a field remarkable for its 
fertility, in Campania.— Ci. Ag. 1, c. 70.— 
Sue. Ccos. 20. 

STELLIO, a youth turned into an elf by 
Ceres, because he derided the goddess, who 
drank with avidity when tired and afflicted 
in her vain pursuit of her daughter Proser- 
pine.— Or. Me. 5, v. 445. 

S TEN'A, a narrow passage on the moun- 
tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia.— Li. 32,c.5. 
STENOBCEA. Vide Sthenoboea. 
STENO'CRATES, an Athenian, who con- 
spired to murder the commander of the gar- 
rison which Demetrius had placed in the 
citadel, tec— Poly. 5. 

STENTOR, one of the Greeks who went 
to the Trojan war. His voice alone was 
louder than that of 50 men together.— i/. 11. 
5, v. 784.— Juv. 13, v. 112'. 

STENTORIS LACUS, a lake near Enos 
in Thrace.— Her. 7, c. 53. 

STE'PHANUS, a musician of Media, upon 
whose body Alexander made an experiment 
in burning a certain sort of bitumen called 

napththe.— Str. \6.—Plu. Al. A Greek 

writer of Byzantium, known for his dic- 
tionary giving an accou nt of the towns and 
places of the ancient world. 

STF'ROPE, one of the Pleiades, daughters 
of Atlas. She married G£nomaus, king of 
Pisae, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c. 

A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by 

6ome to be the mother of the Sirens. A 

daughter of Cepheus. A daughter of Pleu- 

rou,~of Aca*tus,— of Danaus,— of Cebriou. 



STE— STH 



848 



STH-STO 



STE'ROPES, one of the Cvclops.— V.En.%. 

STE'RSICHOKUS, a lyric Greek poet of 
Himera, in Sicily. He was originally called 
Tisias, and obta'ined the name of Stersicho- 
rus, from the alterations he made in music 
and dancing:. His compositions were writ- 
ten in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 
26 books, all now lost, except a few frag- 
ments. Some say he lost his eye-sight for 
writing invectives against Helen, and that 
he received it only upon making a recanta- 
tion of what he had said. He was the fir>t 
inventor of that fable of the horse and the 
stag, which Horace and some other poets 
have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent 
bis countrymen from making an alliance 
with Phakaris. According to some, he was 
the first who wrote an epithalamiuro. He 
flourished 556 B. C. and died at Catana, ill 
the 85th vear of his age. — hoc. in Hel. — 
Arist. rhk.—Str. 3.—Lu. in Mac.—Ci. in 
Ver. 2, c. 35.—Plu. Mus.—Quin. lo, c. l.— 
Pa. 3, c. 19, I. 10, c. 26. 

STERTINUJS, a stoic philosopher, ridi- 
culed by Horace, 2 Sat. 3. He wrote in 
Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of 
the stoics. [Vide Miltiades. 

STESA'GORAS, a brother of Miltiades. 

STESILE'A, a beautiful woman of Athens. 

STESILE'US, a beautiful youth of Cos, 
loved by Themistocles and Aristides, and the 
cause of jealousy and dissension between 
these celebrated men.— P/u. Cim. 

STESIM'BROTUS, an historian very in- 
consistent in his narrations. He wrote an 

account of Cimon's exploits.— Pin. Cim. 

A son of Epaminondas, put to death by his 
father, because he had fought the enemy 

without his orders, kc.—Plu. A musician 

of Thasos. 

STHENELE, a daughter of Acastus, wife 

of Menoetius.— Apol. 3, c. 13. A daughter 

of Danaus, by Memphis. — Id. 2, c. 1. 

STHE'NELUS, a king of Mycenae, son of 
Perseus and Andromeda. He married Ni- 
cippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he 
had two daughters, and a son called Eurys- 
theus, who was born, by Juno's influence, 
two months before the natural time, that he 
might obtain a superiority over Hercules, as 
being older. Sthenelus made war against 
Amphitryon, who had killed Electryoli and 
seized his kingdom. He fought with suc- 
cess, and took his enemy prisoner, whom 
he transmitted to Eurystheus.— H. II. 19, v. 
91.— Apol. 2, c. 4. — -One of the sons of 

.3Lgyptus by Tyria. A son of Capaneus. 

He was one of the Epigoni, and of the sui- 
tors of Helen. He went to the Trojan war, 
and was one of those who were shut up in 
the wooden horse, according to Virgil.— Pa. 

2, c. 1?. — V. JEn. 2. A son of Androgeus, 

the son of Minos. Hercules made him king 

of Thrace. — Apol. 2, c. 5. A king of Ar- 

gos, who succeeded his father Crotopus.— 
Pa. 2, c. id. A son of Actor, who accom- 
panied Hercules in his expedition against 
the Amazons. He was killed by one of these 

females. A son of Melas, killed by Ty- 

deus. —Apol. 1, c. S. 

STHENIS, a statuary of Olynthus. An 

crator of Himera, in Sicily, during the civifi 
vais of Pompey.— Pin. Pom. 



STHENO, one of the three Gorgons. 

STH EN OBOE A, a daughter of Jobaies, king 
of Lycia, who married Proetus, king of Ar- 
gos. She became enamoured of Bellero- 
phon, who had taken refuge at her husband's 
court, after the murder of his brother; and 
when he refused to gratify her criminal 
passion, she accused him before Proetus of 
attempts upon her virtue. According to 
some, she killed herself after his departure. 
H. II. 6, v. 1-2.— Hug. fa. 57. Many my- 
thologies call her Antaea. 

STILBE, or STILBIA, a daughter of Pe- 
neus by Creusa, who became mother of Cea- 
taurus and Lapithus, by Apollo. — Diod. 4. 

STILBO, a name given to the planet 
Mercury bv the ancients, from its shining 
appearance.— Ci. de N. I). 2, c 23. 

STILICHO, a general of the emperor 
Theodosius the Great. He behaved with 
much courage, but under the emperor Ho- 
norius he showed himself turbulent and dis- 
affected. As being of barbarian extraction, 
he wished to see the Roman provinces laid 
desolate by his countrymen, but in this he 
was disappointed. Honorius discovered his 
intrigues, and ordered him to be beheaded, 
about the year of Christ 408. His family 
were involved in his ruin. Claudian has 
been loud in his praises, and Zosimus, Hist. 
5, denies the truth of the charges laid against 
him. 

STILPO, a celebrated philosopher of Me- 
gara, who flourished 335 years before Christ, 
and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. 
He was naturally addicted to riot and de- 
bauchery, but he reformed his manners 
when he opened a school at Megara. He 
was universally respected, his school was 
frequented, and Demetrius, when he plun- 
dered Megara, ordered the house of the 
philosopher to be left safe and unmolested. 
It is said that he intoxicated himself when 
ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of 
death. He was one of the chiefs of the 
Stoics.— Plu. in Dem.—Diog. 2.— Sen.de Con. 

STIMl'CON", a shepherd's name in Virgil's 
5th eclogue. 

STIPHI'LUS, one of the Lapithae, killed 
in the house of Pirithous.— Ov. Me. 12. 

STOBjEUS, a Greek writer w ho flourished 
A. D. 405. His work is valuable for the 
precious relics of ancient literature which 
he has preserved. [Li. 33, c. 19, 1.40,21. 

STOBI, a town of Poeonia in Macedonia. 

STGZ'C HADES, five small islands in the 
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, now 
the Hieres, near Marseilles. They were 
called Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks 
of them as only three in number.— Step. 
Byz.—Luc. 3, v. 516.— Str. A. [Li. ep. 62. 

STCENT, a people living among the Alps. 

STO'ICI,a celebrated sect of philosophers 
founded by Zeno of Citium. They received 
the name from the portico, " socs" where 
the philosopher delivered his lectures. They 
preferred virtue to every thing else, and 
w hatever was opposite to it, they looked upon 
as the greatest of evils. They required, 
as well as the disciples of Epicurus, an abso- 
lute command over the passions, and they 
supported, that man alone, in the present 
state of his existence, could attain perfection 



STR — STR 



649 



STR — STR 



and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and 
believed that the doctrine of future punish- 
ments and rewards was unnecessary to ex- 
cite or intimidate their followers. Vide Zeno. 

STRABO, a name among: the Romans 
given to those whose eyes were naturally 
deformed or distorted. Pompey's father was 
distinguished bv that name. — -A native of 
Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia, who 
flourished in the age of Augustus and Tibe- 
rius. He first studied under Xenarchus, the 
peripatetic,and afterwards warmly embraced 
the tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compo- 
sitions nothing remains but bis geography, 
divided into 17 books, a work justly cele- 
brated for its elegance, its purity, the 
erudition and universal knowledge of the 
author. It contains an account, in Greek, 
of the most celebrated places of the world, 
the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices, 
and government of nations ; the foundation 
of cities, and the accurate history of each 
separate province. Strabo travelled over 
rreat part of the world in quest of informa- 
tion, and to examine with the most critical 
inquiry, not only the situation of the places, 
but also the manners of the inhabitants, 
whose history he meant to write. In the 
two first books, the author wishes to shew 
the necessity of geography ; in the third he 
gives a description of Spain ; in the fourth 
of Gaul and the British Isles. The fifth and 
sixth contain an account of Italy and the 
neighbouring islands; the seventh, which 
is mutilated at the end, gives a full descrip- 
tion of Germany, and the country of the 
Getae, Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonnesus, 
and Epirus. The affairs of Greece and the 
adjacent islands are separately treated in the 
eighth, ninth, and tenth; and in the four 
next, Asia within mount Taurus ; and in 
the 15th and 16th, Asia without Taurus, 
India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the last 
book gives an account of Egypt, Ethiopia, 
Carthage, and other places of Africa. Among 
the books of Strabo which have been lost,were 
historical commentaries. This celebrated 

geographer died A. D. 25. A Sicilian, so 

clear-sighted, that he could distinguish ob- 
jects at the distance of 130 miles, with the 
same ease as if they had been near. 

STRATARCHAS, the grandfather of the 
geographer Strabo. His father's name was 
Dorylaus.— Str. 10. 

STRATO, or STRATON, a king of the 
island Aradus, received into alliance by 

Alexander. — Curt. 4, c. 1. A king of Sidon, 

dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed 
him, because be refused to surrender.— Curt. 

ib. A philosopher of Lanipsacus, disciple 

and successor in the school of Theophrastus, 
about 289 years before the Christian era. He 
applied himself with uncommon industry to 
the study of nature, and wassurnamed Phy- 
sicus, and after the most mature investiga- 
tions, he supported that nature was inanimate, 
and that there was no god but nature. He 
was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, who not only revered his abilities 
and learning, but also rewarded his labours 
with unbounded liberality. He wrote diffe- 
rent treatises, all now lost.— Diog. b.—Cic. 



Ac. 1, c. 9. A physician. A peripatetic 

philosopher. A native of Epirus, very 

intimate with Brutus, the murderer of Csesar. 

He killed his friend at his own request. A 

rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself 
because he could not obtain in marriage a 

young woman of Haliartus.— PI. A Greek 

historian who wrote the life of some of 

the Macedonian kings. An athlete of 

Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic games. 
-Pa. 7, c. 23. 

STRA'TOCLES,an Athenian general at the 

battle of Cheronsea. — Poly. A stage-player 

in Domitian's reign. — Juv. 3, v. 99. 

STRATON. Vide Strato. 

STRATONI'CE, a daughter of Thespius. 

—Apol. A daughter of Pleuron.— Id. 

A daughter of Ariarathes, queen of Cappado- 
cia, who married Eumenes, king of Perga- 
mus, and became mother of Attalus.— Str, 

13. A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, 

who married Seleucus, king of Syria. An- 
tiochus, her husband's son by a former wife, 
became enamoured of her, and married her 
by his father's consent, when the physicians 
had told him that, if he did not comply, his 
son's health would be impaired.— Plu. Bern. 

—Va. Ma. 5, c. 7. A concubine of Mith- 

ridates, king of Pontus. Plu. Pom.—' 

The wife of Antigonus, mother of Demetrius 

Poliorcetes. A town of Caria, made a 

Macedonian colony.— Sir. 14.— Li. 33, c. 18 

& 33. Another in Mesopotamia. And a 

third near mount Taurus. 

STRATONI'CUS, an opulent person in the 
reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander, 

whose riches became proverbial.— Plu. A 

musician of Athens in the age of Demosthe- 
nes. — Ath. 6, c. 6. 

STRATON IS TURRIS, a city of Judaea, 
afterwards called Caesarea by Herod, in ho- 
nour of Augustus. 

STRATOS, a city of jEolia.— Li. 36, c. 11, 

1. 38, c. 4, Of Acarnania. 

STRENUA, a goddess at Rome, who gave 

vigour and energy to the weak and indolent. 
—Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11 & 16. 

STRO'NGYLE, now Strombolo, one of the 
islands called bolides in the Tyrrhene sea, 
near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 
ten miles in circumference, which throws 
up flames continually, and of which the 
crater is on the side of the mountain. — Me. 

2, c. 7.— Str. 6. 

STRO'PHADES, two islands in the Ionian 
sea, on the western coasts of the Peloponne- 
sus. They were anciently called Plotce, and 
received the name of Strophades from 
" strep ho," verlo. because Zethes and Calais, 
the sons of Boreas, returned from thence 
by order of Jupiter, after they had driven 
the Harpyies there from the tables of Phi- 
neus. The fleet of /Eneas stopped near the 
Strophades. The largest of these two is- 
lands is not above five miles in circumfe- 
rence.— Hyg. f. 19.— Me. 2, c. l.—Ov. Me. 
13, v. 709.— V. /En. 3, V. 210.— Str. 8. 

STROPHIUS, a son of Crisus, king of 
Phocis. He married a sister of Agamem- 
non, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or ac- 
cording to others, Cyndragora, by whom 
he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship 
3 K 



STR — STY 



650 



SUA— SUE 



with Orestes. After the murder of Aga-| water suggested the idea, tliat it was 
memnon bv Clvtemnestra and .Egvsthus, the) river of hell, especially when u disappear^ 
king of P'hocis educated at his own house, ! in the earth a iittie below its fountain nea«* 
with the greatest care, his nephew, whom j The gods held the waters of the Styx in such 
Klectra had secretly removed from the dag- "" 
ger of his mother, and her adulterer, 



Orestes was enabled, by means of Strophius, 
to revenge the death or his father.— Pa. 2, c. 

29.—Hyg.f. 1, 17. A son of Pylades by 

Electra, the sister of Orestes. 

STRUTHO'PHAGI, a people of Ethiopia, 
who feed on sparrows, as their name signifies, 



eneration, that they always swore by them ; 
an oath which was inviolable. If any of the 
gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter 
obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, 
which lulled them for one whole year into a 
senseless stupidity ; for the nine following 
vears thev were deprived of the ambrosia 
and the nectar of the gods, and after the 



STRUTHUS, a general of Artaxerxes expiration of the years of iheir punish- 



again>t the Lacedaemonians, B. C. 

STR Y MA, a town of Thrace, founded by a 
Thracian colony.— Her. 7, c. 109. 

STRYMNO, a daughter of the Scaman- 
der, who married Laomedon.— Apol. 3, c. 12. 

STR YMON,a river which separates Thrace 
from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the 
iEffean sea, which has been called Strymoni- 
cus sinus. A number of cranes, as the poets 
say, resorted on its banks in the summer 
time. Its eels were excellent. — Me. 2, c. 2. 
—Apol. 2, c. S.—Virg. G. 1, t. 120, I. 4, 
v. 508. JEn. 10, v. 265.— Ov. Me. 2, v. 251. 

STUBERA, a town of Macedonia, between 
the Axius and Erigon.— Li. 31, c. 39. 

STUB A, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling 

STURM, a town of Calabria, [into the Po. 

STYMPHA'LIA, or STYMPHA'LIS, apart 

of Macedonia. — Li. 45, c. 30. A surname 

of Diana. 

STYMPHA'LUS, a king of Aicadia, son 
of Elatus and Laodice. He made war against 
Pelops, and was killed in a truce.— Apol. 3, 

c. 9.— Pa. 9. c. 4. A town, river, lake, 

and fountain of Arcadia, which receives its 
name from king Stymphalus. The neigh- 
bourhood of the lake Stymphalus was In- 
fested with a number of voracious birds, 
ike cranes or storks, which fed ugon human 
flesh, aud which were called Stymphalid.es. 
They were at last destroyed by Hercules, 
with the assistance of Minerva. Some have 
confounded them with the Harpyies, while 
others pretend that they never existed but 
in the imagination of the' poets. Pausanias, 
however, supports, that there were carnivo- 
rous birds like the Stvmphalides, in Arabia. 

—Pa. 8, c. 4.— Si. Th. 4, v. 298. A lofty 

mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia. 

STYGNE, a daughter of Danau*.— 4*. Svl. 

STYRA, a town of Euboea. [4, 6.-« ii. 

STY'RUS, a king of Albania, to whom 
^etes promised his daughter Medea in mar- 
riage, to obtain his assistance against the 
Argonauts.— Flac. 3, v. 497, 1. 8, v. 358. 

STYX, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
thys. She married Palla?, by whom she had 
three daughters, Victorv, Strength, and Va- 
lour.— He. Th. 363 & 3S4.— Apol. 5, C 2. 

A celebrated river of hell, round which it 
flows nine times. According to some wri- 
ters, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris 
in Acardia, whose waters were so cold and 
venomous, that they proved fatal to such as 
tasted them. Among others, Alexander ".he 
Great is mentioned as a victim to their fatal 
poison, in consequence of drinking them. 
They even consumed iron, and broke all 
vessels. The wonderful properties of this 



ment, thev were restored to the assembly 
of the deities, and to all their original pri- 
vileges. It is said that this veneration was 
shown to the Styx, because it receiveu its 
name from the hvmph Styx, who, with her 
three daughters, assisted Jupiter in his wai 
against the Titans.— Hes. Th. v. 384.— H. 
Oct. JO, v. 513— Her. 6, c. 74.— V. JEn. 6, v. 
323, 439.— Apol. I, c. Z.—Ov. Me. 3, v. 29 — 
Luc. 6, v. 378.-Pa. 8, C. 17.— Curt. 10, c. 10. 

SUADA, the goddess of persuasion, called 
Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of 
worship established to her honour first by 
Theseus. She had a statue in the temple 
of Venus Praxis at Megara.— Ci. or 15.— 
Pa. 1 , c. 22 & 43, 1. 95, c. 3. 
STJANA, a town of Etruria. [Ta. G. 40. 
SUARDONES, a people of Germany.— 
SUASA, a town of (Jmbria. 
SUBATRII, a people of Germany, over 
whom Drusus triumphed.— Sir. 7. 
SUBI, a small river cf Catalonia 
SUBLICIUS, the first bridge erected at 
Rome over the Tiber. Vide Pons. 

SUBMONTOR1UM, a town of Vindelicia, 
now Augsburg. [Li. 44, c. 2a 

SUBOTA, small islands at the east of Athos. 

SUBUR, a river of Mauritania. A town 

of Spain. 

SUBURRA, a street in Rome where all 
the licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Ro- 
mans and courtezans resorted. It was situate 
between mount Viminalis and Quinnalis, 
and was remarkable as having been the re- 
sidence of the obscurer vears of J. Caesar. — 
Sue. Css.—Var. de L. L. 4, c. 8.— Mart. 6, 
ep. 66.— Juv. 3, v. 5. 

SUCRO, now Xucar, a river of Hispania 
Tarra'conensis, celebrated for a battle fough* 
there between Sertorius and Pompey, in 
which the former obtained the victory. — Flu ■ 

A R.atulian killed by ./Eneas. — V. An- 

12, v. 605. [C. *3 

SUDERTUM, a town of Etruria.— Li. 26. 

SUKSSA, a town of Campania, called also 
Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa P«»- 
metia, the capital of the Volsci. — Str. 5. — 
tl. 3, C. 5.— Dio. H. i.—Liv. l.—F. An. 6, 
v. J75.— Ci. Phil. 3. C. 4. 1, 4, c. 2. [c. 34 

SUESSITANI, a people of Spaia. — Li. 55, 

SUESSO'NES, a powerful nation of Belgic 
Caul, reduced by J. Caesar.— Cat. B. G- 2. 

SCESSULA, a town of Campania.— Liv. 7. 
C. 37, I. 23, C. 14. 

SUETONIUS, C. PAULINUS, the fir=t R - 
iftfin general who crossed motmt Atlas with 
an army, of which expedition he wrote an 
account. He presided over Britain as go- 
vernor for &bout 20 years, and was after- 



SUE— SUL 651 SUL— SUL 



wards made consul. He forsook trie inte- 
rest of Otho, and attached himself to Vitellius. 

TRANQUILLUS, C, a Latin historian, 

son of a Roman knight of the same name. 
He was favoured by Adrian, and became his 
secretary, but he was afterwards banished 
from the court for want of attention and re- 
spect to the empress Sabina. In his retire- 
ment Suetonius enjoved the friendship and 
correspondence of Pliny the younger, and 
dedicated his time to study. He wrote an 
history of the Roman kings, divided into 
three books ; a catalogue of all the illustri- 
ous mt-n of Rome, a book on the games and 
spectacles of the Greeks, &c, which are 
all now lost. The only one of his compo- 
sitions extant, is the lives of the twelve first 
Caesars, and some fragments of his cata- 
logue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius, 
in his lives, is praised for his impartiality 
and correctness. His expressions, however, 
are often too indelicate, and it has been 
justly observed, that while he exposed the 
deformities of the Caesars, he wrote with all 
the licentiousness and extravagance with 
which they lived.— Pi. 1, ep. 18, 1. 5, ep. 1 l,&c. 

SUETRI, a people of Gaul, near the Alps. 

SUEVI, a people of Germany, between 
the Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent 
incursions upon the territories of Rome under 
the emperors. — Luc. 2, v. 51. [nius. 

SUEVI US, a Latin poet in the age of En- 

SUFFETALA.an inland townof Mauritania. 

SUFFENUS, a Latin poet in the age of Ca- 
tullus. He was but of moderate abilities, but 
puffed up with a high idea of his own excel- 
lence, and therefore deservedly exposed to 
the ridicule of his contemporaries.— Cat. 22. 

SUFFETIUS, or SUFETIUS. Vide Melius. 

SU1DAS, a Greek writer who flourished 
A. D. 1100. 

SU1LIUS, PUB., an informer in the court 
of Claudius, banished under Nero, by means 
of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares.— Ta. A. 

14, c. 42. CjESORINUS, a guilty favourite 

of Messalina.— Id. Ib. 11, c. 36. 

SUIONES, a nation of Germany, supposed 
the modern Swedes.— Ta. Ger. b. 44. 

SULCHI, a town at the south of Sardinia. 
— Me. 2, c. 7.— Claud, de Gild.— 518.— Sir. 5. 

SULCIUS, an informer whom Horace de- 
scribes as hoarse with the number of. defa- 
mations he daily gave. — Hor. 1, S. 4, v. 65. 

SULGA, now'Sorgue, a small river of Gaul, 
falling into the Rhone.— Str. 4 

SULLA. Vide Sylla. 

SULMO, now Sulmona, an ancient town 
of the Peligni, at the distance of about 90 
miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one 
of the followers of jEneas. Ovid was born 

there.— Ov. pas.— It. 8, v. 51 1. — Sir. 5. A 

Latin chief, killed in the night by Nisus, as 
he was going with his companions to destroy 
Euryaliis.— V. JEn. 9, v. 412. 

SB LPITIA, a daughter of Paterculus, Mho 
married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famous 
for her chastity, that she consecrated a tem- 
ple to Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was 
implored to turn the hearts of the Roman 

women to virtue.— PL 7, c. 35. A poetess 

in the age of Domitian, against whom she 
wrote a poem, because he had banished the 



philosophers from Rome. This composition 
is still extant. She had also written a poem 
on conjugal affection, commended by Mar- 
tial, ep. 35, now lost. A daughter of Serv. 

Sulpitius, mentioned in the 4th book of ele- 
gies, falsely attributed to Tibullus. 

SU LPITIA LEX, militaris, by C. Sulpi- 
cius the tribune, A. U. C. 665, invested Ma- 
rius with the full power of the war against 
Mithridates, of which Sylla was to be de- 
prived. Another, de senalu, by Servius 

Sulpicius the tribune, A. U. C. 665. It re- 
quired that no senator should owe more than 

2000 drachmae. Another, de civilate, by 

P. Sulpicius the tribune, A. U. C. 665. It 
ordered that the new citizens who composed 
the eight tribes lately created, should be di- 
vided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater 

honour. Another, called also Sempronia 

de religione, by P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. 
Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A. U. C. 449. 
It forbad any person to consecrate a temple 
or altar without the permission of the senate 

and the majority of the trbunes. Another, 

to empower the Romans to make war against 
Philip of Macedonia. 

SULPITIUS, or SULPICIUS, an illustrious 
family at Rome, of whom the most cele- 
brated are PE TICUS, a man chosen dic- 
tator against the Gauls. His troops mu- 
tinied when he first took the field, but soon 
after he engaged the eneniv, and totally 

defeated them.— Li. 7. SEVERRIO, a 

consul who gained a victory over the Mqui. 

—Id. 9, c. 45. C. PATERCULUS, a consul 

sent against the Carthaginians. He con- 
quered Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a 
complete victory over the enemy's fleet. 
He was honoured with a triumph at his 

return to Rome.— Id. 17. SPUR1US, one 

of the three commissioners whom the Romans 
sent to collect the best laws which could be 
found in the different cities and republics of 

Greece.— Id. 3, c. 10. One of the first 

consuls who received intelligence that a 
conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore 

the Tarquins to power, &c A priest who 

died of the plague in the first ages of the 

republic at Rome. P. GALBA, a Roman 

consul who signalized himself greatly during 
the war which his countrymen waged against 

the Achaeans and the Macedonians. SE- 

VERUS, a writer. [Fide Sever us.] PUB- 
LI US, one of the associates of Marius, well 
known for his intrigues and cruelty. He 
made some laws in favour of the allies of 
Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men 
in continual pay, whom he called his anti- 
senatorial band, and with these he had often 
the impertinence to attack the consul in the 
popular assemblies. He became at last so 
seditious, that he was proscribed by Sylia's 
adherents, and immediately murdered. Hi? 
head was fixed on a pole in the rostrum, 
where he had often made many seditious 
speeches in the capacity of tribune. — Li. 77. 

A Roman consul "who fought against 

Pyrrhus and defeated him. C. LONG US, 

a Roman consul who defeated the Samnites, 
and killed 30,000 of their men. He obtained 
a triumph for this celebrated victory. He 
was afterwards made*dictator to conduct a 
3 K 3 



SUM— SUR 



652 



SUR-SYB 



war against the Etrurians. - 
iieutenant of Caesar in Gaul.— 



— RUFUS, f 
-OneofMes. 

salina's favourites, put to death by Claudius. 

P. QUIRINUs, a consul in the a?e of 

Augustus. CAMERINUS, a pro-consul of 

Africa, under Nero, accused of cruelty, kc. 

— Ta. 13, An. 52. GALLUS, a celebrated 

astrologer in the age of Paulus, He accom- 

Panied the consul in his expedition against 
erseus, and told the Roman army that the 
night before the day on which they were to 
give the enemy battle, there would be an 
eclipse of the moon. This explanation en- 
couraged the soldiers, which on the contrary 
would have intimidated them, if not pre- 
viously acquainted with the causes of it. 
Sulpitius was universally regarded, and he 
was honoured a few years after with the 

consulship.— Li. 44, c. 37.— PI. 2, C. 12. 

APOLLINARIS, a grammarian in the age 
of the emperor M. Aurelius. He left some 
letters and a few grammatical observations 
now lost.— Ci— Li.— Plu.— Pol.— Flo.— Eut. 

SUMMA'NUS, a surname of Pluto, as 
prince of the dead, summits manium. He 



for his valour, his sagacity as a general, and 
his prudence and firmness in the execution of 
hi-plans ; but his perfidy, his effeminate man- 
ners, and his lasciviousness, have been de- 
servedly censured.— Poly. 7.— Plu. Cras. 
SURltJM, a town at the south of Colchis. 
SURENTUM, a town of Campania, on the 
bay of Naples, famous for the wine which 
was made in the neighbourhood.— Me. 2, c. 
4.— Str. o.—Hor. 1, ep. 17, v. 32.— Ov. Me. 
15, v. 710.— Mart. 13, ep. 110. 

SURUS, one of the ^dui, who made war 
against Caesar.- C<hm>. G. 8, c. 45. 

SUSA (o)m?«), now Suster, a celebrated 
city of Asia, the chief town of Susiaua, and 
the capital of the Persian empire, built by 
Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus took 
it. The walls of Susa were above 1^0 stadia 
in circumference. The treasures of the 
kings of Persia were generally kept there, 
and the royal palace was built with white 
marble, and its" pillars were covered with 
gold and precious stones. It was usual 
with the kings of Persia to spend the 
summer at Echarana, and the winter at 



had a temple at Rome, erected during the Susa, because the climate was more warm 



wars with Pyrrhus, and the Romans be 
fieved that the thunderbolts of Jupiter were 
in his power during the night.— Ci. de di.~ 
—Ov. Fa. 6, v. 731. 

SUNTCI, a people of Germany on the 
shores of the Rhine.— Ta. H. 4, c. 66. 

SUNIDES, a soothsayer in the army of 
Eumenes.— Poly. 4. 

SUNTUJW, a promontory of Attica, about 
45 miles distant from the Piraeus. There 
was there a small harbour, as also a town. 
Minerva had there a beautiful temple, w hence 
she was called Sunias. There are still ex- 
tant some ruins of this temple.— PI. 4, c. 7. 
— Sir. 9.— Pa. 1, c. 1.— Cic. At. 7, ep. 3. 

S I O VET A U R IL I A , a sacrifice among the 
Romans, which consisted of the immolation 
of a sow (sus), a sheep (ovisj, and a bull 
(taurus), whence the name. It was gene- 
rally observed every fifth year. 

SU'PERUM MARE, a name of the Adriatic 
Sea, because it was situate above Italy. 
The name of Mare Internum was applied 
for the opposite reasons to the sea below 
Italy.— Ci. pro Chi. 
SORA, .OIYLIUS, a Latin writer.— V. 



than at any other royal residence. It has 
been called Memnonia, or the palace of 
Memnon, because that prince reigned there. 
—PI. 6, c. 26.— Luc. 2, v. 49.— Sir. 15.— 
Xen. Cyr.—Prop. 2, el. Claud. 

SO'SANa, a town ot Hispania Tarraconen- 
sis.—Sil. 3, v. 384. 

SUSARION, a Greek poet of Megara, who 
is supposed with Dolon to be the inventor 
of comedy, and to have first introduced it 
at Athens on a moveable stage, B. C. 562. 

SUSIANA, or SUSIS, a country of Asia, 
of which the capital was called Susa, situate 
at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great 
abundance in Susiana, and it is from" that 
plant that the province received its name, 
according to some, as Susan is the name of 
a lily in Hebrew. 

SUSIDiE PYL^E,narrowpasses over moun- 
tains, from Susiana into Persia. Curt. 5, c. 3. 

SUTHUL, a town of Numidia, where the 
king's treasures were kept.— Sal. Jug. 37. 

SUTRIUM, a town of Etruria, about 24 
miles north-west of Rome. Some suppose 
that the phrase Ire Sutrium, to act with 
dispatch, arises from the celerity with which 



Pa. 1, c. 6. L. LICINTUS, a favourite of j Camillus recovered the place, but Festus 

Trajan, honoured with the consulship. A explains it differently.— Plau. Cas. 3, I 



writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus, 
He wrote an history of the reign of the em- 
peror. A city on the Euphrates. An- 
other in Iberia.- A riverof Germany, whose 

waters fall into the Moselle.— Aus. in Mos. 

SURE'NA, a powerful officer in the armies 
of Orodes, king of Parthia. His family had 
the privilege of crowning the kings of'Par- 
thia. He was appointed to conduct the war 
against the Romans, and to protect the king- 
dom of Parthia against Crassius, w ho wished 
to conquer it. He defeated the Roman tri- 
umvir, and after he had drawn him perfi- 
diously to a conference, he ordered his head 
to be cut off. He afterwards returned to 
Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Ro- 
mans. Orodes ordered him to be put to 
*leath, B. C. 52. Surena has been admired 



10.— Li. 26, c. 34.— Pat. I, c. 14.— Li. 9, c.32. 

SY'AGRUS, an ancient poet, the lirst who 
wrote on the Trojan war. He is called 
Sagaris, by Diogenes Laertius, who adds, 
that he lived in~Homer's age, of whom he 
was the rival.— JEl. V. H. 14, c. 21. 

SY'BARIS, a river of Lucauia, in Italy, 
whose waters were said to render men more 

strong and robust.— Str. Q.—Pl. 3, c. 11. 

There was a town of the same name on its 
banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had 
been fonnded by a colony of Achaeans. Sy- 
baris became very powerful, and in its most 
flourishing situation it had the command of 
four neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and 
could send an army of 300,000 men into the 
field. The walls of the city were said to ex- 
tend six miles and a half in circumference, 
3 K 2 



SYB--SYL 



653 



and the suburbs covered the bank9 of the 
Crathis tor the space of 7 miles. It made a 
Jong and vigorous resistance against' the 
neighbouring- town of Crotona, till it was at 
last totally reduced by the disciples of Py- 
thagoras,' B. C. 508. Sybaris was destroyed 
no less than five times, and always repaired, 
•n a more recent age the inhabitants became 
so effeminate, that the word Sybarite be- 
came proverbial to intimate a man devoted 
to pleasure. There was a small town built 
in the neighbourhood about 444 years before 
the Christian era, and called Thurium, from 
a small fouutain called Thuria, where it was 
built.— Bio. 12.— Sir. 6.— Ml. V. H. 9, c. 24. 
—Mart. 12, ep. 96.— Plu. Pel.— PI. 3, c. 10. 

A friend of iEneas, killed by Turnus.— 

V. Mn. 12, v. 363. A. youth enamoured 

of Lvdia, &c— Hor. 1, od. 1, v. 2. 

SYBARI'TA, an inhabitant of Sybaris.— 
Vide Sybaris. 

SYBOTA, a harbour of Epifus.— Ci. 5,At.9. 

SY'BOTAS, a king of the Messenians, in 
the age of Lycurgus," the Spartan legislator. 
—Pa. 4, c. 4. 

SYCTNNUS, a slave of Themistocles, sent 
by his master to engage Xerxes to fight 
against the fleet of the Peloponnesians. 

SY CURIUM, a town of Thessaly at the 
foot of Ossa.— Li. 42, c. 54. 

SYEDRA, a town of Cilicia. 

SYE'NE, now Assuan, a town of Thebais, 
on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal, the 
poet was banished there on pretence of 
commanding a praetorian cohort stationed 
in the neighbourhood. It was famous for 
its quarries of marble.— Sir. 1. — Me. I, c. 
9.— PI. 36, c. 8.— Of. Pon. 1, el.5, v. 79.— 
Me. 5, v. 74.— laic. 2, v. 567, &c. 

SYNESIUS, a Cicilian who, with Labi- 
netus of Babylon, concluded a peace be- 
tween Alyattes, king of Lydia, and Cyax- 
ares, kins of Media, while both armies 
were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the 
sun, B. C. 585.— Her. 1, c. 74. 

SYENNESIS, a satrap of Cilicia, when 
Cyrus made war against his brother Arta- 
xerxes. He wished to favour both the bro- 
thers by sending one of his sons in the army 
of Cyrus, and another to Artaxerxes. 

SY LE'A, a daughter of Corinthus. 

SYLEUM, a town of Paraphylia. 

SYLEUS, a king of Auiis. 

SYLLA, L. CORNELIUS, a celebrated 
Roman of a noble family. The poverty of 
his early years was relieved by the liberality 
of the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him 
heir to a large fortune ; and with the addi- 
tion of the immense wealth of his mother- 
in-law, he soon appeared one of the most 
opulent of the Romans. He first entered 
the army under the great Marius, whom he 
accompanied in Numidia in the capacity of 
questor. He rendered himself conspicuous 
in military affairs ; and Bocchus, one of the 
princes of Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into 
his hands for the Roman consul. The 
rising fame of Sylla gave umbrage to Ma- 
rius, who was ahvays jealous of an equal, 
as well as of a superior ; but the ill lan- 
guage which he might use rather inflamed 
Uian extinguished the ambition of Sylla. 



5YL-S YL 



He left the conqueror of Jugnrtha, and 
carried arms under Catullus. Some time 
after he obtained the praetorship, and was 
appointed by the Roman senate to place 
Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, 
against the views and interest of Mithridates, 
king of Pontus. This he easily effected, one 
battle left him victorious; and before he 
quitted the plains of Asia, the Roman prae- 
tor had the satisfaction to receive in his 
camp the ambassadors of the king of Par- 
thja, who wished to make a treaty of al- 
liance with the Romans. Sylla received 
them with haughtiness, and behaved with 
such arrogance, that one of them exclaimed, 
" Surely this man is master of the world, 
or doomed to be such!" At his return to 
Rome, he was commissioned to finish the 
war with the Marsi, and when this was suc- 
cessfully ended, he was rewarded with the 
consulship, in the 50th year of his age. In 
this capacity he wished to have the adminis- 
tration of the Mithridatic war; but he found 
an obstinate adversary in Marius, and he 
attained the summit of his wishes only when 
he had entered Rome sword in hand. After 
he had slaughtered all his enemies, set a 
price upon the head of Marius, and put to 
death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continu 
ally opposed his views, he marched towards 
Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord 
which he left behind him unextinguished. 
Mithridates was already master of the great- 
est part of Greece ; and Sylla, when he 
readied the coast of Peloponnesus, was de- 
layed by the siege of Athens, and of the 
Piraeus. His operations were carried on 
with vigour, and when he found his money 
fail, he made no scruple to take the riches 
of the temples of the gods, to bribe his 
soldiers and render them devoted to his 
service. His boldness succeeded, the Piraeus 
surrendered ; and the conqueror, as if struck 
with reverence. at the beautiful porticos 
where the philosophic followers of Socrates 
and Plato had often disputed, spared the 
city of Athens, which he had devoted to 
destruction, and forgave the living for the 
sake of the dead. Two celebrated battles at 
Cheronsea and Orchomenos, rendered him 
master of Greece. He crossed the Helles- 
pont, and attacked Mithridates in the very 
heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch, 
who well knew the valour and perseverance 
of his adversary, made proposals of peace ; 
and Sylla, whose interest at home was then 
decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end 
to a war which had rendered him master o 
so much territory, and which enabled hinr 
to return to Rome like a conqueror, and (•» 
dispute with his rival the sovereignty of the 
republic with a victorious army. Muraena 
was left at the head of the Roman forces m 
Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the 
plains of Campania, he was met by a feu 
of his adherents, whom the success of his 
rivals had banished from the capital, and he 
was soon informed, that if he wished to con- 
tend with Marius, be must encounter fifteen 
generals, followed by twenty-five well disci- 
plined legions. In these critical circumstances 
he had recourse to artifice, and while lie pic 



SYi,-SYL 



654 



SYL-SYM 



posed terms of accommodation to his adver- 
saries, he secretly strengthened himself, 
and saw, with pleasure, his armies daily in- 
crease by the revolt of soldiers whom his 
bribes or'proaiises had corrupted. Pompey, 
who afterwards merited the surname of 
Great, embraced his cause, and marched to 
his camp with three leg-ions. Soon after he 
appeared in the held with advantage ; the 
confidence of Marius decayed with his 
power, and Sylla entered Rome like a 
tyrant and a conqueror. The streets were 
daily tilled with dead bodies, and 70,0 citi 



an inscription written by himself, in which he 
said, the good services he had received from 
his friends, and the injuries of his enemies, had 
been returned with unexampled usury. The 
character of Sylla is that of an ambitious,dissi- 
mulating, credulous, tyrannical, debauched, 
and resolute commander. He was revenge- 
ful in the highest degree, and the surname 
of Fetix, or the Fortunate, which he as- 
sumed, fhowed that he was more indebted 
to fortune than to valour for the great fame 
he had acquired. But in the midst of all 
who cannot admire the moderation 



zens, to whom the conqueror had promised J and philosophy of a man, who, when abso- 
pardon, were suddenly massacred in the lute master of a republic, which he has 
circus. The senate, at that time assembled | procured by his cruelty and avarice, silently 
in the temple of Bellona, heard the shrieks j abdicates the sovereign power, challenges 
of their dying countrymen, and when they \ a critical examination of his administration, 
inquired into the cause of it, Sylla coolly , and retires to live securely iu the midst of 
repled, u They are only a few rebels whom ' thousands whom he has injured and offended ! 
1 have ordered to be chastised." If this The Romans were pleased and astonished at 
had been the last and most dismal scene, his abdication; and when the insolence of a 
Rome might have been called happy ; but it J young man had been vented against the die- 
was only the beginning of her misfortunes : tator, he calmly answered, " This usage 
each succeeding day exhibited a greater may perhaps deter another to resign his 
number of slaughtered bodies, and when j power to follow my example, if ever he be- 
one of the senators had the boldness to ask 1 comes absolute." Sylla has been commended 
the tyrant when he meant to stop his cruel- j for the patronage "he gave to the arts and 
ties, "Sylla, with an air of unconcern, an- sciences. He brought from Asia the exten- 
swered, that he had not yet determined, j sive library of Apellicon, the peripatetic 
but that he would take it into his considera- j philosopher, in which were the works of 
tion. The slaughter was continued, a list < Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he himself 
cf such as were proscribed was daily stuck , composed 22 books of memoirs concerning 
in the public streets, and the slave was re- himself.— Ci. Ver.—C. Nep. At. — Pal. 2, c. 
warded to bring his master's head, and the 17. — Li. 75.— Pa. I, c. 20.— Fl. 3, c. 5. — Va. 
son was not ashamed to imbrue his hands Ma. 12. — Pol. 5. — Jus. 37, 35. — Eut. 5, c. 2. — 

in the blood of the father for money. No Plu. in vi. A nephew of the dictator, 

less than 4700 of the most powerful and j who conspired against his country because 
opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the j he had been deprived of his consulship tor 
Romans to forget his cruelties in aspiring j bribery. — -Another relation who also joined 

to the title of perpetual dictator. In this! in the' same conspiracy. A man put to 

capacity he made new laws, abrogated such j death by Nero at Marseilles, where he had 

as were inimical to his views, and changed i been banished. A friend of Cato, de- 

every regulation where his ambition was i feated and killed by one of Caesar's lieute- 

obstfucted. After he had finished whatever nant*. A senator banished from the se- 

the mo=t absolute sovereign may do from nale for his prodigality by Tiberius. 



his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated 
the dictatorial power, and retired to a soli- 
tary retreat at Puteoli, where he spent the 
rest of his days, if not in literary ease 
and tranquillity, yet tar from the noise 
of arms, in the midst of riot and debauchery. 
The companions of his retirement were the 
most base and licentious of the populace, 
and Sylla took pleasure still to wallow in 
voluptuousness, though on the verge of 
life, and covered withinfirmities. Hisintem- 
perance hastened his eud, hisblood was cor- 
rupted, and an imposthume was bred in his 
bowels. He at last died in the greatest tor- 
ments of the lousy disease, about 78 years 
before Christ, in the 60th year of his 'age ; 
and it has been observed, that, like Marius, 
on his death-bed, he wished to drown the 
stings of conscience and remorse by con- 
tinual intoxication. His funeral was very 
magnificent; his body was attended by the 
senate and the vestal virgins, and hymns 
were sung to celebrate his exploits, anu to 
honour his memory. A monument was 
erected in the field of" Mars,onwhich appeared 



SYLLIS, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus 
by Apollo.— Pa. 2, c 6. 
S"i LOES, a promontory of Africa. 
SY'LOSON, a man who gave a splendid 
garment to Darius, son of Hystaspes, when 
a private man. Darius, when raised to the 
throne of Persia, remembered the gift of 
Svloson with gratitude.— Str. 14. [vanus. 
"SYLVA'NUS, a god of the woods. Vide Sil- 
SYLVIA, or ILIA, the mother of Romu- 
lus. — [Vide Rhea.] A daughter of Tyrr- 

henus whose favourite stag was wounded 
by Ascanius.— V. JEn. 7, v. 503. 

SYLVIUS, a son of iEneas by Lavinia, 
from whom afterwards all the kings of Alba 
were called Sylvii.—V. £n. 6, v. 763. 

SYMA, or SYME, a town of Asia. A 

nvmph, mother of Chthonius by Neptune.— 
Dio. 5. 

SYMBOLUM, a place of Macedonia, near 
Phiiippi, on the conhues of Thraee. 

SYM'MACHUS, an officer in the army of 

Agesilaus. A celebrated orator in the age 

of Theoiiosiiis the Great. His father was 
prefect of Rome. He wrote against the 
"» 3 K 3 



SYM— SYR 



655 



SYR- SYR 



Christians, and ten books of his letters are 
extant, which have been refuted by Am- 
brose and Prudentius. A writer in the 

second century. He translated the bible 
into Greek, of which few fragments remain. 

SYMPLE'GADES, or CYAN/E, two islands 
or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine Sea. 
Vide Cvauese. 

SYM'US, a moiniTam of Armenia, from 
which the Araxes flows. [torians. 

SYNCELLUS, one of the Bvzantine his- 

SYNESIUS, a bishop of Cyrene in the age 
of Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous 
for his learning as his piety. He wrote 155 
epistles besides other treatises in Greek in a 
style pure and elegant, and bordering much 
upon the poetic. 

SYM N A LAX IS, a nympn of Ionia, who 
had a temple at Heraclea.in Elis. — Pa. 6, 22. 

SYNNAS (adis), or SYNNADA, (plur.) 
a town of Phrygia, famous for its marble 
quarries.— Str. \'2.~Claud. in Eut. 2.— Mart. 
9, ev. 11.— St. 1, Syl. 5, v. 41. [Scinis. 

SYNNIS, a famous robber of Attica. Vide 

SYNO'PE, a town on the borders of the 
Euxine.— Vide Sinope. [Li. 30, c. 19. 

SYPHiEUrvT, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 

SYPHAX, a king of the Massesyllii in Li- 
bya, who married Sophouisba, the daughter 
of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the 
Romans to join himself to the interest of 
his father-in-law, and of Carthage. He was 
conquered in a battle by Masinissa, the ally 
of Rome, and given to Scipio the Roman 
general. The conqueror carried him to 
Rome, where he adorned his triumph. Sy- 
phax died in prison 201 years before Christ, 
and his possessions were given to Masinissa. 
According to some, the descendants of Sy- 
phax reigned for some time over a part of 
Numidia, and continued to make opposition 
to the Romans.— Li. 24.— P/k. Seip.—Fl. 2, 
c. 6.— Pol. —It. 16, v. 171.— Ov. Fa. 6, v. 769. 

SYRACES, one of the Sacae, who muti- 
lated himself, and by pretending to be a 
deserter, brought Darius, who made war 
against his country, into many difficulties. — 
Polv. 7. 

SYRACOSIA, festivals at Syracuse, cele- 
brated during ten days, in which women 
were busily employed in offering sacrifices. 

Another yearly observed near the lake 

of Syracuse, where, as they supposed, Pluto 
had disappeared with Proserpine. 
. SYRACU'SA:, a celebrated city of Sicily, 
founded about 732 years before the Christian 
era, by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of 
the Heraclidse. In its flourishing state it 
extended 22 and a half English miies in cir- 
cumference, and was divided into four dis- 
tricts, Ortygia, Acradina, Tycha, and Nea- 
polis, to which some add a fifth division, 
Epipolae, a district little inhabited. These 
were of themselves separate cities, and 
were fortified with three citadels, and three 
folded walls. Syracuse had two capacious 
j-aroours, separated from one another oy 
the island of Ortygia. The greatest har- 
bour was about 5000 paces in circumference, 
and its entrance 500 paces wide. The peo 
pie of Syracuse were very opulent and 
powerful, and though subject to tyrants, 



they were masters of vast possessions and 
dependent states. The city of Syracuse was 
well built, its houses were stately and mag- 
nificent ; and it has been said, that it pro- 
duced the best and most excellent of men 
when they were virtuous, but the most 
wicked ond depraved when addicted to vi- 
cious pursuits. The women of Syracuse 
were not permitted to adorn themselves 
with gold, or wear costly garments, except 
such as prostituted themselves. Syracuse 
gave birth to Theocritus and Archimedes. 
It was under different governments; and 
after being freed from the tyranny of Thra- 
sabulus, B. C. 446, it enjoyed security for 
61 years, till the usurpation of the Dionysii, 
who were expelled by Timoleon, B. C. 343. 
In the age of the elder Dionysius, an armv 
of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 400 
ships, were kept in constant pay. It fell 
into the hands of the Romans, under the 
consul Marcellus, after a siege of three 
years, B. C. 212.— Ci. Ver. 4, c. 52.— Str. 4. 
—C. Nep.—Me, 2, c. 7.— Li. M.—Plu. Mar. 
— Fl, 2, c. 6.—//. 14, V. 278. 

SYRIA, a large country of Asia, whose 
boundaries are not accurately ascertained by 
the ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was 
bounded on the east by the Euphrates, north 
by mount Taurus, west by the Mediterra- 
nean, and south by Arabia. It was divide! 
into several districts and provinces, among 
which were Phoenicia, Seleucis, Judaea, or 
Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and As- 
syria. It was also called Assyria ; and the 
words Syria and Assyria, though distin- 
guished and defined by some authors, wer» 
often used indifferently. Syria was sub- 
jected to the monarchs of Persia ; but after 
the death of Alexander the Great, Seleucus 
surnamed Nicator, who had received this 
province as his lot in the division of the Ma- 
cedonian dominions, raised it into an em- 
pire, known in history by the name of the 
kingdom of Syria or Babylon, B. C. 312- 
Seleucus died after a reign of 32 years, and 
his successors, surnamed the Seleucida, as- 
cended the throne in the following order ; 
Antiochus, surnamed Soter, 280 B. C. ; Am 
tiochus Theos, 261 ; Seleucus Callinicus, 246 , 
Seleucus Ceraunus, 226 ; Antiochus the 
Great, 223; Seleucus Philopater, 187 ; An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, 175 ; Antiochus Eupator, 
164; Demetrius Soter, 162; Alex. Bala*, 
150 ; Demetrius Nicator, 146 ; Antiochus the 
Sixth, 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 143; Antio- 
chus Sidetes, 139 ; Demetrius Nicator re- 
stored, 130; Alexander Zebina, 127, who 
was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123 ; 
Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of 
Syria, which he calls Ccelosyria ; Philip and 
Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Ccelosyria, 
Antiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Ccelo- 
syria, 85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83 
and Antiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was de- 
throned by Pompey, B.C. 65 ; in consequence 
of which Svria became a Roman province. — 
Her. '2,—Apol. I, Arg.—Slr. Vi.—C. Nep. 
Me. 1, c. 2.-Ptol. 5, c. 6.—Curt.6.—Dio.Per. 

SYRI'ACUM MARE, that part of the Me- 
diterranean sea which is or: the coast of 
Phoenicia and Syria. 



SYR— TAB 6 

SYRINX, a nymph of Arcadia, daugiuer 
of the river Lad on. Pan oecame enamoured 
of her, and attempted to offer her violence ; 
but Syrinx escaped, and at her own request 
was changed by the gods inio a reed called 
Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made him- 
self a pipe with the reeds, into which his fa- 
vourite nymph had been changed.— Of. Me. 
1, v. 69\.— Mart. 9, ep. 63. 

SYROPHCEMX, the name of an inhabi- 
tant of the maritime coas* of Svria. — Juv. 8. 

SYROS, one of the Cyclades'in thcrEgean 
sea, at the east of Delos, about 20 miles in 
circumference, very fruitful in wine and corn 
of all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great 
old age, because the air was wholesome. — 

H. Od. 15, v. 504.— Sir. 10.— Me. 2, c. 7. 

A town of Caria.— Pa. 3, c. 26. 

SYRTES, two large sand-banks in the 
Mediterranean on the coast of Africa, one 
of which was near Leptis, and the other near 
Carthage. As they often changed places, 
and were sometimes very high or very low 
under the water, they were deemed most 
dangerous in navigation, and proved fatal to 
whatever ships touched upon them. From 
this circumstance, therefore, the word has 
been used to denote any part of the sea of 
which the navigation was attended with dan- 
ger, either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. 
— Me. 1, c. 7, I. 2, c. 7.— V. Mn. 4, v. 41.— 
Luc. 9, 303.— Sal. in J. 

SYRUS, an island. {Vide Syros.] A 

son of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of 
the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. — 
Pin. Luc. A writer. Fide Publius. 

SYSIGAMBIS, the mother of Darius. 
Vide Sisvgambis. 

SYSIMETHRES, 'a Persian satrap, who volted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs of 
had two children by his mother, an inces- ! the monarch, and obliged him to save his 
tuous commerce tolerated by the laws of! life by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus 
Persia. He opposed Alexander with 2000 i acted with that duplicity to avenge himself 



ifi TAB— TAC 

on fiie Moselle. TRIBOCCORUM, a town 

of Alsace in France, now Saverne, 

TABOR, a mountain of Palestine. 

TA'BRACA, a maritime town of Africa, 
near Hippo, made a Roman colony. The 
neighbouring forests abounded with monkeys. 
—Juv. 10, v. 194.— Pi. 5, c. 3.— Me. 1, c. 7. 
— It. 3, V. 255. [Scheldt.— Ptol. 

TABUDA, a river of Germany, now the 

TABURNUS, a mountain of Campania, 
which abounded with olives, — Virg.G. 2, v. 38. 

TACAPE, a town of Africa. 

TACATUA, a maritime town of Numidia. 

TACFARI'NAS, a Numidian who com- 
manded an army against the Romans in the 
reign of Tiberius. He had formerly served 
in the Roman legions; but in the character 
of an enemy, he displayed the most invete- 
rate hatred against his benefactor. After he 
had severally defeated the officers of Tibe- 
rius, he was at last routed and killed in the 
field of battie, fisrhting with uncommon fury, 
by Dolabella.— Ta. An. 2. 

TACHAMPSO, an island in the Nile, near 
Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of 
this island, and the rest was in the hands of 
the ^Ethiopians.— Her. 2. 

TACHOS, or TACHUS, a king of Egypt, 
in the reign of Artaxerxes Octius, against 
whom he sustained a long war. He was 
assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence in 
Agesilausj king of Lacedaemon, proved fatal 
to him. Chabrias, the Athenian, had been 
intrusted with the fleet of the Egyptian mo- 
narch, and Agesilaus was left with the com- 
mand of the'mercenary army. The Lace- 
daemonian disregarded his engagements, and 
by joining with Nectanebu~, who had re- 



men, but soon surrendered. He was greatly 
honoured by the conqueror.— Curt. S^c. 4.' 

SYSINAS", the elder son of Datames, who 
revolted from his father to Artaxerxes. 

SYTHAS, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- 
ing through Sicvonia into the bay of Corintii. 
—Pa. 2, c. 7- 



1 . 

TAAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the same 
as the Saturn of the Latins, and probablv 
the Thoth or Thaut, the Mercury, of the 
Esrvptains.— Ci. de N. D. 3, c. 22.— Far. 

TAB >E, a town of Pisidia.— Li. 38, c. 13. 

TABELLARIiE LEGES, laws made by suf- 
frages delivered upon tables (tabellte), and 
not viva voce. There were four of these 
laws, the Gabinia lex, A. U. C. 614, by Ga- 
binius : the Cassia, bv Cassius A. II. C. 616 



upon Tachus, who had" iusolently ridiculed 
his short and deformed stature. The expec- 
tations of Tachus had been raised by ihe 
fame of Agesilaus ; but when he saw the 
lame monarch, he repeated on the occasion 
the fable of the mountain which brought 
forth a mouse, upon which Agesilaus replied 
with asperity, 'though he called him a mouse, 
yet he soon should find him to be a lion. 
— C. Nep. Ag. 
TAC1NA, a river of the Brutii. 
TA'CITA, a goddess who presided over 
silence. Numa, as some say, paid particu- 
lar veneration to this divinity. 

TACrTUS, C. CORNELIUS, acelebrated 
Latin historian born in the reign of Nero. 
His father was a Roman knight, who had 
been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. 
The uative genius and the rising talents of 
Tacitus were beheld with rapture by the 
emperor Vespasian, and as he wished to pro- 
tect and patronize merit, he raised the young 



the Papiria, bv Carbo, A. IT. C. 622 ; and; historian" to places of trust and honour. The 
the Calia, by Cselius, A. U. C. 646. — Ci. de succeeding emperors were not less partial to 



Leg. 3. c. 16. 
TABERNiE NOVvE, a street 



where shops were built. - 



in Rome 
Li. 3, C. 48.- 



Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his 
cruelties, w hen virtue and innocence claimed 
his patronage. Tacitus was honoured with 



Khenanae, a town of Germany on the conflu- the consulship, and he gave proofs of his 
eoce of the Felbach and the Rhine, now eloquence at the bar, bv supporting the 
liltin-Zabcrn. RIGU.E, now Bcrn-Castel, cause of the injured Africans against the 



TAC— TAC 



657 



TAC— TAC 



proconsul Marius Priscus, and in causing 
him to be condemned tor his avarice and 
extortion. The friendly intercourse of 
Plinv and Tacitus has often been admired, 
and many have observed, that the familiarity 
of these "two great men arose from similar 
principles, and a perfect conformity of man- 
ners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as 
much the friend of a republican government, 
as Pliny was an admirer of the imperial 
nower, and of the short-lived virtues of hi9 
patron Trajan. Pliny gained the heart of 
his adherents by affability, and all the elegant 
graces which became the courtier and the 
Favourite, while Tacitus conciliated the es- 
teem of the world by his virtuous conduct, 
which prudence and love of honour ever 
guided. The friendship of Tacitus and of 
Pliny almost became proverbial, and one 
was scarce mentioned without the other, as 
the following instance may indicate. At the 
exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, 
Tacitus held a long conversation en different 
subjects with a Roman knight, with whom 
he was unacquainted ; and when tne 
knight asked him whether he was a na- 
tive of Italy, the historian told him that 
he was not "unknown to him, and that for 
their distant acquaintance, he was indebted 
to literature. " Then you are," replied the 
knight, ' ' either Tacitus or Pliny." The 
time of Tacitus was not employed in trivial 
pursuits: the orator might have been now 
foreottenif the historian had not flourished. 
Tacitus wrote a treatise on the manners of 
the Germans, a composition admired for the 
fidelity and exactness with which it is exe- 
cuted, though some have declared that the 
historian delineated manners and customs 
with which he was not acquainted, and 
which never existed. His life of C. Julius 
Agricola, whose daughter he had married, is 
celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the 
many excellent instructions and important 
truths which it relates. His history of the 
Roman emperors is imperfect; of the 28 
vears of which it treated, that is from the 
69th to the 96th year of the Christian era, 
nothing remains but the year 69 and part of 
the 7oth. His annals were the most exten- 
sive and complete of his works. The history 
of the reign of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and 
Nero, was treated with accuracy and atten 



This was the fruit of experience and judg- 
ment. The history appears copious and dif 
fuse, while the annals, which were written 
in his old age, are less flowing as to style, 
more concise, and more heavily laboured. 
His Latin is remarkable for being pure and 
classical; and though a writer in the decline 
of the Roman empire, he has not used obso- 
lete words, antiquated phrases, or barbarous 
expressions, but with him every thin;? is 
sanctioned by the authority of the writers 
of the Augustan a?e. In "his biographical 
sketches he displays an uncommon know- 
ledge of human nature, he paints every 
scene with a masterly hand, and gives each 
object its proper size and becoming colours. 
Affairs of importance are treated with dig- 
nity, the secret causes of events and revolu- 
tions are investigated from their primeval 
source, and the historian every where shows 
his reader that he was a friend of public 
liberty and national independence, a lover 
of truth, and of the general good and wel- 
fare of mankind, and an inveterate enemy 
to oppression, and to a tyrannical govern- 
ment. The history of the' reign of Tiberius 
is his master-piece : the deep policy, the dis- 
simulation and various intrigues of this 
celebrated prince, are painted with all the 
fidelity of the historian, and Tacitus boasted 
in saying, that he neither won'ld flatter the 
follies, or maliciously or partially represent 
the extravagance, of the several' characters 
he delineated. Candour and impartiality 
*ere his standard, and his claims to these 
essential qualifications of a:i historian have 
never been disputed. It is said that the em- 
peror Tacitus, who boasted in being one of 
the descendants of the historian, ordered the 
works of his ancestor to be placed in all 
public libraries, and directed that ten copies, 
well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, 
should be yearly written, that so great and 
so valuable a work might not be lost. Some 
ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed against 
Tacitus for the partial manner in which he 
speaks of the Jews and Christ ans ; but it 
should be remembered, that he spoke the 
language of the Romans, and that the pe- 
culiarities of the Christians could not but 
draw upon them the odium and the ridicule 
of the Pagans, and the imputation of super- 
stition. M. CLAUDIUS, a Roman, chosen 



tion, yet we are to lament the loss of the emperor by the senate, after the death of 
history of the reign of Caius, and the begin- Aurelian. 'He would have refused this im- 
ning of that of Claudius. Tacitus had re- portanl and dangerous office, but the press- 
served for his old age, the history of the ing solicitations of the senate prevailed, and 
reign of Nerva and Trajan, and he also | in the 70th year of his age, he complied 
proposed to give to the world an accouut of with the wishes of his countrymen, and 
the interesting administration of Augustus ; accepted the purple. The time of his ad- 
but these important subjects never employed i ministration was very popular, the good of 



the pen of the historian, and as some of th 
ancients observe, the only compositions of 
Tacitus were contained in 30 books, of which 
we have now left only 16 of his annals, and 
live of Ids history. The style of Tacitus has 
always been admired for peculiar beauties : 
the thoughts are great ; there is a sublimity, 
force, weight, and energy ; every thing is 
treated with precision and dignity ; yet many 
hate called him obscure, because he was 
Jond of expressing Ids ideas in few words. 



the people was his care, and as a pattern o' 
moderation, economy, temperance, regu 
larity, and impartiality, Tacitus found no 
equal. He abolished the several brothels, 
which under the preceding reigns had filled 
Rome with licentiousness and obscenity ; 
and by ordering all the public baths to be 
shut at sunset, lie prevented the commission 
of manv irregularities, which the darkness 
of the night had hitherto sanctioned. The 
senators under Tacitus seemed to hare re- 



TAD— TAG 



658 



TAL— TAN 



covered their ancient dignity and long-lost 
privileges. They were not only the coun- 
sellors of the emperor, but they even seemed 
to be his masters ; and when Florianus, the 
brotner-in-law of Tacitus, was refused the 
consulship, the emperor said, that the senate, 
no doubt, could fix upon a more deserving 
object. As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to 
few of the Romans, and during a short 
reign of about six months, he not only re- 
pelled the barbarians who had invaded" the 
territories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared 
to make war against the Persians and Scy- 
thians. He died in Cilicia, as he was on his 
expedition, of a violent distemper, or, ac- 
cording to some, he was destroyed by the 
secret dagger of an assassin, on "the 13th of 
April, iu the 276th year of the Christian era. 
Tacitus has been commended for his love of 
learning, and it has been observed, that he 
never passed aday without consecrating some 
part of his time to reading or writing. He 
has been accused of superstition, and authors 
have recorded, that he never studied on the 
second day of each month, a day which he 
deemed inauspicious and unlucky. — Ta. vi. 
—Zoz. [thage. 
TADER, a river of Spain, near New Car- 
TvEDlA.a prostitute at Rome.— Juv.2,v.+9. 
TjE'NAR US, now Matapan, a promontory 
of Laconia, the most solemn point of Eu- 
rope, where Neptune had a temple. There 
was there a large and deep cavern, whence 
issued a black and unwholesome vapour, 
from which circumstance the poets have 
imagined that it was one of the entrances of 
hell, through which Hercules dragged Cer- 
berus from the infernal regions. This fa- 
bulous tradition arises, according to Pau- 
sanias, from the continual resort of a large 
serpent near the cavern of Taenarus, whose 
bite was mortal. This serpent, as the geo- 
grapher observes, was at last killed by Her- 
cules, and carried to Eurystheus. The town 
of Taenarus was at the distance of about 40 
stadia from the promontory, and was famous 
for marble of a beautiful green colour. The 
town as well as the promontory, received its 
name from Taenarus, a son of Neptune. 
There were some festivals celebrated there, 
called T&naria, in honour of Neptune. 
H. Hy. in Ap. 413.— Pa. 3, c. 14.— Luc. 6, 
v. 648.— Ov. Me. 2, v. 247, 1. 10, v. 13 & 83. 
— Pa. 3, c. 25.— Apol. 2, C. 5.— Me. 2, c. 3. 
Str. 8. 

TrENTAS, a part of the lake Mcetis.— Str. 

TAGASTE, a town of Numidia.— Pl.S, c. 4. 

TAGES, a son of Genius, grandson of Ju- 
piter, was the first who taught the 12 nations 
of the Etrurians the science of augury and 
divination. It is said that he was found by a 
Tuscan ploughman in the form of a clod, 
and that he assumed an human shape to in- 
struct tills nation, which became so celebrated 
for their knowledge of omens and incanti- 
tions.— Ci.Di. 2, c. 23.— Ov. Me. 15, v. o5n. 
—Luc. I, v. 673. [conesis. 

TAGONICS, a river of Hispania TaTa- 

TAGUS, a river of Spain, which falls into 
the Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania or 
Portugal, and now bears the name of Tajo. 
T..e sands of the Tasrus. according to the 



poets, were covered with gold. — Me. 3, c. 1, 
— Ov. Me. 2, v. 251.— Si. 4, v. 234.— Luc. 7, 

v. 755.— Marl. 4, ep. 55, &c. A Latin chief 

killed by Nisus. — V. JEn. 9, v. 418. A Tro- 
jan killed bv Turnus.— Id. 12, v. 513. 

TALASIDS. Vide Thalasius. 

TALAUS, a son of Bias and Pero, father 
of Adrastus bv Lvsimache. He was one of 
the Argonauts.— Apol. l, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 6. 

TALAYRA, the sister of Fhcebe. She 
is also called Hilaira. Vide Phoebe. 

TA'LETUM, a temple sacred to the sun 
on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses 
were generally offered there for sacrifice.-Pa. 

TALTH YBl'US, a herald in the Grecian 
camp during the Trojan war, the particular 
minister and friend of Agamemnon. He 
brought away Briseis from the tent of Achilles 
by order of his master. Talthybius died at 
iEgium in Achaia.— H. II. 1, v. 320, &c— 
Pa. 7, c. 23. 

TALUS, a youth, son of the sister of Dae- 
dalus, who invented the saw, compasses, and 
other mechanical instruments. His uncle 
became jealous of his growing fame, and mur- 
dered him privately ; or, according to others, 
he threw him down from the citadel of 
Athens. Talus was changed into a partridge 
by the gods. He is also called Calus, Acalua, 
Perdix, and Taliris.—Apol. 3, c. 1 — Pa. i, 

c. 21.— Ov. Me. 8. A son of CEnopion.— 

Per. 7, c. 4. A son of Ceres, the founder of 

the Cretan nation.— Pa. 8. c. 53. A friend 

of .Eneas killed by Turnus.— F. Mn. 12, v. 513. 

TAMARIS, a river of Spain. 

TA'MARUS, a mountain of Epirus, called 
also Tmarus and Tomarus. — Scr. 

TAMASEA, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, 
sacred to the goddess of beauty. It was in 
this place that Venus gathered the golden 
apples with which Hippomanes was enabled 
to overtake Atalanta.— Ov. Me. 10, v. 644. 
— PI. 5.— Str. 14. ]C(bs. G. 5, c. 11. 

TA.MESIS,ariver of Britain, nowtheThames. 

TAMOS, a native of Memphis, made go- 
vernor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. Alter the 
death cf Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, 
where he was murdered on account of his 
immense treasures. — Diod. 14. A promon- 
tory of India, near the Ganges. 

TAMP1US, a Roman hi^tor.an. 

TAMYRAS, a river of Phoenicia, between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

TAMYRIS, a queen. Vide Thorayris. 

TAN'AGRA, a town of Boeotia, near the 
Euripus, between the Asopus and Thermo- 
don, famous for fighting cocks. It was 
founded by Pcemandros, a son of Chaeresi- 
laus, the son of Jasius, who married Tana- 
gra, the daughter of iEolus ; or, according 
to some, of the Asopus. Corinna was a na- 
tive of Tanagra.— Str. 9.— Pa. 9, c. 20. & 23. 
— 2EI. V. H. 13, v. 25. 

TAN'AGRUS, or TAN'AGER, now Negro, 
a river of Lucania, in Italy, remarkable for 
its cascades, and the beautiful meanders of 
its streams, through a fine picturesque 
country — Virg. G. 3, v. 151. 

TA.NA1S, an eunuch, freedman to Maece 

nas.— Hor. I, S. 1, v. 105. A river of Scy 

thia, now the Don, which divides Europe 
from Asia, and falls into the Palus Maeoui 



TAN—TAN 



659 



TAN— TAR 



after a rapid course, and after it has received 
tlie additional streams of many small rivu- 
lets.— A town at its mouth bore the same 
name.— Me. 1, c. 19.— Sir. 11 & 16.— Curt. 

6, c. I.—Laic. 3, 8, &c. A deity among 

the Persians and Armenians, who patronized 
slaves ; supposed to be the same as Venus. 
The daughters of the noblest of the Persians 
and Armenians prostituted themselves in 
honour of this deity, and were received with 
greater regard and" affection by their suitors. 
Artaxerxes, the son of Darius", was the first 
who raised statues to Tanais in the different 
provinces of his empire, and taught his sub- 
jects to pay her divine honours.— Curt. 5, 
c. l.—Sir. 11. 

TANAGUIL, called also Caia Ccecilia, 
was the wife of Tarquin, the fifth king of 
Rome. She was a native of Tarquinia, where 
she married Lucumon, better known by the 
name of Tarquin, which he assumed after he 
had come to Rome at the representation of 
his wife, whose knowledge of augury pro- 
mised him something uncommon. Her ex- 
pectations were not frustrated ; her husband 
was raised to the throne, and she shared with 
him the honours of royalty. After the mur- 
der of Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in- 
law Servius Tullius to the throne, and in- 
sured him the succession. She distinguished 
herself by her liberality ; and the Romans in 
succeeding ages had such a veneration for 
her character, that the embroidery she had 
made, her girdle, as also the robe of her son- 
in-law, which she had worked with her own 
hands, were preserved with the greatest sanc- 
tity. Juvenul bestows the appellation of Tana- 
quil on all such women as were imperious, and 
had the command of their husbands.— Li. I, 
c. a4.—Dio. H. 3, c. 59.— FL 1, c. 5 & 8.— 
It. 13, V. 818. 

TANAS, a river of Numidia.— Sat. J. 9o. 

TANETUM, a town of Italy, now Tonedo, 
in the duchv of Modena. 

TAN FAN "iE LUCUS, a sacred grove in 
Germany, in the country of the Marsi, be- 
tween the Ems and Lipp'e. —Ta. A. 1, c. 51. 

TAN IS, a city of Egypt, on one of the 
eastern mouths of the Nile. 

TAVTAL1 DES, a patronymic applied to 
the descendants of Tantalus, such as Niobe, 

Uermione, &c. Agamemnon and Mene- 

Jaus, as grandsons of Tantalus, are called 
Tantalida fratres.—Ov.Her. 8, v. 45 & 122. 

TAN'TALUS, a king of Lydia, son of Ju- 
piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was 
father of Niobe, Pelops, &c, by Dione, one 
of the Atlautides, called by some Euryauassa. 
Tantalus is represented by the poets'as pun- 
ished in hell, with an insatiable thirst, and 
placed up to the chin in the midst of a pool 
of water, which, however, flows away as 
soon as he attempts to taste it. There hangs 
also above his head, a bough, richly loaded 
witli delicious fruit; which, as soon as he at- 
tempts to seize, is carried away from his 
reach by a sudden blast of wind. According 
to some mythologies, his punishment is to 
sit under a huge stone hung at some distance 
over his head, and as it seems every mo- 
ment ready to fall, he is kept under con- 
tinual alarms and never-ceasing fears. The 



causes of this eternal punishment are vari- 
ously explained. Some declare that it was 
indicted upon him because he stole a favou- 
rite dog, wh ch Jupiter had entrusted to his 
care to keep his temple in Crete. Others 
say, that lie stole away the nectar and am- 
brosia from the tables of the gods, when he 
was admitted into the assemblies ol' heaven, 
and that he gave it to mortals on earth. 
Others support, that this proceeds from his 
cruelty and impiety in killing his son Helop?, 
and in serving his limbs as food before the 
gods, whose divinity and power he wished to 
try, when they had stopped at his house as 
they passed over Phrygia. There were also 
others who impute it "to his lasciviousness in 
carrying away Ganymedes to gratify the 
most unnatural of passions.— Find. OL 
l.—H. Od. 11, v, 581.— Ci. Tus. 1, c. 5, 1. 4, 
c. 16.— Eur. in Iph.—Prop. 2, el. 1, v. 65. 

—Hor. 1, S. 1, v. 68. A son of Thyestes, 

the first husband of Clvtemnestra. — Fa. 2. 
One of Niobe's children.— Or. Me. 6,/. 6. 

TANUSIUS GERMINUS, a Latin historian 
intimate with Cicero.— Sen. 93.— Cces.9. 

TAPHIiE, islands in the Ionian sea be- 
tween Achaia and Leucadia. They were 
also called Teleboides. They received these 
names from Taphius and Telebous, the sons 
of Neptune, who reigned there. The Taphi- 
ans made war against Electryon king of My- 
cenae, and killed all his sons; upon which 
the monarch promised his kingdom and his 
daughter in marriage to whoever could 
avenge the death of his children upon the 
Taphians. Amphitryon did it with success, 
and obtained the promised reward. The Ta- 
phians were expert sailors, but too fond or 
plunder and piratical excursions. — H.Od.\,\. 
18l&419,1.15.v.426.— Apol.2,C. 4.—P1.4, C. 12. 

TAPHIUS, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe 
the daughter of Nestor. He was king of the 
Taphide, to which he gave his name.— Sir, 
\Q.—Apol. 2, c. 4. 

TAPHIUS, or TAPHIASSUS, a mountain 
of Locris on the confines of /Etolia. 

TAPHIUSA, a place near Leucas, where 
a stone is foundcalledTa/>Aiwsiu5.-P/.36.c.21. 

TAPHRjE, a town on the isthmus of the 
Taurica Chersonesus, now Frecop.—Me. 2, 
C. 1.— PL 4, C. 12. 

TAPHROS, the strait between Corsica 
and Sardinia, now Bonifacio. 

TAPROB'ANE, an island in the Indian 
ocean, nowcalledOvfo/t. Its inhabitants were 
yery rich and lived to .a great age. Their 
country was visited by two summers and 
two winters. Hercules "was their chief deity, 
and as the sovereignty was elective, and 
only from among unmarried men, the mon- 
arch was immediately deposed if he became 
a father.— Ptol. 6.—Str. 2.— Or. ex Fon. 8, 
el. 5, v. 80. 

TAPSUS, a maritime town of Africa.— Si. 
It. 3. A small and lowly-situated penin- 
sula on the eastern coast of Sicily.— V. Mn. 

3, v. 611. A man ot Cvzicus, killed by 

Pollux.- P. Flac. 2, v. 191." 

TAPVRI.a people near Hyrcania. Dio.Per. 

TA'RAN IS, a name of Jupiter among the 
Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were 
offered. — Luc. I, v. 446. 



TAR-TAR 



660 



TAR— TAR 



TAR AS, a son of Neptune, who built pointed with four others in the temple of 



Tarentum, as some suppose, [in Provence. 

TARASCO, a town of Gaul, now Tarascon. 

TARAXIPPUS, a deity worshipped ai 
E is- His statue was placed near the race- 
ground, and his protection was implored, 
t/iat no harm might happen to the horses 
during the games.— Pa. 6, c. 20.—Vio. H. 2. 

TAKBELLI, a people of Gaul, at the foot 
of the Pyrenees, which from thence are 
sometimes called Tarbell<s.—Tib. 1, el. 7, v. 
13.— Luc. 4, v. Vn.—Ces. G. 3, c. 27. 

TARCHET1US, an impious king of Aiba. 
— Plu. Rom. 

TARCHON, an Etrurian chief, who as. 
sisted ./Eneas against the Rutuli. Some sup- 
pose that he founded Mantua.— V. JEn. 8, v. 
603. A prince of Cilkia.— Luc. 9, v. 219. 

TARCHONDIMOTUS, a prince of Cilicia. 
— Luc. 11, v. 219. 

TARENTUM, TARENTUS, or TARAS, a 
town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the 
same name, near the mouth of the river 
Galesus. It was founded, or rather re- 
paired, by a Lacedaemonian colony, about 
707 years before Christ, under the conduct 
of Philanthus. Long independent, it main- 
tained its superiority over 13 tributary ci- 
ties, and could once arm 100,000 foot, and 
3000 horse. The people of Tarentum were 
very indolent, and as they were easily sup- 
plied with all necessaries" as well as luxu- 
ries- from Greece, they gave themselves up 
to voluptuousness, so that the delights of 
Tarentum became proverbial. The war 
which they supported against the Romans, 
with the 'assistance of Pyrrhus, king of 
Epirus, and which has been called the 
Tarentine war, is greatly celebrated in his- 
tory. This war, which had been undertaken 

b. C. 261, by the Romans to avenge the 
insults the Taren tines had offered to their 
ships when near their harbours, was termi- 
nated after ten years; 300,000 prisoners 
were taken, and Tarentum became subject 
to Rome. The government of Tarentum 
was democratical ; there were, however, 
sole monarchs who reigned there. It was 
for some time the residence of Pythagoras, 
who inspired the citizens with the love of 
virtue, and rendered them superior to their 
neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the 
field of battle. The large, beautiful, and 
capacious harbour of Tarentum is greatly 
commended by ancient historians. Taren- 
tum, now called Tarenio, is inhabited by 
aoout 18,000 souls, who still maintain the 
character of their forefathers in idleness and 
effeniinacv, and live chiefly by fishing.— FlA, 

c. U.-Va'.Ma. 2, c. 2.— Plu. Pyr.—Pl. 8, c. 6. 

I. 15, C. 10. I. 34, C. 7.— Li. 12. C 13.— Me. 2, 
c 4.— Str. 6,—Hor. I. ep. 7, v. 45.— XLl. V. 
H. 5, c. 20. 

TARICH^UM, a fortified town of Judea. 

Ci. Li. 12, c. II. Several towns on the 

coast of Egypt bore this name, from their 
pickling fisli".— Her. 2, c. 15, &c. 

TARNiE, a town mentioned by Homer.— 

II. 5. A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. 

— Sir. A river of Aquitania. 

TARPA, SPURIUS MjETlUS, a critic at 
Rome in the age of Augustus. He was ap- 



A polio, to examine the merit of every poe- 
tical composition which was to be deposited 
in the temple of the Muses. !n this office 
he acted wim great impartialitv, though 
many taxed him with want of candour. All 
the pieces that were represented on the 
Roman sta^e had previously received his 
approbation.— Hot. l, Sal. 10, v. 38. 

TARPEIA, the daughter of Tarpeius, the 
governor of the citadel of Rome, promised 
to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, 
provided they gave her their gold bracelets, 
or, as she expressed it, what they carried 
on their left hands. Tatius, the king of the 
Sabines, consented, and as he entered the 
gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not 
only his bracelet but his shield upon Tar- 
peia. His followers imitated his example, 
and Tarpcia was crushed under the weight 
of the bracelets and shields of the Sabine 
army. She was buried in the capitol, which 
from her has been called the Tarpeian rock, 
and there afterwards many of the Roman 
malefactors were thrown down a deep pre- 
cipice.— Plu. in Rom.—Ov. Fa. t, v. 261.— 
Amor. I, el. 10, v. 50.— Li. 1, c. 1 1. — Pro. 4, 

el. 4. A vestal \irgin in the reign of 

Nunia. One of the warlike female attend- 
ants of Camilla in the Rutulian war.— V. 
JEn. 11, v. 665. 

TARPEIA LEX, was enacted A. U. C. 
262, by Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the 
magistrates of the republic to lay fines ca 
offenders. This power belonged before only 
to the consuls. This fine was not to exceed 
two sheep and thirty oxen. 

TARPEIUS, SP., the governorof the cita- 
del of Rome, under Romulus. His descend- 
ants were called Montani and Cupitolini. 

TARPEIUS MONS, a hill at Rome about 
SO feet in perpendicular height, from whence 
the Romans threw down their condemned 
criminals. It received its name from Tar- 
peia, who was buried there, and is the same 
as the Capitoline hill. — Li. 6, c. 20.— Luc. 7, 
V. 758.— V. JEn. 8, v. 347 & 652. 

TARQUINII, now Turchina, a town of 
Etruria, built by Tarchon, who assisted ' 
iEueas against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus 
was born or educated there, and he made it 
a Roman colony when he ascended the 
throne.— Str. 5.— PL 2, c. 95.— Li. 1, c. 34. 

TARQlilNIA, a daughter of Tarquinius 
Priscus, who married Servius Tullius. When 
her husband was murdered by Tarquinius 
Superbus, she privately conveyed away his 
body by night, and buried it. This preyed 
upon her mind, and the following night she 
died. Some have attributed her death to 
excess of grief, or suicide, while others, 
perhaps more justly, have suspected Tullia, 
the wife of young Tarquin, of the murder. 

A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, 
gave the Roman people a large piece of 
laud, which was afterwards called the Cam- 
pus Martius. 

TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, the fifth king of 
Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of 
Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but 
this he changed when by the advice of his 
wife Tanaqnil he had come to Rome. He 



TAR TAR 661 

railed himself Lucius, and assumed the sur-, 
name of Tarquinius, because born in the j 
town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he | 
distinguished himself so much by his libe- 
rality and engaging- manners, that Ancus 
Martins, the reigning monarch, nominated 
him, at his death, the guardian of his chil- 
dren. This was insufficient to gratify the 
ambition of Tarquin ; the princes were 
young, and an artful oration delivered to 
the people immediately transferred the 
crown or the deceased monarch on the head 
of Lucumon. The people had every reason 
to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin 
reigned with moderation and popularity. 
He increased the number of the senate, and 
made himself friends by electing too new 
Benators from the plebeians, whom he dis- 
tinguished by the appellation of Patres mi- 
norum gentium, from those of the patrician 
body, who were called Patres majorum 
gcniium. The glory of the Roman arms, 
which was supported with so much dignity 
by the former monarchs, was not neglected 
in this reign, and Tarquin showed that he 
possessed vigour and military prudence in 
the victories which he obtained over the 
united forces of the Latins and Sabines, and 
in the conquest of the 1 2 nations of Etruria. 
He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls 
of the capital, the public places were adorn- 
ed with elegant buildings and useful orna- 
ments, and many centuries after, such as 
were spectators of the stately mansions and 
golden palaces of Nero, viewed with more 
admiration and greater pleasure, the more 
simple, though not less magnificent edifices 
of Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the 
capitol, and to the industry and the public 
spirit of this monarch, the Romans were in- 
debted for their aqueducts and subterraneous 
sewers, which supplied the city with fresh 
and wholesome water, and removed all the 
filth and ordure, which in a great capital 
too often breed pestilence and diseases. 
Tarquin was the first who introduced among 
the Romans the custom of canvassing for 
offices of trust and honour; he distinguished 
the monarch, the senators, and other infe- 
rior magistrates with particular robes and 
ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, 
and the hatchets carred before the public 
magistrates, were by his order surrounded 
with bundles of stioks, to strike more terror, 
and to be viewed with greater reverence. 
Tarquin was assassinated by the two sons of 
his predecessor, in the 80th year of his age, 
38 of which he had sat on the throne, 578 years 
before Christ.— Dio. H. 3, c.59.— Va. Ma. 1, 
c. 4, 1. :}, c. 2.—FI. 1, c. 5.— Li. l,c. 31.— V. 

JEn. 6, v. 817. The second Tarquin, sur- 

named Superbus, from his pride and inso- 
lence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. 
He ascended the throne of Rome after his 
father-in-law Servius Tullius, and was the 
seventh and last king of Rome. He married 
Tullia, the daughter of Tullius, and it was 
, at her instigation that he murdered his 
father-in-law. and seized the kingdom. The 
crown which he had obtained with violence, 
he endeavoured to keep by a continuation 
cf tyranny. I'ulike lus roval predecessors. 



TAR — TAR 
ne paid no regard to the decision* of the 
senate, the approbation of the public 
assemblies, and by wishing to disregard 
both, ne incurrrd the jealousy of the one 
and the odium of the other. The public 
treasury was soon exhausted by the con- 
tinual extravagance of Tarquin, and to 
silence the murmurs of his subjects, he 
resolved to call their attention to war. He 
was successful in his military operations, 
the neighbouring cities submitted ; but while 
the siege of Ardea was continued, the wan- 
tonness of the son of Tarquin at Rome, for 
ever stopped the progress of his arms ; and 
the Romans, whom a series of barbarity 
and oppression had hitherto provoked, no 
sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia stab her- 
self, nor to survive the loss of her honour. 
Vide Lucretia! than the whole city and 
camp arose with indignation against tiie mo- 
narch. The gates of Rome were shut against 
him, and Tarquin was for ever banished 
from his throne, in the year of Rome 244. 
Unable to find support from even one of his 
subjects, Tarquin retired among the Etruri- 
ans, who attempted in vain to replace him 
on his throne. The republican government 
was established at Rome, and all Italy re- 
fused any longer to support the cause of an 
exiled monarch against a nation, who heard 
the name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, 
mentioned with equal horror and indigna- 
tion. Tarquin died in the 90th year of his 
age, about 14 years after his expulsion from 
Rome. He had reigned about 25 years. 
Though Tarquin appeared so odious among 
the Romans, his reign was not without its 
share of glory. His conquests were numer- 
ous ; to beautify the buildings and porticos 
at Rome was his wish, and with great mag- 
nificence and care he finished the capitol, 
which his predecessor of the same name had 
begun. He also bought the Sibylline books 
which the Romans consulted with such re- 
ligious solemnity. [Vide Sibyllse. ]—Ci. pro 
Rab. 6r Tus. 3, c. 27.— Li. 1, c. 46, &c— 
Dio. H. 3, c. 48, &C.—FI. 1, c. 7 & S.—Pl. 
8, c. 41.— Plu.— Va. Ma. 9, c 11.— Ov. F. 2, 

v. 687.— V. JEn. 6, V. 817.— Eut. (COL 

LATIN US,) one of the relations of Tarquin 
the proud, who married Lucretia. [Vide 

Collatinus.] SEXTIUS, the eldest of the 

son3 of Tarquin the Proud, rendered himself 
known by a variety of adventures. When 
his father besieged Gabii, young Tarquiu 
publicly declared that he was at variance 
with the monarch, and the report was the 
more easily believed when he came before 
Gabii with his body all mangled and bloody 
with stripes. This was an agreement be 
tween the father and the son, and Tai - 
quin had no sooner declared that this pro- 
ceeded from the tyranny and oppression 
of his father, than the people of Gabii en- 
trusted him with the command of their ar- 
mies, fully convinced that Rome could never 
have a more inveterate enemy. When he 
had thus succeeded, he dispatched a private 
messenger to his father, but the monarch 
gave no answer to be returned to his son. 
Sextius inquired more particularly about 
his 'ather and when he heard from the 
3 L 



TAR— TAR S( 
messenger that when the message was de- 
livered, Tarquin cut off with a stick the 
tallest poppies in his garden, the son fol- 
lowed the example by putting to death the 
most noble and powerful citizens of Gabii. 
The town soon fell into the hands of the 
Romans. The violence which some time 
after Tarquinius offered to Lucretia, was 
the cause of his father's exile, and the total 
expulsion of his family from Rome. [Vide 
Lucretia.] Sextius was at last killed, bravely 
fighting - in a battle during- the war which 
the Latins sustained against Rome in the at- 
tempt of re-establishing the Tarquins on 
their throne.— Ov. F.—Li. A Roman se- 
nator who was accessary to Catilitte'B con- 
spiracy. 

TaRQUITIUS CRESCENS, a centurion 
under Caesennius Paetus. — Ta. A. 15, c. 11. 
— PRISCUS, an officer in Africa, who ac- 
cused ihe proconsul.— Id. i2, c.59, 1.14. c. -16. 

TARQUITUS, a son of Faunus and Dry- 
ope, who assisted Turnus against iEneas. 
He was killed bv iEneas.— V. JEn. 10, v. 550. 

TARRACI'NA, a town |of the Volsei in 
Latium, between Rome and Neapolis. It 
was also called Anxur, because the infant 
Jupiter was worshipped there under that 
name, which signifies beardless. — Li. 4, c. 29. 
— Str. 5.— Me. 2, c. 4.— Fest. de V. sig. 

TAR'RACO, now Tarragona, a city of 
Spain, situate on the shores of the Mediter- 
ranean, founded by the two Scipios, who 
planted a Roman colony there. The pro- 
vince of which it was the capital, was called 
Tarraconensis, and was famous for its wines. 
Hispania7arraco/ie7ms,which was also called 
by the Romans Hispania Citerior, was 
bounded on the east by the Mediterranean, 
the ocean on the west, the Pyrenean moun- 
tains aud the sea of the Cantabri on the 
north, and Lusitania and Bcetica on the 
south.— Mart. 10, ep. 104.— Me. 2, c. 6.— Si. 3, 

TARRUTJUS.^ide Acca Laurentia. [v.3,69. 

TARSA, a Thracian, who rebelled under 
Tiberius.— Ta. An. 4, c. 50. 

TARSI US, a river of Troas.— Sir. 

TARSUS, now Tarasso, a town of Cilicia, 
on the Cydnus, founded by Triptolemus and 
n colony of Argives, or, as others say, by 
Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was 
celebrated for the great men it produced. It 
was once the rival of Alexandria and Athens 
in literature and the study of the polite arts. 
The people of Tarsus wished to ingratiate 
themselves into the favour of J. Caesar by 
giving the name of Juliopolis to their city, 
but it was soon lost. — Luc. 3, v. 225. — Me. 1, 
c. 13.— Str. 14. 

TAR'TARUS, (pi. a, orwm.) one of the 
regions of hell, where, according to the an- 
cients, the most impions and guilty among 
mankind were punished. It was surrounded 
with a brazen wall, and its entrance was 
continually hidden from the sight by a cloud 
of darkness, which is represented three 
times more gloomy than the obscurest night. 
According to Hesiod, it was a separate 
prison at a greater distance from the earth 
than the earth is from the heavens. Virgil 
says, that it was surrounded by three im- 
penetrable walls, and by the impetuous and 



2 TAR— TAT 

burning streams of the river Phiegethon 
The entrance was by a large and lofty tower, 
whose gates were supported by columns of 
adamant, which neither gods nor men could 
open. In Tartarus, according to Virgil, 
were punished such as had been disobedient 
to their parents, traitors, adulterers, faith- 
less ministers, and such as had undertaken 
unjust and cruel wars, or had betrayed their 
friends for the sake of money. It "was also 
the place where Ixion, Tityus, the Danaides, 
Tantalus, Sisvphus, &c. were punished, ac- 
cording to Ovid.— Hes. 77t. v. 720.— Si. 13, 
v. 59 J. — V. JEn. 6.—H. Od. U.—Ov. Me. 4, 

f. 13. A small river of Italy, near Verona. 

— Ta. H. 3, c. 9. 

TARTESSUS, a town in Spain, near the 
columns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. 
Some suppose that it was afterwards called 
Carteia, and that it was better known by the 
name of Gades, when Hercules had set up 
his columns on the extremity of Spain and 
Africa. There is also a town called Tartes- 
sus, in a small isla-nd formed by a river of 
the same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tar- 
tessus has been called the most distant town 
in the extiemities of Spain, by the Romans, 
as also the place where the poets imagined 
the sun unharnessed his tired horses.— Si. 
3, v. 399 & 411.— Me. 2, C. 6.— Pa. 6. c. 19.— 
Ov. Me. 14, v. 416.— Str. 3. [rotten in Artois. 

TARUANA, a town of Gaul, now Ter- 

TARUNTJUS SPURINA, L., a mathema- 
tician who flourished 61 years B. C. — Ci. 
ad DL 2, c. 47. 

l'ARUS, a river of Gaul,fallinginto the Po. 

TARU SATES, a people of Gaul, now Tur- 
san.—Ctes. G. 3, C. 23 & 27. 

TARUSCUM, a town of Gaul. 

TARVISIUM, a town of Italy, now Tre- 
viso, in the Venetian states. 

TASGETIUS CORNU'TUS, a prince of 
Gaul, assassinated in the age of Caesar.— 
C(£S. B. G. 5,C 25. [172. 

TATIAN, one of the Greek fathers, A. D. 

TATIENSES, a name given to one of the 
tribes of the Roman people by Romulus, in 
honour of Tatius, king of the Sabines. The 
Tatiens.es, who were partly the ancient sub- 
jects of the king of the Sabines, lived on 
mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis. 

TA'TIUS, TITUS, king of Cures among 
the Sabines, made war against the Romans 
after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of 
the city were betrayed into his hands by 
Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines ad< 
vanced as far as the Roman forum, where:, 
bloody battle was fought. The cries of the 
Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the 
combatants, and an agreement was' made 
between the two nations. Tatius consented 
to leave his ancient possessions, and with 
his subjects of Cures, to come and live in 
Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted 
still to bear the name of its founder, whilst 
the inhabitants adopted the name of Quirites 
in compliment to the new citizens. After 
he had for six years shared the royal au- 
thority with Romulus, in the greatest union, 
he was murdered at Lanuvium, B. C. 742, 
for an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of 
the Laurentes. This was done by order o 



TAT— TAU 



663 



TAX — TEA 



Ms royal colleague, according 1 to some au- 
thors.— Li. l, c. 10.— Plu. Rom.— Ci. pro 
Bal.—Ov. Me. 14, v. 804.— Fl. 1, c.*l. 

TATTA, a large lake of Plirygia, on the 
confines of Pisidia. 

TAU A, a town of the Delta in Egypt. 

TAULANTII, a people of Illyricum on the 
Adriatic— Li. 45, c. 26.— Luc. 6, v. 16. 

TAUNUS, a mountain in Germany, now 
Heyrich or Roche, opposite Mentz.— Ta. 1, 
An. 56. [of the Brutii. 

TAURANIA, a town of Italy in the country 

TAURANTES, a people of Armenia, be- 
tween Artaxata and Tigranocerta.— Ta. 1, 
An. c. 56. 

TAURI, a people of European Sarmatia, 
who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and 
sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue 
of this goddess, which they believed to have 
fallen down from heaven, was tarried away 
to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes.— Str. 
12.— Her. 4, c, 99.— Me. 2, c. I.— Pa. 3, c. 
16.— Eur. Jph.—Ov. ex Pon. 1, el. 2, v. 80. 
—Si. 14, v. 260.— Juv. 15, v. 116. 

TAU'RICA CHERSONE'SUS, a large pe- 
ninsula of Europe at the south-west of the 
Palus Maeotis, now called the Crimea. It is 
joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is 
bounded by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the 
EuxineSea, and the Palus Maeotis. The in- 
habitants, called Tauri, were a savage and 
uncivilized nation.— Sir. A.— PL 4, c. 12. 
Vide Tauri. 

TAU'RICA, a surname of Diana, because 
she was worshipped by the inhabitants of 
Taurica Chersonesus. 

TACRI'NI, the inhabitants of Taurinum, 
a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, 
in Piedmont.— Si. 3, v. 646.— PL 3, c. 17. 
TAURISCI, a people of Mysia.— Str. 7. 

Of Noricum, among the Alps. — Id. 4. 

TAURISCUS, a sculptor. Vide Apolio- 
nius. [Pol. 
TAURIUM, a town of the Peloponnesus. 
TAUROMINlUM,a town ofSicily, between 
Messana and Catana, built by the Zancleans, 
Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of 
Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills 
in the neighbourhood were famous for the 
fine grapes which they produced, and they 
surpassed almost the whole world for the 
extent and beauty of their prospects. There 
is a small river near it called Taurominius. 
—Diod. 16. 

TAURUS, the largest mountain of Asia, 
as to extent. One of its extremities is in 
Caria, and it extends not only as far as the 
most eastern extremities of Asia, but it also 
branches in several parts, and runs far into 
the north. Mount Taurus was known by 
several names, particularly in different 
countries. In Cilicia, where it reaches as 
far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. 
It was known by the names of Amanus from 
the bay of lssus as far as the Euphrates; of 
AiU'Uaurus from the western boundaries of 
Cilicia up to Armenia ; of Monies Matieniin 
the country of the Leucosyrians ; of Mons 
Moschicus at the south of the river Phasis 
of Amaranta at the north of the Phasis; 
of Caucasus between the Hyrcanian and 
Fuxine sea ; of Hyrcanii Monies near Hyr- 



cania ; rf Imaus in the more eastern parts 
of Asia. The word Taurus was more pro 
perly confined to the mountains which sepa 
rate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. 
The several passes which were opened in the 
mountain were called Pyla>, and hence 
frequent mention is made in ;mcient authors 
of the Armenian Pvla-, Cilician Pylae, &c— 

Me. 1, c. 15.— PL 5, c. 27. A mountain 

in Germany.— Ta. An. 6, c. 41. OfSicilv. 

TITUS STATILIUS, a consul distin- 
guished by his intimacy with Augustus, as 
well as by a theatre which he built, and the 
triumph he obfalned after a prosperous 
campaign in Africa. He was made prefect 
of Italy by his imperial friend. A pro- 
consul of Africa, accused by Agrippina, who 
wished him to be condemned, that she might 
become mistress of his gardens. — Ta. An. 

. c. 59. An officer of Minos, king of 

Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae 
whence arose the fable of the Minotaur, from 
the son, who was born some time after 
[Vide Minotaurus.] Taurus was vanquished 
bv Theseus, in the games which Minos ex- 
hibited in Crete.— Plu. Thes. 
TAVOLA, a river of Corsica. 
TAX'I LA, (plur.) a large country in India, 
between theludusand the Hydaspes. — Mr. 15. 

TAXILUS, or TAXI LES, a king of Taxila, 
in the age of Alexander, called also Omphis. 
He submitted to the conqueror, who re- 
warded him with great liberality.— Diod. 17. 
-Plu. in Al.—JEL—V. H. 5, c. 6.— Curt. 8. 

:. 14. A general of Mithridates, who as- 

isted Archelaus against the Romans in 
Greece. He was afterwards conquered by 
Muraena, the lieutenant of Sylla. 

TAXIMAQUILUS, a king in the southern 
parts of Britain when Caesar invaded it.— 
Cess. 5, G. c. 22. 

TAYGE'TE, or TAYGE'TA, a daughter 
of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedaemon 
bv Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades 
after death.— Hyg.f. 155 & 192.— Pa. Cic. 1. 

TAYGETUS, or TAYGETA, (orum) a 
mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at 
the west of the river Eurotas. It hung over 
the city of Lacedaemon, and it is said that 
once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, 
and destroyed the suburbs. It was on this 
mountain that the Lacedaemonian women 
celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. — Me. 2, c. 
5.— Pa. 3, c. I.— Str. 8.— Luc. 5, V. 52.— 
Virg. G. 2, v. 488. 

TEA'NUM, a town of Campania, on the 
Appian road, at the east of the Liris, called 
also Sidicinum, to be distinguished from 
another town of the same name at the west 
of Apulia, at a small distance from the coast 
of the Adriatic— Ci. Clu. 9 & 69.— Phil,. 
12, c. 11.— Hor. I, ep. l.—PL 31, c. 2.— 

Li. 22, C 27. 

TEAROS, a river of Thrace, rising in the 
same rock from 38 different sources, some 
of which are hot and others cold. Darius 
raised a column there when he marched 
against the Scythians, as if to denote the 
sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that 
river.- Her. \.—PL 4, c. 11. 

TEA'TEA, TEATE, or TEGEATE, a town 
of Latium.— Si. It. 8, v. 522. I. 17, v. 4, 57. 
3 L 2 



TEC— TEL 



664 



TEL-TEL 



TECHES, a mountain of Pontus, from 
which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view of 
the sea.— Xen. An. 4. 

TECH MESS A, the daughter of a Phrygian 
prince, called by some Tcuthras, and by 
others Teletitas. ' When her father was killed 
in war by Ajax, son of Telamon, the young 1 
princess became the property of the con- 
queror, and by him she had a son called 
Eurysaces. Sophocles, in one of his trage- 
dies, represents Techmessa as moving her 
husband to pity by her tears and entreaties, 
when he wished "to stab himself.— Hor. 2, 
Od. 1, v. 6.— Bid. Cret.—Soph. in Ajac. 
TEC M ON, a town of Epirus.— Li. 45.C.26. 
TECHNATJS, a king of Egypt. 
TECTAMUS, a son of Dorus, grandson of 
Hellen, the son of Deucalion, went to Crete 
with the iEtolians and Pelasgians,and reigned 
there. He had a son called Asterius, by the 
daughter of Cretheus. 

TECTO'SAGES, or TECTO'SAGjE, a peo- 
ple of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was 
the modern Toulouse. They received the 
name of Tectosagae quod sagis tegerentur. 
Some of them passed into Germany, where 
they settled near the Hercynian forest, and 
another colony passed into Asia, where they 
conquered Phrvgia, Paphlagoina, and Cap- 
padocia. The Tectosagae were among those 
Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, 
and who attempted some time after to plun- 
der the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At 
their return home from Greece, they were 
visited by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop 
it, to throw into the river all the riches and 
pl under they had obtained in their distant ex- 
cursions.— Ces.B.G. 6, c. 23,— Str. 4.— Ci.de 
N. B. 3.—LUS, c. 16. — Fl. 2, c. 11.— Jus. 32. 

TECUM, a river of Gaul, falling from the 
Pvrenees into the Mediterranean. [21. 
TEDANIUS, a river of Liburnia.— Pl.3,c. 
TEGE'A, or TEG^A, now Moklia, a town 
of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by 
Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to 
others, of Alms. The gigantic bones of 
Orestes were found buried there and removed 
to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped 
there, and there als > Ceres, Proserpine, and 
Venus, had each a temple. The inhabitants 
were called Tegeates ; and the epithet Teg-tea 
is given to Atalanta, as a native of the place. 
— Ov. Me. 8, f. 7.— V. £n. 5, v. 293.-$tr. 8. 
Pa. 8, c. 45. [flourished B. C. 198. 

TEGULA, P. LICIN., a comic poet, who 
TEGYRA, a town of Bceotia where Apollo 
Tegyrceus was worshipped. There was a 
battle fought there between the Thebans 
and the Peloponnesians. 

TEIOS. Vide Teos. [Eusine sea. 

TEIUM, a town of Paphlagonia, on the 
TELA, a town of Spain. 
TEL'AMON,a king of the island of Salmis, 
son of iEacus and Endeis. He was brother 
to Peleus. and father to Teucer and Ajax, 
who on that account is often called Telamo- 
nius heros. He fled from Megara, his na- 
tive country, after he had accidentally mur- 
dered his brother Phocus in playing with 
the quoit, and he sailed to the island of oa- 
lamis, where he soon after married Glauc e, 
the daughter of Cychrms, the king of the 



place. At the death of his father-in-law, 
who had no male issue, Telamon became 
king of Salamis. He accompanied Jason in 
his expedition to Colchis, and was arm- 
bearer to Hercules, when that hero took 
Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed Troy. 
Telamon was rewarded bv Hercules for his 
services with the hand of Hesione, whom 
the conqueror had obtained among the spoils 
of Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. 
He also married Peribcea, whom some call 
Eribcea.— Ov. Me. 13, v. 151.— Soph, in Aj.— 
Find. lsth. 6.— St. Th. 6.—Apol. 1, 2,&c— 

Pa. in Cor.—Hyg. f. 97. A seaport town 

of Etruria.— Me. 2, c. 4. 

TELAMONl'ADES, a patronymic given 
to the descendants of Telamon. 

TELCHl'NES, a people of Rhodes, said to 
have been originally from Crete. They 
were the inventors of many useful arts, and, 
according to Diodorus, passed for the sons 
of the sea. They were the first who raised 
statues to the gods ; they had the power of 
changing themselves into whatever shape 
they pleased, and according to Ovid, they 
could poison and fascinate all objects with 
their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at 
pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, 
for which the goddess inspired them with a 
sudden fury, so that they committed the 
grossest crimes, and offered violence even to 
their own mothers. Jupiter destroyed them 
all by a delude.— Biod.—Ov. Me. 7, v. 365. 

TE"LCHl'MA, a surname of Minerva at 
Teumessa in Bceotia, where she had a tem- 
ple.— Pa. 9, c. 19. Also a surname of 

Juno in Rhodes, where she had a statue at 
Ialysus, raised by the Telchinians, who set- 
tled there. Also an ancient name of Crete, 

as the place from whence the Teichines of 
Rhodes uere descended.— St. 6. Sy. 6, v. 47. 

TELCHl'MUS, a surname of Apollo among 
the Rhodians.— Biod. 5. 

TELCHIS, a son of Europs, the son of 
iEgialeus. He was one of the lirst kings of 
the Peloponnesus. 
TELEA, a surname of Juno in Bceotia. 
TELEBOAS, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 

— Ov. Me. 11. A son of Lvcaon. — Apol. 

TELEBOvE, or TELEBOES, a people of 
iEtolia, called also Taphians ; some of whom 
left their native country, and settled in the 
island of Capreae. — V. JEn. 7, v. 715. Vide 
Taphiae. [PL 4, c. 12. 

TELEBOIDES, islands opposite Leucadia. 
TELECLES, or TELECLUS, a Lacedae- 
monian king of the family of the Agidae, 
who reigned 40 years, B. C. 813.— Her. 7, c. 

205.— Pa. 3, c. 2, A philosopher, disciple 

of Lacidas, B. C. 214. A Milesian. 

TELECLI'DES, an Athenian comic poet 
in the age of Pericles, one of whose plays, 
called the Amphictyons, is mentioned by an- 
cient authors.— Plu. in Nic.—Ath. 8. 

TEL'EGON US, a son of Ulysses and Circe, 
born in the island of ^aea, where he was 
educated. When arrived to the years of 
manhood, he went to Ithaca to make hira- 
sell known to his father, but he was ship- 
wrecked on the coast, and being destitute of 
provisions, he plundered some of the inhab- 
itants of the island. Ulysses and Teleniacuu* 



TEL — TEL C( 
came to befriend the property of tlieir sub- 
jects against this unknown invader ; a quar- 
rel arose, and Telegonus killed his father 
without knowing- who he was. He after- 
wards returned to his native country, and, 
•according to Hyginus, he carried thither his 
father's body, where it was buried. Tele- 
roachus and "Penelope also accompanied him 
in his return, and soon after the nuptials of 
Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by 
order of Minerva. Penelope had by Tela- 
j<onus a son called Italus, who gave his 
iiame to I taly. Telagonus founded Tusculum 
and Tiburor Praeneste, in Italy, and accord- 
ing to some, he left one daughter called 
Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of 
the Mamilii at Rome were descended. — Hor. 
3, od. 29, v. 8.— <>v. Fa. 3&c4.—Plu. Par.— 

flyg. fa. \21.—Diod. 7. A son of Proteus 

kiiled by .Hercules.— Apol. A king of 

Egypt who married Io after she had been 
restored to her original form by Jupiter.— Id, 

TE'LEMACHUS, a son of Ulysses and Pe- 
nelope. He was still in the cradle when his 
father went witli therestof the Greeks to the 
Trojan war. At the end of this celebrated 
war, Telemachus, anxious to see his father, 
went to seek him, and as the place of his 
residence, and the cause of his long absence, 
were then unknown, he visited the court of 
Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. 
He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where the 
suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired 
to murder him, but he avoided their snares, 
and by means of Minerva, he discovered his 
father, who had arrived in the island two 
days before him, and was then in the house 
of Eumseus. With this faithful servant and 
Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to de- 
liver his mother from the importunities of 
her suitors, and it was effected with success. 
-After the death of his father, Telemachus 
•vent to the island of lEsea, where he mar- 
ried Circe, or, according to others, Cassi- 
phone, the daughter of Circe, by whom he 
had a son called Latinus. He some time after 
had the misfortune to kill his mother-in- 
law Circe, and fled to Italy, where he 
founded Clusium. Telemachus was accom- 
panied in his visit to Nestor and Menelaus, 
by the goddess of wisdom, under the form 
of Mentor. It is said, that when a child, 
Telemachus fell into the sea, and that a 
dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he 
had remained some time under water. From 
this circumstance Ulysses had the figure of 
a dolphin engraved on the seal which he 
wore on his ring. — Hyg. f. 95.— Ov. Her. I, 
v. 98.— Hor. l, ep, v. 41.— H.Od. -2.-Ly.Cas. 

TE'LEMUS, a Cyclops who was acquainted 
with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus 
all the evils which he some time after suffered 
from Ulvsses.— Ov. Me. 13, v. 771. 

TE'LE"PHASSA, the mother of Cadmus, 
Phoenix, and Cilix, by Agenor. She died in 
Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter 
Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away.— 
Apol. :i, c. I. 

TELEPHUS, a king of Mysia, son of Her- 
cules and Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He 
was exposed as soon as born on mount Par- 
tlienius, but his life was preserved byagoat. 



5 TEL— TEL 

and by some shepherds. According to Apol- 
Jodorus, he was exposed, noton a mountain, 
but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or 
according to a tradition mentioned by Pau- 
sanias, he was left to the mercy of the waves 
with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus, and 
carried by the winds to the mouth of the 
Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras, 
king of the country, who married, or rather 
adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated 
her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge 
fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her 
father, on account of her amour with Her- 
cules. Yet others declare that Aleus gave 
her to Nauplius to be severely punished for 
her incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwill- 
ing to injure her, sent her to Teuthras, king 
of Bithynia, by whom she was adopted. 
Telephus, according to the more received 
opinions, was ignorant of his origin, and he 
was ordered by the oracle, if he wished to 
know his parents, to go to Mysia. Obedient 
to this injunction, he came to Mysia, where 
Teuthras offered him his crown,and his adopt- 
ed daughter Auge in marriage, if he would 
deliver his country from the hostilities of 
Idas, the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily 
complied, and at the head of the Mysians 
he soon routed the enemy, and received the 
promised reward. As he was going to unite 
himself to Auge, the sudden appearance of 
an enormous serpent separated the two 
lovers; Auge implored the assistance of 
Hercules, and was soon informed by the god 
that Telephus was her own son. When this 
was known, the nuptials were not celebrated, 
and Telephus, some time after, married one 
of the daughters of king Priam. As one of 
the sons of the Trojan monarch* Telephus 
prepared to assist Priam against the Greeks, 
and with heroic valour he attacked them when 
they had landed on his coast. The carnage 
was great, and Telephus was victorious, had 
not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, sud- 
denly raised a vine from the earth, which 
entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid 
him flat on the ground. Achilles immedi- 
ately rushed upon him, and wounded him 
so severely, that he was carried away from 
the battle. The wound was mortal, and 
Telephus was informed by the oracle, that 
he alone who had inflicted it, could totally 
cure it. Upon this, applications were made 
to Achilles, but in vain ; the hero observed 
that he was no physician, till Ulysses, who 
knew that Troy could not be taken without 
the assistance of one -of the sons of Her- 
cules, and who wished to make Telephus 
the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles 
to obey the directions of the oracle. Achilles 
consented, and as the weapon which had 
given the wound could alone cure it, the 
hero scraped the rust from the point of big 
spear, and, by applying it to the sore, gave 
it immediate relief. It is said that Telephus 
showed himself so grateful to the Greeks, 
that he accompanied them to the Trojan 
war, and fought with them against his 
father-in-law.— H xjg. fa. 101.— Pa. 8, c. 48. 
—Apol. 2, c. 7.— Ml. V. H. 12, c. IQ.—Diod. 

A.—Ov. F. 1, el. I.— Phil. her. PL A 

friend of Horace, remarkable for his beauty 



TEL— TEL 



686 



TEL— TEM 



and the elegance of his person. He was 
the favourite of Lvdia, the mistress of Ho- 
race.— Hon I, od. "12, 1. 4, ed. II, v. 61.- 
A slave who conspired against Augustus. — 

Sue. in Aug. L. VERUS wrote a book on 

the rhetoric of Homer, as also a comparison 
of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, 
ail lost. 

TELESIA, a town of Campania, taken by 
Annibal.— Li, 21, c. 13, 1. 24, c. 20. 

TELES'lCLES, a Parian, father to the 
poet Archilochus, by a slave called Enippo. 
—Ml. V. H. 10, c. 13. 

TELESILLA, a lvric poetress of Argos, 
who bravely defended her country against 
the Lacedaemonians, and obliged them to 
raise the siege. A statue was raised to her 
honour in the temple of Venus.— Pa. 2, c. 20. 

TELES'INICUS, a Corinthian auxiliary 
at Syracuse, kc.—Poly. 5. 

TELESI'NUS, a general of the Samnites, 
who joined the interest of Marius, and 
fought against the generals of Sylla. He 
marched towards Rome and defeated Sylla 
with great loss. He was afterwards routed 
in a bloody battle, and left in the number 
of the slain after he had given repeated 
proofs of valour and courage.— Plu. in Mar. 

&c. A poet of considerable merit in Do- 

mitian's rei?n.— Juv. 7, v. 25. 

TELESIPPUS, a poor man of Pherse, fa- 
ther to the tyrant Dinias.— Poly. 2. 

TELESTAGORAS, a man of Naxos, whose 
daughters were ravished by some of the 
nobles of the island, in consequence of which 
they were expelled by the direction of Lyg- 
\lamis, &c. — Alh. 8. 

TELESTAS, a son of Priam.— 4noZ. 3, c. 

2. An Athlete of Messenia.— Pa. 6, c. 

4. A kin? of Corinth, who died 7 -, P, B. C. 

TELESTES, a dithyramric poet, who 
tourished B. C. 402. 

TELESTO, one of the Oceanides.— Hes. 

TELETHUS, a mountain in Eubnea. [Th. 

TELETHtTSA, the wife of Lygdus or Lyc- 
tus, a native of Crete. She became mother 
of a daughter, who was afterwards changed 
into a boy. [Fide Iphis.]— Ov. Me. 9, 681. 

TELEURIAS, a prince of Macedonia.-Xen. 

TE LEUTIAS, the brother of Agesilaus, who 
was killed by the Olynthians, &c. 

TELEUTE, a surname of Venus among 
the Egyptians.— Plu. de Is. & Os. 

TELLENvE, a town of Latium, now de- 
stroyed.— Li. I, c. 33. £nes.— Pa. 7, c. 6. 

TELLES, a king of Achaia, son of Tisame- 

TELLIAS, a famous soohsayer of Elis, in 
the age of Xerxes. He was greatly 
honoured in Phocis, where he had settled, 
and the inhabitants raised him a statue in 
the temple of Apollo, at Delphi.— Pa. 10, 
v. I . — Her. 8, c. 27. [Brasidas. 

TELLIS, a Greek lyric poet, the father of 

TELLUS, a divinity, the same as the 
earth, the most ancient of all the gods after 
Chaos. She was mother by Ccelusof Ocean us, 
Hvperion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, 
Saturn, Phoebe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is the 
same as the divinity, who is honoured under 
the several names "of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, 
Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. 
She was generally represented in the cha- 



racter of Tellus, as a woman with man/ 
breasts, distended with milk, to express the 
fecundity of the earth. She also appeared 
crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre in 
oue hand, and a key in the other ; while at 
her feet was lying a tame lion without 
chains, as if to intimate that eveiy part of 
the earth can be made fruitful by means of 
cultivation.— Hes. Th. v. 130.— V. JEn. 7, 

v. 137,—Apol. 1, c. 1. A poor man, whom 

Solon called happier than Croesus, the rich 
and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had 
the happiness to see a strong and healthy 
family of children, and at last to fall in the 

defence of his country.— Her. 1, c. 30. ■ 

An Italian who is said to have had com- 
merce with his mares, and to have had a 
daughter called Hippone, who became the 
goddess of horses. 

TELMESSUS, or TELMISSUS, a town of 
Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in au- 
gurv and the interpretation of dreams.— Ci, 

de Di. i.— Sir. 14.— Li. 37, c. 17. Another 

in Lvcia. A third in Pisidia. 

TELOMARTIUS, a town at the south of 
Gaul, now Toulon. 

TELON, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed 
during the siege of that citv by Caesar.— 

Luc. 3, v. 592. A king of the Teleboae, 

who married Sebethis, by whom he had 
(Ebalus.— V. JEn. 7, v. 734. 

TELOS, a small island near Rhodes. 

TELPHUSA, a nymph of Arcadia, daugh- 
ter of the Ladon, y\ho gave her name to a 
town and fountain of that place. The 
waters of the fountain Telphusa were so 
cold, that Tiresias died by drinking them.— 
Diod. A.— Sir. v.—Lyc. 1040. 

TELX'IOPE, one of the muses according 
to Ci. de N. D. 3, c. 21. 6 

TELYS, a tyrant of Sy ban's. 

TEMATHEA, a mountain of Messenia.— 
Pa. 4, c. 34. [Temenus was buried. 

TEM'ENIUM, a place in Messene, where 

TEMENI'TES, a surname of Apollo, 
which he received at Temenos, a small place 
dear Syracuse, where he was worshipped.— 
Ci. Ver. * 

TEM'ENOS, a place of Syracuse, where 
Apollo, called Temenites, had a statue. — Ci. 
in Ver. 4, c. 53.— Sue. Tib. 74. 

TEM'ENUS, the son of Aristomachus, was 
the first of the Heraclidae who returned to 
Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes 
in the reign of Tisamenes, king of Argos. 
Temenus made himseif master of the throne 
of Argos, from which he expelled the reign- 
ing sovereign. After death he yvas suc- 
ceeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had 
married his daughter Hyrnetho, and this 
succession was in preference to his own son. 

—Apol. 2, c. 7.— Pa. 2, c. 18 & 19. A 

son of Pelasgus, yvho was entrusted yvith the 
care of Juno's infancy.— Pa. 8, c. 22. 

TEMERINDA, the name of the Palus 
Moeotis among the natives. 

TEAl'ESA, a town of Cyprus. Another 

in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of 
copper, which were exhausted in the age 
of Strabo.— Ci. Ver. 5, c. 15.— Li. 34, c. 
—H. Od. l,v. 184.— Ov. F. 5, v. 441.— Me, 
7, v. 207.— Me. 2, c. 4.— Sir. 6. 



TEM— TEN 



667 



TEN— TER 



TEMNES, a king of Sidon. 

TEMNOS, a town of jEolia, at the mouth 
of the Hermiis.— Her. 1, c. 49.— Ci. Fl. 18. 

TEMPE, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly, 
between mount Olympus at the north, and 
Ossa at the south, through which the river 
Penetis flows into the jEgean. The poets 
have described it as the most delightful spot 
on the earth, with continually cool shades 
and verdant walks, which the warbling of 
birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, 
and which the gods often honoured with 
their presence. Tempe extended about five 
miles in length, but varied in the dimensions 
of its breadth so as to be in some places scarce 
an acre and a half wide. All valleys that 
are pleasant, either for their situation or 
the mildness of their climate, are called 
Tempe bv the poets.— Str. 9.~Me. 2, c. 3.— 
Di. \.— 'Dio. Per. 219.— Ml. V. H. 3, c. i.— 
Plu. de Mus.—Virg. G. 2, v. 469.— Ov. Me. 
1, v. 569. 

TENCHTHERI, a nation of Germany, 
who frequently changed the place of their 
habitation.— Ta. An. 13, c. 56, H. 4, c. 21. 
TENDEBA, a town of'Caria.— Li. 33, c. 18. 
TENEA, a part of Corinth.— Me. 2, c. 3. 
TENEDIA SECUR1S. Vide Tenes. 
TEN'EDOS, a small and fertile island of 
the iEgean sea, opposite Troy, at the dis- 
tance of about 12 miles from Sigaeum, and 
56 miles north from Lesbos. It was anci- 
ently called Leucophrys, till Tenes, the son 
of Cycnus, settled there and built a town, 
which he called Tenedos, from which the 
whole island received its name. It became 
famous during the Trojan war, as it was 
there that the Greeks concealed themselves 
the more effectually to make the Trojans 
believe that they were returned home, with- 
out finishing the siege.— H. Od. 3, v. 59.— 
Diod. 5.— Sir. 13.— V. Mn. 2, v. 21.— Ov. 
Me. 1, v. 540, 1. 12, V. 109.— Me. 2, c. 7. 

TEN'ERUS, son of Apollo and Melia, re- 
ceived from his father the knowledge of futu- 
rity.— Pa. 9, c. 10. 

TENES, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. 
He was exposed on the sea on the coast of 
Troas, by his father, who credulously be- 
lieved his wife Philonome, who had fallen 
in love with Cycnus, and accused him of at- 
tempts upon her virtue, when he refused 
to gratify her passion. Tenes arrived safe 
in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, 
and of which he became the sovereign. 
Some time after Cycnus discovered the guilt 
of his wife Philonome, and as he wished to 
be reconciled to his son, whom he had so 
grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. But 
when he had tied his ship to the shore, Te- 
nes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and 
suffered his father's ship to be tossed about 
in the sea. From this circumstance the 
Italchel of Tenes is become proverbial to in- 
timate a resentment that cannot be pacified. 
Some, however, suppose that the proverb 
arose from the severity of a law made by a 
king of Tenedos against adultery, by which 
the guilty were both put to death with a 
natchet. The hatchet of Tenes was care- 
fully preserved at Tenedos, and afterwards 
deposited by Periclytus, son of Eutymachus 



in the temple of Delphi, where it was stil. 
seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, as 
some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he 
defended his country against the Greeks, and 
he received divine honours after death. His 
statue at Tenedos was carried away bv 
Verres.— Str. 13.— Pa. io, c. 14. A gene- 
ral of 3000 mercenary Greeks sent by the 
Egyptians to assist the Phoenicians.— Diod. 16. 

TENE'SIS, a part of /Ethiopia.— Str. 

TENNES, a king of Sidon, who when his 
country was besieged by the Persians, burnt 
himself and the city together, B. C. 351. 

TENNUM, a town of JEolm. 

TEN OS, a small island in the iEgean, 
near Andros, called Ophiussa, and also Hy- 
drussa, from the number of its fountains. 
It was very mountainous, but it produced 
excellent wines, universally esteemed by the 
ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. 
The capital was also called Tenos.— Str. 10. 
—Me. 2, c. 7-— Ov. Me. 7, v. 469. 

TEN'TYRA, (plur. ) and Tentyris, a small 
town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabit- 
ants were at enmity with the crocodiles, 
and made war against those who paid them 
adoration.— Sen. N. Q. 4, c. 2.— Str. 17. — 
Juv. 15.— PI. 25, c. 8. 

TEN'TYRA, (melius TempyraJ a place 
of Thrace, opposite Samothrace.— Ov. Tr. I, 
el. 9, v. 21. 

TEOS or TEIOS, now Sigagxk, a mari- 
time town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Mi- 
nor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 
cities of the Ionian confederacy, and gave 
birth to Anacreon and Hecatseus, who is by 
some deemed a native of Miletus. Accord- 
ing to Pliny, Teos was an island. Augus- 
tus repaired Teos, whence he is often called 
the founder of it on ancient medals. — Str. 14. 
—Me. I, c. 17.— Pa. 7, c. 3.- Ml. V. H. S, 
c. 5.—Hor. 1, Od. 17, v. 18.— PL 5, c. 31. 

TERE'DON, a town on the Arabian gulf. 
—Dio. Per. 982. 

TERENTIA, the wife of Cicero. She be- 
came mother of M. Cicero, -and of a daugh- 
ter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her 
because she had been faithless to his bed, 
when he was banished in Asia. Terentia 
married Sullus, Cicero's enemy, and after- 
wards Messala Corvinus. She lived to ner 
103d, or according to Pliny, to her U7th 
year.— Plu. in Ci.— Va. Ma. 8,c. 13.— Ci. ad 

At. 11. ep. 16. The wife of Scipio Africa- 

nus.— — •The wife of Mecaenas, with whom 
it was said that Augustus carried on an 
intrigue. 

TARENTIA LEX, called also Cassia, fru- 
mentaria, bv M. Tarentius Varro Lucullus, 
and C. Cassius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered 
that the same price should be given for all 
corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the 

exactions of the quaestors. Another by 

Terentius the tribune, A. U. C. 291, to elect 
five persons to define the power of the con- 
suls, lest they should abuse the public confi- 
dence by violence or rapine. 

TERENTIA'NUS, a Roman to whom Lon- 
ginus dedicated his treatise on the sublime. 

MAURUS, a writer who flourished A. D. 

250.— Mart. 1, ep. 70. 

TERENTIUS PUBLIUS, a native of Cai> 



TER — TE R 



ess 



TER— TER 



thage in Africa, celebrated for the come- 
dies he wrote. He was sold as a slave to 
Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, who 
educated him with great care, and manu- 
mitted him for the brilliancy of his genius. 
He bore the name of his master and bene- 
factor, and was called Terentius. He ap- 
plied himself to the stndy of Greek comedy 
with uncommon assiduity, and merited the 
friendship and patronage of the learned and 
powerful. Scipio, the elder Africanus, and 
his friend Lselius, have been suspected, on 
account of their intimacy, of assisting - the 
poet in the composition of his comedies ; 
and the fine language, the pure expressions, 
and delicate sentiments with which the plays 
of Terence abound, seem perhaps to favour 
the supposition. Terence was in the 25th 
year of his age, when his first play appeared 
bn the Roman stage. Ail his compositions 
were received with great applause, but 
when the words 

Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum pnto, 

were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, 
and the audience, though composed of fo- 
reigner?, conquered nations, allies, and ci- 
tizens of Rome, were unanimous in applaud- 
ing the poet, who spoke with such elegance 
and simplicity the language of nature, and 
supported the native independence of man. 
The talents of Terence were employed ra 
ther in translation than in the effusions of 
originality. It is said that he transla r ed 108 
of the comedies of the poet Menander, six 
of which only are extant, his Andria, Eu- 
nuch, Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phor- 
mio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for 
the purity of his language, and the artless 
elegance and simplicity of his diction, and 
for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There 
is more originality in Plautus, more vivacity 
in the intrigues, and more surprise in the 
catastrophes of his plays ; but Terence will 
ever be admired for his taste, his expres- 
sions, and his faithful pictures of nature 
and manners, and the becoming dignity of 
of his several characters. Quintilian, who 
candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of the 
Roman'comedy, declares that Terence was 
the most elegant and refined of all the co- 
medians whose writings appeared on the 
stage. The time and the manner of his 
death are unknown. He left Rome in the 
35th year of his age, and never after ap- 
peared there. Some suppose that he was 
drowned in a storm as he returned from 
Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though 
others imagine he'died in Arcadia or Leuca- 
dia, and that his death was accelerated by 
the loss of his property, and particularly of 
his plavs, which perished in a shipwreck. — 
Ci. ad At. 7, ep. 3.— Pat. 1, c. M.—Quin. 10, 

c. l.—Hor. 2, ep. 1, v. 59. C Li LEO, a 

Roman senator, taken by the Carthaginians, 
and redeemed by Africanus. When Africa- 
nus triumphed, Cuieo followed his chariot 
with a piieus on his head. He was some 
time after appointed judge between his de- 
liverer and the people of Asia, and had the 
meanness to condemn him and his brother 
Asiyticus, thoush both innocent.— Li. 30. c. 



45. A tribune who wished the number o 

the citizens of Rome to be increased. 

EVOCATUS, a man who, as it was supposed, 
murdered Galba.— Ta. Hist. 1, c. 41.— LEN- 
T1NUS, a Roman knight condemned for 

perjury. VARKO, a writer, [Vide Varro.] 

A consul with iEmilius Paulus at the 

battle of Cannse. He was the son of a but- 
cher, and had followed for some time the 
profession of his father. He placed himself 
totally in the power of Hannibal, by making 
an improper disposition of his army. After he 
had been defeated, and his colleague slain, he 
retired to Cunusium, with the remains of 
his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word 
to the Roman senate of his defeat. He re- 
ceived the thanks of this venerable body, 
because he had engaged the enemy, howe- 
ver improperly, and not despaired of the 
affairs of the republic. He was offered the 
dictatorship, which he declined.— Plu.— Li. 

22. An ambassador sent to Philip, kin? 

of Macedonia. MASSALIORA, an edife 

of the people. MARCUS, a friend of Se- 

janus, accused before the senate for his in- 
timacy with that discarded favourite. He 
made a noble defence, and was acquitted. — 
Ta. An. 6. 

TERENTUS, a place in the Campus Mar- 
tius, near the capitol, where the infernal 
deities had an altar.— Ov. Fa. 1, v. 504. 

TE'REUS, a king of Thrace, son of Mars 
and Bistonis. He marriea Progne, the 
daughter of Pandeon, king of Athens, whom 
he had assisted in a war against Megara. He 
offered violence to his sister-in-law Philo- 
mela, whom he conducted to Thrace by 
desire of Progne. [Vide Philomela and 

Progne.] A friend of ./Eneas, killed by 

Camilla. -V. En. 11, v. 675. 

TERGES'T£&TERGES'TUM,nowTn>s/e, 
a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made a 
R.oman colonv.— Me. 2, c. 3.— Bio. Per. v. 
360.— Pat. M0.— PI. 3, C. 18. 

TER I AS, a river of Sicily near Cataua. 

TERIBAZUS, a nobleman of Persia, sent 
with a fleet against Evagoras, king of Cy- 
prus. He was accused of treason, and re- 
moved from office, &c. — Poly. 7. 

TERIDAE, a concubine of Menelaus. 

TERIDATES, a favourite eunuch at the 
court of Artaxerxes. At his death the mo- 
narch was in tears for three days, aud was 
consoled at last only by the arts and the 
persuasion of Aspasia, one of his favourites. 
—El. V. H. 12, c. 1. 

TERIGUM, a town of Macedonia. 

TERINA, a town of the Brutii. 

TERIOLI, now Tirol, a fortified town at 
the north of Italy, in the country of the 
Grisons. '[Hispania Tarraconen?is. 

TERMENTI A, or TERMES, a town of 

TERM ERA, a town of Caria. 

TER.MERUS,a robber ofPeloponnesus, who 
killed people by crushing their heads against 
his own. He was slain by Hercules in the 
same manner. — Plu. The". 

TERMESUS, a river of Arcadia. 

TERMILiE, a name given to the Lvcians. 

TERM I N ALIA, annuil festivals of Rome, 
observed in honour of the god Terminus 
in the mouth of February. It was then 



TER-TER 



669 



TER-TEU 



usual for peasants to assemble near the 
principal land-marK.s which separated their 
fields, and after they had crowned them 
with garlands And flowers, to make liba- 
tions of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a 
lamb or a young pig. They were originally 
established" by Numa, and 'though at first it 
was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, 
yet in process of time land-marks were 
plentifully sprinkled with iU— Ov. F. 2, v. 
641. -Ci.'Ph. 12, c. 10. 

TERMIN'ALIS, a surname of Jupiter, be- 
cause he presided over the boundaries and 
lands of individuals, before the worship of 
the god Terminus was introduced.-^ Bio. H. 2. 

TER'MINOS, a divinity at Rome who was 
supposed to preside over" bounds and limits, 
and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. 
His worship was first iutroduced at Rome by 
Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the 
limits oftheir lands and estates were underthe 
immediate inspection of heaven. His tem- 
ple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he was 
represented with an human head without 
feet or arms, to intimate that he never 
moved, wherever he was placed. The peo- 
ple of the country assembled once a year 
with their families, and crowned with gar- 
lands and flowers the stones which separated 
their different possessions, and offered vic- 
tims to the god who presided over their 
boundaries. It is said that when Tarquin 
the proud wished to build a temple on the 
Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus 
refused to give way, though the other gods 
resigned their seats with cheerfulness- 
whence Ovid has said, 
Restitit, et magno cum Jove temp a tenet. 

Bio. H. -z.—Ov. F. 2, v. 641.— Plu. Num.— 
Li. 5.—V. JEn. 9. [Pisidia. 

TERM I SS US or TERMESSU3, a town of 

TERPANDER, a lyric poet and musician 
of Lesbos, 675. It is said that he appeased 
a tumult at Sparta by the melody ana sweet- 
ness of liis notes. He added three strings to 
the lyre, which before his time had onlv 
four.— El. V. H. 12, c. 50.— Pin de Mus. 

TERP'SICHORE,one of the muses, daugh- 
ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She pre- 
sided over dancing, of which' she was reck- 
oned the inventress, as her name intimates, 
and with which she delighted her sisters. 
She is represented like a young virgin 
crowned with laurel, and holding in her 
hand a musical instrument. — Juv. 7, v. 35. — 
Apol. 1. [Apol. 2 y c. 7. 

TERPSICRATE, a daughter of Thespius. 

TERRA, one of the most ancient deities in 
mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of 
Oceanus, the Titans, Cj clops, Giants, Thea, 
Rhea, Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and Mnemo- 
syne. By the Air she had Grief, Mourning, 
Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hygi- 
nus, she is the same as Tellus. Vide Tellus. 

TERRACI'NA. Vide Tarricina. 

TERRASIDIUS, a Roman knight in Cae- 
sar's army in Gaul. — Cces. B. G. 3, c. 7 & 8. 

TERROR, an emotion of the mind which 
the ancients have made a deity, and one of 
the attendants of the god Mars, and of 
Bellona. 



TERTIA, a sister of Clodius the tribui e 

&c. A daughter of Paulus, the conqueror 

of Perseus. — Ci. ad Div. 1, c. 46. A 

daughter of Isodorus. —Ci. in Ver. 3, c. 34. 

A sister of Br:itus, who married Cassius. 

She was also called Tertnlla and Junia.— 
Ta.A. 3, c. 76.— Site. Cces. bO.—Ci. ad B. 5 
& 6, ad At. 15, ev. 10, 1. 16, ep. 20. 

TERTIUS JULIAN US, a lieutenant in 
Caesar's legions. 

TERTU LLIA'NUS. J. SEPT1MIUS FEO- 
RENS, a celebrated Christian writer of Car- 
thage, who flourishied A. D. 196. He was 
orininally a Pagan, but afterwards embraced 
Christianity, of which he became an able ad- 
vocate by his writings, which shewed that 
he was possessed of a lively imagination, 
impetuous eloquence, elevated st\le, and 
strength of reasoning. The most famous and 
esteemed of his numerous works, are his 
Apology for the Christians, and his Pre- 
scriptions. 

TETHYS, the greatest of the sea deities, 
was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Ura- 
nus and Terra. She was mother of the 
chiefest rivers of the universe, such as the 
Nile, the Alpheus, the Mseander, Simois, 
Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c. and about 
3000 daughters called Oceanides. Tethys 
is confounded by some mycologists with hef 
grand-daughter'Thetis, the wife of Peleus, 
and the mother of Achilles. The word Te- 
thys is poetically used to express the sea. — 
Apol. 1, c. I.— firs. G. 1, v. 31.— Ov.Me.2, 
v. 509, 1. 9, v. 498.— Ffl.2, V. 191.— Hes. Th. 
V. 336.— H. II. 14, v. 302. 

TET1S, a river of Gaul flowing from the 
Pyrenees.— Me. 2, c. 5. 

TETRA'POLIS, a name given to the city 
of Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it 
was divided into four separate districts, each 
of which resembled a city. Some apply the 
word to Selencis, which contained the four 
large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodi- 

cea, Apamea, and Seleucia in Pieria. The 

name of four towns at the north of Attica. — 
Sir. 8. 

TET'RICA, a mountain of the Sabines near 
the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and 
difficult of access, whence the epithet Tetri- 
cus was applied to persons of a morose and 
melancholy disposition. — V. JEn. 7, v. 713. 

TETRICUS, a Roman senator, saluted 
emperor in the reign of Aure'ian. He was 
led in triumph by his successful adversary, 
who afterwards heaped -the most unbounded 
honours upon him and his son of the same 
name. 

TEUCER, a king of Phrygia, son of the 
Scamander by Ida. According to some au- 
thors, he was the first who introduced among 
his subjects the worship of Cybele, and the 
dances of the Corybantes. The country 
where he reigned was from him called 7'eit- 
cria, and his subjects Teucri. His daughter 
Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian 
prince, who succeeded him in the govern- 
ment of Teucria.— Apol. 3, c. 12.— V. En. 3, 

v. 108. A son of Telamon, king of Sala- 

mis, by Hesione, the daughter of Laomcdon. 
He was one of Helen's suitors, and accord- 
ingly accompanied the Greeks to the Tro- 



TETJ — TEU 

jan war, where he signalized himself bv his 
valour and intrepidity, 
father refused to receive him into his kin*, 
dom, because he left the death of his brother 
Ajax unrevenged. This severity of the fa- 
ther did not dishearten the son"; he left Sa- 
lami's, and retired to Cyprus, where with 
the assistance of Belus, king of Sidon, he 
built a town, which he called Salamis, after 
his native country. He attempted to no 
purpose to recover the island of Salamis, 
after his father's death. He built a tempie 
to Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was 
annually sacrificed till the reign of the An- 
toniues. Some suppose that Teucer did not 
return to Cyprus, but that, according to a 
less received opinion, he went to settle in 
Spain, where new Carthage vvas afterwards 
built, and thence into Galatia.— H. II. 1, v. 
261.— V. JEn. l,v. 623.— Apol. 3, c. 12.— Pa. 

2, c. 29.— Jus. 44, c. 3.— Pa. 1, c. 1. One 

of the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum. 

TEUCR1, a name given to the Trojans, 
from Teucer their king.— V.JEnA, v.42& 239! 



6/0 TEU— THA 

. TEUTOMATUS, a prince of Gaul, among 
is said that his j the allies of Rome. 

TEU'TONT, and TEU'TONES, a people of 
Germany, who with the Cimbri made incur- 
sions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Ro- 
man armies. They were at last defeated by 
the consul Marius, and an infinite number 
made prisoners. [Vide Cimbri. J— Ci. pro 
Man. Flor. 3, c. 3.— Plu. Mar.— Mart. 14, 
ep. 2Q.— PI. 4, c. 14. [Hist. Afric. 77. 

THABENNA, an inland town of Africa.— 
THABUS1UM, a fortified place of Fhrvgia. 
— Li. 38, c. 14. 

THAIS, a famous courtezan of Athens, 
who accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic 
conquests, and gained such an ascendancy 
over him that she made him burn the royal 
palace of Persepolis. After Alexander's 
death, she married Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
Menander celebrated her charms both men- 
tal and personal, which were of a superior 
nature, and on this account she is called 
Menandrea, by Prop. 2, el. 6. — Ov. de a. am. 
3, v. 604. de rem am. v. 384.— Plu. in Al.- 



TEUCRIA, a name given to Troy, from \Juv. 3, v. 93.— Ath. 13, c. 13, 



Teucer, one of its kings.— V. JEn. 2, v. 26. 

TEUCTERl, a people of Germany, at the 
east of the Rhine. — Ta. de Germ. c. " 



TH ALA, a town of Africa.— Ta. An.3,c. 21. 
THA'LAME, a town of Messenia famous 
for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae.— Plu. 



TEUMESSUS, a mountain of Bceotia, with \ in. Ag.- 
illage of the same name, where Hercules, \ THALASSIUS, a beautiful young Roman 



when young, killed an enormous lion. 
Th. |, v. 331. 
TEUTA, a queen of Illyricum, B. C. 231 



in the reign of Romulus. At the rape 
j the Sabines- one of these virgins appeared 
'remarkable for beauty and elegance, and 



who ordered some Roman ambassadors to , her ravisher, afraid of many competitors, 
be put to death. This unprecedented mur- i exclaimed, as he carried her away, that it 
der was the cause of a war, which ended I was for Thalassius. The name of Thalassius 
in her disgrace.— Fl. 2, c. 5.— PI. 34, c. 6. was no sooner mentioned than all were 
TEUTAlMlAS or TEUTAMIS, a king of I eager to preserve so beautiful a prize for 
.arissa. He instituted games in honour of | him. Their union was attended with so 



his father, nere Perseus killed his grand- 
father Acrisius with a quoit. 

TEUTAMUS, a king of Assyria, the same 
as Tithonus, the father of Memnon.— Dio. 5. 

TEUTAS, or TEUTATES, a name of .Mer- 
cury among the Gauls. The people offered 
human victims to this deity.— Luc. 1, v. 445. 
—Cces. B. G. [Caycus rises. 

TEUTHRANIA, a part of Mysia where the 

TEUTHRAS, a king of Mysia on the bor- 
ders of the Caycus. He adopted as his 
daughter, or according to others, married 
Auge, the daughter of Aleus, when she fled 
away into Asia, from her father, who wished 
to punish her for her amours with Hercules. 
Some time after his kingdom was invaded 
by Idas, the son of Aphareus, and to remove 
this enemy, he promised Auge and his crown 
to any one who could restore tranquillity to 
his subjects. This was executed by Tele- 
phus, who afterwards proved to be the son 
of Auge, who was promised in marriage to 
him by right of his successful expedition. 
The 50 daughters of Teuthras, who became 
mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthraniia 
turba.—Apol. 2, c. 7.— Pa. 3, c. 25.— Ov .Tr. 

2, v. \9.—Her. 9, v. bl.—Hyg.f. 100. A 

river's name.— One of the companions of 
iEneas in Italv.— V. JEn. 10, v. -102. 

T E UTOBU RG I EN S IS S A LTUS , a forest of 
Germany, between the Ems and Lippa, 
where Varus and his legions were cut to 
pieces.— Ta. An. 1, c. 60. 



much happiness, that it was ever after usual 
at Rome to make use of the word Thalassius 
at nuptials, and to wish those that were 
married the felicity of Thalassius. He is 
supposed by some to be the same as Hymen^ 
as he was made a deity.— Plu. Rom.-~Ma*t. 
3, ep. 92.— Li. 1, c. 3. 

THALES, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. He was 
descended from Cadmus ; his father's name 
was Examius, and his mother's Cleobula. 
Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in 
quest of knowledge, and for some time re- 
sided in Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Under 
the priests of Memphis he was taught geo- 
metry, astronomy, and philosophy, and en- 
abled to measure with exactness the vast 
height and extent of a pyramid merely by 
its shadow. His discoveries in astronomy 
were great and ingenious ; he was the first 
who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. 
He discovered the solstices and equinoxes, he 
divided the heavens into five zones, and re- 
commended the division of the year into 365 
days, which was universally adopted by the 
Egyptian philosophy. Like Homer,he looked 
upon water as the principle of every thing. 
He was the founder of the Ionic sect, which 
distinguished itself for its deep and abstruse 
speculations under the successors and pupils 
of the Milesian philosopher, Anaximander, 
Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus, 
the master of Socrates. Thales was never 



THA— THA 



671 



THA — THE 



married ; And when his mcdier pressed him 
to choose a wife, lie said he was too young. 
The same exhortations were afterwards re- 
peated, but the philosopher eluded them by 
observing that he was then too old to enter 
the matrimonial state. He died in the 96th 
year of his age, about 548 years before the 
Christian era. His compositions on philoso- 
phical subjects are lost.— Her. 1, c. l.—Pla. 

— Diog. l.— Ci. Nat. D. A lyric poet of 

Crete, intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared 
by his rhapsodies the minds of the Spartans 
to receive the rigorous institutions of his 
friend, and inculcated a reverence for the 
peace of civil society. 

THALESTRIA, or THALESTRIS, a queen 
of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 
women, came 35 days' journey to meet Alex- 
ander in his Asiatic conquests, to raise chil- 
dren by a man whose fame was so great, and 
courage so uncommon.— Curt. 6, c. 5. — Sir. 
11.— Jus. 2, c. 4. 
THA LETES,a Greek poet of Crete,900B.C. 
THALIA, one of the Muses, who presided 
over festivals, and over pastoral and comic 
poetry. She is represented leaning on a co- 
lumn, holding a mask in her right hand, by 
which she is distinguished from her sisters, 
as also by a shepherd's crook. Her dress ap- 
pears shorter, and not so ornamented as that 
of the other Muses.— Hor. 4, Od. 6, v. 25.— 
Mart. 9, ep. 75.— Pin. in Sym.—V.Ec. 6, v. 

2 One of the Nereides.— Hes. Th.—V. 

y£n.5,v.826. An island in the Tyrrhene sea. 

THALLO, one of the Horse or Seasons who 
presided over the spring.— Pa. 9, c. 35. 

THALPIUS, a son of Eurytus, one of He- 
len's suitors.— ApoL. 3, c. 10. 

THALYSSIA, Greek festivals celebrated 
by the people of the country in honour of 
Ceres, to whom the first fruits were regularly 
offered.— Sch. The. 5. 

TH AM IRAS, a Cicilian who first intro- 
duced the art of augury in Cyprus, where it 
was religiously preserved in his family for 
many years.— 'Ta. 2, Hist* c. 3. 
THAMU DA, apart of Arabia Felix. 
THA'M YRAS,or THAM YRIS, a celebrated 
musician of Thrace. His father's name was 
Philammon, and his mother's Argiope. He 
became enamoured of the Muses, and chal- 
lenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge 
was accepted, and it was mutually agreed, 
that the conquered should be totally at the 
disposal of his victorious adversary. He was 
conquered, and the Muses deprived him of 
his eye-sight and his melodious voice, and 
broke his lyre. His poetical compositions 
are lost. Some accused him of having first 
introduced into the world the unnatural 
vice of which Sotades is accused.— H. II. 2, 
v. 594, 1. 5, v. 599.— Apol. 1, c. 3.— Ov. Am. 3, 
el. 7, v. 62. Art. Am. 3, v. 399.— Pa. 4, c. 33. 
THAM YRIS, one of the petty princes of 

the Dacae, in the age of Darius, ice. A 

queen of the Massagetae. [Fide Thomyris.] 

A Trojan killed by Turnus.— V. Mn. I2.v. 

THA PSACUS,a city on the Euphrates. [341. 
THAPSUS, a town of Africa Propria, 
where Scipio and Juba were defeated by 

Cje.sar.— Sil. 3, v. 261.— Li. 29, c. 30. A 

town at the north of Syracuse in Sicily. 



THARGELIA, festivals in Greece, in ho- 
nour of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two 
days, and the youngest of both sexes carried 
olive branches, on which were suspended 
cakes and fruits. — Alh. 12. Ttiochus. 
THARI A'DES, one of the generals of An- 
THAROPS, the father of CEaaer, to whom 
Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, aftei 
the death of Lvcurgus.— Diod. 4. 

THASIUS, or THRASlUS,afamous sooth- 
sayer of Cyprus, who told Busiris, king of 
Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which 
afflicted hiscountry, he mustoffer a foreigner 
to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered 
him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, 
as he was not a native of Egypt.— Ov. de A s 

Am. 1, v. 619. A surname of Hercules, 

who was worshipped at Thaos. 

THASOS, or THASUS, a small island in 
the JEgean, on the coast of Thrace, oppo 
site the mouth of the Nestus, anciently 
known by the name of Mria, Odonis, Mthria, 
Acte, Ogygia, Chryse, and Ceresis. It re- 
ceived that of Thasos from Thasus the son of 
Agenor, who settled there when he despaired 
of finding his sister Europa. It was about 
40 miles in circumference, and so uncom- 
monly fruitful, that the fertility of Thasos 
became proverbial. Its wine was universally 
esteemed, and its marble quarries were also 
in great repute, as well as its mines of gold 
and silver. The capital of the island was 
also called Thasos.— Li.33,c. 30 & 35.—Her.2, 
c. 44.— Me. 2, c. 7.— Pa. 5,c. 25.— Ml. V. H. 
A.—Virg. G. 2, v. 91.— C. Nep. Cim. 2. 

THASUS, a son of Neptune, who went 
with Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the 
town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him 
brother of Cadmus.— ApoL 3, c. 1. 

THAUMACI, a town of Thessaly on the 
Maliac gulf.— Li. 32, c. 4. 

THAUMANTIAS, and THAUMAT1S, a 
name given to Iris, the messenger of Juno, 
because she was the daughter of Thamaus, 
the son of Oceanus and Terra, by one of the 
Oceanides.— Hes. Th.—V. Mn. 9, v. 5.— Ov. 
Me. 4, v. 479, 1. 14, V. 845. 

THAUMAS, a son of Neptune and Terra, 
who married Electra, one of the Oceanides, 
by whom he had Iris and the Harpies, &c. 
— Apol. l, c. 2. 

THAUMAS1US, a mountain of Arcadia, on 
whose top, according to some accounts, Ju 
piter was born. 

THEA, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. 
She married her brother Hyperion, by whom 
she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She 
is also called Thia, Tit*a, Rhea, Tethys, 

&c. One of the Sporades. 

THEAGE'NES, a man who made himself 
master of Megara,&c. An athlete of Tha- 
sos, famous for his strength. His father's 
name was Timosthenes, a friend of Her- 
cules. He was crowned above a thousand 
times at the public games of the Greeks, and 
became a god after death.— Pa. 6, c. 6. — Pin. 
A Theban officer, who distinguished him- 
self at the battle of Cheronaea.— Plu. A 

writer who published commentaries on Ho- 
mer's works. 

THEAGES, a Greek philosopher, disciple 
of Socrates.— Pla. Ml. V. H. 4, &c. 



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THEANGELA, a town of Campania. 
THEA'NO, the wife of Metapoutus, son 
of Sisyphus, presented some twins to her 
husband, when he wished to repudiate her 
for her barrenness. Tiie children were edu- 
cated with the greatest care, and some time 
afterwards, Theano herself became mother 
of twins. When they were grown up, she 
encouraged them to murder the suppositious 
children who were to succeed to their fa- 
ther's throne, in preference to them. They 
were both killed in the attempt, and the fa- 
ther, displeased with the conduct of Theano, 
repudiated her, to marry the mother of the 
children, whom he had lo'ng considered as his 

own — Hyg.f. 186. A daughter olCissens, 

sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, and 
was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium 
to the Greeks, as she was'priestess of Mi- 
nerva.—//. II. 6, v. 298.— Pa. 10, c. 27.— 

Diet. Cret. 5, c. 8. One of the Danaides. 

Her husband's name was Phantes.— Apol. 2, 
c. 1. The wife of the philosopher Pytha- 
goras, daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or, 
according to others, of Brontinus of Croto- 
na.— Diog. 8, c. 42. The daughter of Py- 
thagoras. A poetess of Locris. A priest- 
ess of Athens, daughter of Menon, who 
refused to pronounce a certain curse upon 
Aicibiades, when he was accused of having 
mutilated all the statues of Mercury.— Plu. 

The mother of Pausanias. She was the 

first, as it is reported, who brought a stone 
to the entrance of Minerva's temple, to shut 
up her son when she heard of his crimes and 
perfidy to his country. — Poly. s. A daugh- 
ter of Scedasus, to whom some of the Laee- 

ddemonians offered violence at Leuctra. 

A Trojan matron, who became mother of 
Mimas by Amycus, the same night that 
Paris was born.— V.En. 10, v. 703. [num. 
THEA'NUM, a town of Italv. Vide Tea- 
THEARI DAS, a brother of 'Dionysius the 
elder. He was made admiral of his fleet.— 
Diod. 14. Tzene. — Pa. 2, c. 51. 

THEARIUS, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
THEaTETES, a Greek epigrammist. 
THEBA, or THEBE, a town of Ciiicia. 
VideThebse. 

THEB/E, (arum), a celebrated city, the 
capital of Bceotia, situate on the banks of the 
river Ismenus. The manner of its founda- 
tion is not precisely known. Cadmus is sup- 
posed to have first'be?un to found it by build- 
ing the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards 
finished by Amphion and Zethus, but accord- 
ing to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges. 
The government of Thebes was monarchical, 
and many of the sovereigns are celebrated 
for their misfortunes, such as Laius, CEdipus, 
Polynices, Eteocles, &c. The war which 
The'bes supported against the Argives, is fa- 
mous as well as that of the Epigoni. The 
Thebans were looked upon as an indolent 
and sluggish nation, and the words of Theban 
pig, became proverbial to express a man 
remarkable for stupidity and inattention. 
This, however, was not literally true: under 
Epaminondas, the Thebans, though befce 
dependent, became masters of Greece, and 
every thing was done according to their w" 



Greece, he ordeVi'd Thebes to be totally de- 
molished, becau> t.«t had revolted against 
him, except the house where the poet Pindar ' 
had fe^en born and educated,. In this dread- 
ful period 6000 of its inhabitants were slain, 
and 30,000 sold for slaves, Thebes was af- 
terwards repaired by Cassander, the son of 
Antipater, but it never rose to its original 
consquence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions 
it merely as an inconsiderable villaee. The 
monarchical government was abolished there 
at the death of Xanthus, about H90 years 
before Christ, and Tiiebes became a republic. 
It received its name fromThebe, the daugh- 
ter of Asopus, to whom the founder Amphion 
was nearlv related.— Apol. 2, c. 4.— Me. 2,o 
•3.— Pa. 2, c. 6.—Str. 9.— Plu. in Pel.—C 

Ncp. in Pel.—Hor. A. P. 394.— Ov. Me. 

A town at the south of Troas, built by Her- 
cules, and also called Placia and Hypopla- 
cia. It fell into the hands of the Cilicians, 
who occupied it during the Trojan war. — 

Curt. 3, c. A.— Li. 37, c. 19.— Str. 11. An 

ancient celebrated city of Thebais in Egypt, 
called also Hecatompylos, on account of its 
hundred gates, and Diospolis, as being sa- 
cred to Jupiter. In the time of its splendour, 
it extended above 23 miles, and upon any 
emergency could send into the field, by eacn 
of its hundred gates, 20,000 fighting' men, 
and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by 
Cambyses, king of Persia, and few traces of 
it were seen in the age of Juvenal. — PI. 5, c. 
9.— Juv. 15. v. 16.— Ta. An. 2.— Her. 2 k 3.— 
Diod. 2.—H. II. 9, v. 381.— Sir. 17.— Me. I, 

c. 9. A town of Africa, built by Bacchus. 

Another in Thessaly.— Li. 26, c. 7. 

Another in Phthiotis. 

THEBAIS, a countrv in the southern parts 
of Esrypt, of which Thebes was the capital. 

Tliere have been some poems which 

have borne the name of Thebais, but of t e>e 
the only one extant is the Thebais of Sta- 
tius. It srives an account of the war of the 
Thebans against the Argives, in consequence 
of the dissension of Eteocles with his brother 
Polv nices. The poet was twelve years in 

composing it. A river of Lydia. A name 

given to a native of Thebes. 

THEBE, a daughter of the Asopus, wno 
married Zethus. -Apol. 3, c. 5.— Pa. 2, c. 5. 

The wife of Alexander, tyrant of Pheras. 

She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder 
her hu-band. 
THE1A, a soddess. Vide Thea. 
THEIAS, a~son of Belus, who had an inces- 
tuous intercourse with his daughter Smyrna. 

THELEPHASSA, the second wife of Age- 
nor, called also Telcphassa. [Telpusa. 
THELPli'SA, a nvmph of Arcadia. Vide 
THELX ION, a son of Apis, who conspired 
against his father, who was king of Pelopon- 
nesus.— Pa. 2, c. 5.— Apol. 2, c. 1. 

THELXIOPE, one ofthe^wuses, according 
to some writers. — Ci. de tin. 

THEMENUS, a son of Anstomachus, bet- 
ter know n bv the name of Temenus. 
THEM ESI ON, a tvrant of Eretria.— Di. 15. 
THEMILLAS, a Trojan.— V. vEn. 9, v. 376. 
THEM IS. a daughter of Ccelus and Terra 
who married Jupiter against her own inch 



and "pleasure. When Alexander invaded j nation. She became mother of Dice, Irene, 



THE— THE 673 THE— THE 



Eunomia, the Parcse, and Horae ; and was the 
first to whom the inhabitants of the earth 
raised temples. Her oracle was famous in 
Attica in the age of Deucalion, who consulted 
it with great solemnity, and was instructed 
how to repair the loss of mankind. She was 
generally attended by the seasons. Among' 
the moderns she is represented as holding- a 
sword in one hand, and a pair of scales in 

the other.— Or. Me. 1, v. 321. A daughter 

of Ilus, who married Capys, and became 
mother of Anchises.— Apol. 3, c. 12. 

THEMIS'CYRA, a town of Cappadocia, at 
the mouth of the Thermodon, belonging to 
the Amazons. The territories round it bore 
the same name. 

THEMISON, a famous physician of Lao- 
dicea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was foun- 
der of a sect called methodists, because he 
wished to introduce methods to facilitate the 
learning and the practice of physic. He 
flourished in the Augustan age.— PL 29, c. 

l.—Juv. 10. One of the generals and 

ministers of Antiochus the Great. He was 
born at Cvprus. — Ml. V. H. 2, c. 4. 

THEMISTA, or THEM IST1S, a goddess, 
the same as Themis. 

THEMISTFUS, a celebrated philosopher 
of Paphlagronia in the age of Constantius, 
greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, 
and called Euphrades, the fine speaker, from 
1 lis eloquent and commanding delivery. He 
was made a Roman senator, and always dis- 
tinguished for his liberality and munificence. 
His school was greatly frequented. He wrote, 
when young, some commentaries on Aristo- 
tle, fragments of which are still extant, and 
33 of his orations. He professed himself to 
be an enemy to flattery, and though he often 
deviates from this general rule in his ad- 
dresses to the emperors, yet he strongly re- 
commends humanifv, wisdom, and clemency. 

THEM1STO, .daughter of Hypseus, was 
the third wife of Athamas, king" of Thebes, 
by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, 
Leucon, Schceneus, and Erythroes. She en- 
deavoured to kill the children of Ino, her 
husband's second wife, but she killed her 
own by means of Ino, who lived in her 
house in the disguise of a servant maid, and 
to whom she entrusted her bloody intentions, 
upon which she destroyed herself.— Pa. 9, c. 

2;j.— Apol. 1, c. 9. A woman mentioned 

by Polyaenus. The mother of the poet 

Homer," according to a tradition mentioned 
bv Pausanins, 10, c. 24. 

THEMISTOCLES, a celebrated general 
born at Athens. His father's name was 
Neocles, and his mother's Euterpe, or Abro- 
tonum, a native of Haiicarnassus.or of Thrace, 
or Acarnania. The beginning of his youth 
was marked by vices so flagrant, and an in- 
clination so incorrigible, that his father dis- 
inherited him. This, which might have 
disheartened others, roused the ambition of 
Themistocles, and the protection which he 
was denied at home, he sought in courting 
the favours of the populace, and in sharing 
the administration of public nfFairs. When 
Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at 
the head of the Athenian republic, and in 
this capacity the fleet was intrusted to his 



care. While the Lacedaemonians under Le- 
onidas were opposing the Persians at Ther- 
mopylae, the naval operations of Themistocles, 
and the combined fleet of the Peloponne- 
sians were directed to destroy the armament 
of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. 
The obstinate wish of the generais to com- 
mand the Grecian fleet, mia-ht have proved 
fatal to the interest of the allies, had not 
Themistocles freely relinquished his preten- 
sions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades 
master of the expedition, shown the world 
that his ambition could stoop when his coun- 
try' demanded his assistance. The Persian 
fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a vio- 
lent storm, and the feeble attack' of the 
Greeks ; but a decisive battle had never been 
fought, if Themistocles had not used threats 
and entreaties, and even called religion to 
his aid, and the favourable answers of the 
oracle to second his measures. Tne Greeks, 
actuated by different views, were unwilling 
to make head by sea against an enemy whom 
they saw victorious by land, plundering their 
cities, and destroying all by lire and sword ; 
but before they were dispersed, Themistocles 
sent intelligence of their intentions to the 
Persian monarch. Xerxes, by^immediately 
blocking them with .his fleet, in the bay o"f 
Salamis, prevented their escape, and while 
he wished to crush them all at one blow, he 
obliged them to fight for their safety, as well 
as for the honour of their country. This 
battle, which was fought near the island of 
Salamis, B. C. 480, was decisive, the Greeks 
obtained the victory, and Themistocles the 
honour of having destroyed the formidable 
navy of Xerxes. Further to insure the 
peace of his country, Themistocles informed 
the Asiatic monarch, that the Greeks had 
conspired to cut the bridge which he had 
built across the Hellespont, and to prevent 
his retreat into Asia. This met with equal 
success, Xerxes hastened away from Greece, 
and while he believed, on the' words of The- 
mistocles, that his return would be disputed, 
he left his forces without a general, and his 
fleets an easy conquest to the victorious 
Greeks. These signal services to his coun- 
try, endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, 
and he was universally called the most war- 
like and most courageous of all the Greeks 
who fought against the Persians. He was 
received with the most distinguished honours, 
and by his prudent administration, Athens 
was soon fortified with "strong walls, her 
Pireus was rebuilt, and her harbours were 
filled with a numerous and powerful navy, 
which rendered her the mistress of Greece. 
Yet in the midst of that glory, the conqueror 
of Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his 
countrymen, which had proved so fatal to 
many of his illustrious predecessors. He was 
banished from the city, and after he had sought 
in vain a safe retreat among the republics of 
Greece, awd the barbarians of Thrace, he 
threw himself into the ;irira of a monarch, 
I whose fleets he had defeated, and whose 
: father he had ruined. ArtaxerxeSj the suc- 
cessor of Xerxes, received the illustrious 
! Athenian with kindness ; and though he had 
; formerly set a price upon his head, yet hf 
3 M 



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674 



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made him one of his greatest favourites, and 
bestowed three rich cities upon him, to pro- 
vide him with bread, wiiie, and meat. Such 
kindnesses from a monarch, from whom he, 
perhaps, expected the most hostile treat- 
ment., did not alter the sentiments of The- 
mistocles. He still remembered that Athens 
pave him birth, and according to *ome wri- 
ters, the wish of not injuring' his country, 
and therefore his inability of carrying- on 
war against Greece, at the" request of Arta- 
xerxes, obliged him to destroy himself by 
drinking bull's blood. The manner of his 
death, however, is uncertain, and while 
some affirm that he poisoned himself, others 
declare that he fell a prey to a violent dis- 
temper in the city of Magnesia, where he had 
fixed his residence, while in the dominions 
of the Persian monarch. His bones were 
conveyed to Attica, and honoured with a 
magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who be- 
gan to repent too late of their cruelty to the 
saviour of his country. Themislocles died 
in the 65th year of his age, about 449 years 
before the Christian era. He has been ad- 
mired as a man naturally courageous, of a 
disposition fond of activity, ambitious of 
glory and enterprise. Blessed with a provi- 
dent' and discerning mind, he seemed to rise 
superior to misfortunes, and in the midst of 
adversity, possessed of resources which could 
enable him to regain his splendour, and even 
to command fortune. — Plu. C.Nep. in Vi. — 

Pa. \.—Ml. V. H. 2, c. 12. A writer, 

some of whose letters are extant. 

THEMISTO'GENES, an historian of Syra- 
cuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon. 
He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a 
suhject ablv treated afterwards by Xenophon. 

THEO'CLES,an opulent citizen of Corinth, 
who liberally divided his riches among the 
poor. Tbrasonides, a man equally rich with 
himself, followed the example.—' JEl. V. H. 
14, c. 24. A Greek statuary.— Pa. 6, c. 19. 

THEO'CLUS, a Messenian poetand sooth- 
saver, who died B. C. 671.— Pa. 4, c. 15. 

THEOCLY'MENIJS, a soothsayer of Argo- 
lis, descended from Melarnpus. His father's 
name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy 
return of Ulvsses to Penelope and Telema- 
chns.— H. Od. 15, v. 225.— Hyg. fa. 128. 

THEOC'RlTUS,aGreek poetwho flourished 
at Syracuse in Sicily, 282 B. C. His father's 
name was Praxagoras, orSimichus, and his 
mother's Philina. He lived in the age of 
Ptolemy Philadelphia, whose praises he sung, 
and whose favours he enjoyed. Theocritus 
distinguished himself by his poetical compo- 
sitions, of which 30 idyllia and some epi- 
grams are extant, written in the Doric dia* 
feet, and admired for their beauty, elegance, 
and simplicity. Virgil, ia his eclogues, has 
imitated and "often copied him. Theocritus 
has been blamed for the many indelicate and 
obscene expressions which he uses ; and 
while he introduces shepherds and peasants 
with all the rusticity and ignorance of na- 
ture, he often disguises their character by 
making them speak on high and exalted 
subjects. It is said he wrote some invectives 
against Hiero, king of Syracuse, who ordered 
him to be strangled. He also yrote a lu- 



dicrous poem called Syrinx, and placed his 
verses in such order that they represented 
the pipe of the god Pan.— Quin. 10, c. I.— 

Laer. 5. A Greek historian of Chios, who 

wrote an account of Libva.— Plu. 

THEO'DAMAS,orTHl'"ODAMAS,a King of 
Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by 
Hercules, because he refused to treat him 
and his son Hyllus with hospitality.— Ov. in 
lb. v. 438.— ApoL 2, c. 7.— Hyg. fa. 271. 

THEODECTES, a Greek orator and poet 
of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristauder, 
and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tra- 
gedies, besides other works now lost. He 
had such a happy memory that he could re- 
peat with ease whatever verses were spoken 
in his presence. When Alexander passed 
through Phaselis, he crowned with garlands 
the statue which had been erected to the 
memory of the deceased poet.— Ci. Tus. 1, 
c. 24.- -Plu.— Quin. 

THEODONiS, a town of Germany, now 
Thionvilte, on the Moselle. 

THEODO'RA, a daughter-in-law of the 
emperor Maximian, who married Constan- 
tius. A daughter of Constantine. A wo- 
man who from being a prostitute became 
empress to Justinian, and distinguished her- 
self by her intrigues and enterprises. The 

name of Theodora is common to the em- 
presses of the east in the later period. 

THEO DORETUS, one of the Greek fathers 
who flourished A. D. 425. [historian. 

THEODORITUS, a Greek ecclesiastical 

THEODO'RUS, a Syracusan of great au- 
thority among his countrymen, who severely 
inveighed against the tyranny of Dionysius. 

A" philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. 

He denied the existence of a God. He was 
banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, 
where the friendship of Demetrius Phale- 
reus saved him from the accusations which 
were carried to the Areopagus against him. 
Some suppose that he was at last con- 
demned to death for his impiety, and that 

he drank poison. A preceptor to one of 

the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to 

Augustus. A consul in the reign of Ho- 

norius. Claudian wrote a poem upon him, 
in which he praises him with great liberality. 

A secretary of Valens. He conspired 

against the emperor, and was beheaded. 

A man who compiled an history of Rome. 
Of this nothing but his history of" the reigns 
of Constantine and Constantius is extant. 

A comic actor. A player on the flute 

in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who 
contemptuously rejected the favours of La- 
mia, the mistress of the monarch. A Greek 

poet of Colophon, whose compositions are 

lost. A sophist of Byzantium called Logo- 

daidalon by Plato. A Greek poet in the 

age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of me- 
tamorphosis, which Ovid imitated, as some 

suppose. An artist of Samos about 700 

years B. C. He was the first who found out 
the art of melting iron, with which he made 

statues. A priest, father of Isocrates. 

A Greek writer, called also Prodromus. The 
time in which he lived is unknown. There 
is a romance of his composition extant, called 
the amours of Rhodanthe and Dociclep. 



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675 



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THEODOSIA, now Cassa, a town in the 
Cimmerian Bosphorus.— Me. - , c. 1. 

THEODOSIOP'OLIS, a town of Armenia, 
ouilt by Theodosius, &c. 

THEODOSIUS FLAVIUS, a Roman em- 
peror surnamed Magnus, from tlie greatness 
of his exploits. He was invested with the 
imperial purple by Gratian, and appointed 
over Thrace and the eastern provinces, 
which had been in the possession of Valen- 
tinian. The first years of his reign were 
marked by different conquests over the bar- 
barians. The Goths were defeated in Thrace, 
and 4000 of their chariots, with an immense 
number of prisoners of both sexes, were 
the reward of the victory. This glorious 
campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies 
of Rome ; they sued for peace, and treaties 
of alliance were made with distant nations, 
who wished to gain the favours and the 
friendship of a prince whose military vir- 
tues were so conspicuous. Some conspi- 
racies were formed against the emperor, 
but Theodosius totally disregarded them ; 
and while he punished his competitors for 
the imperial purp/e, he thought himself suf- 
ficiently secure in the love and the affection 
of his subjects. His reception at Rome was 
that of a conqueror ; he triumphed over the 
barbarians, and restored peace in every part 
of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Mi- 
lan, in the 60th year of his age, after a reign 
of 16 years, the 17th of January, A. D. 395. 
His body was conveyed to Constantinople, 
and buried by his son Arcadius, in the tomb 
of Constantine. Theodosius was the last of 
the emperors who was the sole master of the 
whole Roman empire. He left three children, 
Arcadius and Honorius, who succeeded him, 
and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been corn- 
mended by ancient writers as a prince 
blessed with every virtue, and debased by 
no vicious propensity. Though master of 
the world, he was a stranger to that pride 
and arrogance which too often disgrace the 
monarch ; he was affable in his behaviour, 
benevolent and compassionate, and it was 
his wish to treat his subjects as himself was 
treated when a private man and a depend- 
ant. Men of merit were promoted to places of 
trust and honour, and the emperor was fond 
of patronizing the cause of virtue and learn- 
ing. His zeal as a follower of Christianity 
has been applauded by all the ecclesiastical 
writers, and it was the wish of Theodosius 
to support the revealed religion, as much by 
his example, meekness, and Christian cha- 
rity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical insti- 
tutions. His want of clemency, however, in 
one instance, was too openly betrayed, and 
when the people of Thessalonica had un- 
meaningly, perhaps, killed one of his office rs, 
the emperor ordered his soldiers to put all 
the inhabitants to the sword, and no less 
than 6000 persons, without distinction of 
rank, age, or sex, were cruelly bMtchered 
in that town in the space of three hours. 
This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, and 
Theodosius was compelled by St. Ambrose 
todoopenpenancein the church, and publicly 
to make atonement for an act of barbarity 
which had excluded him from the bosom of 



the church, and the communion of fne 
faithful. In his private character Theodo- 
sius was an example of soberness and tem- 
perance; his palace displayed becoming 
grandeur, but still with moderation. He 
never indulged luxury, or countenanced su- 
perfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, 
and never gave himself up to pleasure and 
enervating enjoyments. The laws and regu- 
lations which he introduced in the Roman 
empire, were of the most salutary nature. — 
Soc. 5, &c. — ZosA,$£C. — Amb. — Aug. — Claud 

&c. TheSecond, succeeded his father Area • 

dius as emperor of the western Roman em- 
pire, though only in the eighth year of his 
age. He was governed by his sisier Pulche- 
ria, and by his ministers and eunuchs, in 
whose hands was the disposal of the offices 
of state, and all places of trust and honour. 
He married Eudoxia, the daughter of a phi- 
losopher called Leontius, a woman remark- 
able for her virtues and piety. The terri- 
tories of Theodosius were invaded by the 
Persians, but the emperor soon appeared at 
the head of a numerous force, and the two 
hostile armies met on the frontiers of the 
empire. The consternation was universal 
on both sides ; without even a battle, the 
Persians fled, and no less than 100,000 were 
lost in the waters of the Euphrates. Teodo- 
sius raised the siege of Nisibis, where his 
operations failed of success, and he averted 
the fury of the Huns and Vandals by bribes 
and promises. He died on the 29th of July, 
in the 49th year of his age A. D. 450, leav- 
ing only one daughter, Llcinia Eudoxia, 
whom he had married to the emperor Valenti- 
nian III. The carelessness and inattention 
of Theodosius to public affairs are well 
known. He signed all the papers that were 
brought to him without even opening them or 
reading them, till his sister apprised him of 
his negligence, and rendered him more care- 
ful and diligent, by making him sign a paper, 
in which he delivered into her hands Eu~ 
doxia his wife as a slave and menial servant. 
The laws and regulations which were pro- 
mulgated under him, and selected from the 
most useful and salutary institutions of his 
impeiial predecessors, have been called the 
Theodosian code. Theodosius was a warm 
advocate for the Christian religion, but he 
has been blamed for his partial attachment 
to those who opposed the orthodox faith.— 

Soz.—Soc. &c. A lover of Antonina the 

wife of Belisarius. A mathematician of 

Tripoli, who flourished 75 B. C. A Roman 

general, father of Theodosius the Great ; he 
died A. D. 376. 

THEO'DOTA, a beautiful courtezan of 
Elis, whose company was frequented by So- 
crates.- Xen. de Soc.— Ml. V. H. 13, c. 32. 

A Roman empress, &c. 

THEODOTIAN, an interpreter, in the 
reign of Commodus. 

THEO'DOTUS, an admiral of the Rho- 
dians, sent by his countrymen to make a 

treaty with the Romans. A native of 

Chios, who as preceptor and counsellor of 
Ptolemy, advised the feeble monarch to mur- 
der Pompey. He carried the head of the 
nnfortunate Roman to Caesar but the re- 
3 M 2 



THE-THE 
sentment of the conqueror was such that 
the mean assassin fled, and after a wandering 
and miserable life in the cities of Asia, he 
was at last put to death by Brutus.— Plu. 

Br. Si Pom. A Syracusan, accused of a 

conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant of 

Syracuse. A governor of Bactriana in 

fhe age of Antiochus, who revolted and made 

himself king, B. C. 250. A friend of the 

emperor Julian. A Phoenician historian. 

— One of the generals of Alexander. 
TH EOGNE' TES, a greek tragic poet.-- Ath. 
THEOGNIS, a Greek poet of Megara, 
who flourished about 549 years before Christ. 
He wrote several poems, of which only few 
sentences are now extant, quoted by Plato, 
and other Greek historians and philosophers, 
and intended as precepts for the conduct of 
human life. The morals of the poet have 
been censured as neither decorous nor chaste. 
There was also a tragic poet of the same 
name, whose compositions were so lifeless 
and inanimated, that they procured him the 
name of Chion, or snow." 

THEOMNESTUS, a rival of Nicias in the 
administration of public affairs at Athens. — 

Sir. 14. A statuary of Sardinia.— Pa. ti, 

c. 15. An Athenian philosopher, among 

the followers of Plato's doctrines. He had 
Brutus, Caesar's murderer, among his pupils. 

A painter.— PI. 35. 

THEON, a philosopher who used frequently 
to walk in his sleep.— Diog. An as- 
tronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian, 
-A painter of Samos. — JEl. 

-An 



V. H. 

4 4. Another philosopher. — Diog.- 

infamous reviler.— Hor. l, ep. 19. 

THEONOE, a daughter of Thestor, sister 
to Calchas. She was carried away by sea 
pirates, and sold to Icarus, king of Caria. 

—Hyg. fa. 190. A daughter of Proteus 

and a Nereid, who became enamoured of 
Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan vessel. 
THEOPE, one of the daughters of Leos. 
THEOPH'ANE, a daughter of Bisaltus, 
whom Neptune changed into a sheep, to re- 
move her from her numerous suitors, and 
conveyed to the island Crumissa. The god 
afterwards assumed the shape of a ram, and 
under this transformation he had by the 
nymph a ram with a goiden fleece, which 
carried Phrvxus to Colchis.— Ov. Me. 6, v. 
177.— Hyg. fa. 18^. 

THEOPH'ANES, a Greek historian, born 
at Mitylene. He was very intimate with 
Pompey, and from his friendship with the 
Roman general, his countrymen derived 
many advantages. After the battle of Phar- 
salia, he advised Pompey to retire to the 
court of Egypt. — Ci. pro Arch. &c. — Pal. — 
Plu. Ci. Si Pom. — His son, M. Pompeius 
Theophanes, was made governor of Asia, 
and enjoyed the intimacy of Tiberius. 

THEOPHANIA, festivals celebrated at 
Delphi in honour of Apollo. 
THEOPHTLUS, a comic poet of Athens. 

A governor of Syria in theage of Julian. 

A friend of Piso. A physician. One 

of the Greek fathers. The name of Theo- 

philus is common among the primitive 
Christians. 

THEOPHRASTUS, a native of Eresus in 



676 THE— THE 

Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied undev 
Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, 
whose friendship he gained, and whose 
warmest commendations he deserved. His 
original name was Tyrtamus, but this the 
philosopher made him exchange for that of 
Euphrastus, to intimate his excellence in 
speaking, and afterwards for that of Theo- 
phrastus, which he deemed still more ex- 
pres>ive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of 
his genius, and the elegance of his language. 
After the death of Socrates, when the ma- 
levolence of the Athenians drove all the 
philosopher's friends from the city, Theo- 
phrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, 
and rendered himself so conspicuous, that 
in a short time the number of his auditors 
was increased to two thousand. Not only 
his countrymen courted his applause, but 
kings and princes were desirous of his 
friendship ; and Cassander and Ptolemy, 
two of the most powerful of the successors 
of Alexander, regarded him with more than 
usual partiality. Theophrastus composed 
many books, and Diogenes has enumerated 
the titles of above 200 treatises, which lie 
wrote with great elegance and copiousness. 
About 20 of these are extant, among which 
are his history of stones, his treatise on 
plants, on the winds, on the signs of fair 
weather, &c, and his characters, an excel- 
lent moral treatise, which was begun in the 
99th year of his age. He died, loaded with 
years and infirmities, in the 107th year B. C. 
288, lamenting- the shortness of life, and com- 
plaining of the patiality of nature in granting 
longevity to the crow and to the stag, but not 
to man. * To his care we are indebted for the 
worksofAristotle, which the dying philosopher 
entrusted to him.— Ci. Tus. 3, c. 28.— Bru. c. 
31, Or. 19, Sic.—Str. 13.— Diog. in vi.—sEl. 
V. H. 2, c. 8, 1. 84, c. 20, 1. 8, C 10.— Quin. 
10, c. 1.— Plu. adv. colol. An officer en- 
trusted with the care of the citadel of Co- 
rinth by Antieonus.— Poly. 

THEOPOL'EMUS, a man who, with his 
brother Hiero, plundered Apollo's temple at 
Delphi, and fled away for fear of being 
punished.— Ci. in Ver. 5. 

THEOP'OLIS, a name given to Antioch, 
because the Christians first received their 
name there. 

THEOPOMPUS, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidse, who succeeded his 
father Nicander, and distinguished himself 
by the many new regulations he introduced. 
He created the Ephori, and died altera long 
and peaceful reign, B. C. 723. While he 
sat on the throne, the Spartans made war 
agaiust Messenia.— Plu. in Ly.—Pa. 3, c. 

7. A famous Greek historian of Chios, 

disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B. C. 
354. All his compositions are lost, except a 
few fragments quoted by ancient writers. 
He is compared to Thucydides and Herodo- 
tus, as an historian, yet he is severely cen- 
sured for his satirical remarks and illiberal 
reflections. He obtained a prize in which 
his master was a competitor, and he was 
liberally rewarded for composing the best 
funeral oration in honour of Mausolus. His 
father's name was Damasistratus. — Bio. H. 



THE— THE 



677 



THE— THE 



l.—Plu. in Ly.—C. Nep. 7.— Pa. 6, c. 18.— 
Q,uin, 10, c. I. An Athenian, who at- 
tempted to deliver his countrymen from the 

tyranny of Demetrius.— Poly. 5. A comic 

poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 24 

plays, all lost. A son of Demaratus, who 

obtained several crowns at the Olympic 
games.— Pa. 6, c. 10. An orator and his- 
torian of Cnidus, very intimate with J. 

Caesar.— Sir. 14. A Spartan general, killed 

at the battle of Tegyra. A philosopher of 

Cheronaea,in the reign of the emperor Philip. 

THEOPHYLACTUS SIMOCATTA, a By- 
zantine historian. One of the Greek fa- 
thers who flourished A. D. 1070. 

THEORIUS, a surname of Apollo at 
Trcezene, where he had a very ancient tem- 
ple. It signifies clear sighted. 

THEO'ITMUS, a wrestler of Elis, in the 

age of Alexander.— Pa. 6, c. 17. A Greek 

who wrote an history of Italy. 

THEOX'ENA, a noble lady of Thessaly 
who threw herself into the sea, when unable 
to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who 
pursued her.— Li, 40, c. 4. 

THEOXENIA, a festival celebrated in ho- 
nour of all the gods in every city of Greece, 
but especially at Athens. Games were then 
observed, and the conqueror who obtained the 
prize received a large sum of money, or, ac- 
cording to others, a vest beautifully orna- 
mented. The Dioscuri established a festival 
of the same name, in honour of the gods who 
hadvisited them atone of their entertainments. 

THEOXENIUS, a surname of Apollo, 

THERA, a daughter of Amphion and Ni- 

ohe.—Hyg. fa. 69. One of the Sporades 

in the AEgean sea, anciently called Callista, 
now Santorin. It was first inhabited by the 
Phoenicians, who were left there under 
Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in 
quest of his sister Europa. It was called 
Thera by Theras, the son of Autesion, who 
settled there with a colony from Lacedaemon. 

—Pa. 3, c. I.— Her. i.—Str. 8. A town 

of Caria. [Her. 7, c. 123. 

THERAMBUS, a town near Pallene.— 

THERAM'EN ES, an Athenian philosopher 
and general in the age of Alcibiades. His 
father's name was Agnon. He was one of 
the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no 
share in the cruelties and oppression which 
disgraced their administration. He was ac- 
cused by Critias, one of his colleagues, be- 
cause he opposed their views, and he was 
condemned to drink hemlock, though de- 
tended by his own innocence, and the 
friendly intercession of the philosopher So- 
crates. He drank the poison with great 
composure, and poured some of it on the 
ground, with the sarcastical exclamation of, 
•'This is to the health of Critias." This 
happened about 404 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Theramenes, on account of the 
fickleness of his disposition, has been called 
Cothurnus, a part of the dress used by both 
men and women.— Ci. de Or. 3, c. 16.— Plu. 
in Ale. kc.—C. Nep. 

THERAPNE, or TERAPNE, a town of La- 
conia, at the west of th? En rotas, where 
Apollo had a temple called i J hcebeum. It 
was at a very short distance from Laceda- 



mon, and indeed some authors have con- 
founded it with the capital of Laconia. It 
received its name from Therapne, a daugh- 
ter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born 
there, and on that account they are some- 
times called Therapncei fratres.—Pa. 3, c. 
14.— Ov. F. 5, v. 223.— Si. 6, 303, 1. 8, V. 414, 
J. 13, v. 43.— Li. 2, c. 16.— Dio. H. 2, c. 49. 
— St. 7, Th. V. 793. 

THERAS, a son of Autesion of Laeedae- 
mon, who conducted a colony to Callista, 
to which he gave the name of Thera. He 
received divine honours after death. — Pa. 3, 
c. l & 15. [Megara.— Apol. 2, c. 4 &7. 

THERIM'ACHUS, a son of Hercules by 
THER1PPIDAS, a Lacedaemonian, &c— 
Diod. 15. [conia. 
THERITAS, a surname of Mars in La- 

THERMA, a town of Africa.- Mr. A 

town of Macedonia, afterwards called Thcs- 
salonica, in honour of the wife of Cassander, 
and eow Salonichi. The bay in the neigh- 
bourhood of Therma is called Thermceus, or 
Thermaicus sinus, and advances far into 
the country, so much, that Pliny has named 
it Macedonicus sinus, by way of eminence, 
to intimate its extent.— Mr.— 'Pa. An. 5, c. 
10.— Her. 

THERMS, (baths,) a town of Sicily, 
where were the baths of Selinus, now Sci- 
acca.- — Another near Panormus, now Ther- 
mini.— Si. 14, v. 23.— Ci. Ver. 2, c. 35, 

THERMO'DON, now Termeh, a fa- 
mous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient 
country of the Amazons, falling into the 
Euxine sea near Themiscyra. There was 
also a small river of the same name in Boeo- 
tia, near Tanagra, which was afterwards 
called Hccmon.—Str. 1 1.— Her. 9, c. 27.— Me. 
1, c. 19.— Pa. 1, c. 1, 1. 9, c. 19.— Plu. in 
Dem.— V. JEn. II, v. 659.— Ov. Me. 2, v. 249. 

THERMOPYLAE, a small pass leading 
from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It 
has a large ridge of mountains on the west, 
and the sea on the east, with deep and dan- 
gerous marshes, being in the narrowest part 
only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopylae re- 
ceives its name from the hot baths which 
are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated 
for a battle which was fought there, B. C. 
480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes 
and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans re- 
sisted for three successive days repeatedly 
the attacks of the most brave and courage- 
ous of the Persian army, which according to 
some historians amounted to five millions. 
There was also another battle fought there 
between the Romans and Antiochus, king of 
Syria.— He?-. 7, c. 176. hc.—Str. 9.— Li. 36, 
c. 15.— Me. 2, c. 3.— Plu. in Cat. kc.— Pa. 
7, c. 15. [Evenus.— Pol. 5. 

THERM UM, a town of iEtolia, on the 
THERMUS, a man accused in the reign of 

Tiberius, &c. A man put to death by 

Nero. A town of JEtohs., the capital of 

the country. 

THERO D'AMAS, a king of Scythia, who, 
as some report, fed lions with human blood, 
that they might be more cruel.— Ov. Ib. 3b3. 

THERON, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
died 4:2 B. C. He was a native of Bceofia, 
1 and son of /Enesidamus, and he married 
3 M 3 



THE— THE 



THE— THE 



Pemarete, the daughter of Gelon of Sicilv. 

Her. l.—Pind. Oly. 2. One of Actseon's 

tiowg.— Ov. A Rutulian who attempted to 

till jEneas. He perished in the attempt. 

V. Aln. 10, v. 312. A priest in the temple 

of Herculesat Sagunturo, 6cc.—Si. 2, v. 149. 

A Thebaii descended from the Spartre.— 

St. Th. 2, v. 572. A daughter of Phvlas, 

beloved bv Apollo.— Pa. 9, c. 40. 

THERPAiSDER, a celebrated poet and 
musician of Lesbos. Vide Terpander. 

THERSANDER, a son of Polvnices and 
Argia. He accompanied the Greeks to the 
Trojan war, but lie was killed in Mysia bv 
leiephus, before the confederate" army 
reached the enemy's countrv.— V. M n . 2 v. 

2nl.— Apol. 3, c. 7. A son of Sisvpli'us, 

king ot Corinth. A musician of Ionia 

.THERSIL'OCHUS, a leader of the P*eo- 
nians in the Trojan war, killed bv Achillea 

— V. Mn. 6, v. 463. A friend 'of ^Eneas, 

Killed Dy Turnus.— Id. 12, v. 363. An ath- 
lete at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic 
games.— Pa. 6, c. 13. ' 

THERSIPPUS, a son of Agrius, who drove 

CEneus from the throne ot Calvdon. A 

man who carried a letter from Alexander to 

Darius.— Curt. An Athenian author who 

<ued 954, B. C. 

. THERSI'TES, an officer, the most de 
rormed and illiberal of the Greeks durino 
t ie T rojan war. He was fond of ridiculing 
ms tellow soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, 
Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him 
with one blow of his fist, because he laughed 
at his mourning the death of Penthesilea.- 
Ov. ex Pon. 4, el. 17, v. lo.-Apol. 1, c. 6.- 
«• U. 2, v. 212, Sec. 

THESE! DIE, a patronymic given to the 
Athenians from Theseus, one of their kings. 
—fL^g' G. 2, V. 383. 

lHESEIS, a poem written by Codrus, con- 
joining an account of the life and actions of 

-rL e c S ' and now !ost.— Jnu. 1, v. 2. 

IriESErjs, a king of Athens, and son of 
f-?eus, by .Ethra the daughter of Pittheus, 
"as one of the most celebrated of the heroes 
?n * 1 nt, 5 uit y' He was educated at Trcezene 
n the house of Pittheus, and as he was not 
Publicly acknowledged tc be the son of the 
mk ? o1 Athens, he passed or the son of Nep- 
^ne. When he came to vears of maturity, 
he was sent by his mother to his father, arid 
s ) V01 'd was given him, by which he might 
make himself known to JEgeus in a private 
A, a h " ner ' t Vide ^?eus.] His journev to 
Athens was not across the sea, as it was 
usual with travellers, but Theseus deter- 
mined to signalize himself in going by land, 
h- , encoi "iterins: difficulties. The road 
"fiich led from Trcezene to Athens was in- 
fesitd with robbers and wild beasts, and 
aj most impassable; butthese obstacles were 
*£ S,J >' removed by the courageous son of 
5-geus. He destroyed Corvnetes, Svnnis, 
sciron, Cercyon, Procustesj and the"cele- 
orated Phaea. At Athens, however, his re- 
« ep i tl0 Sr Was not cordial *• Medea lived there 
with iEgeu*, and as she knew that her in- 
fluence would fall to the ground if Theseus was 
received in his father's house, she attempted 
dest roy him before his arrival was made 



public, ./Egeus was himself to give the cup 
of poison to this unknown stranger at a 
feast, but the sight of his sword on the side 
of Theseus reminded him of his amours with 
iEthra. He knew him to be his son, and the 
people of Athens were glad to find that this 
illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica 
from robbers and pirates, was the son of 
their monarch. The Pallantides, who ex- 
pected to succeed their uncle iEgeus on the 
throne, as he apparently had no children, 
attempted to assassinate Theseus, but they 
fell a prey to their own barbarity, and were 
ail put to'death by the young p'rince. The 
bull of Marathon next engaged the attention 
of Theseus. The labour seemed arduous, but 
he caught the animal alive, and after he 
had led it through the streets of Athens, he 
sacrificed it to Minerva, or the god of Del- 
phi. After this Theseus went to Crete 
among the seven chosen youths whom the 
Athenians yearly sent to be devoured by the 
Minotaur. ' The' wish to deliver his country 
from so dreadful a tribute, engaged him to 
undertake this expedition. He was successful 
by means of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, 
who was enamoured of him, and after he had 
escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of 
thread, and killed the "Minotaur, [Vide Mi- 
notaurus] he sailed from Crete with the six 
boys and seven maidens, whom his victory 
had equally redeemed from death. In the 
island of Naxos, where he was driven by 
the winds, he had the meanness to aban- 
don Ariadne, to whom he was indebted 
for his safety. The rejoicings which his 
return might have occasioned at Alliens, 
were interrupted by the death of jEgeus, 
who threw himself into the sea when he 
saw his son's ship return with black sails, 
which was the signal of ill success. [Vide 
/Egeus.] His ascension on his father's 
throne was universally applauded, B. C. 
1235. The Athenians were governed with 
mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, 
and enacted new layvs. The number of the 
inhabitants of Athens was increased by the 
liberality of the monarch, religious worship 
vtas attended with more than usual solem- 
nity, a court was instituted which had the 
care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made 
the government democratical, while he 
reserved for himself only the command 
of the armies. The fame which he had 
^rained by his victories and policy, made 
his alliance courted ; but Pirithous," king of 
the Lapithae, alone wished to gain his friend- 
ship, by meeting him in the field of battle. 
He invaded the territories of Attica, and 
when Theseus had marched out to meet him, 
the two enemies, struck at the sight of 
each other, rushed between their tyvo armies, 
to embrace one another in the most cordial 
and affectionate manner, and from that 
time began the most sincere and admired 
friendship which has become proverbial. 
Theseus was present at the nuptials of his 
friend, and w as the most eager and courage- 
ous of the Lapithae, in the defence of Hippo- 
damia and her female attendants, against 
the brutal attempts of the Centaurs. YVhen 
Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed 



THE-THE 



679 



THE— THE 



with Theseus, whose wife Phgedra was also 
dead, to carry away some of the daughters 
of the gods. Their first attempt was upon 
Helen, the daughter of Leda, and after they 
had obtained this beautiful prize, they cas"t 
Jots, and she became the property of Theseus. 
The Athenian monarch entrusted her to the 
care of his mother /Ethra, at Aphidna, till 
she was of nubile years, but the resentment 
of Castor and Pollux soon obliged him to 
restore her safe into their hands. Helen, 
before she reached Sparta, became mother 
of a daughter by Theseus, but this tradition, 
confirmed by some ancient mycologists, is 
confuted by others, who affirm, that she was 
but nine years old when carried away by the 
two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in 
one of his epistles, saying, " Excepfo redii 
passatimore nihil." Some timeafter,Theseus 
assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and 
they both descended into the infernal regions 
to carry away FVoserpine. Pluto, apprised 
of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous 
was placed on his father's wheel, and The- 
seus was tied to a huge stone on which he 
had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents 
him in this eternal state of punishment re- 
peating to the shades in Tartarus the words 
of " Discite justitiam moniti, et non tem- 
nere divos." Apollodorus, however, and 
others declare, that he was not long de- 
tained in hell ; when Hercules came to steal 
the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from 
the stone, but with such violence, that his 
skin was left behind. The same assistance 
wa« given to Pirithous, and the two friends 
returned upon the earth by the favour of 
Hercules, and the consent of the infernal 
deities, not, however, without suffering the 
most excruciating torments. During- the 
captivilyof Theseus in the kingdom of Pluto, 
Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erech- 
theus, ingratiated himself into the favour of 
the people of Athens, and obtained the crown 
in preference to the children of the absent 
monarch. At his return, Theseus attempted 
to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. The 
Athenians had forgotten his many services, 
and he retired with great mortification to 
the court of Lycomedes, king of the island 
of Scyros. After paying him much attention, 
Lycomedes, either jealous of his fame, or 
bribed by the presents of Mnestheus, carried 
him to a high rock, on pretence of showing 
him the extent of his dominions, and threw 
him down a deep precipice. Some suppose 
that Theseus inadvertently fell down this 
precipice, and that he was crushed to death 
without receiving: any violence from Lyco- 
medes. The children of Theseus, after the 
death of Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian 
throne, and that the memory of their father 
might not be without the honours due to a 
hero, they brought his remains from Scyros, 
and gave them a magnificent burial. They 
also raised him statues and a temple, and 
festivals and games were publicly instituted 
to commemorate the actions of a hero, who 
bad rendered such services to the people of 
Athens. These festivals were still celebrated 
with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias 
and Plutarch, about 1200 years after the 



death of Theseus. The historians disagree 
from the poets in their accounts about this 
hero, and they all suppose, that instead ol 
attempting to carry away the wife of Pluto, 
the two friends wished to seduce a daughter 
of Aidoneus, king of the Molossi. This 
daughter, as they say, bore the name o' 
Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates 
of the palace, was called Cerberus, and 
hence perhaps arises the fiction of the poets. 
Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, bu* 
Theseus was confined in prison, from wtienc* 
he made his escape some time after by the 
assistance of Hercules. Some authors plact 
Theseus and his friend in the number of the 
Argonauts, but they were both detained, 
either in the infernal" regions, or in the coun- 
try of the Molossi, in the time of Jason's 
expedition to Colchis. — Plu. vi.—Apol. 3. — 
Hyg. f. 14.— Pa. 1, c. 2,—Ov. Me. 7, v. 433. 
—Diod. I.— Luc. 2, v. 612.— H. Od. 21, v. 
293.— Hes. Sc. Her.— Ml. V. H. 4, c. b.—St. 
Th. 5, v. 432.— Prop. 3.— Lad. ad Th. St.— 
Phil. Ic. l.—Flac. 2.—Apol. 1.—V. ELn. 6, v. 
617.— Sen. in Hip.— St. Ach. 1. 

THESl'D/E, a name given to the people 
of Athens, because they were governed by 
Theseus. 

THESI'DES, a patronymic applied to the 
children of Theseus, especially Hippolytus. 
—Ov. Her. 4, v. 65. 

THESMO'PHORA, a surname of Ceres, as 
law-giver, in whose honour festivals were 
instituted called Thesmophoria. The Thes- 
mophoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or 
according to some, by Orpheus, or the 
daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of 
the Grecian cities, especially Athens,observed 
them with great solemnity. The worshippers 
were free-born women, whose husbands were 
obliged to defray the expenses of the festival. 
They were assisted by a priest called " ste- 
phano phoros," because he carried a crown 
on his head. There were also certain vir- 
gins who officiated, and were maintained at 
the public expense. The free-born women 
were dressed in white robes, to intimate 
their spotless innocence ; they were charged 
to observe the strictest chastity during 
three or five days before the celebration, and 
during the four days of the solemnity, and 
on that account it was usual for them to 
strew their bed with agnus caslus, fleabane, 
and all such herbs as were supposed to have 
the power of expelling all venereal propen- 
sities. They were also charged not to eat 
pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their 
beads, as the whole was to be observed with 
the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity, 
without any display of wantonness or levity. 
It was, however, usual to jest at one another, 
as the goddess Ceres had been made to 
smile by a merry expression when she was 
sad and melancholy for the recent loss of 
her daughter Proserpina. Three days were 
required for the preparation, and upon the 
llth of the month called Pyanepsion, the 
women went to Eleusis, carrying books on 
their heads, in which the laws which the 
goddess had invented were contained. On 
the 14th of the same month the festival be- 
gan, on the 16th day a fast was observed 



THE— THE €80 THE-THE 



and the women sat on the ground in token 
of humiliation. It was usual during- the 
festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, 
Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose 
to he the nurse, or favourite maid of the 
goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her sur- 
names. There were some sacrifices of a 
mysterious nature, and all persons whose 
offence was small were released from con- 
finement. Such as were initiated at the fes- 
tivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria. 
The place of high priest was hereditary in 
the family of Eumolpus.— Ov. Me. 10. v. 431. 
—Apol. I, c. A.—V. Mn. 4, v. oH.—Soph. in 
(Ed. Col.-Clem. Al. 

T H ESM O'T H E'TJE, a name given to the 
last six Archons among the Athenians, he- 
cause they took particular care to enforce 
the laws, and to see justice impartially ad- 
ministered. They were at that time nine in 
numher. 

THESP1A, now Neocorio,?L town of Bceotia, 
at the foot of mount Helicon, which received 
its name from Thespia, the daughter of Aso- 
pus, or from Thespius.— PI. 4, c. 7.— Pa. 9, 
c. 26. — Sir. 9. [Fide Thespius. 

TH ESPl'A DjE,the sons of the Thespiades. 

THESPl'ADES, a name given to the fifty 
daughters of Thespius. [Vide Thespius. j— 

Diod. 4.— Sen. in Here. (Et. 309. Also a 

surname of the nine muses, because they 
were held in great veneration in Thespia.— 
Flac. 2, v. 36K.— Ov. Me. 5. v. 310. 

THESPIS, a Greek poet of Attica, sup- 
posed by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 
536 years before Christ. His representations 
were very rustic and imperfect. He went 
from town to town upon a cart, on which 
was erected a temporary stage, where two 
actors, whose faces were daubed with the 
lets of wine, entertained the audience with 
choral songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy 
to his dramatic representations. — Hor. A. P. 

THESPIUS, a king of Thespia, in Bceotia, 
son of Erechtheus, according to some au- 
thors. He was desirous that his fifty daugh- 
ters should have children by Hercules, and, 
therefore, when that hero was at his court, 
he permitied l im to enjoy their company. 
This, which, according to some, was effected 
in one night, passes for the 13th and most 
arduous of the labours of Hercules, as the 
two following lines from the arcana arcanis- 
sima indicate : [ una 
"Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, 
Quinquagintasimui stupravit uocta puellas." 

All the daughters of Thespius brought male 
children into the world, and some of them 
twins, particu arly Procris the eldest, and the 
youngest. Some suppose that one of the 
Thespiades refused to admit Hercules to her 
arms, for which the hero condemned her to 
pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to 
become the priestess of a temple he had at 
Thespia. The chMdren of the Thespiades, 
called Thespiada, went to Sardinia, where 
they made asettlen, tntwith lolaus, the friend 
of their father. Thespius is often con- 
founded bv ancieut authors with Thestius, 
though the latter lived in a different place, 



and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to fhg 
hunting of the Calvdonian boar.— Apol. 2. o. 
4.— Pa. 9, c. 26 & 27— Flu. 

THESPRO'TIA, a country of Epirus, at 
the west of Ambracia, bounded on the south 
by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Achft 
ron and Cocytus, which the poets, after 
Homer, have" called the streams or he]:. 
The oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia.— 
H. Od. 14, v. 315.- Sh-. l.—Pa. 1, c. 17.— 
Luc. 3, v. 179. [Arcadia.— Apol. 3, c. 8. 

THESPRO'TUS, a son of Lvcaon, king of 

THESSALIA, a country of Greece, whose 
boundaries have been different at different 
periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was 
hounded on the south by the northern parts 
of Greece, or Graecia Propria ; east, by the 
iEgean ; north, by Macedonia and Mygdo- 
nia ; and west, by Ulyricum and Epirus. It 
was generally divided into four separate 
provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istieeotis, 
and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. 
It has been severally called Mmonia, Pelas- 
gicum, Argos, Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pe- 
lasgia, Pyrrhoea, Mmathia, $-c. The name 
of Thessalia is derived from Thessalus, one 
of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a 
deluge which happened there in the age of 
Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are 
also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, 
Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts uere 
partly natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants 
of the country passed for a treacherous na- 
tion, so that false money was called Thes- 
salian coin, and a perfidious action, Thes. 
salian deceit. Thessaly was governed by 
kings, till it became subject tc the Macedo^ 
nian monarchs. The cavalry was universally 
esteemed, and the people were superstitious, 
and addicted to the study of magic and in- 
cantations. Thessaly is now called J anna, 
—Luc. 6, v. 436.— Bio. 210.— Curt. 3, C. 2. — 
Ml. V. H. 3, c. I.— Pa. 4, c. 36, 1. 10, e. 1. 
— Me. 2, c. 3.— Jus. 7, c. 6.— Diod. 4. 

THESSALION, a servant of Mentor, of 
Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. 
Diod. 16. [south of the river Peneus, 

TH ESSALIOT1S, a part of Thessaly at the 

THESSALONT'CA, an ancient town ot 
Macedonia, first called Therma, and Thessa- 
lonica after Thessalonica, the wife of Cas« 
sander. According to ancient writers it was 
once very powerful, and it still continues 
to be a place of note.— Str. l.—Dio.—Cic. 
in Pis. c. 17.— Li. 29, c. 17.— Me. 2, c. 3. 
A daughter of Philip, king of Mace- 
donia, sister to Alexander the Great. She 
married Cassander, by whom she had a son 
called Antipater, who put her to death.— 
Pa. 8, c. 7. 

THESSALUS, a son of jEmon. A son 

of Hercules and Calliope, daughter of E&T" 
philus. Thessalv received its name from 

one of these.— Apol. 2.— Die. Cret. 2. A 

physician who invited Alexander to a fea*t 
at Babylon to give him poison. A physi- 
cian of Lydia in the age of Nero. He 
gained the favours of the great and opulent 
at Rome, by the meanness and serviiitv of 
his behaviour. He treated all physicians 
with contempt, and thought himself superior 
to all his predecessors.- — A son of Cimon, 



THE — THE 



681 



THE— THO 



wno accused Alcibiades because be imitated i 

the mysteries of Ceres. A son of Pisistra- I 

tus. — — A plaver in the age of Alexander. i 
THES'TALUS, a son of Hercules and Epi- < 

caste.— Apol. 2, c. 7. 
THE5TE, a sister of Dionysius the elder, 

tvrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, 

a'nd was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians. 
THESTIA, a town of jEtolia, between the 

Evenus and Achelous.— Pol. 5. 

THESTl'ADiEand THESTl'ADES. Vide 

Thespiadae and Thespiades. 
THESTIADjE, the sons of Thestius, Tox- 

eus, and Plexippus.— Ov. Me. 8, v. 286. 
THESTIAS, a patronymic of Althaea, 

daughter of Thestius.— Ov. Me. 8. [rene. 
TH ESTIS, a fountain in the country of Cy- 
THESTIUS, king of Pleuron, and son of 
Parthaon, was father to Toxeus, Plexippus, 

and Althaea. A king of Thespia. [Vide 

Thespius.] The sons of Thestius, called 

Thestiade, were killed by Meleager at the 
chace of the Calydonian boor. — Apol. 1, c. 7. 

THESTOR, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, 
father to Calchas. From him Calchas is 
often called Thestoridcs.— Ov. Me. 12, v. 19.— 
St.\.Ach.\A91.—Apol. l,v.239.— H./Z.l,v.69. 

THES'TYLIS, a countrywoman mentioned 
in Theocritus and Virgil. 

THE ITS, one of the sea deities daughter 
of Nereus and Doris, often confounded with 
Tethys her grandmother. She was courted 
by Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods 
were informed that the son she should bring 
forth mu*t become greater than his father, 
their addresses were stopped, and Peleus, 
the son of /Eacus, was permitted to solicit 
her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover 
had the artifice to catch her when asleep, 
and by binding her strongly, he prevented 
her from escaping from his grasp, by assum- 
ing different forms. When Thetis found 
ihat she could not elude the vigilance of her 
lover, she consented to marry him, though 
much against her inclination. Their nup- 
tials were celebrated on mount Peleon with 
great pomp ; all the deities attended except 
the goddess of discord, who punished the 
negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the 
midst of the assembly a golden apple, to be 
given to the fairest of all the goddesses. 
[Vide Discordia.] Thetis became mother of 
several children by Peleus, but all these she 
destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether 
they were immortal. Achilles must have 
shared the same fate, if Peleus had not 
snatched him from her hand as she was 
going to repeat the cruel operation. She 
afterwards rendered him invulnerable by 
plunging him in the waters of the Styx, ex- 
cept that part of the heel by which sue held 
him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her 
son, she attempted to remove him from the 
Trojan war by concealing him in the court 
of Lycomedes. This was useless : he went 
with "the rest of the Greeks. The mother, 
still anxious for his preservation, prevailed 
upon Vulcan to make him a suit of armour ; 
but when it was done, she refused the god 
(he favours which she had promised him. 
When Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis 
issued out of the sea with the Nereides to 



mourn his death, and after she had collected 
his ashes in a golden urn, she .raised a mo 
nument to his memory, and instituted festi 
vals in his honour.— Hes. Th. v. 224.— Apol. 
I,c.2 6i9,\.3 f c.\3.—Hyg.f.5i.—H.ll. 1. - 
Pa. t>, c. 18.— Ov. Me. 11, f. 7, 1. 18, f. 2, &c. 

THEUTIS, or TEUTH1S, a prince of a 
town of the same name in Arcadia, who 
went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled 
with Agamemnon at Aulis, and when Mi- 
nerva, under the form of Melas, son of Ops, 
attempted to pacify him, he struck the god- 
dess and returned home. Some say that the 
goddess afterwards appeared to him and 
shewed him the wouud which he had given 
her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. 
—Pa. 8, C. 21. 

THIA, the mother of the sun, moon, and 
Aurora, by Hyperion. [Vide Thea. ]—Hes. 

Th. v. 371. One of the Sporades, that 

rose out of the sea in the asre of Pliny.— PL 
THIAS, a king of Assyria. [27, c. 12. 

THIMBRON, a Lacedaemonianchosen ge- 
neral to conduct a war against Persia. He 
was recalled, and afterwards re-appointed. 

He died B. C. 391.— Diod. 17. A friend of 

Harpalus. [Theodamus. 
THIODAMAS, the father of Hylas. Vide 
THIRMIDA, a town of Numidia, where 
Hiempsal was slain.— Sal. Jug. 2. 

THISBE, a beautiful woman of Babylon. 
[Vide Pyramus.] A town of Bceotia, be- 
tween two mountains.— Pa. 9, c. 32. 
TH1SIAS, a Sicilian writer. 
THISOA, one of the three nymphs who 
fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town 
; which bore her name in Arcadia. Pa. 8, c. 38. 
THISTIE, a town of Boeotia.-PZ. 4, c. 7. 
THOANTIUM, a place on the sea-coast 
at Rhodes. 
THOAS, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, 
i in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He 

• would have immolated these two celebrated 
i strangers on Diana's altars, according to 

the barbarous customs of the country, had 
i they not been delivered by Iphigenia. [Vide 
: Iphigenia. 1 According to some, Thoas wa9 
: the son of Borysthenes.— Ov. Port. 3, el. 2. 

: A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and 

i Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, and hus- 
, band to Myrine. He had been made king 
7 of Lemnos by Rhadamanthus. He was still 

■ alive when the Lemnian women conspired 

• to kill all the males in the island, but his 

■ life was spared by his only daughter Hypsi- 
: pyle, in whose favour he "had resigned the 
i crown. Hipsipyle obliged her father to de- 
: part secretly from Lemnos, to escape from 

the fury of the women, and he arrived safe 
in a neighbouring island, which some call 
Chios, though many suppose that Thoas was 

■ assassinated by the enraged females before 
! he left Lemnos. Some mycologists con- 
t found the king of Lemnos with that of 
: Chersonesus, and suppose that they were 
, one and the same man. According to their 
I opinion, Thoas was very young when he 

retired from Lemnos, and a'fter that he went 
I to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled.— 
, Flac. 8, v. 208.— Hvg. f. 74.— Ov. in lb. 384, 
i Her, 6, v. 114.— S*. Th. 5, v. ■W.—Avoi. 
i Rhod. 1, v. *)Q.—Apol'.\ t c.9.-F.ur.niIph. 



l'HO-THR 682 



THR— THR 



A son of Andremon and Gorge, the 

daughter of (Eneus. He went to the Trojan 
war on 15 or rather 40 ships.— //. II. 2.— 

Diet. Cret. l.—Hyg. f. 97. A famous 

huntsman.— Diod. 4. A son of Icarius.— 

Apol. 3, c. 10. A son of Jason and Hipsi- 

pyle, queen of Lemnos.— St. Th. 6, v. 342. 

A son of Ornytion, grandson of Sisyphus. 

A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and 

Myrrha, according to Apol. 3, c. 14. A 

man who made himself master of Miletus. 
An officer of iEtolia, who strongly op- 
posed the views of the Romans, and fa- 
voured the interest of Antiochus, B. C. 193. 

One of the friends of iEneas in Italy, 

killed bv Halesus.-F. En. 10, v. 415. 
TH OE, one of the Nereides— Hes. Th. 245. 

One of the horses of Admetus. One 

of the Amazons, ikc.—Val. Fl. 6, v. 376. 
THOLUS, a town of Africa. 
THOMY'RIS, called also Tamyris, Tame- 
ris, Thamaris, and Tonieris, was queen of the 
Massagetse. After her husband's death she 
marched against Cyrus, who wished to in- 
vade her territories, cut his army to pieces, 
and killed him on the spot. This barbarous 
queen ordered the head of the fallen mo- 
narch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel 
full of human blood, with the insulting 
words of " Satia te sanguine quern sitisti." 
Her son had been conquered by Cyrus be- 
fore she marched herself at the head of her 
armies.— Her. 1, c. 205.— Jus. 1, c. 8.— Tib. 
A, el. 1, v. 143. 
THON, an Egyptian phvsician. 
THONIS, a courtezan of Egypt. 
THOON, a Trojan chief, killed by Ulysses. 

— Ov. Me. 13, 259. One of the giants who 

made war against Jupiter. — Apol. 1, c. 6. 

THOOSA, a sea nymph, daughter of Phor- 
cvs, ami mother of Polyphemus, bv Neptune. 
-//«. Th. v. 236.— H. Od. I, v. 71. 
THOOTES, one of the Grecian heralds. 
THORANT US, a general of Metellus, killed 
by Sertorius.— Plu. 

THORAX, a mountain near Magnesia in 
Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was 
suspended on a cross for his abusive lan- 
guage against kings and absolute princes, 
whence the proverb "Cave a Thorace." — 

Sir. 14. A Lacedaemonian officer who 

served under Lysander, and was put to 

death by the Ep'hori.— Plu. Lys. A man 

of Larissa, who paid much attention to the 
dead body of Antigonus. — Plu. Lys. 

THORIA LEX, agraria, by Sp. Thorius, 
the tribune. It ordained that no person 
should pay any rent for the land which he 
possessed. It also made some regulations 
about grazing and pastures.— Ci. Br. 

THORNAX, a mountain of Argolis. It 
received its name from Thornax, a nymph, 
who became mother of Buphagus, by Jape- 
tus. The mountain was afterwards called 
Coccygia, because Jupiter changed himself 
there into a cuckoo.— Pa. 8, c. 27. 
THORSUS, ariver of Sardinia. Pa. 1 0, c. 17. 
THOTH, an Egyptian deity, the same as 
Mercurv. [dogs. 
THOOS, aTrojan chief.— One of Actteon's 

THRA'CE, a daughter of Titan. A 

name of Thrace. Vide Thracia. 



THRACES, the inhabitants of Thrace 

Vide Thracia. 

THRACIA, a large country of Europe, at 
the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hse- 
mus. It had the /Egean sea on the south, 
on the west Macedonia and the river Stry- 
mon, and on the east the Euxine Sea, the 
Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern 
boundaries extended as far as the Ister, ac- 
cording to Pliny and others. TheThracians 
were looked upon as a cruel and barbarous 
nation : they were naturally brave and war- 
like, addicted to drinking and venereal plea- 
sures, and they sacrificed without the small- 
est humanity their enemies on the altars of 
their gods. Their government was origi- 
nally monarchical, and divided among a 
number of independent princes. Thrace is 
barren as to its soil. It received its name 
from Thrax, the son of Mars, the chief 
deity of the country. The first inhabitants 
lived upon plunder, and on the milk and 
flesh of sheep. It forms now the province 
of Romania.— Her. 4, c. 99, 1. 5, c. 3.— Sir. 
l.— V. JEn. 3.— Me. 2, c. 2.— Pa. 9, C 29.— 
Ov. Me. 11, v. 92, 1. 13, v. 565,&c.-C. Nep. 
in Ale. 11. 

THRACIDvE, an illustrious family at Del- 
phi, destroyed by Philomelus, because they 
opposed his viewst— Dio. 16. 
THRACIS, a town of Phocis.— Pa. 10, c. 3. 
THRASEAS, or THRAS I US, a soothsayer. 
[Vide Thrasius.] P^ETUS, a stoic philo- 
sopher of Patavium. in the age of Nero, fa- 
mous for his independence and generous 
sentiments ; he died A. D. 66.— Juv. 5, v. 36. 
—Mart. 1, cp. 19.— Ta. A. 15, c. 16. 

THRASIDEUS succeeded his father The- 
ron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was con- 
quered bv Hiero, and soon after put to 
death.— Dio. 11, 
THRAS I MEN US. Vide THRASYMENUS. 
THRASIUS, a general of a mercenary 
band in Sicily, who raised a sedition against 

Timoleon.— Dio-. 16. A spendthrift at 

Rome, 6ic.—Hor. 2, S. 2, v. 99. 

THRASO, a painter.-Mr. 14. A fa- 
vourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the 
interest of the Romans. He was put to 

death by the tyrant. The character of a 

captain in Terence. 

THRASYBU'LUS, a famous general of 
Athens, who began the expulsion of the 30 
tyrants of bis country, though he was only 
assisted by 30 of his friends. His efforts 
were attended with success, B. C. 401, and 
the only reward he received for this pa- 
triotic action was a crown made with two 
twigs of an olive branch ; a proof of his 
own disinterestedness and of the virtues of 
his countrymen. The Athenians employed 
a man whose abilities and humanity were 
so conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was sent 
with a powerful fleet to recover their lost 
po.ver in the iEgean, and on the coast of 
Asia. After he had gained many advan- 
tages, this great man was killed in his camp 
by the inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his 
soldiers had plundered without his know- 
ledge, B. C. 391.— Dio. 14.— C. Nep. in vi.— 

Cir. Phil.—Va. Ma. 4, c. 1. A tyrant of 

Miletus, B. C. 634. A soothsayer, des- 



G83 THU — THU 



THR-THU 

cended from Apollo.— Pa. 6, c. 2. A son 

of Gelon, banished from Syracuse, of wliich 
lie was the tyrant, B. C. 466. An Athen- 
ian in the army of the Persians, who sup- 
ported the siege of Halicarnassus. 

TH RASYDjEUS, a king of Thessaly, &c. 

THRASYLLUS, a man of Attica, so disor- 
dered in his mind that he believed all the 
ships which entered the Piraeus to be his 
own. He was cured by means of his bro- 
ther, whom he liberally reproached for de- 
priving him of that happy illusion of mind. 

—Ml. V. H. 4, c. 25. A general of the 

Athenians in the age of Aicibiades, with 
whom he obtained a victory over the Per- 
sians. — Th. 8. A Greek Pythagorean phi- 
losopher and mathematician, who enjoyed 
the favours and the friendship of Augustus 
and Tiberius.— Sue. in Tib. 

THRA'SYMACHUS, a native of Carthage, 
who became the pupil of Isocrates and of 
Plato. Though he was a public teacher at 
Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at 

lasthanged himself.— Juv. 7, v. 204. Aman 

who abolished democracy at Cumae. — Art. 
Pol. 5, c. 5. 

THRASYMEDES, a son of Nestor, king 
of Pylos, by Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias. 
He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the 

Trojan war.— Hyg. f. 27.— Pa. 2, c. 26. 

A son of Philomelus, who carried away a 
daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married.— 
Poly. 5. 

THRASYME'NUS, a lake of Italy near 
Perusium, celebrated for a battle fought 
there between Annibal and the Romans, 
under Flaminius, B. C. 217. No less than 
15,000 Romans were left dead on the field 
of battle, and 10,000 taken prisoners, or ac- 
cording to Livy 6,000, or Polybius i5,000. 
The loss of Annibal was about 1,500 men. 
About 10,000 Romans made tbeir escape, all 
covered with wounds. This lake is now 
called the lake of Perugia.— Sir. 5. — Ov. F. 

6, v. IQb.-Phu 

THREICIUS, of Thrace. Orpheus is cal- 
led by way of eminence Threicius Sacerdos. 
—V. Mn. 6, v. 645. 

THREISSA, an epithet applied to Harpa- 
lyce, a native of Thrace.— V. Mn. 1, v. 310. 

THREPSIPPAS, a son of Hercules and 
Panope.— A vol. [Bacchus. 

TH RIAM BUS, one of the surnames of 

THRON1UM, a town of Phocis, where 
the Boagrius falls into the sea, in the Sinus 
Maliacus — Li. 36, c. 20.— Str. 9.— PI. 4, c. 

7. Another of Thesprotia. 

THRYON, a town of Messenia, near the 

Alpheus.— Str. S.—H. It. 2. TElis. 
THRY0S, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
TH U'CYDIDES, a celebrated Greek histo- 
rian, born at Athens. His father's name 
was Olorus, and among his ancestors he 
reckoned the great Miltiades. His youth 
was distinguished by an eager desire to ex- 
cel in the vigorous exercises and gymnas- 
tic amusements, which called the attention 
of his contemporaries, and when he had 
reached the years of manhood, he appeared 
in the Athenian armies. During the Pelo- 
ponnesian war he was commissioned by his 
countrymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the 



quick march of Brasidas, the Lacedaemonian 
general, defeated his operations ; and Thu 
cidides, unsuccessful in his expedition, was 
banished from Athens. This happened in 
the eighth year of this celebrated war, and 
in the place of his banishment the general 
began to write an impartial history of the 
important events which had happened during 
his administration, and which still continued 
to agitate the several states of Greece. 
This famous history is continued only to 
the 2lst year of the war, and the remaining 
part of the time, to the demolition of the 
walls of Athens, was described by the pen 
of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides 
wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of 
more vigour, purity, elegance, and energy. 
He spared neither time nor money to pro- 
cure authentic materials ; and the Athenians, 
as well as their enemies, furnished him with 
many valuable communications, which con- 
tributed to throw great light on the diffe- 
rent transactions of the war. His history 
has been divided into eight books, the last 
of which is imperfect, and supposed to have 
been written by his daughter. The charac- 
ter of this interesting history is well known, 
and the noble emulation of the writer will 
ever be admired, who shed tears when he 
heard Herodotus repeat his history of the 
Persian wars at the public festivals of 
Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has 
been compared with the son of Olorus, but 
each has his peculiar elegance. Sweetness 
of style, grace, and elegance of expression, 
may be called the characteristics of the for- 
mer, while Thucydides stands unequalled 
for the fire of his descriptions, the concise- 
ness, and at the same time, the strong and 
energetic manner of his narratives. His re- 
lations are authentic, as he himself was in- 
terested in the events he mentions; his im- 
partiality is indubitable, as he no where be- 
trays the least resentment against his coun- 
trymen, and the factious partisans of Cieon, 
who had banished him from Athens. Many 
have blamed the historian for the injudi- 
cious distribution of his subject, and while, 
for the sake of accuracy, the whole is di- 
vided into summers and winters, the bread 
of the history is interrupted, the scene con- 
tinually shifted, and the reader, unable to 
pursue events to the end, is transported from 
Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the walls 
of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The 
animated harangues of Thucydides have 
been uuiversally admired.; he found a model 
in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the 
original, and succeeding historians have 
adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of 
writing which introduces a general address- 
ing himself to the passions and feelings of 
his armies. The history of Thucydides was 
so admired, that Demosthenes, 10 perfect 
himself as an orator, transcribed it eight 
different times, and read it with such atten 
tion, that he could almost repeat it by heart. 
Thucidides died at Athens, where he had 
been recalled from his exile, in his 80lh 
vear, 391 years before Christ.— Cic. de Or.~ 
'Diod. \2.-Vio. H. de Thuc— Ml. V. H. 12, 
c. 50.— Quin. A son of Milesias, in the 



THU— THY 



684 



THY— THY 



aaffe of Pericles. He was banished for his 
opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c. 

THUISTO, one of the deities of the Ger- 
mans. — Ta. 

THU'LE, an island in the most northern 
parts of the German Ocean, to which, on 
account of its great distance from the con- 
tinent, the ancients gave the epithet of ul- 
tima. Its situation was never accurately 
ascertained, hence its present name is un- 
known by modern historians. Some sup- 
pose that it is the island now called Iceland, 
or part of Greenland, whilst others imagine 
it to be the Shetland Isles.— St. 3, Sy. 5, v. 
'20.—Str. \.—Me. 3, c. 6.— Ta. Agr. 10.— PL 
2, C. Ib.—Virg. G. 1, v. 30.— Juv. 15, v. 112. 

THURLE,— II, or IUM, a town of Lnca- 
nia in Italy, built by a colony of Athen- 
ians, near the ruins of Sybaris,B. C. 444. In 
the number of this Athenian colony were 
Lysias and Herodotus.— Sir. 6.— PI. 12, c. 4. 

— Me. 2, c. 4. A town of Messenia.— Pa. 

4, c. 31.— Str. 8. 

THURI'NUS, a name given to Augustus 
when he was young, either because some 
of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, 
or because they had distinguished them- 
selves there. — Sue. Aug. 7. 

THUSCIA, a country of Italy, the same 
as Etruria. Vide Etruria. 

THYA, a daughter of the Cephisus. 

A place near Delphi. 

THYADES, (sing. THYAS) a name of the 
Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas, 
daughter of Casta'lius, and mother of Del- 
phus by Apollo. She was the first woman 
who was priestess of the god Bacchus.— V. 
£.n. 4, v. 302.— Pa. 10, c. 4. 

THYA MIS, a river of Epirus, falling into 
the Ionian sea.— Pa. 1, c. 11. — Ci. 7. At. 2. 

THYANA, a town of Cappadocia.— Sir. 

THYATIRA, a town of Lydia, now Aki- 
sar.—Li. 37, c. 8&44. 

TH YBARN1, a people near Sardes. Bio. 17. 

THYESTA, a sister of Dionysius, the ty- 
runt of Syracuse. 

THYESTES, a son of Pelops and Hippo- 
damia, and graudson of Tantalus, debauched 
/Erope, the wife of his brother Atreus, be- 
cause he refused to take him as his col- 
league on the throne of Argos. This was 
no sooner known, than Atreus divorced 
/Erope, and banished Thye6tes trom his 
kingdom ; but soon after, the more effectu- 
ally to punish his infidelity, he expressed a 
wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled 
him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his 
brother at an elegant entertainment, but he 
was soon informed that he had been feeding 
upon the flesh of one of his own children. 
This Atreus took care to communicate to 
him by shewing him the remains of his son's 
body. This action appeared so barbarous, 
that according to the ancient mythoiogists, 
the sun chauged his usual course, not to be 
a spectator of so bloody a scene. Thyestes 
escaped from his brother, and fled to Epi- 
rus. Some time after he met his daughter 
Pelopea in a grove sacred to Minerva, and 
lie offered her violence without knowing 
who she was. This incest, however, accord- 
ing • some, was intentionally committed 



bv the father, as he had been told by an ora- 
cle, that the injuries he had received from 
Atreus would be avenged by a son born from 
himself and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant 
by her father, was seen by her uncle Atreus 
and married, and some time after she 
brought into the world a son, whom she ex- 
posed in the woods. The life of the child 
was preserved by goats; he was called 
yEgysthus, and presented to his mother, and 
educated in the family of Atreus. \Yhen 
grown to years of maturity, the mother 
gave her son vEgysthus a sword, which she 
had taken from her unknown ravjsher in 
the grove of Minerva, with hopes of disco- 
vering who he was. Meantime Atreus, in- 
tent to punish his brother, sent Agamemnon 
and Menelaus to pursue him, and when at 
last they found him, he was dragged to Ar- 
gos, and thrown into a close prison. yEgys- 
thus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the 
father recollected the sword, which was 
raised to stab him, and a few questions 
convinced him that his assassin was his own 
son. Pelopea was present at this discovery, 
and when she found that she had committed 
incest with her father, she asked vEgysthus 
to examine the sword, and immediately 
plunged it into her own breast. jEgysthus 
rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the 
bloody weapon, and murdered him near 
an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the 
gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. 
At the death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed 
on his brother's throne by yEgysthus, from 
which he was soon after driven by Agamem- 
non and Menelaus. He retired from Argos, 
and was banished into the island of Cythera 
by Agamemnon, where he died.— Apol. 2, c. 
4.— Soph, in Aj.—Hyg. f. 8Q.—Ov. in lb. 
359.— Luc. 1, v. 544, 1. 7, v. 451.— Sen. in 
Thy. 

THYMBRA, a small town of Lydia, near 
Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there between Cyrus and Croesus, in 
which the latter was defeated. The troops 
of Cyrus amounted to 196.000 men, besides 
chariots, and those of Croesus were twice as 

numerous. A plain in Troas, through 

which a small river, called Thyrabrius, falls 
into the Scamander. Apollo" had there a 
temple* and from thence he is called Thym- 
brceus. Achilles was killed there by Paris, 
according" t° some.— Sir. 13.— St. 4. Sy.T, v. 
22.— Jict. Crel. 2, c. 52. 

TE YMBR/EUS, a surname of Apollo.— 
Virg,GA,v. M3.—Mn. 3, v. 85.FideThvmbra. 

TH YMBRIS, a concubine of Jupiter, said 
to be the mother of Pan. — Apol. A foun- 
tain and river of Sicily.— The. i, v. 100. 

THYMBRON. Vide Thimbron. 

THYMELE, a celebrated female dancer, 
favoured byDomitian. — Juv. 1, v. 36. 

TH YMIATHIS, a river of Epirus.— Str.7. 

THYMOCHARDS, an Athenian defeated 
in a battle bv the Lacedaemonians. 

THYMCETES, a king of Athens, son of 
Oxinthas, the last of the descendants of 
Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was 
deposed because he raised to accept a chal- 
lenge sent by Xanthus, king of Boeotia, ana 
was succeeded by a Messenian, B. C. 1128. 



THY— TIB 

who repaired the honour of Athens by fight- 
ing the Boeotian king. — Pa. 2, c. 18. A 

Trojan prince, whose wife and son wire 
put to death by order of Priam. It was to 
revenge the king's cruelty that he persuaded 
his countrymen to bring the wooden horse 
within their city. He was son of Laomedon, 
according to somes— V. JEn. 2, v. 32. — Diet. 
Cret. 4, c. 4. A son of Hicetaon, who ac- 
companied iEneas into Italv, and was killed 
by Turnus.— V. JEn. 10, v. 123, 1. 12, v. 36-1. 

THYNI, or BITHYNI, a people of Bithy- 
nia : hence the word Thyna me.rx, applied 
to their commodities.— Hor. 3, Od. 7, v. 3.— 
PL 4, c. 11. 

THYODAMAS. Fide Theodamus. 

THYO'NE, a name given to Semele after 
she had been presented with immortality by 
her son Bacchus.— Apol. 3, c. 5. 

THYO'NEUS, a surname of Bacchus from 
his mother Semele, who was called Thyone. 
—Apol. 3, c. o.—Hor. 1, Od. 17, v. 23.— Ov. 
4, Me. v. 13. 

THYO'TES, a priest of the Cabiri, in Sa- 
Tnothrace.— Flac. 2, v. 408. 

THYRE, a town of the Messenians, famous 
for a battle fought there between the Ar- 
gives and the Lacedaemonians. — Her. I, c. 
b2.— St. Th. 4, v. 48. 

THYREA, an island on the coast of Pelo- 
ponnesus, near Herrnione.— Her. 6, c. 76. 

THYREUM, a town of Acarnania, whose 
inhabitants are called Thyrienses.-Li.36,cA I. 

THYREUS, a son of Lycaon, son of Ar- 
cadia.— Paus. 8, c. 3. A son of (Eneus, 

king of Calvdon.— Apol. 1, c. 6. 

THY'RIDES, three small islands at the 
point of Tsenanis. — PI. 4, c. 12. 

THYRSA'GETi£,a people of Sarmatia,who 
live upon hunting.— PI. 4, c. 12. {tagni. 

THYRSUS, a river of Sardinia, now Oris- 

THYSSOS, a town near mount Athos. 

THYUS, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who re- 
volted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by 
Datames.— C. Nep. Dai. 

TIASA, a daughter of the Eurotas, who 
gaveher name toa riverin Laconia. Pa. 3,c. 18. 

TIBARE'NI, a people of Cappadocia, on 

the borders of the Thermodon. A people 

of Pontus.— Me. 2, c. 20. 

TIBERIAS, a town of Galilee, built by 
Herod, near a lake of the same name, and 
called after Tiberius. — Plin. 5, c. 16.— Jos. 
A. 18, c. 3. 

TIBERl'NUS, son of Capetus, and king of 
Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, 
which on that account assumed the name of 
Tiberis, of which he became the protecting 
god.— Liv. I. c. 3.— Cic. Nat. D. 2, c. 20.— 
Far. de L. L. 4, c. 5.— Ov. Fa. 2, v. 289. 

TIBER IS, TVBERIS, TIBER, or TI- 
BRIS, a river of Italy, on whose banks the 
city of Rome was built. It was originally 
called Albula, from the whiteness of its 
waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when Ti- 
berinus, kin? of Alba, had been drowned 
there. It was al?o named Tyrrhenus, be- 
cause it watered Etruria, and Lydius, because 
the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were 
supposed to he of Lydian origin. The Tiber 
rises in the Appennines, and falls into the 
Tyrrhene sea, 16 miles below Rome, after 



TIB— TIB 
dividing Latium from Etruria.— Or. Fa. 4, v 9 
47, 329.— Luc. I, v. 3S1.— Var. de L. L. 4, c. 
5. — F. JEn. 7, v. HO,— Hor. I, Od. 2, v. 13.— 
Me. 2, c, A.— Li. 1, c. 3. 

TIBE'RIUS, CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NE- 
RO, a Roman emperor after the death of 
Augustus, was descended from the family of 
the Claudii. In his early vears he com- 
manded popularity by ente'rtaining the po- 
pulace with magnificent shows and fights of 
gladiators, and he gained some applause in 
the funeral oration which he pronounced 
over his father, though only nine years old. 
His first appearance in the Roman armies 
was under Augustus, in the war against the 
Cantahri, and afterwards, in the capacity of 
general, he obtained victories in different 
parts of the empire, and was rewarded with 
a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his glory, 
Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Au- 
gustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he 
continued for seven years as an exile, till hy 
the influence of his mother Livia with the 
emperor he was recalled. His return to 
Rome was the more glorious ; he had the 
command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, 
Pannonia, and Dalmatia, and seemed to di- 
vide the sovereign power with Augustus. 
At the death of this celebrated emperor, Ti- 
berius, who had been adopted, assumed the 
reins of government ; and while with dis- 
simulation and affected modesty he wished 
to decline the dangerous office, he found 
time to try the fidelity of his friends, and to 
make the greatest part of the Romans be- 
lieve that he was invested with the purple, 
not from his own choice, but by the recom- 
mendation of Augustus, and the urgent en- 
treaties of the Roman senate. The beginning 
of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to 
the world : Tiberius was a watchful guar- 
dian of the public peace ; he was the friend 
of justice, and never assumed the sounding 
titles which must disgust a free nation ; but 
he was satisfied to 6ay of himself that he 
was the master of his slaves, the general of 
his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of 
Rome. That seeming moderation, however, 
which was but the fruit of the deepest policy, 
soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed 
in his real character. His ingratitude to his 
mother Livia, to whose intrigues he was 
indebted for the purple, bis cruelty to his 
wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression 
and murder of many noble senators, ren- 
dered him odious to the people, and sus- 
pected even by his most intimate favourites. 
The. armies mutinied in Pannonia and Ger- 
many, but the tumults were silenced by the 
prudence of the generals and the fidelity of 
the ofliceis, and the factious demagogues 
were abandoned to their condign punish- 
ment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius 
in Rome ; he knew from thence, as his suc- 
cessors experienced, that his power was pre- 
carious, and his very existence in perpetuai 
danger. He continued, as he had begun, to 
pay the greatest deference to the senate ; 
all libels against him he disregarded, and he 
observed, that, in a free city, the thoughts 
and the tongue of every man should be Ifee. 
The taxes wsjre gradually lessened, bk«J 



TIB — TIB 



686 



TIB-TIB 



luxury restrained by the salutary regula- 
tions, as well as by the prevailing example 
and frugality of the emperor. While Rome 
exhibited a scene of peace and public tran- 
quillity, the barbarians were severallydefeated 
on the borders of the empire, and Tiberius 
gained new honours by the activity and 
valour of Germanicus and his other faithful 
lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of Germani- 
cus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius 
dreaded his power, he was envious of his 
popularity, and the death of that celebrated 
general in Antioch was, as some suppose, 
accelerated by poison, and the secret resent- 
ment of the emperor. Not only his relations 
and friends, but the great and opulent were 
sacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, and 
avarice ; and there was scarce in Rome one 
single family that did not reproach Tiberius 
for the loss of a brother, a father, or a hus- 
band. He at last retired to the island of 
Capreae, on the coast of Campania, where 
he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. The 
care of the empire was entrusted to fa- 
vourites, among whom Sejanus for a while 
shone with uncommon splendour. In his 
solitary retreat the emperor proposed re- 
wards "to such as invented new pleasures, or 
could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his 
age as well as his dignity, and disgraced 
himself by the most unnatural vices and 
enormous indulgences which can draw a 
blush, even upon the countenance of the 
most debauched and abandoned. While the 
emperor was lost to himself and the world, 
the provinces were harassed on every side 
by the barbarians, and Tiberius found him- 
self insulted by those enemies whom hitherto 
he had seen fall prostrate at his feet with 
every mark of submissive adulation. At last, 
grown weak and helpless through infirmi- 
ties, he thought of his approaching dissolu- 
tion; and as he well knew that Rome could 
not exist without a head, he nominated as 
his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might 
inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious 
and abandoned as Caius was chosen to be 
master of an extensive empire ; but Tiberius 
wished his own cruelties to be forgotten iu 
the barbarities which might be displayed in 
the reign of his successor, whose natural 
propensities he had well defined, in saying 
of Caligula that he bred a serpent for the 
Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of 
the empire. Tiberius died at Misenum, the 
loth of March, A. D. 37, in the 78th year of 
his age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, 
and 26 days. Caligula was accused of hav- 
ing hastened his end by suffocating him. 
The joy was universal when his death was 
known ; and the people of Rome, in the 
midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, 
heedless of the calamities whish awaited 
them in the succeeding reigns. T5e body of 
Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and burnt 
with great solemnity. A funeral oration was 
pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to 
forget his benefactor while he expatiated on 
the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his 
own. The character of Tiberius has been 
examined with particular attention by his- 
orians, and his reign is thefsubject of the 



most perfect and elegant of all the compo 
sitions of Tacitus. When a private man, 
Tiberius was universally esteemed ; when ht. 
had no superior, he was proud, arrogant, 
jealous, and revengeful. If he found his mi- 
litary operations conducted by a warlike 
general, he affected moderation and virtue; 
but when he got rid of the powerful influ- 
ence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and 
dissolute. If, as some observe, he had 
lived in the times of the Roman republic, 
he might have been as conspicuous as his 
great ancestors; but the sovereign power 
lodged in his hands, rendered him vicious 
and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged 
informers and favoured flattery, he blushed 
at the mean servilities of the senate, and 
derided the adulation of his courtiers, who 
approached him, he said, as if they ap- 
proached a savage elephant. He was a 
patron of learning, he was an eloquent and 
ready speaker, and dedicated some part of 
his time to study. He wrote a lyric poem, 
entitled, " A Complaint on tl.e Death of Lu- 
cius Caesar," as also some Greek pieces in 
imitation of some of his favourite authors. 
He avoided all improper expressions, and 
all foreign words he totally wished to banish 
from the Latin tongue. A"s instances of his 
humanity, it is recorded that he was uncom- 
monly liberal to the people of Asia Minor, 
whose inhabitants had been destroyed by a 
violent earthquake, A. D. 17. One of his 
officers wished him to increase the taxes 
"No," said Tiberius, "a good shepherd 
must sheer, not flay, his 6heep." The sena- 
tors wished to call the month of November, 
in which he was born, by his name, in imi- 
tation of J. Caesar and Augustus, in the 
months of July and August, but this he re 
fused, saying, " What will you do, conscript 
fathers, if you have thirteen Csesars!" Like 
the rest of the emperors, he received divine 
honours after death, and even during his life. 
It has been wittily observed by Seneca, thai 
he never was intoxicated but once all his 
life, for he continued in a perpetual state of 
intoxication, from the time he gave himself 
to drinking till the last moment of his life.— 

Sue.vi.—Ta. An. 6.— Dion. Cass. A friend 

of Julius Caesar, whom he accompanied in 
the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the 
favours he had received from his friend ; 
and when he was assassinated, he wished all 

his murderers to be publicly rewarded. 

One of the Gracchi. [Vide Gracchus.] 

SEMPRONIUS, a son of Drusus and Livia, 
the sister of Germanicus, put to death by 

Caligula. A son of Brutus, put to death 

by his father, because he had conspired with 
other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to 

his throne. A Thracian made emperor 

of Rome in the latter ages of the empire. 

TIBESIS, a river of Scythia, flowing from 
mount Hsemus into the Ister. — Her. 4, c. 4y. 
1 TIBISCUS, now Teisse, a river of Dacia, 
with a town of the same name, now Temes- 
war. It falls into the Danube. 

TIBRIS. Vide Tiberis. [Sardo. 

TIB'ULA, a town of Sardinia, now Lango 

TIBULLUS (AULUS ALBIUS,) a Roman 
knight celebrated for his poetical composi- 



TIB TIF 



TIF— TIG 



lions. He followed Messala Corvinus into 
the island of Corey ra, but he was soon dis- 
satisfied with the toils of war, and retired to 
Rome, where he gave himself up to literary 
ease, and to all the effeminate indolence of 
an Italian climate. His fiist composition 
was to celebrate the virtues of his friend 
Messala, but his more favourite study was 
writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses 
Delia and Piautia, of Nemesis and Nesera, 
and in these elegant effusions he showed 
himself the most correct of the Roman poets. 
As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he 
lost his possessions when the soldiers of the 
triumvirate were rewarded with lands ; but 
he might have recovered them if he had con- 
descended, like Virgil, to make his court to 
Augustus. Four books of elegies are the 
only remaining pieces of his composition. 
They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful, 
.and possessed with so much grace and purity 
of sentiment, that the writer is deservedly 
ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Ti- 
bullus was intimate with the literary men of 
his age, and for some time he had a poetical 
contest with Horace, in gaining the favours 
of an admired courtezan.— Ovid has written 
a beautiful elegy on the death of his friend. 
Ov. 3, am. el. 9, Trist. 2, v. 487.— Hor. 1, 
ep. 4, 1. 1, od. 33, v. l.—Quin. 10, c. 1. 

T1BUR, an ancient town of the Sabines, 
about 20 miles north of Rome, built as some 
say by Tibur the son of Amphiaraus. It 
was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was 
the chief deily of the place, from which cir- 
cumstance it has been called Herculeimuri. 
In the neighbourhood, the Romans, on ac- 
count of the salubrity of the air, had their 
several villas where they retired ; and there 
also Horace had his favourite country seat, 
though some place it nine miles higher.— 
Sir. S.—Ci. 2, Or. 65.— Sue. Cal. 21.— V. JEn. 
7, v. 630.— Hor. 3, od 4.— Ov. a. 6, v.61,&c. 

TIBERTIUS, L., a centurion in Caesar's 
armv, wounded by Pompev's soldiers. 

TIBURTUS, the founder of Tibur, often 
called Tibur tia mania. He was one of the 
sons of Amphiaraus.— V. JEn. 7, v. 670. 

TICHIS, now Tech, a river of Spaiu, fall- 
ing into the Mediterranean. 

TICHIUS, a name given to the top of 
mount (Eta.— Li. 36, c. 16. 

TI'CIDA, a Roman poet a few years be- 
fore the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, 
and praised his mistress Metella under the 
fictitious name of Petilla.— Ov. Tr. 2, v. 433. 

TICI'NUS, now Tesino, a river near Tici- 
num, a small town of Italy, where the Ro- 
mans were defeated by Annibal. The town 
of Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ti- 
cinus falls into the Po.— Str. 5.— It. 4, v. 81. 

^IDIUS, a man who joined Pompey, &c. 

TIESSA, a river of Laconia, falling into the 
Eu rotas.— Pa. 3, c. ]8. [Capua.— St. Si/. 4. 

TIFA'TA, a mountain of Capania, near 

TIFERNUIVI, a name common to three 
towns of Italy. One of them for distinction's 
sake is called Metaurense, near the Metau- 
rus in Umbria; the other, Tiberinum, on 
the Tiber; and the third, Samniticum, in 
the country of the Sabines.— Li. 10, c. 14. — 
PI. 3, c. 14.— PI. sec. 4, ep. I 



TIFERNUS, a mountain ana river in the 
country of the Samnites.— PL. 3, c. 11.— Li. 
10, c. 30.— Me. 3, c. 4. 

TIGASIS, a son of Hercules. 

TIGELLI'NUS, a Roman celebrated for 
his intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. 
He was appointed judge at the trial of the 
conspirators who had leagued against Nero, 
for which he was liberally rewarded with 
triumphant honours. He afterwards be- 
trayed the emperor, and was ordered to de- 
stroy himself, 68 A. D.—Ta. His. I, c. 72.— 
Plu.—Juv. 

TIGELLIUS, a native of Sardinia, who 
became the favourite of J. Caesar, of Cleo- 
patra, and Augustus, by his mimicry and 
facetiousness. He was celebrated for the 
melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean 
and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleas- 
ing manners, as Hor. 1, S. 2, v. 3, et seq. 
insinuates. 

TIGRA'NES, a king of Armenia, who 
made himself master of Assyria and Cappa- 
docia. He married Cleopatra, the daughter 
of Mithridates, and by the advice of his 
father-in-law, he declared war against the 
Romans. He despised these distant enemies, 
and even ordered the head of the messenger 
to be cut off who first told him that the Ro- 
man general was boldly advancing towards 
his capital. His pride, however, was soon 
abated, and though he ordered the Roman 
consul Lucullus to be brought alive into his 
presence, he fled with precipitation from his 
capital, and was soon after defeated near 
mount Taurus. This totally disheartened 
him ; he refused to receive Mithridates into 
his palace, and even set a price upon his 
head. His mean submission to Pompey, 
the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe 
of 60,000 talents, insured him on his throne, 
and he received a garrison in his capital, 
and continued at peace with the Romans. 
His second son of the same name revolted 
against him, and attempted to dethrone him 
with the assistance of the king of Parthia, 
whose daughter he had married. This did 
not succeed, and the son had recourse to 
the Romans, by whom he was put in posses- 
sion of Sophene, while the father remained 
quiet on the throne of Armenia. The son 
was afterwards sent in chains to Rome for 
his insolence to Pompey. — Ci. Man. — Va. 
Ma. 5, c. \.—Pat. 2, c. 33 & 37.— Jus. 40, c. 

1 & 3,—Plu. in Luc. Pom. &c. A king 

of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He 

was put to death.— Ta. 6, An. c. 40. One 

of the royal family of the Cappadocians, 
chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of 

Armenia. A general of the Medes. A 

man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. 

— Ta. A. 14, c. 26. A prince of Armenia 

in the age of Theodosius. 

TIGRANOCERTA, now Sered, the capital 
of Armenia, was built by Tigranes, during 
the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the 
springs of the Tigris and mount Taurus. 
Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war, took 
it with difficulty, and found in it immen-e 
riches, and no less than 8000 talents in ready 
money.— To. An. 15, c. 4.— PI. 6, c. 9. 

TIGRES, a river of Peloponnesus, called 
* S N 2 



TIG — TIM 



663 



TIM — TIM 



also Harpys, from a person of the same 
BAme drowned in \t.~Apol. 1, c. 9. 

TIGRIS, now Basilensa, a river of Asia, 
rising on mount Niphate in Armenia, and 
falling into the Persian Gulf. It is the east- 
ern boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris 
now falls into the Euphrates, though in the 
age of Pliny the two separate channels of 
these rivers" could be easilv traced.— PI. 6, 
C. 27. Jus. 42, C. 3.— Luc. V. 256. 

TlGURI'Nl, a warlike people among the 
Heivetii, now forming the modern cantons 
of Stoitz, Zurich, Schaff kausen, and St. Gall. 
Their capita, was Hgurum.— C<es. B. G. 

TILATiEf, a people of Thrace.— Thu. 2. 

TILAVEMPTUS, a river of Italy falling 
into the Adriatic, at the west of Aquileia. 

TILFOSS! US, a mountain of Beeotia. 

Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias.— 
l, au. Bceot. 33, [gentera. 

TILIUM, a town of Sardinia, now Ar- 

TILIUS CIMBER. Vide Tuilius. 

TILOX, a north-west cape of Corsica. 

TILPHUSSUS, a mountain of Beeotia. 

T1MACUS, a river of Moesia falling into 
fiie Danube. The neighbouring people were 
called Timachi.— PI. 3, c. 26. 

TIMjEA, the wife of Axis, king of Sparta, 
was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she 
had a son. This child was rejected in the 
succession to the throne, through Agis, on 
his death-bed, declared liim to be legitimate. 
— Plu in Ag. 

TIMiEUS, a friend of Alexander, who 
came to his assistance when he was alone 
surrounded by the Oxydracse. He was killed 
in the encounter. — Curt. 9, c. 5. An his- 
torian of Sicily, who flourished about 262 
B. C, and died in the 96th year of his age. 
His father's name was Andromachus. He 
was banished from Sicily by Agathocles. 
His general history of Sicily, and that of 
the wars of Pyrrhus, were in general esteem, 
and his authority was great, except when he 
treated of Agathocles. All his compositions 
are lost.— Plu. in Nic.—Ci. de Or.—Diod. 

5.—C. ISep. A writer who published some 

treatises concerning ancient philosophers. 
—Diog. in Emp. A Pythagorean philoso- 
pher, born at Locris. He followed the doc- 
trines of the founder of the metempsychosis, 
but in some parts of his system of the world 
he differed from him. He wrote a treatise 
on the nature and the soul of the world, in 
the Doric dialect, still extant.— Plat.in.Tim. 
— Plu. An Athenian in the age of Alci- 
biades.— Plu. A sophist, who wrote a 

book called Lex. vocum Platonicarum. 

TIMA'GENES, a Greek historian of Alex- 
andria, 54 B. C, brought to Rome by Gabi- 
nius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. 
His great abilities procured him his liberty, 
and gained the favours of the great, and of 
Augustus. The emperor discarded him for 
his impertinence ; and Timagenes, to re- 
venge himself on his patron, burnt the in- 
teresting history which he had composed of 
his reign.— Plu.—Hor. 1, ep. 19, v. 15.— 
Quin. An historian and rhetorician oi Mi- 
letus. A man who wrote an account of 

the life of Alexander.— Curt. 9, c. 5. A 

general, killed at Cheronsea^ I 



TIMAG'ORAS, an Athenian, capitally 
punished for paying homage to Darius, ac- 
cording to the Persian manner of kneeling 
on the ground, when he was sent to Persia 

as ambassador.— Va. Ma. 6, c. 3.— Sui. 

Another. VideMeles. 

TIMANDRA, a daughter of Leda, sister 
to Helen. She married Echemus of Arcadia. 
— Pa. 8, c. 5. A mistress of Alcibiades. 

TIMAN'D RIDES, a Spartan celebrated 
for his virtues.— Ml. V. H. 14, c. 32. 

TIMANTHES, a painter of Sicyon, in the 
reign of Philip, the father of Alexander the 
Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphi- 
genia going to be immolated, he represented 
all the attendants overwhelmed with grief; 
but his superior genius, by covering the face 
of Agamemnon, left to the conception of 
the imagination the deep sorrows of the fa- 
ther. He obtained a prize, for which the 
celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor. 
This was in painting an Ajax with all the 
fury which his disappointments could occa- 
sion, when deprived of the arms of Achilles. 
— Ci. de Or.— Fa. Ma. 8, c. U.—JEl. V. H. 

9, c. 11. An Athlete of Cleone, who burnt 

himself when he perceived that his strength 
began to fail. — Pa. 6, c. 8. 

TIM ARCH US, a philosopher of Alexan 
dria, intimate with Lamprocles, the disciple 

of Socrates.— Diog. A rhetorician, who 

hung himself when accused of licentiousness 

by iEschines. A Cretan, accused before 

Nero of oppression.— Ta. A. 15, c. 20. An 

officer in ^Etolia, who burnt his ships to pre- 
vent the flight of his companions, and to in- 
sure himself the victory.— Poly. 5. A 

king of Salami's. A tyrant of Miletus, in 

the age of Antiochus. 

TIMARETA, a priestess of the oracle of 
Dodona.— Her. 2, c. 94. [Greeks, &c. 

TIMASION, one of the leaders of the 10,000 

TIMASITHEUS, a prince of Lipara, who 
obliged a number of pirates to spare some 
Romans who were going to make an offering 
of the spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. 
The Roman senate rewarded him very libe- 
rally, and 137 years after, when the Caitha- 
ginians were dispossessed of Lipara, the 
same generosity was nobly extended to his 
descendants in the island. DiodAA.Plu.inCam. 

TIMA'VUS, a broad river of Italy, rising 
from a mountain, and after running a short 
space, falling by seven mouths, or accord- 
ing to some by one, into the Adriatic sea. 
There are, at the mouth of the Timavus, 
small islands with hot springs of water.— Me. 
2, c. 4. — V. Eel. 8, v. 6.— Mn. 1, v. 44 & 246. 
— Sir. 5.- PI. 2, c. 103. 

T1MESIUS, a native of Clazomenae, who 
began to build Abdera. He was prevented 
bv the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at 
Abdera.— Her. 1, c. 168. 

TIMO'CHARIS, an astronomer of Alexan- 
dria, 294 B. C. Vide Aristillus. 

TIMOCLE'A, a Thehan iady, sister to 
Theogenes, who was kilied at Cherona?a. 
One of Alexander's soldiers offered her vio- 
lence, after which she led her ravisher to a 
well, and while he believed that immense 
treasures were concealed there, Timoclea 
threw him into it. Alexauder commended 



TIM— TIM 



TIM-TIM 



her virtue, and forbad his soldiers to hurt 
the Theban females.— Plu. A/. 

TI'MOCLES, two Greek poets of Athens, 
who wrote some theatrical pieces, the one 
six, and the other eleven, some verses of 

which are extant.— Alh. 6. A statuary of 

Athens.— Pa. 10, c. 34. 

TIMO'C RATES, a Greek philosopher of 

uncommon austerity. A Syracusan who 

married Arete when Dion had been banished 
into Greece by Dionysius. He commanded 
the forces of the tyrant. 

TIMOCREON, a comic poet of Rhodes, 
who obtained poetical, as well as gymnastic 
prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years 
before Christ, distinguished for his voracity, 
arid for his resentment against Simonides 
and Themistocles. The following epitaph 
was written on his grave : [nique dicens 
' Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala de- 
Multis, hie jaceo Timocreon Rhodius. 

TIMODE'MUS, the father of Timoleon. 

TIMOLA'US, a Spartan, intimate with 

Philopoemen, &c. A son of the celebrated 

Zenobia. A general of Alexander, put to 

death by the Thebans. 

TIMOLEON, a celebrated Corinthian, son 
of Timodemus and Demariste. He was 
such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not 
hesitate to murder his own brother Timo- 
pbanes, when he attempted, against his re- 
presentations, to make himself absolute in 
Corinth. This was viewed with pleasure by 
the friends of liberty ; but the mother of Ti- 
moieon conceived the most inveterate aver- 
sion for her son, and for ever banished him 
from her sight. This proved painful to Ti- 
moleon ; a settled melancholy dwelt upon 
his mind, and he refused to accept of any 
offices in the state. When the Syracusans, 
oppressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the 
younger, and of the Carthaginians, had so- 
licited the assistance of the Corinthians, all 
looked upon Timoleon as a proper deliverer, 
but all applications would have been disre- 
garded, if one of the magistrates had not 
\ awakened in him the sense of natural liberty. 
" Timoleon," says he, "if you accept the 
command of this expedition, we will believe 
that you have killed a tyrant; but if not, we 
cannot but call you your brother's mur- 
derer." This had due effect, and Timoleon 
sailed for Syracuse in ten ships, accompanied 
by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians at- 
tempted to oppose him, but Timoleon eluded 
their vigilance. Icetas, who had the pos- 
session of the city, was defeated, and Di- 
onysius, who despaired of success, gave 
himself up into the hands of the Corinthian 
general. This success gained Timoleon ad- 
herents in Sicily : many cities which hitherto 
had looked upon him as an imposter, claimed 
his protection, and when he was at last 
master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of 
Icetas, and of the Carthaginians, he razed 
the citadel which had been the seat of ty- 
ranny, and erected on the spot a common 
hall. Syracuse was almost destitute of in- 
habitants, and at the solicitation of Timo- 
leon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Si- 
cily : the lands were equally divided auion^ 



the citizens, and the houses were sold fo 
a thousand talents, which were appropri- 
ated to the use of the state, and depositee; 
in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus 
delivered from tyranny, the conqueror ex 
tended his benevolence to the other states 
of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants wens 
reduced and banished from the island. > 
code of salutary laws was framed for the 
Syracusans ; and the armies of Carthage, 
which had attempted again to raise commo- 
tions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace 
was at last re-established. The gratitude of 
the Sicilians was shown every where to 
their deliverer. Timoleon was received 
with repeated applause in the public assem- 
blies, and though a private man, uncou 
nected with the government, ne continued 
to enjoy his former influence at Syracuse j 
his advice was consulted on matters of im 
portance, and his authority respected. Ha 
ridiculed the accusations of malevolence 
and when some informers had charged him 
with oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans 
who were going to put the accusers to im 
mediate death. A remarkable instance of 
his providential escape from the dagger of 
an assassin, has been recorded by one of hi* 
biographers. As he was going' to offer a 
sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two> 
assassins, sent by the enemies, approached 
his person in disguise. The arm of one of 
the assassins was already lifted up, when he 
was suddenly stabbed by an unknown per- 
son, who made his escape from the camp. 
The other assassin, struck at the fall of his 
companion, fell before Timoleon, and con- 
fessed, in the presence of the army, the 
conspiracy that had been formed against his 
life. Tne unknown assassin was mean time 
pursued, and when he was found, he dt- 
dared, that he had committed no crime ir- 
avenging the death of a beloved fathe' r 
whom the man he had stabbed had murdered 
in the town of Leontini. Inquiries were 
made, and his confessions were found to be 
true. Timoleon died at Syracuse about 337 
years before the Christian era. His body 
received an honourable burial, in a public 
place called from him Timoleonteum ; but 
the tears of a grateful nation were more 
convincing proofs of the public regret, than 
the institution of festivals, and games yearly 
to be observed on the day of his death.— -C 
Nep. 8f Plut. in vi.—Poly. 5, c. Z.—Diod. 1(3. 

TIMO'LUS. jruteTmolus. 

TIMO'MACH US, a painter of Byzantium, 
in the age of Sylla and Marius. His paint 
ing of Medea murdering her children, and 
his Ajax, were purchased for 80 talents by 
J. Csesar, and deposited in the temple of 

Venus at Rome.— PL. 35, c. 11. A general 

of Athens, sent to assist the Thebans. — Xen. 

TIMON, a native of Athens, called Misan- 
thrope, for his unconquerable aversion to 
mankind and all societv. He was fond of 
Apemantus, another Athenian, whose cha- 
racter was similar to his own, and he said 
that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, 
because he was one day to be his country's 
ruin. Once he went to the public assembly, 
and told his countrymen that he had a fig- 
♦ 3 iW 



TIM— TIN 690 TIN— TIR 

tree, on which many had ended their life | it to be opened, and found in it a skeleton 
ill) a halter, and that as he was going to | six cubits long. This increased the re 



cut it down to raise a building on the spot, 
tie advised all such as were inclined to de- 
stroy themselves, to hasten and hang them- 
selves in his garden.— Plu. in Al.—Luc. in 

Tim. — Pans. 6, c. 12. A Greek poet, son 

of Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus. He wrote several dramatic pieces, 
all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his 

age.— Diog.— Ath. 6. An athlete of Mis 

-Pa. 6, c 12. 

TIMO'PHANES, a Corinthian, brother to 
Timoleon. He attempted to make himsell 
tyrant of his country, by means of the mer 
cenary soldiers with whom he had fought 
against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timo- 
leon wished to convince him of the impro- 
priety of his measures, and when he found 
aim unmoved, he caused him to be assas- 
sinated.— Plu. <y C. Nep. in Tim. A man 

of Mitylene, celebrated for his riches. 

TIMOTHEUS, a poet and musician of 
Miletus, son of Thersander or Philcpolis. 
He was received with hisses the first time he 
exhibited as musician in the assembly of the 
people, and further applications would have 
totally been abandoned, had not Euripides 
discovered his abilities, and encouraged him 
to follow a profession in which he alter- 
wards gained so much applause. He re- 
ceived the immense sum of 1000 pieces of 
gold from the Ephesians, because he had 
composed a poem in honour of Diana. He 
died about the 90th year of his age, two 
years before the birth of Alexander the 



tion of the people for rheir founder.— Pin. 
in Ser.-Me. 1, c. 5.— PL 5, c. 1.— Si. 3. v. 258. 

T1NIA, a river of Umbria, now Topino, 
falfina: into the Clitumnis.-S/r.5.— Si.8,v.45i. 

TIPHA, a town of Eoeotia, where Hercules 
had a temple.— Of. ep.6, v. 46.— .Pa. 9, c. 32. 

TIPHYS, the pilot of the ship of the Ar- 
gonauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according 
to some, of Phorbas. He died before the 
Argonauts reached Colchis, at the court uf 
Lycos in the Propontis, and Erginus was 
chosen in his place. —Orp.—Apol.'i, c. 9.— 
Apol.—Va. Flac.—Pa. 9, c. o<2—Hyg. fa. J 4. 

TIPHYSA, a daughter of Thestius.— Jjwi, 
2, c. 7. 

T RE5IAS,a celebrated prophet ofThebes. 
son of Everus and Chariclo. He lived to a 
great age, which some authors have called 
as long as seven generations of men, others 
six, and others nine, during the time that 
Polydorus, Labdr>cus, Laius, (Edipus, and 
his sons, sat on the throne of Thebes. It i9 
said that in nis vouth he found two serpent 
in the act of copulation on mount Cyllene 
and that, when he had struck them with a 
stick to separate them, he found himself 
suddenly changed into a girl. Seven years 
after he found again some serpents together 
in the same manner, and he recovered his 
original sex, by striking them a second time 
with his wand. When he was a woman, 
Tiresias had married, and it was from those 
reasons, according to some of the ancients, 
that Jupiter and Juno referred to his de- 
Gieat. There was also another musician of! cision, a dispute in which the deities wished 
Boeotia in the age of Alexander, often con- 1 to know, which of the sexes received greater 
founded with the musician of Miletus. He j pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias, 
was a great favourite of the conqueror of j who could speak from actual experience, 
Darius.— Ci. de Le. 2, c. 15. — Pa. 3, c. 12.— decided in favour of Jupiter, and declared, 

Plu. de mus. An Atheaian general, son | that the pleasure which the female received 

of Conon. He signalized himself by his va- j was ten times greater than that of the male, 
lour ..iirt magnanimity, and showed that he I Juno, who supported a different opinion, 
was not inferior to his great father in military and gave the superiority to the male sex, 
prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained J punished Tiresias by depriving him of his 
several victories over the Thebans, but his ! eye-sight. But this dreadful loss was in 
ill success in one of his expeditions disgusted j some measure repaired by the humanity of 
the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest Jupiter, who bestowed upon him the gift of 
of his noble predecessors, was fined a large I prophecy, and permitted him to live seven 
Bum of money. He retired to Chalcis,where j times more than the rest of men. These 
he died. He" was so disinterested, that he | causes of the blindness of Tiresias, which 
never appropriated any of the plunder to his i are supported by the authority of Ovid, 
own use, but after one of his expeditions he I Hyginus, and others, are contradicted by 



filled the treasury of Athens with '200 talents. 
Some of the ancients, to imitate his continual 
successes, have represented him sleeping by 
theside of Fortuue, while the goddess drov" 



jollodorus, Calliniachus, Propertius, &c. 
w ho declare that this was inflicted upon him 
as a punishment, because he had seen Mi- 
nerva bathing in the fountain Hippocrene, 



cities into his net. He was intimate with on mount Helicon. Chariclo, who accom- 



Plato, at whose table he learned temperance 
and moderation. — Ath. 10, c. 3. — Pa. 1, c. 
29.-Plu. in Syl.-Al. V. H. 2, c. 10.— C. 

Nep. A Greek statuary.— Pa. l,c. 32. 

A tyrant of Heraclea, who murdered his fa- 
ther.— Diod. !6. A king of the Sapaei. 

TIMOX'ENUS, a eovernor of Sicyon, who 

betrayed his trust. — Poly. A general of the 

Achaeans. 

T1NGIS, now Ta?igiers, a maritime town 
of Africa in Mauritania, built by the grant] 
ntseus. Sertonus took it, and as the tomb 



panied Minerva, complained of the severity 
with which her son was treated ; but the 
goddess, who well knew that this was the 
irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn 
on such mortals as fix their eyes upon ag-od- 
dess without her couseut, alleviated the mis- 
fortunes of Tiresias, by making him ac- 
quainted with futurity, and giving him a 
staff which could conduct his steps with as 
much safetv as if he had the use of his eye- 
sight. During his life-time, Tiresias was 
infallible oracle to all Greece. The ge- 



oi the founder was near the place, he caused ; nerals, during the Thebau war, consulted 



TIR-TIS 



691 



TIS— TIT 



him, and found his predictions verified. He 
drew his prophecies sometimes from the 
flight or language of birds, in which he was 
as>isted by his daughter Manto, and some- 
times lie drew the manes from the infernal 
regions to know futurity, with mystical ce- 
remonies. He at last "died, after drinking 
the waters of a cold fountain, which froze 
liis blood. He was buried with great pomp 
by the Thebans on mount Tilphussus, and 
honoured as a god. His oracle at Orchome- 
nos was in universal esteem. Homer repre- 
sents Ulysses as going to the infernal re- 
gions to consult Tiresias concerning his 
return to Ithaca.— Apol. 3, c. 6. — Th. Id. 
24, v. 70.— St. Th. 2, v. 96.— Hyp. fa. 75.— 
JEsch. sep. a. Th.—Soph. in (Ed.— Find. 
Nem.\.— Diod. \.—H.Od. U.—Plu. in Sym. 
—Pa. 9. c. 33. 

TIRlhA'SES, an officer of Artaxerxes, 
killed bv the guards for conspiring against 
Ihe king's life, B. C. 394.— Plu. in Art. 

TIRIDA, a town of Thrace where Dio- 
medes lived. — PI. 4,c. II. 

TIH IDA'TES, a king of Parthia, after the 
expulsion of Phraates by his subjects. He 
was soon after deposed, and fled to Augustus 

in Spain.— Hor. l, Od. 26. A man made 

king' of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death 
of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. — 

'Fa. An. 6. A keeper of the royal treasures 

at Persepolis, who offered to surrender to 

Alexander the Great.— Curt. 5, c. 5. A 

king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero. 

A son of Phraates, &c. 

TIRIS, a general of the Thracians, who 
opposed Antiochus. — Poly. 4. 

TIRO, TULLIUS, a freedman of Cicero, 
greatly esteemed by his master for • is learn- 
ing and good qualities. It is said that he in- 
vented short-hand writing amonsr the Ro- 
mans. He wrote the life of Cicero, and 
other treatises now lost.— Ci. ad. At. 

TIRYNTHIA, a name given to Alcmena, 
because she lived at Tirynthus. — Ov. Me. 6. 

TIK YNTHUS, a town of Argolis in the 
Peloponnesus, founded by Tyrinx, son of 
Argus. Hercules generally resided there, 
whence he is called Tirynthius heros. — Pa. 
2, c. 16. — V. JEn. 7, v. &Q2.—SU. 8, v. 217. 

TISiEUM, a mountain of Thessaiv. — Pol. 

TISA'GORAS, a brother of Miltiades, 
called also Stesasroras.— C. Nep. Milt. 

TISA'MENES, or TISA'MEN US, a son of 
Orestes and Hermione, the daughter of IVIe- 
neiaus, who succeeded on the throne of Ar- 
gos and Lacedaemon. The Heraclidse en- 
tered his kingdom in the third year of his 
reign, and he was obliged to retire with his 
family into Achaia. He was some time 
after killed in a battle against the Ionians, 

near Helice. —Apol. 2, c. 7. — Pa. 3, c. 1. 

A king of Thebes, son of Thersander, and 
grandson of Polynices. The Puries.who con- 
tinually persecuted the house of CEdipus, 
permitted him to live in tranquillity, but 
they tormented his son and successor Aute- 
sion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. — 

Pa. 3, c. 5. A native of Elis, crowned 

twice at the Olympic games.— Pa. 3, c. II. 

TISANDRUS, one of the G reeks concealed 
with Ulyssts in the wooden hon>e. Some 



suppose him to be the same as Thersander, 
! the sou of Polvnices.— V. JEn. 2, v. 261. 
! TISARCHUS, a friend of Agathocles, by 
whom he was murdered. — Poly. 5. 

TISDRA, a tov\n of Africa.— Cces. Afr.16. 

T1SIARUS, a town of Africa. 

TISIAS, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, 
considered by some as the inventor of rhe- 
toric, <Scc— Ci. de in. 2, c. 2. 

Tl'SIPHONE, one of the Furies, daughter 
of Nox and Acheron, who was the minister 
of divine vengeance upon mankind, who vi- 
sited them with plagues and diseases, and 
punished the wicked in Tartarus. She was 
represented with a whip in her hand, ser- 
pents hung from her head, and were wreathed 
round her arms instead of bracelets. By 
Juno's ^direction she attempted to prevent 
the landing of lo in Egypt, but the god of 
the Nile repelled her, and obliged her tore- 
tire to hell.— St. Th. 1, v. 59.— Virg. G. 3, c. 

552.— Hor. I. S. 8, v. 34. A daughter of 

Alcmeon and Manto. 

TI'SIPHONUS, a man who conspired 
against Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, and 
seized the sovereign power, &c. — Biod. 16. 

TISSA, now Randazzo, a town of Sicily.— 
Sil. 14, v. 2 -8.-Ci. Ver. 3, c. 38. 

TISSA'MENUS. Vide Tisamenus. 

TISSAPHERNES, an officer of Darius. 

A satrap of Persia, commander of the 

forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cu- 
naxa, against Cyrus. It was by his valour 
and intrepidity that the king's forces gained 
the victory, and for this he obtained the 
daughter of Artaxerxes in marriage, and all 
the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. 
His popularity did not long continue, and 
the king ordered him to be put to death 
when he had been conquered by Agesilaus, 

395 B.C.— C. Nep. An officer in the army 

of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at the battl> 
of Cunaxa.— Plu. 

TITjEA, the mother of the Titans. She 
is supposed to be the same as Thea, Rhea, 
Terra, ike. 

TITAN, or TITA'NUS, a son of Ccelusand 
Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He 
was the eldest of the children of Ccelus ; but 
he gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of 
the world, provided he raised no male chil- 
dren. When the birth of Jupiter was con- 
cealed, Titan made war against Saturn, and 
with the assistance of his brothers, the 
Titans, he imprisoned him till he was re- 
placed on the throne b.y his son Jupiter. 
This tradition is recorded by Lactantius, a 
Christian writer, who took it from the dra- 
matic compositions of Ennius, now lost. 
None of the ancient mycologists, such as 
Apollodorus, Hesiod, Hyginus, &c. have 
made mention of Titan. " Titan is a name 
applied to Saturn by Orpheus and Lucian ; 
to the sun by Virgil and Ovid ; and to Pro- 
metheus by Juvenal.— Ov, Me. l, v. 10 — Juv. 
14, v. 35.— Diod. 5.— Fa. 2, c. II.— Orp* 
Hym. 13.— V. JEn. 4, v. 119. 

TITA'NA, a town of Sicyonia in Pelopon 

nesus. Titanus reigned there. A man 

skilled in astronomy.— Pa. 2, c. II. 

TITA'NES, a name given to the sons of 
Ccelus and Terra. They were 45 in number, 



TIT— TIT 



692 



TIT— TIT 



recording to the Egyptians. Apollodorus 
mentions 13, Hyginus 6, and Hesiod 20, 
among vihom are the Titanides. The most 
Known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, 
Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus, and Briareus, to 
whom Horace adds, Typhceus, Mimas, Por- 
jihyrion, Rhcetus, and Enceladus, who aie 
by other mycologists reckoned among the 
giants. They were all of a gigantic stature, 
and with proportionable strength. They 
vvere treated with great cruelly by Coelus, 
and confined in the bowels of the earth, till 
their mother pitied their misfortunes, and 
armed them against their father. Saturn, 
with a scythe, cut off the genitals of his fa- 
ther, as he was going to unite himself to 
Terra, and threw them into the sea, and from 
the froth sprang a new deity, called Venus ; 
as also Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera, ac- 
cording to Apollodorus. When Saturn suc- 
ceeded his father, he married Rhea ; but he 
devoured all his male children, as he had 
been informed by an oracle, that he should 
be dethroned by them as a punishment for 
his cruelty to his father. The wars of the 
Titans against the gods are very celebrated 
in mythology. They are often confounded 
with that of" the giants ; but it is to be ob- 
served, that the war of the Titans was 
against Saturn, and that of the giants against 
Jupiter. — Hes. Th. \35.—/1pol. 1, c. I.- 

j£sch. in Prom Cal. in Dei. \l.—Diod. 1 

Hyg. pre. fa. 

TITA'NTA, a patronymic applied to Pyr- 
rha, as grand-daughter of Titan, and like- 
wise to Diana.— Ov. Me. l,v. 395. 

TITAN' IDES, the daughters of Ccelus and 
Terra: reduced in number to six according 
to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Te- 
thys, Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemosvne, 
Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Phoebe, and Rhea.— 
Hes. Th. l35.—Apol. 1, c. 1. 

TITA'NUS, a river in Peloponnesus, with 
a town and mountain of the same name. 

TITARESUS, a river of Thessaly, called 
als-o Eurotas, flowing into the Peneus, but 
without mingling its thick and turbid waters 
with the transparent stream. From the un- 
wholesomeness of its water, it was considered 
as deriving its source from the Styx. — Luc. 
tj,v.3~6.—H. 11.2, en. 258.— Str.S.— Pa.S.c.18. 

TITE'NUS, a river of Colchis, falling into 
he Euxine sez.—Apol. 4. 

TITHENIDI A, a festival of Sparta, in 
which nurses, " tithenai," conveyed male in- 
fants intrusted to their charge, to the tem- 
ple of Diana, where they sacrificed young 
pigs. During the time of the solemnity, 
they generally danced and exposed them- 
selves in ridiculous postures : there were 
also some entertainments given near the 
temple, where tents vvere erected. Each 
had a separate portion allowed him, together 
with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part 
of the entrails of the victims, and figs, beans, 
and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats. 

TITHO'NUS, a son of Laomedon. king of 
Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- 
mander. He was so beautiful that Aurora 
became enamoured of him, and carried him 
away. He had by her Memnon and JEma- 
tiiiou. He begged of Aurora to be immor- 



tal, and the goddess granted if: but as i.e 
had forgotten to a.^k the vigour, youth, and 
beamy which he then enjoyed he soon grew 
old, infirm, and decrepit! ; and as life became 
insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to 
remove him from the world. As he could 
not die, the goddess changed him into a 
cicada, or grasshopper.— Apcl. 3,c. 5. — Vim. 
G. i; v. 447.— He*. Th. sii.—Biod. l.—Ov. 
F. 1, v. 461.— Hor. l, Od, 28, I. 2, Od. 16. 

TITHOREA. one of the tops of Parnas- 
sus.— Her. 8, c. 32, 

TITHRAUSTES, a Persian satrap, B. C. 
395, odered to murder Tissaphernes by Ar- 
taxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which 
the slaughtered favourite enjoyed. He was 
defeated by the Athenians tinder Cimon. 

An officer in the Persian court, &c. 

The name was common to some of the su 
perior officers of 6tate in the court of Ar- 
taxerxes. — Plu. — C. Nep. in Bat. f>- Con. 

T1TIA, a deity among the Milesians. 

TITIA LEX de mapristratibus, by P. Ti- 
tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained 
that a triumvirate of magistrates should be 
invested with consular power to preside 
over the republic for five years. The per 
sons chosen were. Octavius, Antony, and 

Lepidus. Another, de provinciis, which 

required that the provincial questors, like 
the consuls and praetors, should recehe 
their provinces bv lot. 

TITIA'NA FLAVIA, the wife of the em 
peror Pertinax, disgraced herself by her 
debaucheries and incontinence. After the 
murder of her husband, she was reduced to 
poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an 
obscure retreat. 

TITIA'Nl S, ATTIL., a noble Roman, put 
to death A. D. 156, by the senate, for aspir- 
ing to the purple. He was the only one 
proscribed during the reign of Antoninus 
Pius. a brother of Otho. 

TI1TI, priests of Apollo at Rome, who 
observed the flight of doves and drew 
omens from it.— Far. de L. L. 4, c. 15.- 
Luc. 1, v. 602. 

TITINJUS, a tribune of the people in the 

first ages of the republic. A friend of Cas- 

sius, who killed himself. One of the slaves 

who revolted at Capua. He betrayed his 
trust to the Roman g-enerals. 

TITIUS PROCULUS, a Roman knight, ap» 
pointed to watch Messalina. — Ta. 11, An.c. 

35. A tribune of the people who enacted 

the Titian law. An orator of a very dis- 
solute character. One of Pompey's mur- 
derers. One of Antony's officers. A 

man who foretold a victory to Sylla. 

SEPTIMINUS, a poet in the Augustan age, 
who distinguished himself by his lyric and 
tragic compositions now losL>— Hor. I, ep. 
3, v. 9. 

TITORMUS, a shepherd of jEtolia called 
another Hercules, on account of his prodi- 
gious strength. He was stronger than his 
contemporary Milo of Crotona, as he could 
lift on his shoulders a stone which the Cro- 
tonian moved with difficuitv — £1. V. H. 12, 
c. 22.— Her. 6, c. 127. 

TITORIUS, a friend of Julia Silana, who 
informed against Agrippina, &c. — Ta. An, 



TIT-TIT 



6U3 



TIT— TIT 



13. A iieutenant of Caesar in Gaul, killed 

by Ambiorix.— Cats. B. G, 5, c. 29. 
' TITUS VESPASIAN US, son of" Vespasian 
and Fiavia Domitilla, became known by his 
valour in t!ie Roman armies, particularly at 
the siege of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of 
the Christian era, he was invested with the 
imperial purple, and the Roman people had 
every reason to expect in him the barbari- 
ties of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries of a 
Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, 
Titus had been distinguished for his extra- 
vagance and incontinence, his attendants 
were the most abandoned and dissolute, and 
it seemed that he wished to be superior to 
the rest of the world in the gratification of 
every impure desire, and in every unnatural 
vice. From such a private character, which 
still might be curbed by the authority and 
example of a father, what could be expected 
but tyranny and oppression! Yet Titus be- 
came a model of virtue, and in an age and 
office in which others wish to gratify all 
their appetites, the emperor abandoned his 
usual profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, 
and Berenice, whom he had loved with un- 
common ardour, even to render himself des- 
pised by the Roman people, was dismissed 
from his presence. When raised to the 
throne, he thought himself bound to be the 
father of his people, the guardian of virtue, 
and the patron of liberty ; and Titus is, 
perhaps, the only monarch who, when in- 
vested with uncontrollable power, bade 
adieu to those vices, those luxuries, and in- 
dulgences, which as a private man he never 
ceased to gratify. He was moderate in 
his entertainments, and though he often 
refused the donations which were due to 
sovereignty, no emperor was ever more 
generous and magnificent than Titus. All 
informers were banished from his presence, 
and even severely punished. A reform was 
made in the judicial proceedings, and trials 
were no longer permitted to be postponed 
for years. The public edifices were repaired, 
and baths were erected for the convenience 
of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, 
and the Roman populace were gratified 
with the sight of a naval combat in the an- 
cient naumachia, and the sudden appearance 
of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus 
for their amusement. To do good to his 
subjects was the ambition of Titus, and it 
was at the recollection that he had done no 
service, or granted no favour one day, that 
he exclaimed in the memorable words of 
My friends, 1 have lost a day !" A con- 
tinual wish to be benevolent and kind, made 
him popular; and it will not be wondered, 
that he who could say that he had rather 
die himself, than be the cause of the destruc- 
tion of one of his subjects, was called the 
love and delight of mankind. Two of the 
senators conspired against his life, but the 
emperor disregarded 1 heir attempts, he marie 
them his friends by kindness, and like ano- 
ther Nerva, presented them with a sword 
to destroy him. During his reign, Rome was 
three days on fire, the towns of Campania 
were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, 
and the empire was visited by a pestilence 



which carried away an infinite number of in- 
habitants. In this time of public calamity, the 
emperor's benevolence and philanthropy v\ ere 
conspicuous. Titus comforted the afflicted 
as a father, he alleviated their distresses by 
his liberal bounties, and as if they were 
but one family, he exerted himself for the 
good and preservation of the whole. The 
Romans, however, had not long to enjoy 
the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus 
was taken ill, and as he retired into the country 
of the Sabines to his father's house, his in- 
disposition was increased by a burning 
fever. He lifted his eyes to "heaven, and 
with modest submission complained of the 
severity of fate which removed him from 
the world when young, where he had been 
employed in making a grateful people happy. 
He died the 13th of September, A. D. bl, in 
the 4 1st year of his age, after a reign of 
two years, two months, and 20 days. The 
news of his death was received with lamen- 
tations; Rome was filled with tears, and all 
looked upon themselves as deprived of the 
most benevolent of fathers. After him Do- 
mitian ascended the throne, nor without in- 
curring the suspicion of having hastened 
his brother's end, by ordering him to be 
placed, during his agony, in a tub full of 
snow, where he expired. Domitian has also 
been accused of raising commotions, and of 
making attempts to dethrone his brother; 
but Titus disregarded them and forgave the 
offender. Some authors have reflected with 
severity upon the cruelties which Titus ex- 
ercised against the Jews, but though cer- 
tainly a disgrace to the benevolent features 
of his character, we must consider him as an 
instrument in the hands of Providence, ex- 
erted for the punishment of a wicked and 
infatuated people.— Jos. B. J. 7, c. 16.— Szie* 
— Dio. 

TITUS TATIUS, a king of the Sabines. 
[Vide Tatius.] LIVIUS, a celebrated his- 
torian. [Fide Livius.] A son of Junius 

Brutus, put to death by order of his father, 

for conspiring to restore the Tarquins. 

A friend of Coriolanus. A native of Cro- 

tona, engaged in Catiline's conspiracy. 

TITYRUS, a shepherd introduced in Vir- 
gil's eclogues, &c. A large mountain of 

Crete. 

TITYUS, a celebrated giant, son of Terra, 
or, according to others, of Jupiter, by Eiara, 
the daughter of Orchomenos. He was or 
such a prodigious size, that his mother died 
in travail after Jupiter had drawn her from 
the bowels of the earth, where she had 
been concealed during her pregnancy, to 
avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted 
to offer violence to Latona, but the goddess 
delivered herself from his importunities, by 
calling to her assistance her children, who 
killed the giant with their arrows. He was 
placed in hell, where a serpent continually 
devoured his liver ; or, according to others, 
where vultures perpetually fed upon his 
entrails, which grew again as soon as de- 
voured. It is said that Tityus covered nine 
acres when stretched on the ground. H;; 
had a small chapel with an altar in the 
island of Euba-a.— Apol. 1, c. J. - Find. Py. 



TIU— TOL m TOL — TRA 



4. —H. Od. 7, v. 3-25, 1. 11, v. 575.— Apol. 
Rh. I, v. 182.— P. 6, v. 525 .— Hor. 3, 
Orf. 4, v. n.—Hyg. fa, 55— Ov. Me. 4, v. 
457.— Tib. 1, e/. 3, v. 75. 

TH7M,or TTON,a maritime town of Paph- 
la^onia, built bvthe Milesians. — Me. l, c. 9. 

TLE'POLEMUS, a son of Hercules and 
Astycchia, born at Argos. He left his native 
country after the accidental murder of Li- 
eymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order of 
the oracle, where he was chosen king as 
being one of the sons of Hercules. He went 
to the Troian war with nine ships, and was 
killed by Sarpedon. There were some fes- 
tivals established at Rhodes in his honour, 
called Tlepolemia, in which men and boys 
contended. The victors were rewarded with 
poplar crowns. — H. It. — Apol. 2, c. 7.— Bio. 

5. —Hyg. fa. 97. One of Alexander's ge- 
nerals, who obtained Carmania at the gene- 
ral division of the Macedonian empire. — 
Diod. 18. An Eevptain general who flou- 
rished B. C. 207. 

TMAROS, a Rutulian in the wars of 

/Eneas.— V. £n. 9, v. c85. A mountain of 

Thesprotia, called Tomarus by Pliny. 

TMOLUS, a king of Lydia", who married 
Omphale, and was son of Sipylus and Chrho- 
nia. He offered violence to a young nymph 
called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana's altar, 
for which impiety he was afterwards killed 
by a bull. The mountain on which he was 
buried bore his 'name.— Apol. 2, c. 6.— Of. 

Me. 11, fa. A.— Hyg. fa. 191. A town of 

Asia Minor, destroyed by an earthquake. 

A mountain of Lydia, now Bouzdug, on 

which the river Factolus rises. The air was 
so wholesome near Tmolus, that the inhabi- 
tants generally lived to their 150th year. 
The neighbouring country was very fertile, 
and produced many vines, saffron, and 
odoriferous flowers.— Str. Yi.—Her. i,c. 84. 
— Ov. Me. 2.— SU. 7, v. 210.— V. G. l, v. 55. 

TOGA'TA, an epithet applied to a certain 
part of Gaul where the inhabitants were dis- 
tinguished by the pecnliarity of their dress. 
Vide Gallia. 

TOGON I US GALLUS, a senator of ignoble 
birth, devoted to the interest of Tiberius, 
whom he flattered. — Ta. An. 6, c. 2. 

TOLBIACCM, a town of Gallia Belgica, 
south of Juliers. 

TOLENUS, a river of Latium, now Salto, 
falling into the Velinus. — Ov. F. 9, v. 551. 

TOLETUM, now Toledo, a town of Spain 
on the Tag-us. 

TOLiSTOBOII, a people of Galatia in 
Asia, descended from the Boii of Gaul.— Pi. 
5, 32.— Li. 58, c. 15. IPl. 3, c. 13. 

TOLLENTI'NOM, a town of Picenum.— 

TOL'MIDES,au Athenian officer, defeated 
and killed in a battle in Bceotia, 477 B. C. — 
Poly. 7. 

TOLO'SA, now Toulouse, the capital of 
Languedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, 
which became a Roman colony under Au- 
gustus, and was afterwards celebrated for 
the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva had 
there a rich temple, which Caepio the consul 
plundered, and as he was never after fortu- 
nate, the words aurum Tolosanum became 
proverbial.— C<m. B. G.—Mc. 2, c. 5.—Ci. de 
Nat. X>. 3, c. 23, 



TOLUMNUS, an au^ur in the armv ol 
Turnus against ^Eneas.-T. £n. 11, v. 429. 

A king of Veii, killed by Cor. Cossus 

after he h;td ordered the ambassadors of 
Rome to be assassinated. — Li. 4, c. 19. 

TOLCS, a man whose head was found in 
digging for the foundation of the capitol, in 
the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans 
concluded that their city should become the 
head or mistress of the world. [Th. 

TOM2EUM, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 

TO'MARUS.ndeTmarus. [andTaurus.S/r. 

TOM ISA, a countrv between Cappadocia 

TOMOS, or TOM IS, a town situate on the 
western shores of the Euxine Sea, about 36 
miles from the mouth of the Danube. The 
word is derived from " leynno," seco, because 
Medea, as it is said, cut to pieces the body of 
her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebra'ted 
as being the place where Ovid was banished 
by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of 
lower Mcesia, founded bv a Milesian colonv, 
B. C. 633.— Str. 7.— Apol. 1, C 9.— Me. 2, 'c. 
2.— Of. ex Pon. 4, el. 14, v. 59. 

TO'MVRIS. Vide Thomyris. 

TONEA, a solemnity observed at Samos. 
Ft was usual to carry Juno's statue to the 
sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and 
afterwards to replace it again in the temple. 
This was in commemoration of the theft of 
the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry 
away the statue of the goddess, but were de- 
tained in the harbour by an invisible force. 

TOXGILL1US, an avaricious lawver.— 
Juv. 7, v. 130. 

TOPA'ZOS, an island in the Arabian gulf, 
anciently called Ophiodes, from the quanrity 
of serpe'nts that were there. The valuable 
stone called topaz is found there.— P/.6,c.^0. 

TOPIR1S, or TOPRUS, a town of Thrace. 

TO'RINI, a people of Scythia.— Val. 6. 

TORO'XE, a town of Macedonia.— Li. 3l r 
c. 45. Of Epirus. 

TORQUA'TA, one of the vestal virgins 
daughter of C. Silanus. She was a vestal 
for 64 vears.— Ta. 3, an. c. 69. 

TOR'QUATUS, a surname of Titus Man- 

lius. [Vide Manlius.j SILANUS, an officer 

put to death by Nero. A governor of Ori- 

cum, in the interest of Pompey. He sur- 
rendered to J. Caesar, and was killed in 

Africa. — H. Af. 96. An officer in Syila's 

army. A Roman sent ambassador to the 

court of Ptolemv Philometer of Egvpt. 

TORTOR, a surname of Apollo.' He had 
a statue at Rome under that name, [gentum. 

TORUS, a mountain of Sicily, near Ajrri- 

TORYNE, a small town near' Actium. The 
word in the Janguasre of the country signifies 
a ladle, which gave Cleopatra occasion to 
make a pun when it fell into the hands of 
Ausrustus.— Phi. in Ant. [PI. 4, c. 7. 

TOXANDR1, a people of Gallia Belgica* 

TOXARIDIA, a festival at Athens, in ho- 
nour of Toxaris, a Scythian hero who died 
there. [father.— Apol. 1, c. 8. 

TOXEUS, a son of OZneus, killed bv his 

TOXICRATE, a daughter of Thespius. 

TRABEA, Q., a comic poet at Rome, in 
the age of Regulus. Some fragments of his 
ipoetrv remain. — Ci. in Tus. 4, c. 31. 
I TRA'CHALUS, M. GALERIUS, a consul 
in the reign of Nero, celebrated for his 



TRA-TRA 



am 



TRA-TRA 



eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic 

;ind commanding aspect.— Qnin. — Ta. 

One of the friends and ministers of Otho. 

TRACHAS, a town of Latium.— Ov. Me. 
i5, v. 717. 

TRACHI'NIA, a small country of Phthio- 
tis, on the bay of Malea, near mount (Eta. 
The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina, 
wliere Hercules went after he had killed 
Eunomus.— Sir. 9,—Apol. 2, c. l.—Ov. Me. 
11, v. 269. 

TRACHONITIS, a part of Judaea, on the 
other side of the Jordan.— PI. 5, c. 14. [sea. 

TRAGURIUM, a town of Dalmatia, on the 

TRAGUS, a river of Arcadia, failing into 
the Alpheus.— Pa. 8, c. 33. 

TRAJANO'POLIS, a town of Thrace. 

A name given to Selinus of Cilicia, where 
Trajan died. 

TRAJA'NUS, (M. Ulpius Crinitus) a Ro- 
man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His 
great virtues, and his private as well as pub- 
lic character, and his services to the empire 
both as an officer, a governor, and a consul, 
recommended him to the notice of Nerva, 
who solemnly adopted him as his son ; in- 
vested him during his life-time with the im- 
perial purple, and gave him the name of 
Csesar and of Germanicus. A little time 
after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan 
to the vacant throne was confirmed by the 
unanimous rejoicings of the people, and the 
free concurrence of the armies on the con- 
fines of Germany, and the banks of the Da- 
nube. The noble and independent beha- 
viour of Trajan evinced the propriety and 
goodness of Nerva's choice, and the attach- 
ment of the legions; and the new emperor 
seemed calculated to insure peace and do- 
mestic tranquillity to the extensive empire 
of Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed 
a good and benevolent prince, whose virtues 
truly merited tbe encomiums which the pen 
of a'n elegant and courteous panegyrist has 
paid. The barbarians continued quiet, and 
the hostilities which they generally displayed 
at the election of a new emperor whose 
military abilities they distrusted, were now 
few. Trajan, however, could not behold 
with satisfaction and unconcern, the inso- 
lence of the Dacians, who claimed from 
the Roman people a tribute which the cow- 
ardice of Domitian had offered. The sud- 
den appearance of the emperor on the fron- 
tiers awed the barbarians to peace ; but 
Decebalus, their warlike monarch, soon be- 
gan hostilities by violating the treaty. The 
emperor entered the enemy's country, by 
throwing a bridge across the rapid streams 
of the Danube, and a battle was fought in 
which the slaughter was so great, that in 
the Roman camp linen was wanted to dress 
the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan ob- 
tained the victory, and Decebalus despair- 
ing of success, destroyed himself, and Dacia 
became a province of Rome. That the 
ardour of the Roman soldiers in defeating 
their enemies might not coo), an expedition 
was undertaken into the east, and Parthia 
threatened with immediate war. Trajan 
passed through the submissive kingdom of 
Armenia, and by his well-directed operations, 



made himself master of the provinces of 
Assyria and Mesopotamia. He extended his 
conquests in the east, he obtained victories 
over unknown nations, and when on the 
extremities of India, he lamented that he 
possessed not the vigour and youth of an 
Alexander, that he might add unexplored 
provinces and kingdoms to the Roman em- 
pire. These successes in different parts of 
the world gained applause, and the senators 
were profuse in the honours they decreed 
to the conqueror. This, however, was but 
the blaze of transient glory. Trajan had no 
sooner signified his intentions of returning 
to Italy, than the conquered barbarians 
appeared again in arms, and the Roman 
empire did not acquire one single acre of 
territory from the conquests of her sove- 
reign in the east. The return of the empe- 
ror towards Rome was hastened by indispo- 
sition ; he stopped in Cilicia, and in the 
town of Selinus, which afterwards was called 
Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and 
a few days after expired, in the beginning 
of August, A. D. 117, after a reign of 19 
years, six months, and 15 days, in the 64th 
year of his age. He was succeeded on the 
throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plo- 
tina introduced to the Roman armies as the 
adopted son of her husband. The ashes of 
Trajan were carried to Rome, and depo- 
sited under the stately column which he had 
erected a few years before. Under this 
emperor the Romans enjoyed tranquillity 
and for a moment supposed that their pro's-- 
perity was complete under a good and 
virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond of 
popularity, and he merited it. The sound- 
ing titles" of Optimus, and the father of his 
country, were not unworthily bestowed upon 
a prince who was equal to the greatest 
generals of antiquity, and who, to indicate 
his affability, and his wish to listen to the 
just complaints of his subjects, distinguished 
his palace by the inscription of the public 
palace. Like other emperors, he did not 
receive with an air of unconcern the homage 
of his friends, but rose from his seat and 
went cordially to salute them. He refused 
the statues which the flattery of favourites 
wished to erect to him, and he ridiculed the 
follies of an enlightened nation, that could 
pay adoration to cold inanimate pieces of 
marble. His public entry into Rome gained 
him the hearts of the people: he appeared 
on foot, and showed himself an enemy to 
parade and an ostentatious equipage. W hen 
in his camp, he exposed himself to the fa- 
tigues of war, like the meanest soldier, and 
crossed the most barren deserts and exten- 
sive plains on foot, and in his dress and 
food displayed all the simplicity which once 
gained the approbation of the Romans in 
their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest 
soldiers he knew by their own names ; lie 
conversed with them with great familiarity, 
and never retired to his tent before he had 
visited the camp, and by a personal attend- 
ance convinced himself of the vigilance and 
the security of his army. As a friend he 
was not less" distinguished than as a general. 
He had a select numbej ot intimates, whom 



TRA— TRA 6: 
he visited with freedom and openness, and 
at whose tables he partook many a mode- 
rite repast, without form or ceremony. 
His confidence, however, in the good inten- 
tions of others, was, perhaps, carried to 
excess. His favourite Sura had once been 
accused of attempts upon his life, but Tra- 
jan diregarded the informer, and as he was 
that same day invited to the house of the 
supposed conspirator, he went thither early. 
To try farther the sincerity of Sura, he 
ordered himself to be shaved'by his barber, 
to have a medicinal application made to his 
eyes by the hand of his surgeon, and to 
bathe together with him. The public works 
of Trajan are also celebrated, he opened 
free and easy communications between the 
cities of his* provinces, he planted many 
colonies, and furnished Rome with all the 
corn and provisions which could prevent a 
famine in the time of calamity. It was by 
his directions that the architect Apollodorus 
built that celebrated column which is stifl 
to be seen at Rome, under the name of Tra- 
jan's column. The area on which it stands 
was made by the labours of men, and the 
height of the pillar proves that a large hill, 
144 feet high, was removed at a great ex- 
pense, A. D. 1H, to commemorate the vic- 
tories of the reigning prince. His persecu- 
tions of the Christians were stopped by the 
interference of the humane Pliny, but he 
was unusually severe upon the Jews, who 
had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his 
subjects, and even fed upon the flesh of the 
dead. His vices have been obscurely seen 
through a reign of continued splendour and 
popularity, yet he is accused of inconti- 
nence and many unnatural indulgences. 
He was tco much addicted to drinking, and 
his wish to be styled lord has been censured 
by those who admired the dissimulated mode- 
ration and the mo'lest claims of an Augustus. 
— PL pan.— Dio. Cas. — Bui. — A ?n m.—Spart. 

—Jos. b. J.— Vict. The father iA the 

emperor, who likewise bore the nai. _ 
Trajan, was honoured with the consulship 
and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician 

by the emperor Vespasian. A general of 

the emperor Valens. A son of the empe- 
ror Decius. 

TRAJECTUS RHENI, now Utrecht, the 
capital of one of the provinces of Holland. 

TRALLES, a town of Lvdia, now Sultan- 

hisar.—Juv. 3, v. 70.— Li. 37, c. 45. A 

people of Illyi'icum. 

TRANSTI BERl'NA, a part of the city of 
Rome, on one side of the Tiber. Mount 
Vatican was in that part of the city.— Mart. 
1, ep. 109. 

TRAPE'ZUS, a city of Pontus, built by the 
people of Sinope, now called Trebizond. It 
had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine Sea, 
and became famous under the emperors of 
the eastern empire, of which it was for some 
time the magnificent capital.— Ta. H. 3, c. 



tra-trt; 

one of Messalina's favourites, put to death by 
Claudius.— Ta. A. 11, c. 36. 

TREBA, a town of the S.(\m. — PL 3, c. 1-2. 

rREBA'Tl US TESTAS, C, a man banished 
by Julius Caesar for following the interest of 
Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of 
Cicero." He was afterwards reconciled to 
Caesar. Trebatius was not less distiug uished 
for his learning than for his integrity, his 
military experience, and knowledge of law. 
He wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, 
and treatises on civil law ; and the verses 
that he composed proved him a poet of no 
inferior consequence. — Hor.% S. 1, v. 4. 

TREBELLIA'NUS, C. ANNIUS, a pirate 
w ho proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, 
A. D. 264. He was defeated and slain in 
Isuria. bv the lieutenants of Gallienus. 

TREBELLIE'NUS RUFUS, a praetor ap- 
pointed governor of the children of kin<r 

Cot) s, by Tiberius. A tribune w ho opposed 

the Gabinian law. A Roman who num- 
bered the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made 
governor of Britain.— Ta. A. 6, c. 39. 

TREBELLIUS POLLIO a Latin historian, 
who wrote an account of the lives of the 
emperors. The beginning of this history is 
lost ; part of the reign of Valerian, and the 
life of the two Gallieni, witli the 30 tyrants, 
are the only fragments remaining. He flou- 
rished A. I). 305. 

I'REBl'A, a river of Cisalpine. Gaul, rising 
in the Appenniues,and falling into tne Po, at 
the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for 
the victory which Annibal obtained there 
over the forces of L. Sempronius, the Ro- 
man consul.— Sil. 4, v. 4&6.— Luc. 2, v. 4fi. 

—Li. 21, c. 54. A town of Latium.— Li. 2, 

c. 3j, of Campania.— Id. 23, c. 14, of 

Umbria.— PI. 3, c. 14. 

TREBIUS, an officer in Caesar's army in 

Gaul. A parasite in Domitian's reign.— 

Juv. 4. 

TREBO'NIA LEX, de provinciis, by L. 
Trebonius the tribune, A. U. C. 698. It gave 
Caesar the chief command in Gaul for live 
years longer than was enacted by the Vati- 
hian law, and in this manner prevented the 
senators from recalling or superseding him. 

Another by the same on the some jear, 

conferred the command of the provinces of 
Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey, for 

rive years. — Dio. Cas. 39. Another by L. 

Trebonius, the tribune, U. C. 305, which 
confirmed the election of the tribunes in the 
hands of the Roman people..— Liv. 3. 
TREBO'NIUS, a soldier remarkable for 

his continence, 6cc. CAIUS, one of 

Caesar's friends, made through his interest 
praetor and consul. He was afterwards one 
of his benefactor's murderers. He was killed 
bv Dolabella at Smyrna.— Ca-s. b. 5, c. 17.— 
Ci. in Phil. 1 1 , c.*2. — Pat. 56.— Li. 119.— 

Dio. il.—Hor. 1, S. 4, v. 14. GARUCI- 

AiNTJS, a governor of Africa, who put to 
death the proconsul Clodius Macer, by Gal- 



PL 6, c. 4. A town of Arcadia near | ba's orders.— Ta. H. 1, c. 7. A tribum 

the Alpheus. It received its name from a I who proposed a law at Rome, and impri- 
son of Lvcaon.— Apot. 3, c. 8. i soiled Cato, because he opposed it. O'.e 

TRASIMENUS. Fide Thrasymenus. of the adherents of Marius. Aman ciuglit 

TRASULLUS, a man who taugbT Tiberius in adultery, and severely punished in the age 
astrology at Rhodes, &c. of Horace. 

TRAiJLUS MONTA'NUS.a Roman knight, TRE'BULA, a town of the Sabincs, cde- 



TRE— TRI 



mi 



TRI— TRI 



rated for cheese. The inhabitants were 
.ailed Trebulani. — Ci. in Agr. 2, c. 25. — Li. 

PI. 3, c. 5.— Mart. 5, ep. 72. Another 

n Campania.— Li. 23, c. 3'j. [the Liris. 
TRERUS, a river of Latium, falling into 
TRES TABERN^E, a place on the Appian 
road, where travellers took refreshment. Cic. 
A. l,ep. 13. [now called Triers. — Me.3,c.2. 
TRE' VERT, a town and people of Belgium, 
TRIARIA, a woman well known for her 
cruelty. She was the wife of L. Vitellius, 
—To. H. 1. 
TRIARIUS, C, an orator commended by 

Cicero. A friend of Pompey. He hail 

for some time the care of the" war in Asia 
against Mithridates, whom he defeated, and 
dv whom he was afterwards beaten. He 
was killed in the civil wars of Pompey and 
Caesar. 4- Cas. B. Civ. 3, c. 5. 

TRIBALLI, a people of Thrace ; or, ac- 
cording to some, of Lower Mcesia. They 
were conquered by Philip, the father of 
Alexander ; and some ages after they main- 
tained a Jong war against the Roman em- 
perors.— PI. [in Get. 28. 
TRIBOCI. a people of Alsace in Gaul.— Ta. 
TRIBU LIUM, a town of Dalmatia. 
TRIBTJ'NI PLEB1S, magistrates at Rome, 
created in the year U. C. 261, when the 
people, after a quarrel with the senators, had 
retired to Mons Sacer. The two first were 
C. Licinius, and L. Albinus, but their num- 
ber was soon after raised to five, and 37 years 
after to ten, which remained fixed. Their 
office was annual, and as the first had been 
created on the 4th of the ides of December, 
that day was ever after chosen for the elec- 
tion. Their power, though at first small, and 
granted by the patricians to appease the mo- 
mentary seditions of the populace, soon be- 
came formidable, and the senators repented 
too late of hating consented to elect magis- 
trates, who not only preserved the rights of 
the people, butcould summon assemblies,pro- 
pose laws, stop the consultations of the se- 
nate, and even abolish their decrees by the 
word Veto. Their approbation was also ne- 
cessary to confirm the senatus consulta, and 
this was done by affixing the letter T under 
it. If any irregularity happened in the state, 
their power was almost absolute ; they criti- 
cized the conduct of all the public magistrates, 
and even dragged a consul to prison, if the 
measures he pursued were hostile to the peace 
of Rome. The dictator alone was their su- 
perior, but w hen that magistrate was elected, 
the office of tribune was not, like that of ail 
other inferior magistrates, abolished while 
he continued at the head of the state. The 
people paid th'm so much deference, that 
their person was held sacred, and thence 
they were always called Saa osancti. To 
strike them was a capital crime, and to 
terrupt them while they spoke in the assem- 
blies, called for the immediate interference 
of power. The marks by which they were 
distinsuished from other magistrates were 
not very conspicuous. They wore no par- 
ticular dress, only a beadle called viator 
marched before them. They never sat in 
the senate, though some time after, their 
office entitled them to the rank of senators. 



Yet great as their power might apppar, 
they received a heavy wound from their 
number, and as their consultations and re 
solutions were of no effect if they were not 
all unanimous, the senate often took advan- 
tage of their avarice, and by gaining one of 
them by bribes, they, as it were, suspended 
the authority of the" rest. The office of tri- 
bune of the "people, thousrh at first decerned 
mean and servile, was afterwards one of the 
first steps that led to more honourable em- 
ployments, and as no patrician was permitted 
to canvass for the tribuneship, we find many 
that descended among the plebeians to ex- 
ercise that important office. From the 
power with which they were at last invested 
by the activity, the intrigues, and continual 
applications of those who were in office, 
the> became almost absolute in the state, 
and it has been properly observed, that they 
caused far greater troubles thon those which 
they were at first created to silence. Syila, 
when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal 
blow to the authority of the tribunes, and 
by one of his decree's, they were no longer 
permitted to harangue and inflame the peo- 
ple ; they could make no laws; no appeal 
lay to their tribunal, and such as had been 
tribunes were not permitted to solicit for the 
other offices of the state. This disgrace, 
however, was but momentary : at the death 
of the tyrant, the tribunes recovered their 
privileges by means of Cotta and Pompey 
the Great. " The office of tribune remained 
in full force till the age of Augustus, who, 
to make himself more absolute, and his per- 
son sacred, conferred the power and office 
upon himself, whence he was called tribu- 
nitia pott state donatus. His successors on 
the throne imitated his example, and as the 
emperor was the real and official tribune, 
such as were appointed to the office were 
merely nominal, without power or privilege. 
Under Constantine the tribuneship was to- 
tally abolished. The tribunes were never 
permitted to sleep out of the city, except at 
the Ferice Latino:, when they went with 
other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon a 
mountain near Alba. Their houses Were 
always open, and they received every com 
plaint, and were ever ready to redress the 
wrongs of their constituents. Their au- 
thority was not extended beyond the walls 

of the city. There were also other 

officers who" bore the name of tribunes, such 
as the Iribuni militum or milUares, w ho 
commanded a divison of the legions. They 
were empowered to decide all quarrels that 
might arise in the army, they took care of 
the camp, and gave the watchword. There 
were only three at first chosen by Romulus, 
but the number was at last increased to six 
in every legion. After the expulsion of the 
Tarquins, thev were chosen by the consuls; 
but afterwards the right of electing them 
was divided betw een the people and the con- 
sul. They were generally of senatorial) and 
equestrian families, and' the former were 
called laticlavii, and the latter angustictavit 
from their peculiar dress. Those that were 
chr^ep bv the consuls were called Rulul't, 
because the right of the consuls to elect them 
3 O 



TRI — TRI 8S 

was confirmed by Rutulus, and those elected 
by the people were called Comitiati, because 
chosen in the Coruitia. They wore a golden 
ring, and were in office no longer than six 
months. When the consuls were elected, it 
was usual to chuse 14 tribunes from the 
knights, who had served five years in the 
army, and who were called juniores, and 
ten from the people who had been in ten 

campaigns, who were called seniores. 

There were also some officers called tribuni 
militum consular i potestate, elected instead 
of consuls, A. U. C. 310. They were only 
three originally, but the number was after- 
wards increased to six or more, according 
to the will and pleasure of the people and 
the emergencies of the state. Part of them 
were plebeians, and the rest of patrician 
families. When they had subsisted for about 
/0 years, not without some interruption, the 
office was totally abolished, as the plebeians 
were admitted to share the consulship, and 
trie consuls continued at the head of the state 

till the end of the commonwealth. The 

tribuni cohortium pmtorianarum, were en- 
trusted with the person of the emperor, 

which thev guarded and protected. Tht 

tribuni ee'rarii were officers chosen from 
among the people, who kept the monej 
which was to be applied to defray the ex 
penses of the army. The richest persons 
were always chosen, as much money was 
requisite for the pay of the soldiers. They 
were greatly distinguished in the state, and 
they shared with the senators and Roman 
knights the priwleges of judging. They 
were abolished by Julius Caesar, but Augus- 
tus re-established them, and created 200 
more, to decide causesof smaller importance. 

The tribuni celerum had the command 

of the guard which Romulus chose for the 
sefety of his person. They were J00 in 
number, distinguished for their probity, 

their opulence, and their nobility. The 

tribuni voluptatum were commissioned to 
take care of the amusements which were 
prepared for the people, and that nothing 
might be wanting in the exhibitions. This 
office was also honourable. 

TRICALA, a fortified place at the south 
of Sicilv, between Seiinus and Agrigentum. 
— Sil. 14, v. 271. [Gaul. 
TRICASSES, a people of Champagne in 
TRICASTI'M, a people of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis.— Sil. 3, v. 466.— Li. 21, c. 31. 

TRICC^E, a town of Thessaly, where j£s- 
culapius had a temple. The inhabitants 
went to the Trojan war.— Li. 32, c. 13.— H. 
II.— PI. 4, C. 8. 
TRICHONIUM, a town of ^tolia. 
TRICIPITINUS. Vide Lucretius. 
TRICLARIA, a yearly festival celebrated 
by the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, 
to appease the anger of Diana Triclaria, 
whose temple had been defiled by the adul- 
terous commerce of MenalippusandCometho. 
It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, 
hut this barbarous custom was abolished by 
Eurvpilus. The three cities were Aroe, 
Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours 
had erected the temple of the godded. -Pa. 
7, 19. 



3 TRI —TRI 

TRICORH, a people of Gaul, now Dau* 
phlnc.—Li. 21, C. 31. 
TRICORYTHUS, a town of Altica. 
TRICRE'NA, a place of Arcadia, where, 
according to some, Mercury was born. — Pa. 
8, c. 16. 

TRIDENTUM, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
now called Trent, and famous in history 
for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 
18 vears to regulate the affairs of the church, 
A. D. 1545. 

TRIETE'RICA, festivals in honour ot 
Bacchus celebrated every three years. — V. 
Mn. 4, v. S02. [niiessa.— Li. 8, c. U. 

TRIFANUM, a place of Latium near Sj- 
TRIFOLI'NUS, a mountain of Campania 
famous forwine.— MartA3,ep.]0A.— PZ.i4,c.7. 

TRIGE'M INA, one of the Roman gates, 
so called because the three Horaftii went 
through it asrainst the Curiatii.— Li. 4, c. 16. 

TRl'NACRIA, or TR1NACRIS, one of the 
ancient names of Sicily, from its triangular 
form.— V. Mn. 3, v. 384. [Adriatic. 
TRIMUM, a river of Italy falling into the 
TRINOBANTES, a people of Britain it> 
modern Essex and Middlesex.— Ta. An. 1, 
c, 31.— Ca>s. G. 5, c. 20. 

TRIO'CALA, or TRIOCLA, a town in the 
southern parts of Sicilv.— Si?. 14, v. 271. 

TRI'OPAS, or TRIOPS, a son of Neptune 
by Canace, the daughter of .Solus. He was 
father of lphimediaand of Erisichthon, who 
is called on that account Triopeius, and hi? 
daughter Triopeis.~-Ov. Me. 8,v.754.—Avot. 

l, c. 7. A son of Phorbas, father to Aare- 

nor, Jasus, and Messene.— H. Hy. in Ap. 

211. A son of Piranthus. 

TRIPH Y'LIA, one of the ancient name* 

of Elis. — Li. 28, c. 8. A mountain where 

Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia, 
whence he is called Triphylius. 
TRIOPIUM,a town of Caria. 
TRI'POLIS, an ancient town of Phoenicia, 
built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, 

Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name. A 

town of Pontus. A district of Arcadia, 

of Laconia.— Li. 35, c. 27. of Thessaly, ib. 

42, c. 53. A town of Lydia or Caria. A 

district of Africa between the Svrtes. 

TRIP'TOLEMUS, a son of Oceanus and 
Terra, or according to some, of Trochilus, 
a priest of Argos. According to the more 
received opinion, he was son of Celeus, king 
of Attica, bv Neraea, whom some have called 
Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melania, or 
Poiymuia. He was born at Eleucis in Attica, 
and was cured in his youth of a severe 
illness by the care of Ceres, who had been 
invited into the house of Celeus, by the mo- 
narch's children, as she travelled over the 
country in quest of her daughter. To repay 
the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took 
particular notice of his sou. She fed him 
with her own milk, and placed him on burn- 
ing coals during the night, to destroy what- 
ever particles of mortality he had received 
from his parents. The mother was astonished 
at the uncommon growth of her son, and 
she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. She 
disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, when 
Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, 
and as Ceres was therefore unable to make 



TRI— TRI 



cm 



TRI— TRO 



-him immortal, she taught him agriculture, 
and rendered him serviceable to mankind, 
by instructing him how to sow corn and 
make bread. She also gave him her chariot 
whieh was drawn by two dragons, and in 
this celestial vehicle he travelled all over the 
earth, and distributed corn to a.l the inhabi- 
tants of the world. In Scythia the favourite 
of Ceres nearly lost his life ; but Lyncus, the 
king of the country, who had conspired to 
murder him, was changed into a lynx. At 
his return to Eleusis, Triptoiemus restored 
Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleu- 
sinian festivals and mysteries in honour of 
the deity. He reigned for some time, and 
after death received divine honours. Some 
suppose that he accompanied Bacchusinhis 
Indian expedition. — Diod.—Hyg. fa. 147. — 
Pa. 2, c. 14.— Jus. 2, c. Q.—Apol. I, c. 5.- 
Cal. in Cer. 22.— Ov. Me. 5, v. 646. 

TRI'QUETRA, a name given to Sicily 
by the Latins for its triangular form.- 
Luc. l, v. 78. 

TRISMEGISTUS,a famous Egyptian. Vide 
Mercurius. 
TRIT1A, a daughter of the river Triton, 

mother of Menalippus, by Mars. A town 

in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. 
— Fa. 7, c. 22. [Fes I. de V. sig. 

TRITOGENIA,a surname of Pallas.— Hes. 
TRITON, a sea deity, son of Neptune, by 
Amphitrite ; or, according to some, by Ce- 
leno, or Salacia. He was very powerful 
among the sea deities, and could calm the 
ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He 
is generally represented as blowing a shell ; 
ids body above the waist is like that of a 
man, and below a dolphin. Some represent 
him with the fore feet of a horse. Many of 
the sea deities are called Tritons, but the 
name is generally applied to those only who 
are half men and half fishes. — Apol. j, c. 4. 
— Hes. Th. v. 930.— Ov. Me. 1, v. 333.— Ci. 
de Nat. D. 1, c. 28.— V. JEn. 1, v. 148, 1. 6, 

v. 173.— Pa. 9. c. 20. A river of Africa 

falling into the lake Tritonis. One of the 

names of the Nile. A small river of Bceotia, 

or Thessalv. 

TRITO'NIS, a lake and river of Africa, 
near which Minerva had a temple, whence 
she is surnamed Tritonis or Tritonia.—Her. 
4, c. 178.— Pa. 9, c. 33.— V. JEn.2, v. 171.— 
Me. 1, c. 7. Athens is also called Tritonis, 
because dedicated to Minerva.— Ov. Me. 5. 
TR1TONON, a town of Doris.— Li. 2?,c.7. 
TRIVENTUM, a town of die Samnites. 
1RIVIA, a surname given to Diana, be- 
cause she presided over all places where 
three roads met. At the new moon the 
Athenians offered her sacrifices, and a sump- 
tuous entertainment, which was generally 
distributed among the poor.— V. Ain. 6, v. 
13, I. 7, v. 774.— Ov. Me. 2, v. 416. 

TRIVIA AN TRUM, a place in the vallev 
of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. 
—Mart. 6, ep. 47. 

TRIVIA! LUCUS, a place of Campania, 
In the bay of Cumas.— V. Ain. 6, v. 13. 

TRIV1CUM, a town in the country of the 
Uirpini in Italy.— Hor. I, S. 5, v. 79. 

TRI UM'V IRl, lepublicte cons titucnda:, were 
three magistrates appointed equally to go- 



vern the Roman state with absolute powei; 
These officers gate a fatal blow to the ex- 
piring independence of the Roman people, 
and became celebrated for their different 
pursuits, their ambition, and their various 
fortunes. The first triumvirate, B. C. 60 
was in the hands of J. Caesar, Ponipey, 
and Crassus, who at the expiration of then 
office kindled a civil war. The second and 
last triumvirate, B. C. 43, was under Au- 
gustus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, and 
through them the Romans totally lost their 
liberty. Augustus disagreed with his col- 
leagues, and after he had defeated them, lie 
made himself absolute in Rome. The tri- 
umvirate was in full force at Rome for the 
space of about twelve years. There were 
also officers who were called triumviri ca- 
pitales, created A. U. C. 464. They took 
cognizance of murders and robberies, and 
every thing in which slaves were concerned. 
Criminals under sentence of death were 
entrusted to their care, and they had them 
executed according to the commands of the 

prsetors. The triumviri noctutni watched 

over the safety of Rome in the night-time, 
and in case of fire were ever ready to give 
orders, and to take the most effectual mea- 
sures to extinguish it. The triumviri 

agrarii had the care of colonies that were 
sent to settle in different parts of the em- 
pire. They made a fair division of the lands 
among the citizens, and exercised over the 
new colony all the power which was placed 

in the hands of the consuls at Rome. 

The triumviri monetales were masters of 
the mint, and had the care of the coin : hence 
their office was generally imitated by the 
following letters, often seen on ancient coins 
and medals: IIIVIR. A. A. A. F. P.-, i. e. 
Triumviri auro, argento, cere fiando, feri- 
endo. Some suppose that they were created 
only in the age of Cicero, as those who 
were employed before them, were called 

Denariorum flandorum curator es. The 

triumviri valetudinis were chosen when 
Rome was visited by a plague or some pes- 
tiferous distemper, and they took particular 

care of the temples of health and virtue. 

The triumviri senatus legendi, were ap 
pointed to name those that were most wor 
thy to be made senators from among the 
plebeians. They were first chosen in the age 
of Augustus, as before this privilege be- 
longed to the kings, and afterwards devolved 
upon the consuls, and the censors, A. I). C 

310. The triumviri mensarii werechosei: 

n the second Punic war, to t ike care of the 
coin and prices of exchange. 

TRIUMVIRORUM INS U LA, a place on 
the Rhine which falls into the Po, where 
the triumvirs Antonv, Lepidus, and Augustus 
met to divide the Roman empire after the 
battle of Mutina.— Bio. 46, c. 55.— Ap. Ci. 4. 
TRO'ADES, the inhabitants of Troas. 
TROAS, a country of Phrygia, in Asia 
Minor, of which Troy was the capital. When 
Troas is taken for the whole kingdom oi 
Priam, it may be said to contain l\l\sia and 
Phrygia Minor ; but if only applied to tha* 
part of the country where Troy was situaie 
its extent is confined within very narrow 
3 2 



TRO— TRO 700 TRO — TRO 



'irr.its. Troas was anciently called Dardanio. j 
Viite Troja. 

TROCHOIS, a lake in the island o f Delos, ! 
Uf.Ar which Apollo and Diana were born. 

TROCM1, a people of Galatia.— £i.38,c.l6. 

TRCEZE'NE, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
ponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which 
received its name from Trviv.en, the son of j 
Pelops, who reigned there for some time. 
It is often called Theseis, because Theseus 
was born there ; inAPosidonia, because Nep- 
tune was worshipped there.— St. Th. 4, v. 
81.— Pa. 2, c. bO.—Plu. in Thes.—Ov. Me. 

8, v. 5do. Another town at the south of 

•he Peloponnesus. [mos. 

TROGI LlJE, three small islands near Sa- 

TROG ILIUM, a part of mount Mycales, 
projecting' into the sea.— Mr. 14. [v, 2, 59. 

TROGILUS, a harbour of Sicilv.— Si/. 14, 

TROGLO'DY'IVE, a people of Ethiopia, 
w ho dwelt in caves, " trogle' specus, " du- 
mi," sitbeo. They were all shepherds, and 
had their wives "in common.— Str. I.— Me. 
1, C. 4 & 8. 

TROGUS POMPEIUS, a Latin historian, 
B. C. 41, born in Gaul. His father was one 
of the friends and adherents of J. Caesar, 
and his ancestors had obtained privileges 
and honours from the most illustrious of the 
Romans. Trogus wrote an universal history 
of all the most important eients that had 
happened from the beginning of the world 
to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 
books. This history, which was greatly ad- 
mired for its purity and elegance, was* epi- 
tomized by Justin, and is still extant. Some 
suppose that the epitome is the cause that 
the original of Trogus is lost.— Jus. 47, c. 5. 
—Aug. de Ci. D. 4, c. 6. 

TROJA, a city, the capital of Troas, or, 
according to others, a country of which 
Ilium was the capital. It was built on a 
small eminence near mount Ida, and the 
promontory of Sigaeum, at the distance of 
about four miJes from the sea-shore. Dar- 
danus, the tirst king of the country, built it, 
and called it Dardania, and from Tros, one 
of his successors, it was called Troja, and 
from Ilus llion. Neptu:ie is also said to 
have built, or more properly repaired^ its 
walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This 
city has been celebrated by the poems of 
Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars which 
have been carried on among the ancients, 
that of Troy is the most famous. The Trojan 
war was undertaken by the Greeks, to re- 
cover Helen, whom Paris, the son of Priam, 
king of Troy, had carried away from the 
house of Menelaus. All Greece united to 
avenge the cause of Menelaus, and every 
prince furnished a certain number of ship's 
and soldiers. According to Euripides, Vir- 
gil, and Lycophron, the armament of the 
Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer 
mentions them as being 1186, and Thucydides 
supposes that they were 1200 in number. The 
number of men which these ships carried is 
unknown ; yet as the largest contained about 
120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may be 
supposed thai no less than 100,000 men were 
engaged in this celebrated expedition. Aga- 



memnon was chosen general of all the*e 
forces ; but the princes and kings of Greece 
were admitted among his counsellors, and 
by them all the operations of the war were 
directed. The most celebrated of the Gre- 
cian princes that distinguished themselves i« 
this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, 
Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, 
Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus, &c. The 
Grecian army was opposed by a more nu- 
merous force. The king of Troy received 
assistance from the neighbouring prirces in 
Asia Minor, and reckoned among his most 
active generals, Rhesus king of 'I hrace, and 
Memnon, who entered the field with 200,000 
Assyrians and .(Ethiopians. Many of the 
adjacent cities were reduced and plundered 
before the Greeks approached the walls ; 
but when the siege was begun, the enemies 
on both sides gave proofs of valour and in- 
trepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, 
was visited by a plague, and the operations 
were not less retarded by the quarrel of 
Agamemnon and Achilles. The loss was 
great on both sides ; the most valiant of the 
Trojans, and particularly of the sons of 
Priam, were slain in the field; and, indeed, 
so great was the slaughter, that the rivers of 
the country are represented as filled with 
dead bodies and suits of armour. After the 
siege had been carried on for ten years, some 
of the Trojans, among whom were iEneas 
and Antenor, betrayed the city into the hands 
of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to 
ashes. The poets, however, support, that 
the Greeks made themselves masters of the 
place by artifice. They secretly filled a large 
wooden horse with armed men, and led 
away their army from the plains as if to re- 
turn'home. The Trojans brought the wooden 
horse into their city, and in the night, the 
Greeks that were confined within the sides 
of the animal, rushed out and opened the 
gates to their companions, who had returned 
from the place of their concealment. The 
greatest part of the inhabitants were put to 
the sword, and the others carried away by 
the conquerors. This happened, according 
to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years 
before the Christian era, in the 3530th year 
of the Julian period, on the night between 
the lith and 12th of June, 408 years before 
the (irst olympiad. Some time after, a new 
city was raised, about 30 stadia from the 
rui'ns of the old Troy ; but though it bore 
the ancient name and received ample dona- 
tions from Alexander the Great, when he 
visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it 
continued to be small, and in the age of Strabo 
it was nearly in ruins. It is said that J. 
Caesar, who wished to pass for one of the 
descendants of iEneas, and consequently to 
be related to the Trojans, intended to make 
it the capital of the Roman empire, and to 
transport there the senate and the Roman 
people. The same apprehensions were en- 
tertained in the age of Augus tus, and ac- 
cording to some, an ode of lie race, "Justnni 
et tenacem propositi virum," was written 
purposely to dissuade tie emperor from 
putting into execution so wild a projec 5 .. 



TRO— TRO 



701 



TRO— TUG 



[Vide Paris, iEneas, Anterior, Agamemnon, 
Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus &c.]— V. Mn. 
Hvm.—Ov.—Diod, be. [bitanis o*'Trov. 
TROJA'NI and TROJU'GENA:, the inlia- 
TROJANI LUDI, games instituted by 
/Eneas, or his son Ascanius, to commemo- 
rate the death of Anchises, and celebrated 
in the circus at Rome. Boys of the best 
families, dressed in a neat manner, and ac- 
coutred with suitable arms and weapons, 
were permitted to enter the list. Sylla ex- 
hibited them in his dictatorship, and under 
Augustus they were observed with unusual 
pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on 
horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhi- 
bited. The leader of the party was called 
princeps jtiventutis, and was generally the 
son of a senator, or the heir apparent to 
the empire. — V. JEn. 5, v. 602. — Sue. in Cess. 
3- Aug.— Flu. Syl. 

TROTLUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by Achilles during the Trojan war.— 
Apol. 3, c. 12.— Hot. 2, Od. 9, v. 16.— V. JEn. 
1, v. 474. [Li. 6, c. 5. 

TROMENTl'NA, one of the Roman tribes. 

TROPiEA, a town of the Brutii. A 

stone monument on the Pyrenees, erected 

by Pompey. DRUSI, a town of Germany, 

where Drusus died, and Tiberius was sa- 
luted emperor by the arm v. 

TROPHONJUS, a celebrated architect, son 
of Ergius, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. 
He built Apollo's temple at Delphi, with 
the assistance of his brother Agamedes, and 
when he demanded of the god a reward for 
his trouble, he was told by the priestess to 
wait eight days, and to live during that 
time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. 
VVhen the days were passed, Trophonius and 
his brother were found dead in their bed. 
According - to Pausanias, however, he was 
swallowed up alive in the earth; and when 
afterwards the country was visited by a 
great drought, the Boeotians were directed 
to apply to Trophonius for relief, and to 
ieek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles 
in a cate. They discovered this cave by 
means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius 
told them how to ease their misfortunes. 
From that time Trophonius was honoured 
as a god ; he passed for the son of Apollo, a 
chapel and a statue were erected to him, 
and sacrifices were offered to his divinity 
when consulted to give oracles. The cave 
of Trophonius became one of the most cele- 
brated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies 
were required, and the suppliant was ob- 
liged to make particular sacrifices, to anoint 
his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters 
of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a 
linen robe, and with a cake of honey in his 
hand, he was directed to descend into the 
cave by a narrow entrance, from whence he 
returned backwards, after he had received 
an answer. He was always pale and de- 
leted at his return, and thence it became 
proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that 
he had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. 
There were annually exhibited games in 
honour of Trophonius at Lebadea.— Pa. 9, c« 
37.— Ci. Tits, i, c. M.-Plu. — PL 31, c. ?.— 

itl. V. II. 3, C. 45. 



TROS, ason of Ericthonius, king of Troy, 
j who married Callirhoe, the daughter of the 
Scamander, by whom he had 111 us, Assara- 
\ cus, and Ganymedes. He made war against 
Tantalus, king of Phrygia, whom he accused 
of having stolen away' the youngest of his 
sons. The capital of Plu-y^ia was called 
Troja from him, and the" country itself 
Troas.— Virg. 3, G. v. 36.— H. II. 20, v. 2ly. 
—Apol. 3, c. 12. 

TROS'SULUM, a town of Etruria, which 
gave the name of Trossuli to the Roman 
knights who had taken it without the assist- 
ance of foot soldiers. — PL 32, c. 2.— Sen. ep. 
86 & 87.— Pers. 1, v. 82. 
TROTILUM, a town of Sicilv.— Thu. 6. 
TRUENTUM, or TRUENTINDM, a river 
of Picenum, falling into the Adriatic. There 
is also a town of the same name in the 
neighbourhood.— Sil. 8, v. 434.— Me. 2.— PI. 
3, c. 13. 

TRYPHERUS, a celebrated cook. — Juv.W . 
TRYPHIODO'RUS, a Greek poet and 
grammarian of Egypt, in the sixth century, 
who wrote a poem in 24 books on the de- 
struction of Troy, from which he excluded 
the alpha in the first book, the beta in the 
second, arid the gamma in the third. 

TRYPHON, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, 
put to death by Antiochus.— Jits. 36, c. l. 

A surname of one of the Ptolemies. — 

Ml. V. H. 14, c. 31. A grammarian of 

Alexander in the age of Augustus. [c. 51. 
TUB ANTES, a people of Germany. — Ta. I , 
TU'BERO, Q. iELlUS, a Roman consul, 
son-in-law of Paulus, the conqueror of Per- 
seus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in 
which he seemed to glory as well as the rest 
of his family. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with 
their wives and children, lived in a smail 
house, and maintained themselves with the 
produce of a little field, which they culti- 
vated with their own hands. The first piece 
of silver plate that entered the house of 
Tubero was a small cup which his father- 
in-law presented to him after he had con- 
quered the king of Macedonia. A learned 

man. A governor of Africa. A Roman 

general, who marched against the Germans 
under the emperors. He was accused of 
treason, and acquitted. [Major and Minor. 
TUBURBO, two towns of Africa, called 
TUCCA, PLAUTIUS, a friend of Horace 
and Virgil. He was, with Varus and Flotius, 
ordered by Augustus, as some report, to 
revise the /Eneid of Virgil, which remained 
uncorrected on account of the premature 
death of the poet.— Hor. 1, S. 5, v. 40. S. 10, 

v. 84. A town of Mauritania. 

TUCCIA, an immodest woman in Juvenal's 
age.— Juv. 6, v. 64. 
TUOIA, a river near Rome.— Sil. 13, v. 5. 
TUDER, or TUDERTIA, an an. ient town 
of Umbria. The inhabitants were called 
Tudertcs.—Sil. 4, v. 2*2. [Ger. 42. 

TUDRI, a people of Germany.— Ta. tie 
TUGIA, now Toia, a town of Spain. — PL 
3, c. 1. [mam. 
TUGI'NI, or TUGE'NI, a people of Ger- 
TUGURl'NUS, JULIUS, a Roman knighi, 
who conspired against Nero, 6iC.— Ta. A. 
1.3, c. 70. 

30 3 



TUI— TUL 



702 



TUL— TUR 



Tl'ISTO, a deity of the Germans, son 
of Terra, and the founder of the nation. — 
Tii. de Ger. 2. 

TULCIS, a river of Spain, falling into 
the Mediterranean, now Francoli. 

TULINGI, a people of Germany between 
the Rhine and the Danube.— Cms. 1, c. 5. E.G. 

TULLA, one of Camilla's attendants in 
the Rutulian war.— V. JEn. 11, v. 656. 

TULLIA, a daughter of Senilis Tullius, 
king of Rome. She married Tarquin the 
Proud, after she had murdered her first 
husband Arunx, and consented to see Tuliius 
assassinated, that Tarquin might be raised 
to the throne. It is said that she ordered 
her chariot to be driven over the body of 
her aeed father, which had been thrown all 
mangled and bloody in one of the streets of 
Rome. She was afterwards banished from 

Rome with her husband.— Ov. in 76.363. 

Another daughter of Senilis Tullius, who 
married Tarquin the Proud. She was 
murdered by her own husband, that he 
might marry her ambitious sister of the 
same name.- — A daughter of Cicero. [Vide 

Tulliola.] A debauched woman.— Juv. 6, 

v. 306. 

TULLIA LEX, de senatu, by M. Tullius 
Cicero, A. IT. C. 690, enacted that those 
who hud libera legatio granted by the se- 
nate, should hold it no more than one year. 
Such senators as had a libera legatio tra- 
velled through the provinces of the empire 
without anv expense, as if they were em- 
ployed in the affairs of the state. Ano- 
ther, de ambitu, by the same, the same 
vear. It forbad any person, two \ears 
before he canvassed fo'r an office, to exhibit 
a show of gladiators, unless that case had 
devolved upon him by will. Senators guilty 
of the crime of ambitus, were punished with 
the aqu<e et ignis interUictio for ten years, 
and the penalty inflicttd on the commons was 
more severe than that of the Calpurniao Jaw. 

TULLIA'NUM, a subterraneous prison in 
Rome, built bv Senilis Tullius, and added 
to the other called Robur, where criminals 
were confined.— Sal. in B. Catil. 

TULLI OLA, or TULLIA, a daughter of 
Cicero by Terentia. She married Caius 
Piso, and afterwards Furius Crasippes, and 
lastly P. Corn. Dolabella. With this last 
husband she had every reason to be dissatis- 
fied. Dolabella was turbulent, and conse- 
quently the cause of much grief to Tullia 
anil her father. Tullia died in child-bed 
about 44 years before Christ. Cicero was 
so inconsolable on this occasion, that some 
have accused him of an unnatural partiality 
for his dans-liter. According to a ridiculous 
storv which some of the moderns report, in 
the aged of pope Paul III. a monument was 
discovered on the Appiau road with the 
superscription of Tulliote jiiice mece. The 
body of a woman was found in it, which 
was reduced to ashes as soon as touched ; 
there was also a lamp burning, which was 
extinguished, as soon as the air gained ad- 
mission there, and which was supposrd to 
ha v e been lighted above 1-500 years.— Cic. 
— Plu. in. Ci. 



TULLIUS CIMBER, the son of a freer 
man, rose to great honours, and followed 
the interest of Pompey. He was reconciled 
to J. Caesar, whom he murdered with Bru- 
tus.— Plu. CICERO, a celebrated orator. 

— [Vide Cicero.] The son of the celebrated 

orator. [Vide Cicero.] SERVIUS, a king 

of Rome. [Vide Servius.] SENECIO, a 

man accused of conspiracy against Nero 

with Piso. A friend of Otho. One of 

the kings of Rome. Fide Servius. 

TULLUS HOST1LIUS, the third king of 
Rome after the death of Numa. He was of 
a warlike and active disposition, and sig- 
nalized himself by his expedition against the 
people of Alba, whom he conquered, and 
whose citv he destroyed after the famous 
battle of the Horatiiand Curiatii. He after- 
wards carried his arms against the Latins 
and the neighbouring states with success, 
and enforced reverence for majesty among 
his subjects. He died, with all his family, 
about 640 years before the Christian era, 
after a reign of 32 years. The manner of 
his death is not precisely known. Some 
suppose that he was killed by lightning, 
while he was performing some magical cere- 
monies in his own house ; or according to 
the more probable accounts of others, he was 
murdered by Ancus Martins, who set fire to 
the palace, to make it believed that the 
impiety of Tullus had been punished by 
heaven.— Fl. 1, c. 3.— Dio. H. 3, c. 1 .— V. 
JEn. 6, v. 814.— Li. l, c, 'It.— Plu. A con- 
sul, A. U. C. 666.— Hor. 3, Od. 8, v. 12. 

TUNETA, or TUNIS, a town of Africa, 
near which Regulus was defeated and taken 
by Xanthippus.— Li. 30, c. 9. 
"TUNGRI, a name given to some of the 
Germans, supposed to live on the banks of 
the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, 

is now Tongeren. The river of the country 

is now the Spaw.—Ta. de Ger. 2. 

TU RANT US, C, a Latin tragic poet in the 
age of Augustus. — Ov. ex Pon. 4, el. 16, v. 29. 

TURBA", a town of Gaul. 

TURBO, a gladiator, mentioned Hor. 2, S. 
3, v. 310. He was of a small stature, but 

uncommonly courageous. A governor of 

Pannonia, under the emperors. 

TURDE'TAN I, or TURDUTI, a people of 
Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Bactis. — 
Li. 21, c. 6, I. 28, c. 39. [Tiberius. 

TURES1S, a Thracian who revolted from 

TURIAS, a river of Spain, falling into the 
Mediterranean, now Guada/aviar. 

TURICUM, a town of Gaul, now Zuricn f 
in Switzerland. 

TURIOSA, a town of Spain. 

TURIUS, a corrupt judge in the Augustan 
age.— Hor. 2, S. 1, v. 49. 

TURNUS, a king of the Rutuli, son of 
Dannus and Veniiia. He made war against 
/Lucas, and attempted to drive him away 
from Italy, that he might not marry the 
daughter of Laiinus.who had beenpi eviously 
engaged to him. His efforts were attended 
wiin no success, though supported with gre^t 
courage and a numerous army. He was con- 
quered and at last killed in a single combat 
by tineas. He is represented as a ana <j1 



TIE-TYD 70S TYD — TYP 



ftTiCTVtrrmon strength.— V. An. 7, v. 56. — Tib. 
2 el.5,v.49.— Ov. F. 4,V.S79.— Me,14,V.45l. 

TU'RON ES,a people of Gaul, whose capital, 
Crfsarodunum, is the modern Tours. 

TURPIO. Vide Anibivius. [Adriatic. 

TURRUS, a river of Italy falling into the 

TURUI.L1US, one of Caesar's murderers. 

TO RU N I DS, a river of Sarmatia, supposed 
to be the Dwina, or Duna. 

TUSCANIA and TUSCIA, a large country 
at the west of Rome, the same as Ltruria. 
Vide Etruria. 

" TUSCI, the inhabitants of Etruria. 

The villa of Pliny the younger near the 
sources of the Tiber.— Pl.'ep. 5&6. 

TUSCULA'NUM, a country house of Ci- 
cero, near Tusculum, where, among other 
books, the orator composed his qusestiones 
concerning the contempt of death, &c. in five 
books.— Ci.Tus.\,c.4.—Alt.l5,ep.-2.J)iv.i2,c.\. 

TUS'CULUM, a town of Latium on the de- 
clivity of a hill, about twelve miles from 
Rome, founded oy Telegonus, the son of 
lysses and Circe. It is now cailed Frescati, 
and is famous for the magnificent villas in 
its neighbourhood.— C. ad At. — Sir. 5.— 
Hor. 3. Od. 23, v. 8, &c. 

TOSCOS, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber 
is called Tuscus Amnis, from its situation. — 
V. Mn. 10, v. 199. 

TUSCUS VICUS, a small village near 
Rome. If received this name from the Etru- 
rians of Porsenna's army that settled there. 
—Li. 2, c. 14. 

TUSCUM MARE, a part of the Mediter- 
ranean on the coast of Etruria. Vide Tyr- 
rhenum. 

TUTA, a queen of lllyricum. Pitfc? Teuta. 

TUTIA, a vestal virgin accused of incon- 
tinence. She proved herself to be innocent 
by carrying water from the Tiber to the 
temple of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn 

invocation to the goddess.— Li. 20. A 

small river six miles from Rome, where 
Annibal pitched his camp,when he retreated 
from the city.— Li. 26, c. II. 

TUTICUM, a town of the Hirpini. 

TY'ANA, a town at the foot of mount Tau- 
rus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was 
horn, whence he is called Tyaneus. — Ov. 
Me. 3, v. 7\9.—Str. 12. [Cappadocia. 

TYAN l'TlS,a province of Asia Minor, near 

TYBRIS. [Vide Tiberis.] a Trojan 

who fought in Italy with iEneas against 
Turnus.— V. Mn. 10, v. 124. [PideTibur. 

TYBUR, a town of Latium on the Anio. 

TYCHE, one of the Oceanides.— Hes. Th. 

v. 360. A part of the town of Syracuse. 

— Ci. in Ver. 4, c. 53. 

TYCH1US, a celebrated artist of Hyle in 
Bceotia, who made Hector's shield, which 
was covered with the hides of seven oxen. — 
Ov. F. 3, v. 823.— Str. 9.—H. II. 7, v. 220. 

TY DE, a town of HispaniaTarraconensis. 
—It. 3, v. 367. 

TYDEUS, a son of (Eneus, king of Caly- 
don and Beribcca. He fled from his country 
after the accidental murder of one of his 
friends, and found a safe asylum in the court 
of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daughter 
Deiphvle he married. W hen Adrastus wished 
to replace his sou in-law Polynices on the 



throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to g<* 
and declare war asainst Eteocies, who 
usurped the crown. The reception he met 
provoked his resentment; he challenged 
Eteocies and his officers to single combat, 
and defeated them. On his return to Argos 
he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspired 
against his life, and laid in an ambush to sur- 
prise him ; and only one of the number was 
permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the 
tidings of the fate of his companions. He 
was one of the seven chiefs of the army of 
Adrastus, and during the Theban war he be- 
haved with great courage. Many of the 
enemies expired under his blows, till he was 
at last wounded by Melanippus. Though 
the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the strength 
to dart at his enemy, and to bring him to the 
ground, before he was carried away from 
the fight by his companions. At his own re- 
quest, the dead body of Melanippus was 
brought to him, and after he had ordered 
the head to be cut off, he began to tear out 
the brains with his teeth. The savage bar- 
barity of Tydeus displeased Minerva, who 
was coming to bring him relief, and to make 
him immortal, and the goddess left him to 
his fate, and suffered him to die. He was 
buried at Argos, where his monument was 
still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He 
was father to Diomedes. Some suppose that 
the cause of his flight to Argos, was the 
murder of the son of Melus, or according to 
others, of Alcathous, his father's brother, <>r 
perhaps his own brother Olenius.— H. If. 4, 
v. 365, 387.— Apol. 1, c. S.—Msch. Sept.a.The. 
—Pa. 9, c. \%.—I)iod. 2.— Eur. in Sup.—V. 
Mn. 6, v. 479.— Or. in lb. 350, &c. 

TYDI'DES, a patronymic of Diomedes, as 
son of Tydeus. — P. JEn. 1, v. 101.— Hor. I, 
Od. 15, v. 28. [narus, now Bakrain. 

TYLOS, a town of Peloponnesus near Tae- 

TYMBER, a son of Daunus, who assisted 
Turnus. His head was cut off in an en- 
gagement by Pallas.— P. Mn. 10, v. 391, &c. 

TYMO'LUS, a mountain.— Ov. Me. 6, v. 
15. Vide Tmolus. 

TYMPANIA, an inland town of Elis. 

TYMPHiEI, a people between Epirus and 
Thessalv. 

TYNDA'RIDiT., a patronymic of the chil- 
dren of Tvndarus, as Castor, Pollux, and 
Helen,&c— Ov.Me.S. A people of Colchis. 

TYNDARIS, a patronymic of Helen, 
daughter of Tyndarus.— P. Mn. 2, v. 569. 

A town of Sicily near Pelorus, founded 

by a Messenian colony:— Str. 6.— PL 2, c. 
91.— Sil. 14, v. 209. — — Horace gave this 
name to one of his mistresses, as best ex- 
pressive of all female accomplishments.— 1 

Od. 17, v. lo. A name given to Cassandra. 

—Ov. A. A. 2, v. 408. A town of Colchis 

on the Phasis.— PL 

TYN'DARDS, son of CEbalus and Gorgo- 
phone, or, according to some, of Perieres. 
He was king of Laeedcemon, and married 
the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timati- 
dra, Philonoe, &c, and also became mother 
of Pollux and Helen bv Jupiter. Vide Leda, 
Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &C. 

TYN'NICHUS, a general of Heraclea. Pol. 

TYPHCEUS, or 'l'YPHON, a famous giant, 



TYP— TYR 



i?on of Tartarus and Terra, who had a hun- 
dred heads like those of a serpent or a dra- 
iron. Flames of devouring- fire were darted 
irom his mouth and from his eyes, and he 
uttered horrid yells, like the dissonant 
shrieks of different animals. He was no 
sooner born, than to avenge the death of his 
brothers the giants, he made war against 
heaven, and so frightened the gods, that 
they fled away, and assumed different shapes. 
Jupiter became a ram, Mercury an ibis, 
Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, 
Diana a cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father 
of the gods at last resumed courage, and put 
Typhosus to flight with his thunderbolts, and 
crushed him under mount ./Etna, in the island 
of Sicily, or according to some, under the 
island lharime. Typhceus became father of 
Geryon, Cerberus, and Orthos, by his union 
with "Echidna.— Hyg- fa. 152.— Or. Me. 5, v. 
Z2b.—Msch. sept. a. The.—Hes. Th. 820.— 
H. Hy.—Her. 2, c. 156.— V. Mn. 9, v. 716. 

TYPHON, a giant whom Juno produced 
by striking the" earth. Some of the poets 
make him the same as the famous Typhceus. 

[Vide Typhosus.] A brother of Osiris, who 

married" Nepthys. He laid snares for his 
brother during his expedition, and murdered 
him at his return. The death of Osiris was 
avenged bv his son Orus, and Typhon was 
put to death. [Vide Osiris.] He was reck- 
oned among the Egyptians to be the cai 



704 TYR— TYR 

Salmoneus, king of Elis, and Alcidice. She 
was treated with great severity by her mo- 
ther-in-law Sidero, and at last removed from 
her father's house by her uncle Cretheu-. 
She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and 
as she often walked on the banks of th< j 
river, Neptune assumed the shape of her 
favourite lover, and gained her affections. 
She had two sons, Peiia6 and Neleus, bv 
Neptune, whom s h .e exposed, to conceal her 
incontinence from the world. The children 
were preserved by shepherds, and when they 
had arrived to years of maturity, they 
avenged their mother's injuries by assassi- 
nating the cruel Sidero. Some time after 
her amour with Neptune, Tyro married her 
uncle Cretheus, by whom she had Amythaon, 
Pheres, and iEso'n. Tyro is often called 
Salmonis from her father.—//. Od. 11, v. 
234. -Pynd. Pylh. A.—Apol. 1, c. 9.—Diod. 
A.- Prop. 1, el. 13, v. 20, 1. 2, el. 30, v. 51.1. 
3, el. 19, v. 13.— Ov. am. 3, el. 6, v. 43.— Ml. 
V. H. 12, c. 42. [Phoenicia. Vide Tyrus. 

TYROS, an island of Arabia. A city of 

TYRRHEIDA1, a patronymic given to 
the sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks 
of Latinus.— V'. Mn. 7, v. 484. 

TYRRHE'NI, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
Vide Etruria. 

TYRRHENE MARE, that part of the 
Mediterranean wi icli lies on the coast of 
Etruria. It is also jailed Inferum, as being 



jf every evil, and on that account generally | at the bottom or south of Italy, 
epresented as a wolf and a crocodile.— Plu. TYRRHF.NUS, a son of Atys, king of Ly- 
•j Is.—Diod. l. dia, who came to Italy, where part of the 

TYRANNION, a grammarian of Pontus, I country was called after him.— Sir. 5.— Ta. 

Intimate with Cicero. His original name j An. 4, c. 55.— Pat. 1, c. 1. A friend of 

was Theophrastus, and he received that of, iEneas.— V. Mn. 11, v. 612. 
Tyrannion, from his austerity to his pupils. | TYRRHE'US, a shepherd of king Latinus, 
He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to 'whose stag being killed by the companions 
his liberty by Muraena. He opened a school j of Ascanius, was the firs't cause of war 
in the house of his friend Cicero, and enjoyed ! between yEneas and the inhabitants of La- 
bis friendship. He was extremely fond of i tium. Hence the word Tyrrheides.—V. Mn. 

books, and collected a library of about 30,000 ; 7, v. 485. An Egyptian general, B. C. 91. 

volumes. To his care and industry the TYRSIS, a place" in the Belearides, sup- 
world is indebted for the preservation of ! posed to be the palace of Saturn. 

Aristotle's works. There was also one of TYRTiEUS, a Greek elegiac poet, born in 

his disciples called Diocles, who bore his j Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In the second 



name. He was a native of Phoenicia, and was 
made prisoner in the war of Augustus and 
Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of 
the emperor's favourites, and aftervtards by 
Terentia, who g-ave him his liberty. He 
wrote 6S different volumes, in one of which 
he proved that the Latin tongue was derived 
from the Greek; and another in which Ho- 
mer's poems were corrected, Sec. 
TYRANNUS, a sou of Pterelaus. 
TYRAS, or TYRA, a river of European 
Sarmatia, falling into the Euxine Sea, be- 
tween the Danube and the Borysthenes, now 
called the Niester.—Ov. Pan. 4, el. 10, v. 50. 

TYRES, one of the companions of ..Eneas 
in his wars against Turnus. He was brother 
to Teuthras.— V. Mn. 10, v. 403. 

TYR I DATES, a rich man in the age of 
Alexander, kc—Ctnl. [Graecia. 
TYRII, or TYRUS, a town of Magna 
TYRIOTES, an eunuch of Darius, who 
fled from Alexander's camp, to inform his 
master of the queen's death. — Curt. 4, c. 10. 
TYRO, a beautiful nymph, daughter of 



Messenian war, the Lacedaemonians were 
directed by the oracle to apply to the Athe- 
nians for a general, if they wished to fini*h 
their expedition with success, and they were 
contemptuously presented with Tyrtaeus. 
The poet, though ridiculed for his many de- 
formities, and his ignorance of military 
affairs, animated the Lacedaemonians with 
martial songs, just as they wished to raise 
the siege of Ithome, and inspired them 
with so much courage, that tiiey defeated 
the Mes«enians. For" his services, he was 
made a citizen of Lacedaemon, and treated 
with great attention. Of the compositions 
of Tyrtaeus, nothing is extant but the frag- 
ments of four or five elegies. He flourished 
about 684 B. C. — his. 2, c.b.—Str. ».—Aris. 
Pol. 5, c. l.— Hor. de A. p. 502.— Ml. V. H. 
12, C 50.— Pa. 4, C 6, &C 

TYRUS, or TYROS, a very ancient city 
of Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a 
small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 
stadia from the shore, and now called Sur. 
There were, properly speaking, two places o. 



TyS — 17 LP 



705 



TJLU— ULY 



that name, the old Tyros, called Pal<etyros,on became the secretary and principal minister. 



the sea-shore,and the other in the island. It 
v asabout !9 miles in circumference, including' 
Palaetyros, but without it about four miles. 
Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, 
and afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its 
independence till the age of Alexander, who 
took it with much difficulty, and only after 
lie had joined the island to the continent by 
a mole, afier a siege of seven months, on 
-the 20th of August, B. C. 332. The Tyrians 
were naturally industrious; their city was 
the emporium of commerce, and they" were 
deemed the inventors of scarlet and purple 
colours. They founded many cities in diffe- 
rent parts of the world, such as Carthage, 
Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c, which on that 
account are often distinguished by the epi- 
thet Tyria. The buildings of Tyre were 
very splendid and magnificent; the walls 
were 150 feet high, with a proportionable 
breadth. Hercules was the chief deity of 
the place. It had two large and capacious 
harbours, and a powerful fleet; and was 
built, according to some writers, about 2760 
>ears before the Christian era. — Sir. 16.— 
Her. 2, c. 44.— Me. 1, c. 12.— Curt. 4, c. 4. 
—V. JEn. 1, v. 6, 339.- Ov. F. 1. Me. 5 & 

10.— Luc. 3. A nymph, mother of Venus, 

according to some. [Tisias. 
TYS1AS, a man celebrated by Cicero. Fide 



U. 

UBIT, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
transported across the river by Agrippa, 
who gave them the name of Agrippinensis, 
from his daughter Agrippina, who had been 
born in the country. Their chief town, 
Ubiorum Oppidum, is now Cologne.— Ta. G. 
'2H.—An. 12. c. 27 .— PL 4,c. 17.— Cas. 4, c. 30. 

UCAL'EGON, a Trojan chief, remarkable 
for his great age, and praised for the sound- 
ness of his counsels and his good intentions, 
though accused by some of betraying his 
country to the enemy. His house was first 
set on fire by the Greeks.- V. Mn. 2, v. 312. 
--//. II. 3, v. 148. 

UCETIA, a town of Gaul. \Hirt. 

UCUBIS, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. 

UDlNA,orVE'DINUM, now Udino, a town 
of Italy. 

UFENS, a river of Italy, near Tarracina.— 

V. Mn. 7, v. t92. Another river of Pice- 

num.— Li. 5, c. 35. A prince who assisted 

Turnus against Apneas. The Trojan monarch 
made a vow to sacrifice his four sons to ap- 
pease the manes of his friend Pallas, in the 
s,irne manner as Achilles is represented kill- 
ing some Trojan youths on the tomb of Pa- 
troclus.— V. /fe'n.7,v.745. 1.10,v.518. He was 
afterwards killed by Gyas.— Id. 12, v. 460.. 

UFENTl'NA, a Roman tribe first created 
A. U, C. 435, with the tribe Falerina, in 
consequence of the great increase of popu- 
lation at Rome.— Li. 9, c. 20.—Fest. 

ULPIA TRAJAN A, a Roman colony 
planted in Sarmatia by Trajan. 

ULPIA'NUS DOM1TIUS, a lawyer in the 
reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he 



He raised a persecution against the Chiist- 
iaus, and was at last murdered by the prae- 
torian guards, of which he had the com- 
mand, A. D. 226. There are some frag- 
ments of his compositions on civil law still 

extant. MaRCELLUS, an officer in the 

age of Commodus. JULIAN US, a man 

sent to oppose Heliogabalus, &c. 

UL'UBRiE, a small town of Latium, near 
the river Astura, where Augustus was edu- 
cated.— Juv. 10, v. 102.— Hor. I, ep. II. 

ULYSSES, a king of the islands of Ithaca 
and Dulichium, son of Aniiclea aud Laertes, 
or according to some, of Sisyphus. [Vide 
Sisyphus and Anticlea.] He became, like 
the other princes of Greece, one of the suit- 
ors of Helen, but as he despaired of success 
in his applications, on acconnt of the great 
number of his competitors, he solicited the 
hand of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. 
Tyndarus, the father of Helen, favoured the 
addresses of Ulysses, as by him he was di- 
rected to chuse one of his daughter's suitors 
without offending the others, and to bind 
them all by a solemn oath, that they would 
unite together in protecting Helen if anv 
violence was ever offered to her person. 
Ulysses had no sooner obtained the hand of 
Penelope, than he returned to Ithaca, where 
his father resigned him the crown, and re- 
i tired to peace and rural solitude. The rape 
j of Helen, however, by Paris did not long 
permit him to remain in his kingdom, and 
as he was bound to defend her against every 
intruder, he was summoned to the war 
with the other princes of Greece. Pre- 
tending to be insane, not to leave his be- 
loved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a bull 
together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where 
he sowed salt instead of corn. This dissimu- 
lation was soon discovered, and Palamedes, 
by placing before the plough of Ulvsses, his 
infant son Telemachus, convinced the world 
that the father was not mad, who had the 
providence to turn away the plough from the 
furrow not to hint his child. Ulysses was 
therefore obliged to go to the war, but he 
did not forget him who had discovered his 
pretended insanity. {Vide Palamedes/ 
During the Trojan war, the king of Ithaca 
was courted for his superior prudence and 
sagacity. By his means Achilles was dis- 
covered among the daughters of Lycomedes, 
king of Scyros, [Vide Achilles,] and Philoc- 
tetes was induced to abandon Lemnos, and 
to fight the Trojans with the arrows of Her- 
cules. [Vide Philoctetes.] He was not less 
distinguished for his activity and valour. 
With the assistance of Diornedes he mur- 
dered Rhesus, and slaughtered the sleeping 
Thracians in the midst of their camp. [Vide 
Rhesus and Dolon,] and he introduced him- 
self into the city of Priam, and carried 
away the Palladium of the Trojans. [Vide 
Palladium.] For these eminent services he 
was universally applauded by the Greeks, 
and he was rewarded with the arms of 
Achilles, which Ajax had disputed with him. 
After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on 
board his ships, to return to Greece, but he 
was exposed to a number of misfortunes be- 



ULY-ULY 



706 



ULY — UNE 



fore lie reached his native country. He 
was thrown by the winds upon the coasts of 
Africa, and visited the country of the Loto- 
pingi, and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Po- 
lyphemus, who was the king of the Cyclops, 
seized Ulysses with his companions, five 
of whom he devoured, [Fide Polyphemus,] 
but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him 
and put out his eye, and at last escaped 
from the danserous cave where he was con- 
fined, bv tying himself under the belly of the 



throne t he went to the palace, and ua* 
personally convinced of the virtues and of 
the fidelity of Penelope. Before his arrival 
was publicly known, all the importuning 
suitors were put to death, and Ulysses re- 
stored to the peace and bosom of hi's family. 
[Vide Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eu- 
mgeus.] He lived about sixteen years after 
his return, and was at last killed 'bv his son 
Teletronus, who had landed in Ithaca, with 
the hopes of making himself known to his 



heep of the Cyclops when led to pasture. I father. This unfortunate event had been 
In ^olia he met with a friendly reception, ! foretold to him by Tlresias, who assured him 
and iEolus gave him, confined in bags, all that he should die by the violence of some- 
the winds which could obstruct his return to thing that was to issue from the bosom of 
Ithaca, but the curiosity of his companions the sea. [Fide Telegonus.] According to 
to know what the bags" contained, proved some authors, Ulysses went to consult the 
nearly fatal. The winds rushed with im- oracle of Apollo'after his return to Ithaca, 
petuosity, and all the fleet was destroyed, and he had the meanness to seduce Erippe, 
except the ship which carried Ulysses, the daughter of a king of Epirus, who had 
From thence he was thrown upon the coasts treated him with great kindness. Erippe 
of the Lasstrygones, and of the island <Eea, had a son by him whom she called Eurvalus. 
where the magician Circe changed all his : When come' to years of puberty, Eurvalus 
companions into pigs for their voluptuous- I was sent to Ithaca by his mother, but Pene 
ness. He escaped their fate by means of an i lope no sooner knew' who he was than she 
herb which he had received from Mercury, I resolved to destroy him. Therefore, when 
and after he had obliged the magician by 1 Ulysses returned, he put to immediate deatli 
force of arms to restore his companions to j his unknown son, on the crimination of 
their original shape, he yielded to her i Penelope his wife, who accused him of at 
charms, and made her mother of Telegonus. j tempts upon her virtue. The adventures of 
He visited the infernal regions, and consulted Ulysses in his return to Ithaca from the 
Tiresias how to regain his country in safety ; Trojan war are the subject of Homer's Odvs- 
and after he had received every necessary | sey.—H. II. & Od.—V. Mn. 2, 3, fee. — Die. 
information, he returned on earth. He i Cret. l, &c— Ov. Me. 13.— Her. 1.— Hyg.fu. 
passed alon? the coa«ts of the Sirens unhurt, ( 201, Scc.—Apol. 3, c. 10.— Pa. 1, c. 17 St 22, 



by the directions of Circe, [Vide Sirenes],and 
escaped the whirlpools and shoals of Scylla 
and Carybdis. On the coasts of Sicily his 
companions stole and killed some oxen that 
were sacred to Apollo, for which the god 
destroyed the ships, and all were drowned, 
except Ulysses, who saved himself on a 
plank, and swam to the island of Calypso, 
in Osrygia. There, for seven years, he for- 
got ft'haea, in the arms of the goddess, by 
whom he had two children. The gods at last 
interfered, and Calypso, by order of Mer- 
cury, suffered him to depart, after she had 
furnished him with a ship, aud every thing 
requisite for the voyage. He had "almost 
reached the island of Corcyra, when Nep- 
tune, still mindful that his son Polyphemus 
had been robbed of his sight by the perfidy 
of Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk his ship. 
Ulysses swam with difficulty to the island 
of "the Phaeacians, where the kindness of 
Nausicaa, and the humanity of her father, 
king Alcinous, entertained him for a while. 
He related the series of his misfortunes to 
the monarch, and at last, by his benevolence, 
he was conducted in a ship to Ithaca. The 
Phaeacians laid him on the sea-shore as he 
was asleep, and Ulysses found himself safely 
restored to his country after a long absence 
of 20 years. He was "well informed that his 
paiace was besieged by a number of suitors, 
who continually disturbed the peace of Pene- 
lope, and therefore he assumed the h?b:t of 
a beggar, by the advice of Minerva, and 
made" himself known to his son, and his 
faithful shepherd Eumaeus. With them he 
took measures to re-establish himself on his 



I. 3, c. 12, I. 7, C. 4.-^.7. V. H. 13, C. 12. 
—Hor. 3.—Od. 29, v. S.—Parth.Er. 3,—Plu. 
—PI. 35. -Tzet. ad Ly. [of Pachinus. 

ULYSSEUM, a promontorv of Sicily, wes' 
UMBER, a lake of Umbria'near the' Tiber 
—Pro. 4, el. I, v. 124. 

UMBRA POMPEIA, a portico of Pompev 
at Rome.— Mart. 5, ep. 10. 

UMBRIA, a country of Italy, separatee" 
from Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on the 
north by the Adriatic sea, east by Picenum 
and the country of the Sabines, and south by 
the river Nar. * Some derive the word Urn' 
bria ab imbribus, the frequent showers tha" 
were supposed to fall there, or from thf 
shadow (umbra) of the Apennines which 
hung over it. Umbria had many cities o 
note. The Umbrians opposed the Roman* 
in theinfancy of their empire, but afterward* 
thev became' their allies, about the vear U. C 
434.— CaMO.v.ll.— Str.5.— Pl.b,c.\1.-Dio.H 
UMBRIGIUS, a soothsayer, who foretold 
approaching calamities to Galba.— Juv. S, 
v. 21.— Ta. H. 1, c. 27. 
UMBRO, a navigable river of Italy.— PL 

3, c. 5. A general who assisted Turn us 

against iEneas, and was killed during the 
war. He could assuage the fury of serpents 
by his songs, and counteract the poisonous 
effects of their bites.— V. Mn. 7, v. 752. 
UNCA, a surname of Minerva. 
UNCILE, a town of Mesopotamia. 
UNDECEM'VIRI, magistrates at Athens, 
to whom such as were publicly condemned 
were delivered to be executed. C.Piep.inPkoc. 

UNELLI, a people of Cotantin in Gaui, 
conquered by Caesar.— C<es. B. G. 2, c. 34. 



UNX—UTI W UXA—VAL 



«, UNI'GENA, a surname of Minerva, as 
sprung- of Jupiter alone. 

UNXIA, a surname of Juno, derived from 
ungere, to anoint, because it was usual 
among the Romans for the bride to anoint 
the threshold of her husband, and from this 
necessary ceremony wives were called Unx- 
ores, and afterwards Uxores, from Unxia, 
who presided over them.— Am. 3. 
' UPIS, the father of one of the Dianas 
mentioned bv the ancients, from which cir- 
cumstance Diana herself is called Upis. 
—Ci. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. Cal. in Bian. 

U'RANIA, one of the Muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over 
astronomy. She is generally called mother 
of Linus by Apollo, and of the god Hyme- 
nals by Bacchus. She was represented as 
a young virgin, dressed in an azure-coloured 
robe, crowned with stars, and holding a 
globe in her hands, and having many ma- 
thematical instruments placed round. — Hes. 

Th. ll.—Apol. 1, c. 2.—Hyg. f. 161. A 

surname of Venus, the same as Celestial. 
She was supposed, in that character, to pre- 
side over beauty and generation, and was 
called daughter of Uranus or Ccelus, by the 
Light. Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece, 
and Itsly, were numerous. — Plat, in Symp, 
"Ci. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. — Pa. — I, c. 14, &c. 

7, c. 26, &c. A town of Cyprus. 

U'RANII, or URII, a people of Gaul. 

URANO'POLIS, a town at the top of Athos. 

U'RANUS, or O URANUS, a deity, the 
ame as Ccelus, the most ancient of all the 
God?. He married Tithea, or the Earth, by 
whom he had Ceus, Creus, Hyperion, Mne- 
mosyne, Coitus, Phoebe, Briareus, Thetis, 
Saturn, Giges, called from their mother 
Titans. His children conspired against him, 
because he confined them in the bosom of 
the earth, and his son Saturn mutilated him, 
and drove him from his throne. 

URBA, now Orbe, a town of the Helvetii, 
on a river of the same name. 

URBICUA, a town of Hispania Tarraco- 
nensis. [reign. — Juv. 6. 

URBlCUS.an actorat Rome, in Domitian's 

URBINUM, now Urbino, a town of Urn- 
bria.— PL 3, c. 14. 

URGO, now Gorgona, an island in the bay 
of Pisa, 25 miles west of Leghorn, famous 
for anchovies.— PL 3, c. 6. 

UR1A, a town of Calabria, built bv a Cre- 
tan colony, and called also Hyria.— PL 3, 
c. 11.— Sir. 6. Of Apulia. 

UR1TES, a people of Italy.— Li. 42, c. 48. 

URSENTUM, a town of the Brutii, now 
Orso.—PL 3, c. 11. 

U RSI D I US, an adulterer.— Juv. 6, v. 38. 

USCANA, a town of Macedonia.— Li. 43, 
C. 18. [Af. 89. 

USCETA, a town of Africa Propria.— Hist. 

USCUDAMA, a town of Thrace.— Eut. 6, 
c. b. [many.— C<es. B. G. 4, c. 1. 

USIP'ETES, or USIPII, a people of Ger- 

USTI'CA, a town in an island on the coast 
of Sicily, near Panormum.— Hor.l,od.l7,v.ll. 

UTENS, a river of Gaul, nov/M ontone, fall- 
ing into the Adriatic by Ravenna. — Li. 5,c. 35. 

IJ'TICA, now Satcor, a celebrated city of 
Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 



on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a 
Tyrian colony above 287 years before Car- 
thage. It had a large and commodious har- 
bour, and it became the metropolis of Africa, 
after the destruction of Carthage in the 3rd 
Punic war, and the Romans granted it all 
the lands situate between Hippo and Car- 
thage. It is celebrated for the death of Cato, 
who from thence is called Uticensis, or of 
Utica.— Str. it.— Luc. 6, v. 306.— Jus. 18, c. 
A.— PI. 16, c. 40.— Li. 25, c. 3!.— Sil. 3, v, 
212.— Hor. 1, ep. 20, v. 513. [Sil. 3,v. 384. 

UXAMA, a town of Spain, on the lberus. 

UXANTIS, now Ushant, an island on the 
coast of Britany. 

UXELLODUNUM, a town of Gaul de- 
fended by steep rocks, now Puech d' Issolu. 
—Cies. B. G. 8, c. 33. [Vgento. 

(JXENTUM, a town of Calabria, now 

UXII, mountains of Armenia, with a na- 
tion of the same name, conquered by Alex- 
ander. The Tigris rises in their country. 
—Str.—Diod. 

U X IS AMA,an island in theWestern Ocean. 

UZITA, an inland town of Africa, de- 
stroyed by Caesar.— Hir. de Af, 41, &c. 



V. 

VACATION E ilex de), was enacted con- 
cerning the exemption from military ser- 
vice, and contained this very remarkable 
clause, nisi helium Gallicum" exoriatur, in 
which case the priests themselves were not 
exempted from service. This can intimate 
how apprehensive the Romans were of the 
Gauls, by whom their city had once been 
taken. [A river of Spain. 

VACCA, a town of Numidia.— Sal. Jug. — 

VACCjEI, a people at the north of Spain. 
—Li. 21, C. 5, 1. 35, c. 7, 1. 46, c. 47. 

VACCUS, a general.— Li. 8, c. 19. 

VACU'NA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over repose and leisure, as the word 
indicates (vacare). Her festivals were ob- 
served in the month of December.— Or. F. 
6, v. 307.— Hor. 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 

VADIMO'NIS LACUS, now Bassano, a 
lake of Etruria, whose waters were sulphu- 
reous. The Etrurians were defeated there 
by the Romans ; and the Gauls by Dolabella. 
—Li. 9, c. 39.— Fl. 1, c. 13.— PL 8, ep. 20. 

VAGA, a town of Africa.— Sil. 3, v. 259. 

VAGEDRUSA, a river of Sicily, between 
the towns of Camarina and Gela.S'j/.l4,v.229. 

VAGELLIUS, an obscene lawyer of Mu- 
tina.— Juv. 16, v. 23. 

VAGE'N I, or VAGIENNI, a people of 
Liguria, at the sources of the Po, whose 
capital was called Augusta Vagiennorum. — 
Sil. 8, v. 606. 

VAHA'LIS, a river of modern Holland, 
now called the Waal. — Ta. An. 2, c. 6. 

VALA, (C. NUMONUJS,) a friend of 
Horace, to whom the poet addressed 1 ep. 15. 

VALENS, (FLA VI US,) a son of Gratian, 
born in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian 
took him as his colleague on the throne, and 
appointed him over the eastern parts of the 
Roman empire. The bold measures and the 



VAL — VAL 



708 



VAL -VAL 



threats of the rebel Procopius frightened the , barbarians in tlie provinces of Gaul, tlie de- 
new emperor; and if his friends had not sarts of Africa, or on tlie banks of the Khirie 



intervened, he would iiave willingly resigned 
all his pretensions to the empire, which his 
brother had intrusted to his care. By per- 
severance, however, Valens was enabled to 
destroy his rival, and to distinguish himself 
in his wars against the northern barbarians. 
But his lenity to these savage intruders 
proved fatal "to the Roman power ; and 
by permitting some of the Goths to settle in 
the provinces of Thrace, and to have free 
access to every part of the country, Valens 
encouraged them to make depredations on 
his subjects and to disturb their tranquillity. 
His eyes were opened too late ; he attempted 
to repel them, but he failed in the attempt. 
A bloody battle was fought, in which the 
barbarians obtained some advantage, and 
Valens was hurried away by the obscurity of 
the night, and the affection of the soldiers 
for his person, into a lonely house, which 
the Goths set on tire. Vale'ns, unable to 
make his escape, was burnt alive in the 50th 
year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, A. 
I). 378. He has been blamed for his super- 
stition and cruelty, in putting to death ail 
such of his subjects whose name began by 
Theod, because he had been informed by his 
favourite astrologers, that his crown would 
devolve upon the head of an officer whose 
name began with these letters. Valens did 
not possess any of the great qualities which 
distinguish a great and powerful monarch. 
He was illiterate, and of a disposition na- 
turally indolent and inactive. Yet though 
timorous in the highest degree, he was war- 
like ; and though fond of ease, he was ac- 
quainted with the character of his officers, 
and preferred none but such as possessed 
merit. He was a great friend of discipline, 
a pattern of chastity and temperance, and 
he showed himself always ready to listen to 
the just complaints of bis subjects, though 
lie gave an attentive ear to flattery and ma- 
levolent informations.— Am. VALERIUS, 

a proconsul of Achaia, who proclaimed him- 
self emperor of Rome, when Macrian, who 
had been invested with the purple in the 
east, attempted to assassinate him. He 
reigned only six months, and was murdered 

by his soldiers, A.D. 261. FA BIUS,a friend 

of Vitellius, whom he saluted emperor, in 
opposition to Otho. He was greatly ho- 
noured by Vitellius, &c. A general of the 

emperor Honorius. The name of the se- 
cond Mercury mentioned by Ci. de Nat. D. 
3, c. 22, but considered as more properly be- 
longing to Jupiter. 

VALENTIA, one of the ancient names of 

Rome. A town of Spain, a little below 

Saguutum, founded by J. Brutus, and for 
some time known by the name of Julia Co- 

lonia. A town of Italy. Another ir. 

Sardinia. 

VA LENT 1 N I A TV DS I., a son of Gratian. 
raUed to the imperial throne by his merit 
and valour. He kept the western part of the 
empire for himself, and appointed over tiie 
east his brother Valens. He gave the most 
convincing proof of his military valour in 
the victories which he obtained over the 



and the Danube. The insoience of the 
Quadi he punished with great severity ; and 
when these desperate and indignant barba- 
rians had deprecated the conqueror's mercy , 
Valentinian treated them with contempt, 
and upbraided them with every mark of re- 
sentment. While he spoke with such warmth, 
be broke a blood-vessel, and fell lifeless on 
the ground. He was conveyed into his pa- 
lace by his attendants, and soon after died, 
after s'ufferiug the greatest agonies, violent 
fits, and contortions of his limbs, on the 17th 
of November, A. D. 375. He was then in the 
55th year of his age, and had reigned 12 
years. He has been represented by some, as 
cruel and covetous in the highest degree. 
He was naturally of an irascible disposition, 
and he gratified" his pride in expressing- a 
contempt for those who were his equals in 
military abilities, or who shone for grace- 
fulness or elegance of address. — Amm. 

About six days after tlie death of Valentinian, 
his second son, Valentinian the Second, was 
proclaimed emperor, though only five years 
old. He succeeded his brother Gratian, A.D. 
383, but his youth seemed to favour dissen- 
tion, and the* attempts and the usurpation of 
rebels. He was robbed of his throne by 
Maximus, four years after the death of Gra- 
tian ; and in this helpless situation he had 
recourse to Theodosius, who was then em- 
peror of the east. He was successful in big 
applications; Maximus was conquered by 
Theodosius, and Valentinian entered Rome 
in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. 
He was some time after strangled by one 
of his officers, a native of Gaul, called Ar- 
bogastes, in whom he had placed too much 
confidence, and from whom he expected 
more deference than the ambition of a bar- 
barian could pav. Valentinian reigned nine 
years. This happened the 15th of May, A.D. 
392, at Vienne, one of the modern towns of 
France. He has been commended for his 
many virtues, and the applause which the 
populace bestowed upon him, was bestowed 
upon real merit. He abolished the greatest 
part of the taxes ; and because his subjects 
complained that he was too fond of the 
amusements of the circus, he ordered all such 
festivals to be abolished, and all thewild beasts 
that were kept for the entertainment of the 
people to be slain. He was remarkable for 
his benevolence and clemency, not only to 
his friends, but even to such as had con- 
spired against his life; and he used to say, 
that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was 
fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary 
life of his friend and patron Theodosius, and 
if he had lived longer, the Romans might 
have enjoyed peace and security. Valen- 
tinian the'Third was son of Constantius and 
Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius the 
Great ; and theretore, as related to the im- 
perial family, he was saluted emperor in his 
youth, and publicly acknow ledged as such at 
Rome, the 3d of October, A. D. 423, about 
the 6th year of his age. He was at first go- 
verned by his mother, and the intrigues of 
his generals and courtiers j and when he 



VAL — VAL 



709 



VAL— VAL 



came to years of discretion, he disgraced j he had for a while tolerated. He also mads 



himself by violence, oppression, and incon 
tinence. He was murdered in the midst of 
Rome, A. D. 454, in the 36th year of his 
age, and 3lst of his reign, by Petronius 
Maxim us, to whose wife he liad offered vio- 
lence. The vices of Valentinian the Third 
were conspicuous ; every passion he wished 
to gratify at the expense of his honour, his 
health, and character ; and as he lived with- 
out one single act of benevolence or kind- 
ness, he died lamented by none, though 
pitied for his imprudence and vicious pro- 
pensities. He was the last of the family of 

I heodosius. A son of the emperor Gra- 

tian, who died when very young. 

VALERIA, a sister of " Publicola, who ad- 
vised the P«.oman matrons to go and depre- 
cate the resentment of Coriolanus.— Pitt, in 

Cor. A daughter of Publicola, given as 

an hostage to Porsenna, by the Romans. 
She fled from the enemy's country with 
Clcelia, and swam across the Tiber. — Plu. 

de Virt. Mul. A daughter of Messala, 

6ister to Hortensius, who married Sylla. 
The wife of the emperor Valentinian. 
The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c. 
A road in Sicily, which led from Messana 

lo Lilybaeum. A town of Spain.— PI. 3,c.3. 

VALERIA LEX, de. provocalione, by P. 
Valerius Poplicola, the sole consul, A. U.C. 
243. It permitted the appeal from a magis- 
trate to the people, and forbad the magis- 
trate to punish a citizen for making the 
appeal. It further made it a capital crime for 
a citizen to aspire to the sovereinty of 
Rome, or to exercise any office without the 
choice and approbation of the people.— Fa. 

Ma. 4, c. 1.— Li. 2, c. S.—Dio. H. 4. 

Another, de debitor ibus, by Valerius Flaccus. 
It required that all creditors should dis- 
charge their debtors, on receiving a fourth 

?art of the whole sum. Another, by M. 
alerius Corvinus, A. U. C. 453, which "con- 
firmed the first Valerian law, enacted by 

Poplicola. Another, cailed also Horatid, 

by L. Valerius and M. Hoiatius the consuls, 
A. U. C. 304. It revived the first Valerian 
law, which under the triumvirate had lost its 

force. Another, de magUtratibux, by P. 

Valerius Poplicola, sole consul, A. U. C. 245. 
It created two qusestors to take care of the 



war against the Goths and Scythians ; but in 
expedition which he undertook against 
Sapor, king of Persia, his arms were 
attended with ill success. He was con- 
quered in Mesopotamia, and when he 
wished to have a private conference wit It 
Sapor, the conqueror seized his person, and 
carried him in triumph to his capital, where 
he exposed him, and in all the cities of his 
empire, to the ridicule and insolence of his 
subjects. When the Persian monarch 
mounted on horseback, Valerian served as 
a footstool, and the many other insults 
which he suffered excited indignation even 
among the courtiers of Sapor. The mon- 
arch at last ordered him to be flayed alive, 
and salt to be thrown over his mangled body, 
so that he died in the greatest torments. 
His skin was tanned, and painted in red ; 
and that the ignominy of the Roman empire 
might be lasting, it was nailed in one of the 
temples of Persia. Valerian died in the 71st 
year of his age, A. D. 260, after a reign of 

seven years. A grandson of Valerian the 

emperor. He was put to death when his 
father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed. 

One of the generals of the usurper Niger. 

A worthy senator, put to death by He- 

liogabalus. 

VALERIUS, PUBLIUS, a celebrated Ro- 
man, surnamed Poplicola, for his popularity. 
He was very active in assisting Brutus to 
expel the Tarquins, and he was the first that 
took an oath to support the liberty and in- 
dependence of his country. Though he had 
been refused the consulship, and had retired 
with great dissatisfaction from the direction 
of affairs, yet lie regarded the public opinion, 
and when" the jealousy of the Romans in- 
veighed against the towering appearance of 
his house, he acknowledged the reproof, and 
in making it lower, he showed his wish to be 
on a level with his fellow-citizens, and not 
to erect what might be considered as a cita- 
del for the oppression of his country. He 
was afterwards honoured with the consulship 
on the expulsion of Collatinus, and he tri- 
umphed over the Etrurians, after he had gain- 
ed the victory in the battle in which Brutus 
and the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius 
died after he had been four times consul, and 



public treasure, which was for the future to j enjoyed the popularity, and received the 
be kept in the temple of Saturn. — Plu. in j tnan'ks and the gratitude, which people re- 



Pop.— Li. 2. 

VALERIA'NUS, PUBLIUS LICINTUS, a 
Roman, proclaimed emperor by the armies 
in Rhcetia, A. D. 254. The virtues which 
shone in him when a private man, 
were lost when he ascended the throne. 
Formerly distinguished for his temperance, 
moderation, and many virtues, which fixed 
the uninfluenced choice of all Rome upon 
him, Valerian, invested with the purple, dis- 
played inability and meanness. He was 
cowardly in his operations, and though 
acquainted with war, and the patron of 
sciences, he seldom acted with prudence, or 
favoured men of true genius and merit. He 
took his son Gallienus as his colleague in 
the empire, and showed the malevolence of 
his heart ty persecuting the Christians whom 



deemed from slavery and oppression usually 
pay to their patrons and deliverers. He was 
so poor, that his body was buried at the pub- 
lic expense. The Roman matrons mourned 
his death a whole year. — Plu. in vita. — Flor. 

I, c. 9.— Liv. 3, c. 8, Ike. CORVINUS, a 

tribune of the soldiers, under Camillus. 
When the Roman army were challenged by 
one of the Senones, remarkable for bis 
strength and stature, Valerius undertook to 
engage him, and obtained an easy victory by 
means of a crow that assisted him, and at- 
tacked the face of the Gaul, whence his sur- 
name of Corvinus. Valerius triumphed over 
the Etrurians, and the neighbouring states 
that made war against Rome, and was six 
times honoured with the consulship. He died 
in the 100th year of his age, admired and 
3P 



VAL — VAL 

regretted for ni .ny i ublJt and private virtues. 
- i'a. Ma. 8, c. '\3.— L : . 7, C. 27.— Pin. in 

Mir.—Ci. in Cat. N HAS, an excellent 

Roman historian, often quoted, and particu- 
larly by Livy. FLACCUS, a consul with 

Cato, whose "friendship he honourably shared, 
fie made war asrainst the lnsubns and bo i, 

and killed 10,000 of the eneniv. MARCUS 

CORVINUS MESS A LA, a Roman, made 
consul with Augustus. He distinguished 
himself by his learning 1 as well as military 
virtues. He lost his "memory about two 
years before his death, and, according to 
some, he was even ignorant of his own name. 

—Sue. in Aug.—Ci. in Br. SORANUS, a 

Latin poet in the age of Julius Caesar, put 
to death for betraying a secret. He acknow- 
ledged no god, but the soul of the universe. 

-MAXIMUS, a brother of Poplicola. 

A Latin historian who carried arms under 
the sons of Pompev. He dedicated his time 
to study, and wrote an account of all the 
most celebrated sayings and actions of the 
Romans, and other illustrious persons, which 
is still extant, aud divided into nine books. 
It is dedicated to Tiberius. Some have sup- 
posed that he lived after the age of Tiberius, 
from the want of purity and elegance, which 
so conspicuously appear in his writings, un- 
worthv of the correctness of the golden age 

of the Roman literature. MARCUS, a 

brother of Poplicola, who defeated the army 
of the Sabines in two battles. He was ho- 
noured with a triumph, and the Romans, to 
show the sense of his great merit, built him 
a house on mount Palatine, at the public 

expense. POTITUS,a general who stirred 

up the people and army against the decem- 
virs, and Appius Claudius in particular. He 
was chosen consul, and conquered the Volsci 
and Mqui. FLACCUS, a Roman, inti- 
mate with Cato the censor. He was consul 
with him, and cut off an army of 10,000 
Gauls in one battle. He was also chosen 

censor, and prince of the senate, &c. A 

Latin poet who flourished under Vespasian. 
He wrote a poem in eight books on the Ar- 
cronautic expedition, but it remained unfi- 
nished on account of his premature death. 
The Argonauts were there left on the sea in 
their return home. Some critics have been 
lavish in their praises upon Flaccus, and 
have called him the second poet of Rome, 
after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed 
by some frigid and languishing, and his 
style uncouth and inelegant.— ASIARICUS, 
a 'celebrated Roman, accused of having 
murdered one of the relations of the empe- 
ror Claudius. He was condemned by the 
intrigues of Messalina, though innocent, 
and he opened his veins, and bled to death. 

—Ta. An. A friend of Vitellius. — FA- 

BIANOS, a youth condemned under Nero, 
tor counterfeiting the will of one of his 

friends, 6tc.—Ta. An. 14, c. 42. LffiVI- 

NDS, a consul who fought against Pyrrhus 
during the Tarentine war.— [Fide Laeuuus.j 

PRjECONINUS, a lieutenant of Caesar's 

army in Gaul, slain in a skirmish. PAU- 

LINOS, a. friend of Vespasian, &c. 

VALERUS, a friend of Turnus against 
/Eneas.— V. £n. 10, v. 752. 



710 



VAL— VAR 



VALGIUS RUFUS, a Roman poet in the 
Augustan age, celebrated for his writings. 
He was verv intimate with Horace.— TU>'.:>,, 
1. 1, v. 180.— Hor. \,S. IB, v. 82. {Ger. c. 3. 

VANDALII, a people of Germany.— Ta. de 

VANGl'ONES, a people of Germany. 
Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now called 
Worms.— Luc. 1, v. 431.— Cees. G. 2, c. 52. 

VAN MA, a town of Italy, north of the 
Po. now cdled Civita. 

VANNIUS, a king of the Suevi, banished 
under Claudius, kc.—Ta. An. 12, c. 29. 

VaPINEUM, a town of G.iuJ. 

VARANES, a name common to some of 
the Persian monarcns, in the age of the Ro- 
man emperors. [5, ep. 9. 

VARDjEI, a people of Dalmatia.— Ci. Fa. 

VARIA, a town of Latium. 

VARIA LEX, de majeslate, by the tribune 
L. Varius, A. II. C. 662. It ordained that 
all such as had assisted the confederates in 
their war against Rome should be publicly 

tried. Another, de civitale, by Q. V arius 

Hybrida. It punished all such as were sus- 
pected of having assisted or supported the 
people of Italv in their petition to become 
free citizens of Rome.— Ci. pro Mil. 36. 

VARIM.a peopleof Germany.— Ta.deGer. 

VARISTI, a people of Germany. T40. 

LUCIUS VARIUS, or VARUS, a tragic 
poet intimate with Horace and Virgil. He 
was one of those whom Augustus appointed 
to revise Virgil's iEneid. Some fragments 
of his poetry are still extant. Besides tra- 
gedies, he wrote a panegyric on the empe- 
ror. Quintilian says, !. 10, that his Thyestes 
was equal to any composition of the Greek 

poets.— Hor. l, S. 5, v. 40. A man who 

raised his reputation by the power of his 

oratory.— Ci. de Or. 1, c. 25. One of the 

friends of Antony, surnamed Colylon. A 

man in the reigD of Otho, punished for his 
adulteries, &c. 

VARRO, M. TERENTIUS, a Roman con- 
sul defeated at Cannae, by Annibal.— [Vide 

Terentius.] A Latin' writer, celebrated 

for his great learning. He wrote no less 
than 50o different volumes, which are all 
now lost except a treatise de Re Rustica, 
and another de Lingua Latina, in the 
books, written in his 60th year, and dedi- 
cated to the orator Cicero. "He was Pom- 
pey's lieutenant in his piratical wars, and 
obtained a naval crown. In the civil wars 
he was taken by Caesar, and proscribed, but 
he escaped. He has been greatly com- 
mended by Cicero for his erudition, and St. 
Augustin says that it cannot but be wondered 
how Varro,who read such a number of books, 
could find time to compose so many vo- 
lumes ; and how he who composed so many 
volumes could be at leisure to peruse such a 
variety of books, and gain so much literary 
information. He died B. C. 28, in the S6in 

year of his age. — Ci. in Ac. — Quia. 

ATACINUS, a native of Gaul in the age of J. 
Caesar. He translated into Latin verse tiie 
Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with 
great correctness and elegance. He also 
wrote a poem entitled de Hello Seguanico, 
besides epigrams and elegies. Some frag- 
ments of his poetry are still extant. He 



VAR—VAS 



711 



VAS— VEI 



failed in his attempt to write satire.— Hor. 
I, S. 10, v. 46.-Ov. Am. 1, v. \5.-Quin. 10, c. I. 

VARRO'NIS VILLA, now Vicovaro, was 
situated on the Anio, in the country of the 
Sabines.— Ci. Phil. 2, ep. 41. 

VARUS, QUINTILIUS, a Roman procon- 
sul, descended from an illustrious family. 
He was appointed governor of Syria, and 
afterwards made commander of the armies 
in Germany. He was surprised by the en- 
emy, under Arminius, a crafty and dissimu- 
lating chief, and his army was cut to pieces. 
When he saw that every thing- was lost, he 
killed himself. A. D. 10, and his example 
was followed by some of his officers. His 
head was afterwards sent to Augustus at 
Rome, by one of the barbarian chiefs, as 
also his body ; and so great was the in- 
fluence of this defeat upon the emperor, that 
he continued for whole months to show all 
the marks of dejection and of deep sorrow, 
often exclaiming " O Varus, restore me my 
legions !" The bodies of the slain were left 
in the field of battle, where they were found 
six years after by Germanicus, and buried 
with great pomp. Varus has been taxed 
with indolence and cowardice, and some 
have intimated, that if he had not trusted too 
much to the insinuations of the barbarian 
chiefs, he might not only have escaped ruin, 
but awed the Germans to their duty. His 
avarice was also conspicuous: he went poor 
to Syria, whence he returned loaded with 
riches.— Hor. 1, Od. 24.— Pat. 2. c. 117.— FU 

4, c. 12.— V. Eel. 6. A son of Varus, who 

married a daughter of Germanicus.— Ta. 

An. 4, c. 6. The father and grandfather 

of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew 
themselves with their own swords, the 
one after the battle of Philippi, and the 
other in the plains of Pharsalia. QUIN- 
TILIUS, a friend of Horace, and other 
great men in the Augustan age. He was a 
good judge of poetry, and a critic, as Ho- 
race, Art. P. 438, seems to insinuate. The 
poet has addressed the 18th ode of his first 
book to him, and in the 24th he mourns 
pathetically his death. Some suppose this 
Varus to be the person killed in Germany, 
while others believe him to be a man wlio 
devoted his time more to the muses than to 
war. [Vide Varius.] LUCIUS, an epicu- 
rean philosopher, intimate with J. Caesar. 
Some suppose that it was to him that Virgil 
inscribed his sixth eclogue. He is com- 
mended by Quin. 6, c.3,78. ALFRENUS, 

a Roman, who though originally a shoe- 
niakei, became consul, and distinguished 
himself by his abilities as an orator. He 
was buried at the public expense, an honour 
granted to few, and only to persons of me- 
rit.— Hor. 1, S. 3. ACCIUS, one of the 

friends of Cato in Africa, &c. A river 

which falJs into the Mediterranean, to the 
west of Nice, after separating Liguria from 
Gallia Narbonensis. — Luc. 1, v. 404. 

VASATES, a people of Gaul. 

VASCONES, a people of Spain, on the 
Pyrennees. They were so reduced by a fa- 
mine by Metellus, that they fed on human 
flesh.— PI. 3, c. 3.— Aus. 
25, v. -n. 



VASIO, a town of Gaul in modern Pro- 
vence.— Ci. Fa. 10, ep. 34. 

VATICANUS, a hill at Rome, near the 
Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced 
wine of no great esteem. It was disregarded 
by the Romans on account of the unwhole- 
someness of the air, and the continual 
stench of the filth that was there, and of 
stagnated waters. Heliogabalus was the 
first who cleared it of all disagreeable nui- 
sances. It is now admired for ancient 
monuments and pillars, for a celebrated 
public library, and for the palace of ti e 
pope.— Hor. 1, od. 20. 

VA'TIENUS, now Salerno, a river rising 
in the Alps snd falling into the Po.— Mar*. 3, 
ep. 67.— PI. 3, c. 16. 

VA'TINIA LEX, de provinciis, by the tri- 
bune P. Vatinius, A. U. C. 694. It appointed 
Csesar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and 
Ulyricum, for five years, without a decrte 
of the senate, or the usual custom of casting 
lots. Some persons were also appointed to 
attend him as lieutenants without the inter- 
ference of the senate. His army was to be 
paid out of the public treasury, and he was 
empowered to plant a Roman colony in the 

town of Novocomum in Gaul. Another by 

P. Vatinius, the tribune, A. U. C.694, de re- 
petundis, for the better management of the 
trial of those who were accused of extortion. 

VATINIUS, an intimate friend of Ci- 
cero, once dis'tinsuished for his enmity 
to the orator. He hated the people of 
Rome for their great vices and corrup- 
tion, whence excessive hatred became pro- 
verbial in the words Vatinianum odium.— 

Cat. 14, v. 3. A shoemaker, ridiculed for 

his deformities, and the oddity of his cha- 
racter. He was one of Nero's favourites, 
and he surpassed the rest of the courtiers in 
flattery, and in the commission of every im- 
pious deed. Large cups of no value are 
called Vatiniana from him, because he used 
one which was both ill-shaped and uncouth, 
— Ta. An. 13, c. 34.— Juv.— Mart. 14, ep. 96. 

VECTIS, the isle of Wight, south of Bri- 
tian.— Sue. CI. 4. 
VECTIUS, a rhetorician.— Juv. 7, v. 150. 
V EC TONES. Vide Vettones. 
VEDIUS POLLIO, a friend of Augustus, 
very cruel to his servants, &c. [ Vide Pollio. J 

AQUILA, an officer at the battle of Be- 

briacum.— Ta. H. 2, c. 44. 

VEGETIUS, a Latin writer, who flou- 
rished B. C. 386. [tia. 
VEGIA, an island on'the coist of Dalma- 
VEIA, a sorceress, in the age of Horace, 
ep. 5, v. 29. ' [race, 1, ep. 1, v. 4. 

VEIANUS, a gladiator in the a<?e of Ho- 
VEIENTES, the inhabitants of Veii. They 
were carried to Rome, where the tribe they 
composed was called Veientina. Vide Veii. 

VEIENTO, FABR., a Roman, as arrogauc 
as he was satirical. Nero banished him for 
his libellous writings. — Juv. 3, v. 185. 

VEII, a powerful city of Etruria, at the 
distance of about 12 miles from Rome. It 
sustained many long wars against the Ro- 
mans, and was at last taken and destroyed 
\00.—Jui:. I bv Camillus, after a siege of ten years. At 
the time of its destruction, Veii was larger 
3 P 3 



VEJ— VEL 
and far more magnificent than th* city of 
Rome. Its situation was so eligible, that 
the Romans, after the burning o'f the city 
by the Gauls, were long inclined to migrate 
there, and totally abandon their native home, 
and this would have been carried into exe- 
cution if not opposed by the authority and 
eloquence of Camillus. — Ov. 2, F. v. 1 95. — 
Ci. de Uiv. i, c. 4-1.— Hor. 2, S. 3, v. 143.— 
Li. 5, C. 21, &c. 

VE'JOVIS, or VEJU'PITER, a deity of ill 
omen at Rome. He. Iiad a temple on the 
Capitoline hill, built by Romulus. Some 
suppose that he was thesame as Jupiter the 
Infant, or in the cradle, because he was re- 
presented without thunder, or a sceptre, 
and had onlv by his side the goat Amaltliaea, 
and the Cretan nymph who fed him when 
young.— Of. F. 3," v. 430. 

VEL A BRUM, a marshy piece of ground 
on the side of the Tiber,' between the Aven- 
tine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, which 
Augustus drained, and ahere he built houses. 
The place was frequented as a market, 
where oil, cheese, and other commodities 
were exposed to sale.— Hor. 2, S. 3. v. 229. 
—Ov. F. 6, v. 401.— Tib. 2, el. 5, v . 33.— Pla. 

3, cap. 1, v. 29. 

V ELAN ITS, oneof Caesar's officers in Gaul. 

VELA UN I, a people of Gaul. 

VELIA, a maritime town of Lucania, 
founded by a colony of Phoceans, about 
600 years after the coming of jEneas into 
Italy. The port in its neighbourhood was 
called Veiinus porlus.—Str. S.— Me. 2, c. 4. 

—Ci. Phil. 10, c. 4.— V. JEn. 6, v. 366. 

Aii eminence near the Roman forum, where 
Poplicola built himself a house.— Li. 2, c. 6. 
— ci. 7, At. 15. [Cantabri. 

VELICA, or VELLICA, a town of the 

VELI'NA, a parr, of the city or Rome, ad- 
joining mount Palatine. It was also one of 
the Roman tribes.— Ho? - . 1, ep. 6, v. 52.— Ci. 

4, ad At. ep. 15. 

' VELl'NUS, a lake in fne country of the 
Sabines, formed by the stagnant waters of 
t e Veiinus, between some hills near Reate. 
The riverVeiinus rises in the Appeunines,and 
fter jt has formed the lake, it tails into the 

ar, near Spoletium.— V. JEn. 7, v. 517. 

VELIOCASSI, a people of Gaul. 

VELITERNA, or VELITRiE, an ancient 

wn of Latium on the Appian road, 20 
mile? at the east of Rome. The inhabit- 
ants were called Veliterni. It became a Ro- 
man colony.— Li. 8, c. 12.— Sue. in Aug — 
It. 8, v. 376. 

VELLARl, a people of Gaul. 

VELLAUNODUNUM, a town of the Se- 
nones, now Beaune. — Cees. 7, c. 11. 

VELLEDA, a woman famous among the 
Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and wor- 
shipped as a deity.— Ta. de Ger. 8. 

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, a Pioman his- 
torian, descended from an equestrian family 
of Campania. He was at first a military 
tribune in the Roman armies, and for nine 
vears served under Tiberius in the various 
expeditions which he undertook in Gaul 
and Germany. Velleius wrote an epitome 
of the history of Greece, and of Rome, and 
cf other nations of the most remote anti- 



VEL — VEN 

quity; but of this authentic Composition 
there remain only fragments of the historv 
of Greece and Rome from the conquest of 
Perseus by Paulus. to the 17th year of the 
reign of Tiberius,' in two books. It is a 
judicious account of celebrated men ami 
illustrious cities ; the historian is happy in 
his descriptions, and accurate in his dates, 
his pctures are true, and his narrations 
lively and interesting. The whole is candid 
and impartial, but only till the reign of ti c 
Caesars, when the writer began to be in- 
fluenced by the presence of the emperor, or 
the power of his favourites. Paterculus is 
deservedly censured for his invectives against 
Cicero and Pompey, and his encomiums 
on the cruel Tiberius and the unfortunate 
Seianus. Some suppose that he was in- 
volved in the ruin of this disappointed cour- 
tier, whom he had extolled as a pattern of 
virtue and morality. CA1US, the grand- 
father of the historian of that name, was 
one of the friends of Livia. He killed him- 
self when old, and unable to accompany 
Livia in her flight. 

VELOCASSES, a people of Vexin, in Nor- 
mandy.— Cws. G. 2, c. 4. 

VENATftUM, a town of Campania, near 
Arpinum, abounding in olive-trees. It be- 
came a Roman colony. It had been founded 
by Diomedes. — Hor. 2, Od. 6, v. 16.— Mart. 
13, ep. 93,—Juv. 5, v. m.-Str. 5.— PI. 3, c. 5. 

VEN ED I, a people of Germany, near (he 
mouth of the Vistula, or gulph of iJantzic. 
— Ta. de Ger. 46.— PI. 4, c. 13. 

VEN ELI, a people of Gallia Celtica. 

VENETJ, a people ?* taly in Cisalpine 
Gaul, near the inoutns of the Po. They 
were descended from a nation of Paphlago- 
nia, who settled there under Antenor some 
time after the Trojan war. The Venetians, 
who have been long a powerful and com- 
mercial nation, were originally very poor, 
whence a writer in the a<;e of the "Roman 
emperors said, that they had no other fence 
against the waves of the sea but hurdles, no 
food but fish, no wealth besides their fishing- 
boats, and no merchandize hut salt. — Str. 4. 
—Li. 1, c. l.— Me. 1, c. 2.— Cces. B. G. 3, c. 

8.— Luc. 4, v. 134.— It. 8, v.605. A nation 

of Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on (he 
western coast, powerful by sea. Their chief 
city is now called Vannes'.—C<rs. 3, G. 6. 

VE'NETIA, a part of Gaul, on the moutl.s 
of the Po. Vide Veneti. 

VENETUS PAULUS, a centurion who 
conspired against Nero with Piso.— Ta. 15, 

An. c. 50. A lake through which the 

Rhine passes, now Bodensee, or Constance. 
—Me. 3, c. 2. 

VENI'LIA, a nymph, sister to Amata, and 
mother of Turnus, by Daunus. Amphitrite, 
the sea goddess, is also called Veniiia.— V. 
JEn. 10, v. 76.— Ov. Me. 14, v. 334.— Var. de 
L. L. 4, c. 10. [Alps. 

VENNONES, a people of the Rhaetiati 

VENONTUS, an historian mentioned by 
Ci. ad At. 12, ep. 3. 

VENT A BELGARUM, a town of Britain, 

now Winchester. S1LURUM, a town of 

Britain, now Caerwent, in Monmouthshire. 
ICENORUM. now JSorwich. 



712 



VEN— VEN 



713 



VEN — VEN 



VENT!.— The ancients, and especially the 
Athenians, paid particular attention to the 
winds, and offered them sacrifices as to dei- 
ties intent upon the destruction of mankind, 
by continually causing storms, tempests, and 
earthquakes. The winds were represented 
in different attitudes and forms. The four 
principal winds were Eurus, the south-east; 
who is represented as a young man flying 
with great impetuosity, and often appearing 
in a playsome and wanton humour. Auster, 
the south wind, appeared generally as an 
old man with gray hair, a gloomy counte- 
nance, a head covered with clouds, a sable 
vesture, and dusky wings. He is the dispen- 
ser of rain, and of all heavy showers. Ze- 
phvrus is represented as the mildest of all 
the winds. He is young and gentle, and his 
lap is filled with vernal flowers. He mar- 
ried Flora the goddess, with whom he en- 
joyed the most perfect felicity. Boreas, or 
the north wind, appears always rough and 
shivering. He is the father of rain, snow, 
hail, and tempests, and is always represented 
as surrounded with impenetrable clouds. 
Those or inferior note were Solanns, whose 
name is seldom mentioned. He appeared as 
a younsr man holding fruit in his lap, such 
as "peaches, oranges, Sec. Africus, or south- 
west, represented with black wings, and a 
melancholy countenance. Corns, or north- 
west, drives clouds of snow before him, and 
Aqnilo, the north-east, is equally dreadful 
in appearance. The winds, according to 
some mythologists, were confined in a large 
cave, of" which iEolus had the management: 
and without this necessary precaution, they 
would have overturned "the earth, and re- 
duced everything to its original chaos.— V. 
£Zn.\, v, 57. 

VENTID'lUS BASSUS, a native of Pice- 
num, born of an obscure family. When As- 
culum was taken, he was carried before the 
triumphant chariot of Pompeius Strabo, 
hanging on his mother's breast. A bold, 
aspiring soul, aided by the patronage of the 
family of Caesar, raised him from the mean 
occupation of a chairman and muleteer to 
dignity in the srate. He displayed valour in 
the Roman armies, and gradually arose to 
the offices of tribune, pr«tor, high priest, 
and consul. He made war against the Par- 
thians, and conquered them in three great 
battles, B. C. 39. He was the first Roman 
ever honoured with a triumph over Parthia. 
He died greatly lamented by all the Roman 
people, and was buried at the public ex- 
pense.— Plu. Ant.—Juv. 7, v. 199. CD- 
MA N US, a governor of Palestine, Scc.—Ta. A. 

13, c. 54. Two brothers in the age of 

Pompey, who favoured Carbo's interest, &c. 
-Plu.' 

YENULEIUS, a writer in the age of the 
emperor Alexander. A friend of Verres. 

VEN'ULUS, one of the Latin elders sent 
into Magna Graecia, to demand the assist- 
ance of Dioniedes, &c— V. JEn. 8, v. 9. 

VENUS, one of the most celebrated deities 
of the ancients. She was the goddess of 
beauty, the mother of love, the queen of 
laughter, the mistress of the graces and of 
pleasures, and the patroness of courtezans. 



Some mythologists speak of more than one 
Venus. Plato mentions two : Venus Urania, 
the daughter of Uranus, and Venus Popula- 
ria, the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 
Cicero speaks of four, a daughler of Ccelus 
and Light, one sprung from the froth of the 
sea, a third, daughter of Jupiter and the 
Nereid Dione, and a fourth born at Tyre, 
and the same as the Astarte of the Syrians. 
Of these, however, the Venus sprung from 
the froth of the sea, after the mutilated part 
of the body of Uranus had been thrown 
there by Saturn, is the most known, and of 
her in particular, ancient mythologists, as 
well as painters, make mention. She arose 
from the sea near the island of Cyprus, or ac- 
cording to Hesiod, of Cythera,whither she was 
wafted by the zephyrs, and received on the 
sea-shore by the seasons, daughters of Jupi- 
ter and Themis. She was soon after carried 
to heaven, where all the gods admired her 
beauty, and all the goddesses became jea- 
lous of her personal charms. Jupiter 
attempted to gain her affections, and even 
wished to offer her violence, but Venus 
refused, and the god, to punish her obsti- 
1 nacy, gave her in marriage to his ugly and 
J deformed son, Vulcan. This marriage did 
] not prevent the goddess of love from grati- 
j fying her favourite passions, and she defiled 
her husband's bed by her amours with the 
J gods. Her intrigue with Mars is the most 
I celebrated. She was caught in her lover's 
j arms, and exposed to the ridicule and laugh- 
1 ter of all the gods. [Vide Alectry/m.] Venus 
became mother of Hermione, Cupid, ami 
Anieros, by Mars; by Mercury she had 
Hermaphroditus ; by Bacchus, Priapus ; and 
by Neptune, Eryx. Her great partiality for 
Adonis made her abandon the seats of Olym- 
pus, [Vide Adonis] and her regard for An- 
chises obliged her often to visit the woods 
and solitary retreats of Mount Ida. [Vide 
Anchises, /Eneas.] The power of Venus 
over the heart was supported and assisted 
by a celebrated girdle, called zone by the 
Greeks, and ceslus by the Latins. This 
mysterious girdle gave beauty, grace, and 
elegance, when worn even by the most de- 
formed ; it excited love, and rekindled ex- 
tinguished flames. Juno herself was in- 
debted to this powerful ornament, to gain 
the favours of Jupiter, and Venus, though 
herself possessed of every charm, no sooim r 
put on her cestus, than Vulcan, unable to 
resist the influence of love, forgot all the 
intrigues and infidelities of his wife, and 
fabricated arms even for her illegitimate 
children. The contest of Venus forlhe gol- 
den apple of discord is well known. She 
gained the prize ove Pallas and Juno, 
[Vide Paris, Discordia] and rewarded her 
impartial judge with the hand of the fairest 
woman in the world. The worship of Venus 
was universally established ; statues and 
temples were erected to her in every king- 
dom, and the ancients were fond of paying 
homage to a divinity who presided o^er 
generation, and by whose influence alone 
mankind existed. In her sacrifices and in 
the festivals celebrated in her honor, t<«o 
much liccmi')tt!>iie>>s prevailed, and public 
3 P 'I 



VEN-VEN 



714 



VEN — VER 



prostitution was often part of the ceremony. 
V ictims were seldom offered to her, or her 
Hilars stained with blood, though we find 
Aspasia making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, 
however, or male animals, were deemed 
acceptable. The rose, the myrtle, and the 
apple were sacred to Venus, and among 
birds, the dove, the swan, and the spar- 
row, were her favourites ; and among 
fishes, those called the aphya and the lycos- 
tonius. The goddess of beauty was repre- 
sented among: the ancients in different 
forms. At Elis she appeared seated on a 
goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. At 
Sparta and Cythera, she was represented 
armed like Minerva, and sometimes wearing 
chains on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter 
Olympus, she was represented by Phidias, 
* rising from the sea, received by love, and 
crowned by the goddess of persuasion. At 
Cnidos hef statue, made by Praxiteles, re- 
presented her naked, with one hand hiding: 
what modesty keeps concealed. Her statue 
at Elephantis was the same, with only a 
naked Cupid by her side. In Sicyon "she 
held a poppy in one hand, and in tile other 
an apple", while on her head she had a 
crown, which terminated in a point, to inti- 
mate the pole. She is generally represented 
with her son Cupid, on a chariot drawn by 
doves, or at other times by swans or spar- 
rows. The surnames of the goddess are nu- 
merous, and only serve to show how well 
established her worship was all over the 
earth. She was called Cypria, because 
particularly worshipped in the island of 
Cyprus, and in that character she was often 
represented with a beard, and the male 
parts of generation, with a sceptre in her 
hand, and the body and dress of a female, 
whence she is called duplex Amathusia by 
Catullus. Slie received the name of Paphia 
because worshipped at Paphos, where she 
had a temple with an altar, on which rain 
never fell, though exposed in the open air. 
Some of the ancients called her Aposlrophia 
or Epistrophia, as also Venus Urania, and 
Venus Pandemos. The first of these she 
received as presiding over wantonness and 
incestuous enjoyments: the second because 
she patronized pure love, and chaste and 
moderate gratifications ; and the third be- 
cause she favoured the propensities of the 
vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. 
The Cnidians raised her temples under the 
name of Venus Acrcea, of Doris, and of Eu- 
ploca. In her temples under the name of 
Euploca, at Cnidos, was the most celebrated 
of her statues, being the most perfect piece 
of Praxiteles. It was made with white mar- 
ble, and appeared so engaging, and so much 
like life, that, according to some historians, a 
youth of the place introduced himself in the 
night into her temple, and attempted to gra- 
tify his passions on the lifeless image. Venus 
was also surnamed Cytherza, because she was 
the chief deity of Cy tliera ; Exopolis, because 
her statue was without the city at Athens ; 
Philomeda, from her affection for the 
phallus; Philommeis, because the queen of 
laughter ; Telessigainu, because she presided 
over marriage ; Collada, Cvlotis, or C alias, 



because worshipped on a promontory of the 
same name in Attica ; Area, because armed 
like Mars ; V eriicordia , because she could 
tun; the hearts of women to cultivate chas- 
tity; Apaluria, because she deceived ; Gaiva, 
because she was represented bald ; Ericyna, 
because worshipped at Eryx ; Etaira, be- 
cause the patroness of courtezans ; Acidalia, 
because of a fountain of Orchomenos ; Ba- 
silea, because the queen of love; My r lea, 
because the myrtle w as sacred to her ; Liber- 
tina, from her inclinations to gratify lust ; 
Merhanitis, in allusion to the many artifices 
practised in love, &c. &c. As goddess of the 
sea, because, born in the bosom of the wa- 
ters, Venus was called PoriHa, Marina, Lim- 
nesia, Epipontia, Pelagia, Saligenia, Pon- 
togenia Aligena, Thalasaia, tic. ; and as ris- 
ing from the sea, the name of Anadyomene 
is applied to her, and rendered immortal by 
the celebrated painting of Apelles, which re- 
presented her as issuing from the bosom of 
the waves, and wringing her tresses on her 
shoulder. [Vide Anodvomene.]— Ci. de A'cr. 
D. 2, c. 27, I. 3, C. 23.— Orp. By, 54.— Bes. 
Th.—Sap.-H.Hy. in Ven. Ikc.—V. Mn. 5, v. 
800, kc.—Ov. Her. 15, 16, 19, be— Me. 4, fa, 
5, 6cc.—Diod. 1 & b.—Byg.fa. 94, 271.— .Pa. 
2, c 1 , 1. 4, c. 30, 1. 5, c. J6.— Mart. 6, ep. I, 3. 
— Eur. in Bel. in ipk. m Tro.—Plu. in Er, 
—Ml. V. H. 12, c \.-Ath. 12, SiC.—Cat.— 
Lac. de fal. re.-~ Gal. li. — Luc. dial.— Sir. 
14.— Ta. An. 3, &c— Ka. Ma. 8, c. 11 — PI, 

36,—Bor. 3. Od. 26, I. 4, Od. II, <Scc. A 

planet called by the Greeks Phosphorus, and 
by the Latins Lucifer, when it rises before 
the sun, but when 'it follows it, Hesperus or 
Vesper. — Ci. de Na. 2, c. 20, in suin. Scip. 

VENUS PYRENiEA, a town of Spain near 
the borders of Gaul. 

VE'NOSIA, or VE'NUSIUM, a town of 
Apulia, where Horace was born, part of 
the Roman army fled thither after the defeat 
at Cannae. The town, though in ruins, con- 
tains still many pieces of antiquitv, especi- 
ally a marbie "bust preserved in the great 
square, and said falsely to be an original re- 
presentation of Horace. Venusia was on the 
confines of Lucania, whence the poet said 
Lucanus an Apulus anceps, and it was 
founded by Diomedes, who called it Venusia 
or Aphrodisia, after Venus, whose divinity 
he wished to appease.— Sir. 5 & 6.—Hor. 2, 
S. I. V. 35.— Li. 22, C. 54, — PI. 3, C II. 

VERAGRI, a people between the Alpsand 
the Allobroges.— Li. 21, c. 38.— Cas. G. S,c.i. 

VERANIA, the wire of Piso Licinianus, 
whom Galba adopted. 

VERANIUS, a governor of Britain under 
Nero. He succeeded Diuius Gallus.7tf.l4,//?J. 

VERB-ANUS LAC US, now Majora, a lake 
of Italy, from which the Ticinus flows. It 
is in the modern duchy of Milan, and ex- [ 
tends 50 miles in length'from south to north, 
and 5 or 6 in breadth.— Str. 4. [the CeJlu;. 

VERB! GEN US, a village in the country of 

VERBINUftT, a town at'the north of Gaul. 

VERCELLiE, a town on the borders of 
Tnsnbria, where Mari us defeated the Cimbri. 
— PI. 3, c.17.— Ci. rfi7?.'.ll,ep.I9.--6'i/.8,v.598. 

VERCINGETORIX, a chief of the Gauis, 
in the time of Caesar. He was conqueieo 



VER— VER 715 
and led in triumph, &c— Ces. B. G. 7, c. 4. 
- -Fl. 3. c. 10. 

VERES IS, a small river of Latium, falling 
into the Anio. 

VERGASI LLAUNUS, one of the generals 
and friends of Vercingetorix.— Cces. B. G. 
. VERG/E, a town of the Brutii.— Li. 30, c. 19. 

VER.GELLUS, a small river near Cannae, 
falling into the Ausidus, over which Annibal 
made a bridge with the slaughtered bodies 
of the Romans.— FL 2, c. 6.—Va.Ma.9, c. II. 

VERGIL A, the wife of Coriolanus, &c. 

A a town of Spain, supposed to be Murcia. 

VERGILliE, seven stars called also Plei- 
ades. When they set, the ancients began to 
sow their corn. They received their name 
from the spring, quia vere orianlur. — Prop. 
1, el. 8. v. 18.— Ci. de Nat. D. 2, c. 44. 

VERGlNIUS, one of the officers of the 
Roman troops in Germany, who refused the 
absolute power which his soldiers offered to 

him. — Ta. 1, His. c. 8. A rhetorician in 

the age of Nero, banished on account of his 

reat fame.—/?/. An. 15, c. 71. 

VERGIUM, a town of Spain. 

VERGOBRETUS, one of the chiefs of the 
/Efiui, in the age of Caesar,&c— Os.G.],c.l6. 

VE'RITAS, (truth,} was not only personi- 
fied by the ancients, but also made a deity, 
and called the daughter of Saturn and the 
mother of Virtue. She was represented like 
a young virgin, dressed in white apparel, with 
all the marks of youthful diffidence and mo- 
desty. Democritus used to say, that she hid 
herself at the bottom of a well, to intimate the 
difficulty with which she is found. [G.l,c.7. 

VERODOCTIUS, one of the Helvetii. Cces. 

VEROMANDUI, a people of Gaul, the 
modern Vermandosi. The capital is now St. 
Quintin.— Cces. G. B. 2. 

VE'RO'NA, a town of Venetia, on the Athe- 
sis, in Italy, founded, as some suppose, by 
Brtnnus, the leader of the Gauls. C. Nepos, 
Catullus, and Pliny the elder, were born 
there. It was adorned with a circus and an 
amphitheatre by the Roman emperors, which 
still exist, and it still preserves its ancient 
name.— PL 9, c. 22,—Str. b.—Ov. Am. 3, el. 
15, v. 7. [nensis.— Sil. 3, v. 578. 

VERO'NES, a people of Hispania Tarraco- 

VERREGI'NUM, a town in the country of 
the Volsci.— Li. 4,c. 1, Ike— Va. Ma.ti, c. 5. 

VERR.ES, C, a Roman who governed the 
province of Sicily as praetor. The oppression 
and rapine of w'hich he was guilty while in 
office so offended the Sicilians, that they 
brought an accusation against him before the 
Koman senate. Cicero undertook the cause 
of the Sicilians, and pronounced those cele- 
brated orations which are still extant. Verres 
was defended by Hortensius, but as he des- 
paired of the success of his defence, he left 



VER— VER 



slrm ting. He was appointed over the grand- 
children of Augustus, and also distinguished 
himself by his writings.— Gel. 4, c. 5.— Sue. 
de Grain.— A Latin critic, B. C. 4. 

VERRU'GO, a town in the country of the 
Volsci. — Liv. 4, c. 1. 

VERTICO, one of the Nervii who deserted 
to Caesar's army, kc. — Cces. B. G. 5, c. 45. 

VERTICORDIA, one of the surnames of 
Venus, the same as the Aposlrophia of the 
Greeks, because her assistance was implored 
to turn the hearts of the Roman matrons, 
and teach them to follow virtue and modesty. 

— Va. Ma. 8. 
VERT1SCUS, one of the Rhemi, who com- 
manded a troop of horse in Caesar's army. — 
Cces. B. G. 8, c. 12. 

VERTUMNUS, a deity among the Romans 
who presided over the spring and over orch- 
ards. He endeavoured to gain the affections 
of the goddess Pomona ; and to effect this, 
he assumed the shape and dress of a fisher- 
man, of a soldier, a peasant, a reaper, &c, 
but all to no purpose, till under the form of 
an old woman, he prevailed upon his mistress 
and married her. He is generally repre- 
sented as a young man crowned with flow- 
ers, covered up to the waist, and holding in 
his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty 
in his left.— Ov. Me. 14, v. 642, 6iC.—Prop. 
4, el. 2, v. I.—Hor. 2, S. 7, v. 14. [42. 
VERULiE,atown of the Hernici.— Li. 9,e. 
VERULA'NUS, a lieutenant under Corbulo, 
who drove away Tiridates from Media, &c. 

— Ta. An. 14, c. 26. 
VERUS, LUCIUS CEIONTUS COMMO- 

DUS, a Roman emperor, son of jElius and 
Domitia Lucilla. He was adopted in the 
7th year of his age by M. Aurelius, at the 
request of Adrian, and he married Luciliathe 
daughter of his adopted father, who also 
took him as his colleague on the throne. 
He was sent by M. Aurelius to oppose the 
barbarians in the east. His arms were at- 
tended with success, and he obtained a vic- 
tory over the I'arthians. He was honoured 
with a triumph at his return home, and soon 
after he marched with his imperial colleague 
against the Marcomanni in Germany. He 
died in this expedition of an apoplexy, in 
the 39th year of his age, after a reign of 
eight years and some months. His body 
was brought back to Rome, and buried by 
M. Aurelius with great pomp and solemnity. 
Verus has been greatly censured for his de- 
baucheries, which appeared more enormous 
and disgusting, when compared to the tem- 
perance, meekness, and popularity of Aure- 
lius. The example of his father did not in- 
fluence him, and he often retired from the fru- 
gal and moderate repast of Aurelius, to the 
profuse banquets of his own palace, where 



Hume without waiting for his sentence, and | the night was spent in riot and debauchery , 
lived in great affluence in one of the pro- with the meanestof the populace, withstage- 
vinces. He was at last killed by the soldiers j dancers, buffoons, and lascivious courtezans, 
of Aritony the triumvir, about 26 years alter j At one entertainment alone, where there 



his voluntary exile fom the capital. — Ci. in 
Ver.—PL 34", c. 2.— Lac. 2, c. 4. 

VERRITTJS, a general of the Frisii in the 
age of Nero, &c— Ta. An. 13, c. b\. 

VERRIUS, FLACCUS, a freedman and 
grammarians famous lor his powers in 



were no more than 12 guests, the emperor 
spent no less than six millions of sesterces, 
or about £32,'J00 sterling. But it is to be ob- 
served, that whatever was most scarce and 
costly was there ; the guests never drank 
twice out of the same cup; and whatever 



VES— VES 



7.18 



VES — VES 



vessels they had touched, they received as a 
present from the emperor \Vheu they left 
the palace. In his Parthian expedition, 
Verus did not check his vicious propensities ; 
for four years he left the care of the war to 
his officers, while he retired to the voluptu- 
ous retreats of Daphne, and the luxurious 
banquets of Antiocb. His fondness for a 
horse has been faithfully recorded. The 
animal had a statue of gold, he was fed with 
almonds and raisins by the hand of the em- 
peror, he was clad in purple, and kept in the 
most splendid of the halls of the palace, and 
when dead, theemperor,to express his sorrow, I 
raised him a magnificent monument on mount 
Vatican. Some have suspected M.Aurelius of 
dispatching Verus to rid the world of his de- 
baucheries and guilty actions, but this seems 

to be the report of malevolence. L. AN- 

NiEUS, a son of the emperor Aurelius, who 
died in Palestine. The father of the em- 
peror Verus. He was adopted by the em- 
peror Adrian, but like his son he disgraced 
himself by his debaucheries and extrava- 
gance. He died before Adrian. 

VESB1US, or VESUB1US. Fide Vesuvius. 

VESCIA, a town or Campania. -Lit. 8, c.l I. 

VESCULARIUS, FL., a Roman knight,iu- 
timate with Tiberius, kc.—Ta. An. 

VES IAN DM, a country house of Cicero in 
Campania, between Capua and Nola.— Ci. 15. 
ad At. 2. [con.— C&s. c. 1, G. 38. 

VESENTfO, a town of Gaul, now Besan- 

VESENTIUM, a town of Tuscany. 

VESER1S, a place or river near mount 
Vesuvius.— Li. 8, c. S.— Ci. Of. 3, c. 31. 

VESE'VIUSand YESE'VUS. Fide Vesuvius. 

VESID1 A, a town of Tuscany. 

VESONNA, a town of Gzu\,no\\ Periguev.T. 

VES FACILE, a small village of Eoibria, 
near Nursia.— Sue. Fesa. I. 

VESPASIA'NUS, TITUS FLAVIUS, a Ro- 
man emperor, descended from an obscure 
family at Reate. He was honoured with the 
consulship, not so much by the influence of 
the imperial courtiers, as by his own private 
merit and his public services. He accom- 
panied Nero into Greece, but he offended the 
prince by falling asleep while he repeated one 
of his poetical compositions. This moment- 
ary resentment of the emperor did not pre- 
vent Vespasian from being sent to carry on 
a war against the Jews. His operations were 
crowned with success; manv of the cities of 
Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian began ! 
the siege of Jerusalem. This was, however, j 
achieved bv the hands of his son Titus, and 1 
the death ot Vitellius and the affection of his 
soldiers, hastened his rise, and he was pro- 
claimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice 
ci the army was approved by every province 
of the empire ; but Vespasian did not betray 
any signs of pride at so sudden and so unex- 
pected an exaltation, and though once em- 
ployed in the mean office of a horse doctor, | 
he behaved, when invested with the imperial! 
purple, with all the dignity and greatness 1 
which became a successor of Augustus. In 
the beginning of his reign Vespasian at- 
tempted to reform the manners of the Ro- 
mans, and he took away an appointment 
which he had a few days before granted to 



a young nobieman who approached him tn 
return him thanks, all smelling of perfumes 
and covered with ointment, adding, " I had 
rather \ou had smelt of garlic." He re- 
paired the public buildings, embellished the 
city, and made the great roads more spacious 
and convenient. After he had reigned with 
great popularity for ten years, Vespasian died 
with a pain in his bowels, A. D. 79, in the 
70th year of his age. He was the first Ro- 
man emperor that died a natural death, and 
he was also the first who was succeeded bv 
his own son on the throne. Vespasian has 
been admired for his great virtues. He was 
clement, he gave no ear to flattery, and for 
a long time refused the title of father of his 
country, which was often bestowed upon the 
mostworthless and tyrannicalof the emperors. 
He despised informers, and rather than 
punish conspirators, he rewarded them with 
great liberality. When the king of Parthia 
addressed him with the superscription of 
" Arsaces king of kings to Flavius Vespasi- 
an us," the emperor was no way dissatisfied 
with the pride and insolence of the monarch, 
and answered him again in his own words; 
" Flavius Vespasianus to Arsaces king of 
kings." To men of learning and merit, Ves- 
pasian was very liberal : one hundred thou- 
sand sesterces were annually paid from the 
public treasury to the different professorr 
that were appointed to encourage and pro- 
mote the arts and sciences. Yet, in spite o 
this apparent generosity, some authors hav. 
taxed Vespasian with avarice. According ti 
their accounts, he loaded the provinces with 
new taxes, he bought commodities that he 
might sell them to a greater advantage, and 
even laid an impost upon urine, which gave 
occasion to Titus to ridicule the meanness 
of his father. Vespasian, regardless of his 
son's observation, was satisfied to show him 
the money that was raised from so produc- 
tive a tax", asking him at the same time whe- 
ther it smelt offensive ? His ministers were 
the most avaricious of his subjects, and the 
emperor used very properly to remark that 
he treated them as sponees, by wetting them 
when dry, and squeezing them when they 
w ere wet. He has been accused of selling 
criminals their lives, and of condemning tne 
most opulent to make himself master of their 
possessions. If, however, he was guilty of 
these meaner practices, they were all under 
the name of one of his concubines, who 
wished to enrich herself by the avarice and 
credulity of the emperor. Sue.invi.Ta.Hist.4. 

VES'PER,orVES'PERUS, a name applied 
to the planet Venus when it was the evening 
VESSA, a town of Sicily. [star.— Firg. 
VESTA, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and 
Saturn, sister to Ceres and Juno. She is 
often confounded by the mythologists with 
Rhea, Ceres, Cybefe, Proserpine, Hecate, 
and Tellus. When considered as the mother 
of the gods, she is the mother of Rhea and 
Saturn"; and when considered as the patron- 
ess of the vestal virgins and the goddess of 
fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and 
Rhea. Under this last name she was wor- 
shipped by the Romans. jEneas was the 
first who introduced her mysteries into Itaiy, 



VES— VES 



717 



VES— VES 



and Numa built her a temple where no males 
were permitted to go. The palladium of 
Troy was supposed to be preserved within 
her sanctuary, and a fire was continually 
J| kept lighted by a certain number of virgins', 
'! who had dedicated themselves to the service 
I of the goddess. [Vide Vestales.] If the fire 
: of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was sup- 
posed to threaten the republic with some 
I sudden calamity. The virgin by whose neg- 
j ligerice it had been extinguished was se- 
verely punished, and it was kindled again by 
the rays of the sun. The temple of Vesta 
|l was of a round form, and the goddess was 
! represented in a long flowing robe, with a 
|j veil on her head, holding in one hand a lamp, 
| or a two-eared vessel, and in the other a ja- 
velin, or sometimes a palladium. On some 
j medals she appears holding- a drum in one 
1 hand, and a small figure of victory in the 
other.- Hey. Th. v. 454.— Ci. de Le. 2, c. 12. 
Apol. l, c. I. — V. Mn. 2, v. 29fl.— Dlod. 5.— 
Ov. Fa. 6.— Fa. Ma. I.e. l.-Plu.in Num.— 
I" Pa. 5, c. 14. 

CESTA'LES, priestesses among the Ro- 
mans, consecrated to the service of Vesta, as 
their name indicates. This office was verv 
ancient, as the mother of Romulus was one 
of the vestals. iEneas is supposed to have 
first chosen theVestals. Numa firstappointed 
four, to which number Tarquin added two. 
They were always chosen by the monarchs, 
but after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the 
high priest was entrusted with the care of 
them. As they were to be virgins, thev were 
chosen young, from the age of six to ten ; 
and if there was not a sufficient number that 
presented themselves as candidates for the 
office, twenty virgins were selected, and thev 
upon whom the lot fell were obliged to become 
priestesses. Plebeians as welfas patricians 
were permitted to propose themselves, but 
it was required that they should be born of a 
good family, and be without blemish or de- 
formity, in every part of their body. For 
thirty years they were to remain "in the 
greatest continence ; the ten lirst years 
were spent in learning the duties of the 
order ; the ten following were employed in 
discharging them with fidelity and sanctity ; 
and the ten last in instructing such as had 
entered the noviciate. When the thirty years 
were elapsed, they were permitted to marry, 
or if they still preferred celibacy, they waited 
upon the rest of the vestals. As soon as a 
vestal was initiated, her head was shaved, to 
intimate the liberty of her person, as she was 
then free from the shackles of parental au- 
thority, and she was permitted to dispose of 
her possessions as she pleased. The employ- 
ment of the vestals was to take care that the 
sacred fire of Vesta was not extinguished, for 
if it ever happened, it was deemed the prog- 
nostic of great calamities to the state ; the 
offender was punished for her negligence, 
*nd severely scourged by the high priest. Ju 
such a case ail was consternation at Rome, 
and the fire was again kindled by glasses 
with the rays of the sun. Another equally 
particular charge of the vestals was to keep 
" sacred pledge, on which d. pended the very 



was the palladium of Troy, or some of the 
mysterk's of the gods of Samothrace. The 
privileges of the vestals were great, they had 
the most honourable seats at public games 
and festivals, a lictor with the fasces always 
preceded them when they walked in public, 
they were carried in chariots when they 
pleased, and they bad the power of pardon- 
ing criminals when led to execution, if they 
declared that their meeting was accidental. 
Their declarations in trials were received 
without the formality of an oath, they were 
chosen as arbiters in causes of moment, and 
in the execution of wills; and so great was 
the deference paid them by the magistrates, 
as well as by the people, that the consuls 
themselves made way for them, and bowed 
their fasces when they passed before them. 
To insult them was a capital crime, and 
whoever attempted to violate their chastity, 
was beaten to death with scourges. If any of 
them died while in office, their body was hu- 
ried within the walls of the city, an honour 
granted to few. Such of the vestals as 
proved incontinent, were punished in the 
most rigorous manner. Numa ordered them 
to be stoned, but Tarquin the elder dug a 
large hole under the earth, where a bed was 
placed with a little bread, wine, water, and 
oil, and a lighted lamp, and the guilty ves- 
tal was stripped of ihe habit of her order, 
and compelled to descend into the subterra- 
neous cavity, which was immediately shut, 
and she was left to die through hunger. Few 
of the vestals were guilty of incontinence, 
and for the space of one thousand years, 
during which the order continued established 
from the reign of Numa, only eighteen were 
punished for the violation of their vow. Tb> 
vestals were abolished by Theodosius the 
Great, and the fire of Vesta extinguished. 
The dress of the vestals was peculiar : they 
wore a white vest with purple borders, a 
white linen surplice called linleum supernum, 
above which was a great purple mantle which 
flowed to the ground, and which was tucked 
up when they offered sacrifices. They had 
a close covering on their head, called infula, 
from which hung ribands, or vitt<e. Their 
manner of living was sumptuous, as they 
were maintained at the public expense, and 
though originally satisfied with the simple 
diet of the Romans, their tables soon after 
displayed the luxuries and the superfluities of 
the great and opulent.— Li. 2. — Flu. in Num. 
—Va. Ma. 1, c. 1.— Ci. de Nat. D. 3, c. 30.— 
Fl. l.—Prop. 4, el. 11.— Ta. 4, c. 10. 

CESTA'LIA, festivals in honour of Vesta, 
observed at Rome on the ninth of June. 
Ranquets were then prepared before the 
houses, and meat was sent to the vestals 
to be offered to the gods, millstones were 
decked with garlands, and the asses that 
turned them were led round the city co- 
vered with garlands. The ladies walked in 
the procession bare- footed to the temple of 
the goddess, and an altar was erected to 
Jupiter surnamed Pistor.— Ov. F. 6, v. 305. 

VESTA LI I'M MATER, a title given by 
the senate to Livia rhe mother of Tiberius, 
with the permission to sit among the vesta. 1 



existence of Rome,which, according to some, virgins at plays.— Ta. 4, An. c. 16. 



VES— VET 



718 



VET— VIA 



VE5TIA OPPIA, a common prostitute of 
Capua. 

VESTICIOS SPURINA, an officer sent 
bv Otho to the borders of the Po, &c. — Ta. 

'VESTILIUS SEXTUS, a pretorian dis- 
graced by Tiberius, because he was esteemed 
bv Drusiis. He killed himself.— Ta.An. 4, c.16. 

VESTILLA, a matron of a patrician fa- 
mily, who declared publicly before the ma- 
gistrates that she was a common prostitute. 
She was banished to the island of Seriphos 
for her immodesty. 

VESTTNI, a people of Italy near the Sa- 
bines, famous for the making: of cheese.— 
PL 3, c. 5.— Mart. 13, ev. 31.— Str. 5. 

VESTl'NUS, L., a Roman knight appointed 
bv Vespasian to repair the capitol, &c— 7a. 

H. 4, c. 53.— Li. 8, c. 29. A consul put to 

death bvN.ero in the time of Piso's conspiracy. 

V'ESVIUS. Vide Vesuvius. 

VE'SULUS, now Viso, a large mountain of 
Liguria, near the Alps, where the Po takes 
its rise.-F. JEn. 10, v. 708.— PI. 3, c. 19. 

VE'SUVIUS, a mountiin of Campania, 
about sixmiles at the east of Naples, celebrated 
for its volcano, and now called Mount Soma. 
The ancients, particularly the writers of the 
AugustaD age, spoke of Vesuvius as a place 
covered with orchards and vin^ards, of 
which the middle was dry and barren. The 
lirst eruption of this volcano was in the 79th 
year of the Chri-tian era, under Titus. It 
was accompanied by an earthquake, which 
overturned several cities of Campania, par- 
ticularly Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the 
burning ast .,■ which it threw up, were 
carried not only over the neighbouring coun- 
try, but as far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, 
and Syria. This eruption proved fatal" to 
Pliny the naturalist. From that time the 
eruptions have been frequent, and there now 
exists an account of twenty-nine of these. 
Vesuvius continually throws up a smoke, 
and sometimes ashes'and flames. The per- 
pendicular height of this mountain is 3760 
feet.— Dio. Cass.—AQ.—Var. deR. !,c. 6.— Li. 
23, c. 39.— Str. 5.— 7a. H. I, c. 2.— Me. 2, c. 
4.— PL 6, ep. 16.— It. 12, v. 152, kc.—Virg. 
G. 2, v. 224.— Mart. 4, ep. 43 & 44. 

VETERA CASTRA, a Roman encampment 
in Germany, which became a town, now Sa?i- 
ien, near Cl'eves.— Ta. H. 4, c. IS. — ,4».l,e.45. 

VETTIUS, SP., a Roman senator who was 
made interrex at the death of Romulus, till 
the election of another king. He nominated 
Xuma aud resigned his office.— Plu. in Num. 
A man who accused Caesar of being con- 
cerned in Catiline's conspiracy. CATO, 

one of the officers of the allies in the Marsian 
war. He defeated the Romans, and was at 

last betrayed and murdered. A Roman 

knight who became enamoured of a young 
female at Capua, and raised a tumult 
amongst the slaves who proclaimed him king. 
He was betrayed by one of his adherents, 
upon which he laid Violent hands on himself. 

VETTONA, a town of Umbria.— PL 3, c.14. 

VETTO'X ES, VETONES, orVECTONES, 
an ancient nation of Spain.— Sil. 3, v. 378.— 
PL 25, c. 8. 

VETULO'XTA, one of the chief cities of 
Etruria, whose hot waters were famous. 



The Romans were said to derive the badges 
of their magisterial offices from thence. — 
PL 2. c. 103," 1. 3, C. 5.— It. 8, V. 484. 

VETO'RIA, one of the Roman tribes, di- 
vided into the two branches of the Junii and 
Senii. It received its name from the Vetn- 
rian family, which was originally called Ve- 

tusian. — Li. 36. The mother of Coriola- 

nus. She was solicited by all the Roman 
matrons to go to her son with her daughter- 
in-law, and entreat him not to make war 
against his country. She went and prevailed 
over Coriolanus, and for her services to the 
state, the Roman senate offered to reward 
her as she pleased. She only asked to raise 
a temple to the goddess of female fortune, 
which was done on the very spot where she 
had pacified her son.— Li. 2, c. 40. — Dio. 
H. 7, <kc. 

VETURIUS, a Roman artist who made 

shields for Numa. [Vide Maraurius.] 

CAIUS, a Roman consul, accused before the 
people, and fined because he had acted with 

imprudence while in office. A Roman who 

conspired against Galba.— Ta. Hist. 1, c. 25. 

A consul appointed one of the decemvirs. 

Another consul defeated by the Samnites, 

and obliged to pass under the yoke with 
great ignominy. A tribune of the people. 

VETUS, L., a Roman who proposed to 
open a communication between the Medi- 
terranean and the German Ocean by means 
of a canal. He was put to death by order 
of Nero. A man accused of adulterv, .vc. 

VIA /EMYLIA, a celebrated road, made 
by the consul M. ZEmyiius Lepidus, A. U. C. 
567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aqui- 
leia. There was also another of the same 
name in Etruria, which led from Pisae to 
Dertona. APPIA, was made by the cen- 
sor Appius, and led from Rome to Capua, 
and from Capua to Brundusium, at the dis- 
tance of 350 miles, which the Romans call a 
live days' journey. It passed successively 
through" the towns and stages of Aricia, Forurii 
Appii, Tarracina, Fundi, Minturnae, Sinu- 
essa, Capua, Caudium, Beneventum, Equo- 
tuticum, Herdonia, Canusium, Barium, Eg- 
natia, to Brundusium. It was called by way 
of eminence regina viarum, made so strong, 
and the stones so well cemented together, 
that it remained entire for many hundred 
years. Some parts of it are still "to be seen 
in the neighbourhood of Naples. Appius 
carried it only 130 miles as far as Capua, 
A. U. C. 442, "and it was finished as far as 

Brundusium by Augustus. There was also 

another road called Minucia or Numicia, 
« hicli led to Brundusium, but by what places 

is now uncertain. FLAM IX I A was made 

by the censor Flaminius, A. U. C. 533. It 
le'd from the Campus Martius to the modern 
town of Rimini, on the Adriatic, through 
the country of the Osci and Etrurians, al the 

distance of about 360 miles. LATA, one 

of the ancient streets of Rome. VALERIA 

led from Rome to the country of the Marsi, 
through the territories of the Sabines. 
There were besides many streets and roads 
of inferior note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia, 
Campania, Ardetina, Labicana, Domitiana, 
Ostensis, Praenestina, &c, all of which were 



VIA— VIC 



719 



VIC— VI N 



made and constantly kept in repair at the 
public expense. 

VIADRUS, the classical name of the Oder, 
which rises in Moravia, and falls by three 
mouths into the Baltic— Ptol. 

VIBIDIA, one of the vestal virgins in the 
favours of Messalina, kc.—Ta. An. 11, c. 32. 

VIBID1CS, a friend of Maecenas.— Hor. 
2, S. 8, v. 22. 

VIBIDS, a Roman who refused to pay any 
attention to Cicero when banished, though 
he had received from him the most un- 
bounded favours. SICULUS. [Vide Sica.] 

A proconsul of Spain, banished for ill 

conduct. A Roman knight accused of ex- 

| tortion in Africa, and banished. A man 

who poisoned himself at Capua. SEQUES- 
TER, a Latin writer. 

VIBO, a town of Lucania, anciently called 
Hipponium and Hippo. — Ci. ad At. 3, c. 3. — 

Pl.3,c.5. Atown of Spain, Of theBrutii. 

VIBULE'NUS AGRIPPA, a Roman knight 
accused of treason. He attempted to poison 
himself, and was strangled in prison, though 
almost dead. — Ta. 6, An. c. 40. A muti- 
nous soldier in the armv of Germanicus, &c. 

VIBULLIUS RUFUS, a friend of Pompey, 
taken by Caesar, &lc .—Plu.—Ci. in ep. — — 
A pretor in Nero's reign. 

VICAPOTA, a goddess at Rome, who 
presided over victory (a vincere and potiri.) 
—Li. 2, c. 7. 

V1CELLIUS, a friend of Galba, who 
brought him news of Nero's death. 

V1CENTIA, or VICETIA, a town of Ci- 
salpine Gaul, at the north-west of the Adri- 
atic— 7a. Hist. 3. 

VICTOR, SEXT. AURELIDS, a writer in 
the aere of Constantius. He gave the world 
a concise history of the Roman emperors, 
from the age of Augustus to his own time, 
or A. D. 360. He also wrote an abridgment 
of the Roman history, before the age of 
Julius Caesar, which is now extant, and as- 
cribed by different authors to C. Nepos, to 
Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny, &c. Victor was 
greatly esteemed by tiie emperors, and 
honoured with the consulshp. 

VICTO'RIA, one of the deities of the Ro- 
mans, called by the Greeks Nice, supposed 
to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or 
of Titan and Styx. The goddess of victory 
was sir-ter to Strength and Valour, and was 
one of the attendants of Jupiter. She was 
greatly honoured by the Greeks, particularly 
at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple at 
Rome, and instituted festivals in her honour. 
She was represented with wings, crowned 
with laurel, :ind holding the branch of a 
palm-tree in her hand. A golden statue 
of this goddess, weighing 320 pounds, was 
presented to the Romans by Hiero king of 
Syracuse, and deposited in the temple of Ju- 
piter, on the Capitoline hill.— Liv. 22.— Far. 
de L. L.—Hes. Th.—Hyg. prcef.fa.—Sue. 

VICTORIA MONS. a place of Spain at the 
mouth of the Iberus.— Li. 24, c. 41. 

VICTO'RR'S, a man of Aquitain, who, 
A. D. 463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 
yearn. 

VICTORI'NA, a celebrated matron who 
p!ared herself at the head of the Roman ar- 



mies, and made war against the emperor 
Galllenus. Her son Victorinus, and her 
grandson of the same name, were declared 
emperors, but when they were assassinated. 
Victorina invested with the imperial purpie 
one of her favourites, called Tetricus. She 
was some time after poisoned, A. D. 269, and 
according to some bv Tetricus himself. 

V1CTORTNUS, a' Christian writer, wno 
composed a worthless epic poem on the death 
of the seven children mentioned in the Mac- 
cabees, and distinguished him>elf more by 
the active part he look in his writings against 
the Arians. [near Placentia.--.Li. 21, c. -15. 

VICTt". MVIjiE, a small town of Insubria 

VICOS LONGOS, a street at Rome, where 
an altar was raised to the eroddess Pudicitia, 
or the modestv of the plebeians.— Li. 10. c. 

23. CYPRIUS, a place on the Esquiline 

hill, where the Sabines dwelt. [PI. 4, c. IS. 

VIDUCASSES, a people of Normandy. — 

VIENNA, a town of Gallia Narbonensis", on 
the Rhoiie, below the modern Lyons. — Str. 1. 
—Cces. B.G. 7, c 9. 

V1LLIA LEX, annalis or annaria, bv L. 
Villius, the tribune, A. II. C. 574, defined 
the proper age required for exercising the 
office of a magistrste, 25 years for the quaes- 
torship, 27 or 28 for the edileship or tribune- 
ship, for the office of pretor 30, and for that 
of consul 43. — Liv. 11, c. 44. 

VILLIUS, a tribune of the people, autho' 
of the Villian law, and thence called Annalis, 
la surname borne by his family.— Liv. 11, c. 

i 44. PUBLIUS, a Roman a'mbassador sent 

\ to Antiochus. He held a conference with 
Annibal, who was at the monarch's court. 
A man who disgraced himself by his cri- 
minal amours with the daughter of Sylia.- 
Hor. I, Sat. 2, v. 64. 

VIMINA'LIS, one of the seven hills on 
which Rome was built, so called from the 
number of oziers (vimines) which grew 
there. Servius Tullius first made it part of 
the city. Jupiter had a temple there, whence 
he was called Viminalis.— Liv-. 1, c. 44.— Var. 
L. L. 4, c. 8. [Jupiter and Venus. 

VINALIA, festivals at' Rome in honour ot 

VINCENTIOS, one of the Christian fa 
thers, A. D. 434. 

VI NCI US, a Roman knight, condemned 

under Nero,— Ta. An. 14, c 40. An off; 

cer in Germany. 

VINDALIUS", a writer in the reign of 
Constantius, who wrote ten books on" agri- 
culture. 

VINDE'LICI, an ancient people of Ger- 
many, between the heads of the Rhine and 
the Danube. Their country, which was 
called Vindelicia, forms now part of Swabia 
and Bavaria, and their chief town, Augusta 
Vindelicorum, is now Ausburg. — Hor. A, 
Odr 4, v. 18. 

YTNDE.M lA'TOR, a constellation that rose 
about the nones of March.— Ov. F. 3, v. 407. 
— PL 18, c. 13. 

V1NDEX JULIUS, a governor of Gaul, 
who revolted against Nero, and determined 
to deliver the Roman empire from his ty- 
ranny. He was followed by a numerous 
army, but at last defeated by one of the em- 
peror's generals. When he perceived thai 



VIN—VIR 720 VIR-VIR 



all was lost, he laid violent hands upon him- 
self, 68 A. D.-Sue. in Gal.—Ta. Hist. 1, 
C. 51.— PI. 9, ep. 19. 

VINDIC1US, a slave who discovered the 
conspiracy wliich some of the most nohle of 
the Roman citizens had formed to restore 
Tarquin to his throne. He was amply re- 
warded, and made a citizen of Rome.— Liv.2, 
c. 5.—Plu. in Pop. 

VINDI LI, a nation of German v.— P/.4,c.l4. 

YTNDONISSA, now Wendish, a town of 
the Helvetii on the Aar, in the territory of 
Berne.— Ta. 4, Hist. 6l & 70. 

VINICIUS, a Roman consul poisoned by 

Messaliua, &c. A man who conspired 

against Nero, &c. 

VINIDIUS, a miser mentioned by Horace, 
1 Sat. l, v. 95. Some manuscripts read Nu- 
midius and Umidius. 

VI.NIUS, T., a commander in the pretorian 
guards, intimate with Galba, of whom he be- 
came the first minister. He was honoured 
wilh the consulship, and some time after 
murdered.— Ta. H. I. c. 11, 42 & 42.— Pin. 
A man who revolted from Nero. 

VINNIUS, AS ELLA, a servant of Horace, 
to whom ep. 13, is addressed as injunctions 
how to deliver to Augustus some poems from 
his master. 

V1PSANIA, a daughter of M. Agrippa, 
mother of Drusus. She was the only one of 
Agrippa'sdaughters who died a natural death. 
She was married to Tiberius when a private 
man, and when she had been repudiated, she 
married AsiniusGallus. — Ta.A.l,cA2,l.3,c. 19. 

VIRBIUS, (qui inter viros bis fuit,) a 
name given to Hippolytus, after he had been 
brought back to life by iEsculapius, at the 
instance of Diana, who pitied his unfortunate 
end. Virgil makes him son of Hippolytus.— 
j£n.7,v. W2.-Ov.Me. 15,\.5AA.—Hyg. fa.23l. 

YTRGILIUS, MA RO PUBL., called the 
prince of the Latin poets, was born at Andes, 
a village near Mantua, about 70 years before 
Christ, on the 15rti of October. His first 
years were spent at Cremona, where Ids 
taste was formed, and his rising talents first 
exercised. The distribution of the lands of 
Cremona to the soldiers Of Augustus, alter 
the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to 
the poet, and when he attempted to dispute 
the possession of his fields with a soldier, 
Virgil was obliged to save his life from the 
resentment of the lawless veteran, by swim- 
ming across a riter. This was the begin- 
ning of his greatness: he with his father 
repaired to Rome, whereJie soon formed an 
acquaintance with Mecaenas, and recom- 
mended himself to the favours of Augustus. 
The emperor restored his lands to the poet, 
whose modest muse knew so well how to 

Eay the tribute of gratitude, and his first 
ucolic was written to thank the patron, as 
well as to tell the world that his favours 
were not unworthily bestowed. The ten 
bucolics were written in about three years. 
The poet showed his countrymen that he 
could write with graceful simplicity, with 
elegance, delicacy of sentiments, and with 
purity of language. Some time after Virgil 
undertook ti.e Georgics, a poem the mosf 
perfect and finished of all Latin composi- 



tions. The /Eneid was begun, as some snp- 
pose, at the particular request of Augustus; 
and the poet, w hile he attempted to prove 
that the Julian family was lineally descended 
from the founder ot Lavinium, "visibly des- 
cribed,in the pious and benevolent character 
of his hero, the amiable qualities of his 
imperial patron. The great merit of this 
poem is well known, and it will ever remain, 
undecided, which of the two poets, either 
Homer or Virgil, is more entitled to our 
praise, our applause, and our admiration. 
The writer of the Iliad stood as a pattern 
to the favourite of Augustus. The voyage 
of /Eneas is copied from the Odyssey; "and 
for his battles, Virgil found a model in the 
wars of Troy, and the animated descriptions 
of the Iliad. The poet died before he had 
revised this immortal work, which had al- 
ready engaged his time for eleven succes« 
sive years. He had attempted to attend his 
patron in the east,but he was detained at Na- 
ples on account of his ill health. He, how- 
ever, went to Athens, where he met Augus- 
tus in his return, but he. soon after fell sick 
at Megara, and though indisposed, he or- 
dered himself to be removed to Italy. He 
landed at Brundusium, where a few days 
after he expired, the "22d September, in the 
51st year ot his age, B. C. 19. He left the 
greatest part of ids immense possessions to 
his friends, particularly to Mecaenas, Tucca, 
and Augustus, and he ordered, as his last 
will, his unfinished poem to be burnt. These 
last injunctions were disobeyed ; and accord- 
ing to the words of an ancient poet, Augus- 
tus saved his favourite Troy from a second 
and more dismal conflagration. The poem 
was delivered by the emperor to three of 
his literary friends. They were ordered to 
revise and to expunge whatever they deemed 
improper ; but they were strictly enjoined 
not to make any additions, and Hence, as 
some suppose, the causes that so many lines 
of the JEueid are unfinished, particularly in 
the last books. The body of the poet, ac- 
cording to his own directions, wasconw yrd 
to Naples, and interred with much solemnity 
in a monumeut, erected on the road that 
leads from Naples to Puteoli. The following 
modest distich was engraved on the tomb, 
written by the poet some few moments be- 
fore he expired : [nunc 
Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet 

Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces. 

The Romans were not insensible of the 
merit of their poet. Virgil received much 
applause in the capital, and when he en- 
tered the theatre, he was astonished and de- 
lighted to see the crowded audience rise up 
to him as an emperor, and welcome his ap- 
proach by reiterated plaudits. He was na- 
turally modest, and of a timorous disposition. 
When people crowded to gaze upon him, or 
pointed at him with the finger with raptures, 
the poet blushed, and stole away from them, 
and often hid himself in shops to be removed 
from the curiositv and the admiration of the 
public. The most liberal and gratifying 
marks of approbation he received were from 
the emperor and from Octavia, and he was 



VIR— V1R 



VI R— VI R 



desired by the emperor to repeat the lines 
in the presence of the afflicted mother. He 
had no sooner begun nate, &c, than Oe- 
tavia burst into tears ; he continued, but he 
had artfully suppressed the name of her son, 
and when he repeated, in the 16th line, the 
well known words, Tu Marcelhis eris, the 
princess swooned away, and the poet with- 
drew, but not without being- liberally re- 
warded. Octavia presented him ten sester- 
ces for every one of his verses in praise of 
her son, the whole of which was equivalent 
to 20001. English money. As an instance of 
his modesty, the following circumstance has 
been recorded. Virgil wrote this distich, in 
which he compared his patron to Jupiter, 

Nocte pluit tota, redeunt spectacuia mane, 
Divisuin imperium cum Jove Caesar babet, 
and placed it in the. night on the gates of 
the palace of Augustus. Inquiries were 
made for the author bv order of Augustus, 
and when Virgil had "the diffidence not to 
declare himself, BathyllHs, a contemptible 
poet of the a»e, claimed the verses as his 
own, and was liberally rewarded. This dis- 
pleased Virgil ; he again wrote the verses 
near the palace, and under them— 

Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores ; 
with the beginning of another line in these 
words, 

Sic vos non vobis, 

four times repeated. Augustus wished the 
lines to be finished. Bathyllus seemed un- 
able, and Virgil, at last, by completing the 
stanza in the following order- 
Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves : 
Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves ; 
Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes; 
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves ; 
proved himself to be the author of the dis- 
tich, and the poetical usurper became the 
sport and ridicule of Rome. In the works 
of Virgil we can find a more perfect and satis- 
factory account of the religious ceremonies 
and customs of the Romans, than in all the 
other Latin poets, Ovid excepted. Every 
thing he mentions is founded upon historical 
truth ; and though he borrowed much from 
his predecessors, and even whole lines from 
Ennius, yet he has had the happiness to make 
it all his own. He was uncommonly severe 
in revising his own poetry, and he used 
often to compare himself to a bear that licks 
her cubs into shape. In his connections, 
Virgil was remarkable : his friends enjoyed 
his unbounded confidence, and his library 
and pos-essions seemed to be the property of 
the public. Like other great men, he wasnot 
without his enemies and detractors in his 
lifetime, but from their aspersions he received 
additional lustre.— Pal. 2, c. 36.— Hor. 1, S. 
5, v. 40.-- Prop. '2, el. 34, v. 61.— Ov. Tr. 4, 
el. 10, v. 51.— Mart. 8, ep. 56.— Juv. 11, v. 

178.— Quin. 10,c.l.— PI. 3, ep. 21. CAIUS, 

a praetor of Sicily, who, when Cicero was 
banished, refused to receive the exiled orator, 
though his friend, for fear of the resentment 
of Clodius.-Ci. ad. Q. Frair. 



VIR'GIMA, a daughter of the centurion 
L. Virginius. Appius Claudius the decem- 
vir became enamoured of her, and attempted 
to remove her from the place where she re- 
sided. She was claimed by one of his fa- 
vourites as the daughter of a slave, and Ap- 
pius, in the capacity and with the authority 
of judge, had pronounced the sentence, and 
delivered her into the hands of his friend, 
when Virginius, informed of his violent pro- 
ceedings, arrived from the camp. The father 
demanded to see his daughter, and when this 
request was granted, he snatched a knife and 
plunged it into Virginia's breast, exclaiming, 
"This is all, my dearest daughter, I can 
give thee, to preserve thy chastity from the 
lust and violence of a tyrant." No sooner 
was the blow given than Virginius ran 
to the camp with the bloody knife in his 
hand. The soldiers were asto'nished and in- 
censed, not against the murderer, but the 
tyrant that was the cause of Virginia's death, 
and they immediately marched to Rome. 
Appius was seized, but he destroyed himself 
in prison, and prevented the execution of 
the law. Spurius Oppius, another of the de- 
cemvirs who had not opposed the tyrant's 
views, killed himself also, and Marcus Clau 
dius, the favourite of Appius, was put to 
death, and the decemviral power abolished, 
about 449 years before Christ.— Li. 3, c. 44, 
oic.—Jnv. 10, v. 294. 
VIRGINIUS, the father of Viginia, made 

tribune of the people. [Vide Virginia.] A 

tribune of the people who accused Q.Caeso the 
son of Cincinnatus. He increased the num- 
ber of the tribunes to ten, and distinguished 
himself by his seditions against the patricians. 

Another tribune in the age of Camillus, 

fined for his opposition to a law which pro- 
posed going to Veii. An augur who died 

of the plague. CA I US, a praetor of Sicily, 

who opposed the entrance of Cicero into h'is 
province, though under many obligations to 
the orator. Some read Virgilius. A tri- 
bune who encouraged Cinna to criminate 

Sylla. One of the generals of Nero in 

Germany. He made war against Vindex 
and. conquered him. He was treated with 
great coldness by Galba, whose interest he 
had supported with so much success. He 
refused all dangerous stations, and though 
twice offered the imperial purple, he rejected 

it with disdain. — Plu. A Roman orator 

and rhetorician. 

VIRIA'THUS, a mean shepherd of Lusita- 
nia, who gradually rose to power, and by 
first heading a gang of robbers, saw himself 
at last followed by a numerous army. He 
made war against the Romans with uncom- 
mon success, and for 14 years enjoyed the 
envied title of protector of public liberty in 
the provinces of Spain. Many generals 
were defeated, and Pompey himself was 
ashamed to find himself beaten. C*pio was 
at last sent against him. But his despair of 
conquering him by force of arms, obliged 
him to have recourse to artifice, and he had 
the meanness to bribe the servants of Viri- 
athus to murder their master, B. C. 40.— Fl. 
; 2, c. 17.— Fa. Ma. 6, c. 4. 

VIRIDOMAKUS, a voung man of great 

a a 



VI R— VIT 



722 VIT — VIT 

of Nero by wishing him to sing- publicly in 
the crowded theatre. With such an insinuat- 
ing disposition, it is not to be wondered that 
Vitelline became so great. He did not fall 
with his patrons, like the other favourites, 
but the death of an emperor seemed to raise 
him to greater honour-, and to procure him 
fresh applause. He passed through all the 
offices of the state, and gained the soldiery 
by donations and liberal promises. He was 
at the head of tl.^ Roman legions in Ger- 
many when Otho was proclaimed emperor, 
and the exaltation of his rival was no sooner 
heard in the camp, than he was likewise in- 
vested with the purple by his soldiers. He 
accepted with pleasure the dangerous office, 
and instantly marched against Otho. Three 
battles were fought, and in all Vitellius was 
conquered. A fourth, however, in the plains 
between Mantua and Cremona, left liim 
master of the field and of the Roman empire. 
He feasted his eyes in viewing the bodies ol 
the slain and the ground covered with blood, 
and regardless of the insalubrity of the air, 
proceeding from so many carcasses, lie told 
his attendants that the smell of a dead enemy 
was always sweet. His first care was not, 
like that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the 
distresses of the conquered, or patronize the 
friends of the dead, but it was to insult their 
misfortunes, and to intoxicate himself with 
the companions of his debauchery in the 
field of battle. Each successive day exhi- 
bited a scene of greater extravagance. Vi- 
tellius feasied four or five times a day, and 
such was his excess that he often made him- 
self v>mit to begin his repast afresh, and to 
gratify his palate with more luxury. His 
food was of the most rare and exquisite na- 
ture : the deserts of Libya, the shores of 
Spain, and the waters of the Carpathian 
sea, were diligently searched to supply the 
tahle of the emperor. The most celebrated 
of his feasts was that with which he was 
treated by his bro;her Lucius. The table, 
among other meats, was covered with two 



power among the JEdui. Caeser, greatly 
honoured him, but lie fought at last against 
the Romans.- Cats. B. G. 7, c. 39, &c. 

VIRIFLA'CA, a goddess among the Ro- 
mans who presided over the peace of families, 
whence her name [virum plaeare~\. If any 
quarrel happened between a man and bis 
wife, they generally repaired to the temple of 
the goddess, which was erected on the Pala- 
tine mount ; and came back reconciled.— Fa. 
Ma. 2, c. 1. [Juvenal's 5 Sat. 

VIRRO, a fictitious name introduced in 

VIRTUS, all virtues were made deities 
among the Romans. MarceJIus erected two 
temples, one to Virtue, and the other to 
Honour. They were built in such a manner 
that to see the temple of Honour it was ne- 
nessary to pass through that of Virtue ; a 
happy allegory among a nation free and in- 
dependent. The principal virtues were dis- 
tinguished each by their attire. Prudence 
was known by her rule, and her pointing to 
a globe at her feet; Temperance had a bri- 
dle ; Justice had an equal balance ; and For- 
titude leant against her sword ; Honesty was 
clad in a transparent vest ; Modesty appeared 
veiled ; Clemency wore an olive branch, 
and Devotion threw incense upon an altar ; 
Tranquillity was seen to lean on a column ; 
Health was'known by her serpent, Liberty by 
her cap, and Gayety by her myrtle. — Ci. de 
N. D. 2, c. 23.— Plant. In amp. proi.—Li. 29, 
c. 11.— Va. Ma. l,c. 1.— Aug. de Ci. l).A,c.20. 

VISA RG IS, a river of Germany, now called 
the Weser, and falling into "the German 
Ocean. Varus and his legions were cut to 
pieces there by the Germans.— Veil. 2, c. 
105.— Ta. An. I, c. 70, I. 2, c. 9. 

YTSCELL&, now Weltz, a town of Nori- 
ciim, between the Ens and Mure.— Ci.AmA I. 

VTSELLIA LEX, was made by ViseJIius 
Varro, the consul, A. U. C. 776, to restrain 
the introduction of improper persons into 
the offices of the state. 

VI'SELLIUS, VARRO L., a lieutenant in 
Germany under Tiberius. — Ta. An. 3, c. 41. — 

VISELLUS, a man whose father-in-law the j thousand different dishes of fish, and seven 
commentators of Horace believe to have been i thousand of fowls, and so expensive was he 
afflicted with a hernia, on their observations i in every thing, that above seven millions 
on this verse, (1 Sat. I, v. 105,) Est inter ! sterling'were spent in maintaining his table 



Tanaim quiddam, socernmqiie ViselLi. 

VISTULA, a river falling into the Baltic, 
the eastern boundary of ancient Germany. 

VITELLIA, a Roman colony on the bor- 
ders of the RL<\\\\.— TA. 5. c. 29. 

VITELLIUS, AULUS, a Roman raised by 
nis vices to the throne. He was descended 
from one of the most illustrious families of 
Rome, and as such he gained an easy admis- 
sion to the palace of the emperors. The 
greatest part of his youth was spent at Ca- 
prae, where his willingness and compliance 

to gratify the most vicious propensities of j treat betrayed him : he was dragged naked 
Tiberius," raised his father to the dignity of j through the streets, his hands ,vere tied be- 
consul and governor of Syria. The applause hind his back, and a drawn sword was 
he gained in this school of debauchery, was ! placed under his chin to make him lift his 
too~great and flattering to induce Vitellius j head. After sufieri/ig the greatest insults 



in the space of four months, and Joseph us 
has properly observed that if Vitellius had 
reigned long, the great opulence of all the 
Roman empire would have been found in- 
sufficient to defray the expenses of his ban- 
quets. This extravagance, which delighted 
the favourites, soon raised the indignation of 
the people. Vespasian was proclaimed em- 
peror by the army, and his minister Primus 
was sent to destroy the imperial glutton. 
Vitellius concealed himself under the bed of 
the porter of his palace, but this obscure re- 



to alter his conduct, and no longer to be one 
of the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased 
with his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius 
/oved him because he was a great gamester, 
and he recommended himself to the favours 



from the populace, he was at last carried to 
the place of execution and put to death 
with repeated blows. His head was cut off 
and fixed to a pole, and his mutilated body 
dragged with a hook and thrown into the 



VIT— VOL 



723 



VOL— VOL 



Tiber, A. D. 69, after a reign of one year 
except !2 days.— Sue.— Ta. Hist. 2.—Eut.— 

Bio.— Flu. LUCIUS, the father of the 

emperor, obtained great honours by his flat- 
tery to the emperors. He was made go- 
vernor of Syria, and in this distant province 
he obliged the Parthians to sue for peace. 
Mis adulation to Messalina is well known, 
and he obtained as a particular favour the 
honourable office of pulling off the shoes of 

the empress, Sec— Sue. &c. A brother of 

the emperor, who enjoyed his favours bv 

encouraging his gluttony, &c. PUBLI US", 

an uncle of the emperor of that name. Me 
was accused under Nero of attempts to bribe 
the people with money from the treasury 
against the emperor. He killed himself be- 
fore his trial. One of the flatterers of Ti- 
berius. An officer of the pretorians under 

Otho. A son of the emperor Vitellius, 

put to death by one of his father's friends. 
Some of fiie family of the Vitellii con- 
spired with the Aquilii and other illustrious 
Romans to restore Tarquin to his throne. 
Their conspiracy was discovered by the con- 
suls, and they were severely punished.— Pitt. 

VITEKBUM, a town of Tuscany, where 
Fa n urn Voltumnve stood. It is not mentioned 
by classical writers.— Li. 4, c. 23, I. 5, c. 17. 

VTTIA, a mother put to deatli by Tiberius 
for weeping at the death of her son", &c. — Ta. 
An. 7, c. 10. 

VI'TRICUS, a surname of Mars.— Ov. 

V1TRUVIUS POLLIO, M., a celebrated 
architect in the age of Augustus, born at For- 
mioe. He is known only by his writings, and 
nothing is recorded in history of his life or 
private character. He wrote atreatise on his 
profession, which he dedicated to Augustus, 
and it is the only book on architecture now 
extant written "by the ancients. In this 
work he plainly shows that he was master of 
his profession," and that he possessed both 
genius and abilities. 

V ITU LA, a deity among the Romans who 
presided over festivals and rejoicings. — Mac. 

3, C. 2. 

VITULARIA VIA, a road in the country 
cf Arpiuuni.— Cic. Q. fr. 3, ep. 1. [!, c. 68. 

VOCE Tl US, part of mount Jura.— Ta. H. 

VOCO'NIA LEX, de teslamentis, by Q. 
Voconius Saxa, the tribune, A. U. C. 584, 
enacted, that no woman should be left heir- 
ess to an estate, and that no rich person 
should h ave by his will more than the fourth 
part of his fortune to a woman. This step 
vv as taken to prevent the decay of the noblest 
and most illustrious of the families of Rome. 
This law was abrogated by Augustus. 

VOCONII FORUM, a town of Gaul, be- 
tween Antibes andMarseilles.— Cic.\Q,fa»i.\7. 

VOCO'NIUS, VICTOR, a Latin poet, &c. 

—Marl. 7, ep. 28. SAXA, a tribune who 

mac e a law. An officer of Lucullus in Asia. 

VOCONTIA, now Vasio.—Sil. 3, v. 167. 

VOGE'SUS, now Vauge, a mountain of 
Bel»ic Gaul, which separates the Sequani 
from the Lingones.— Luc. 1, v. 397.— Cces. G. 

4, c. 10. 

VOL/E, a city of the /Equi.— Li. 4, c. 49. 
VOLAGINIUS, a soldier who assassinated 
one of his officers, &c— Ta. H. 2, c. 75. 



VOLANA, a town of the Samnite*. 

VOLANDUM, a fortified place of A rmenia. 

VOLATERRA, an ancient town of Etruria, 
famous for hot baths. Persius the satirist was 
born there.— Li. 10,c.l2.— Slr.5,Cic.\:i.fam.4. 

VOLCE, or VOLGjE, a people of Gaul, 
between the Garonne and the Rhone.— Li. 
21, c. 26.— Me. 2, c. 5. 

VOLC1, an inland town of Lucania, now 

Lanria.—Li. 27, c. 15. A town of Etruria. 

—PI. 3, c. 5. 

VOLO'GESES, a name common to many 
of the kings of Parthia, who made war against 
the Roman emperors. — Ta. 12, An. 14. 

VOLSCENS, a Latin chief who discovered 
Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from 
the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He 
killed Euryalus, and was himself immedi- 
ately stabbed by Nisns.— V. BLn. 9, v. 370&442. 

VOLSCI, or VOLCI, a people of Latium, 
whose territories are bounded on the south 
by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of 
the Hernici and Marsi, west by the Latins and 
Rutulians, and east by Campania. Their 
chief cities were Antium, Circea, Anxur, Co- 
rioli, Fregellse, Arpinum, &c. Ancus king- 
of Rome made war against them, and in the 
time ot the republic they became formidable 
enemies, till they were at last conquered 
with the rest of the Latins. — Li. 3 &4.— Virg. 
G. 2, v. 168, Mn. 9, v. 505, 1. II, v. 546, &c. 
—Sir. 5.— Me. 2, c. 4 & 5. 

VOLSINIUM, a town of Etruria in Italy, 
destroyed, according to Pliny 2, c. 53, by fire 
from heaven. The inhabitants numbered the 
years by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, 
a Tuscan goddess.— Li. 5, c. 31, 1. 7, c. 3. - 
Jnv. 3, v. 191. — Ta. An. 4. — Onil. 

VOLTINIA, one of the Roman tribes. 

VOLUBILIS, a town of Africa, supposed 
Fez, the capital of Morocco. — PI, 5, c. 1. 

VOLUMN/E FANUM, a temple in Etruria, 
sacred to the goddess Volumna, who presided 
over the will and over complaisance, where 
the states of the country used to assemble. 
Viterbo now stands on the spot. — Li. 4, c. 23, 

1. 5, c. 17, 1. 6, c. 2. 

VOLUMNIA, the wife of Coriolanus.— Li. 

2, c. 40. The fr^edwoman of Volumnius 

Eutrape'lus.— Ci. Phil. 2, c. 24. 

VOLUMNUS and VOLUMNA, two deities 
who presided over the will. They were 
chiefly invoked at marriages, to preserve 
concord between the husband and wife. 
They were particularly worshipped by the 
Etrurians. — Li. 4, c. 61*. 

VOLUMNIUS,T., a Roman famous for his 
friendship towards M. Lucullus, whom M. 
Antony had put to death. His great lamen- 
tations were the cause that he was dragged 
to the triumvir, of whom he demanded to be 
conducted to the body of his friend, and 
there to be put to death. His request was 

easily granted. — Li. 124, c. 20.- A mimic 

whom Brutus put to death. An Etrurian 

who wrote tragedies in his own native lan- 
guage. A consul who defeated the Sain- 

nites and the Etrurians, &C— Li. 9. A 

friend of M. Brutus. He was preserved when 
that great republi&n killed himself, and lie 
wrote an account of his death and of his 
actions, from which Plutarch selected soir- 



VOL-VUL 



724 



VUL-VUL 



remarks. A prefect of Syria. B. C. II. 

A Unman knight put-to death bv Catiline. 

VOLIJPTASand VOLUPIA, 'the goddess 
of sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, 
where she had a temple. She was repre- 
sented as a young and beautiful woman, 
well dressed and elegantly adorned, seated 
on a throne, and hating virtue under her 
feet.— Ci. de N. D. 2, c. 23.— Mac. 1, c. 10. 
—Aug. de Ci. D. A, c. 8. 

VOLUSE'NUS, (.'., a military tribune in 
Ciesar's army. Sec— Cits. B. G. 3. 

VOLUSIA NUS a Roman taken as col- 
league on the imperial throne, by his father 
Gallus. He was killed bv his soldiers. 

VO LPS I US, a poet of Patavia, alio wrote, 
like Ennius, the annals of Rome in verse. — 

Seneca, ep. 9-i.— Cat. 96, v. 7. SAT URN I- 

NUS, a governor of Ronie, who died in the 
93d year of his age, beloved and respected, 
under Nero.— Ta. An. 13. CAIUS. a sol- 
dier at the siege of Cremona, &.c. One of 

Nero's officers.— Ta. An. 15, c. 51. [v. 463. 

VOLUSUS, a friend of Turnus.— V./En. II, 

VOLUX, a son ot Boccbus whom the Ro- 
mans defeated* Sylla suspected his fidelity, 
Sic*— Sal. Jug. 105". 

VOMANUS, a river of Picenum in halv. 
— PL :i, c. n.— Si. It. 8. v. 438. 

VONO'NES, a king of Parihia expelled by 
his subjects, and atterwards placed on the 

throne of Ai nienia.— Ta. An, 12, c. 14. 

Another king of Armenia. A man made 

king of Parthia by Augustus. 

\ OPISCUS, a native of Syracuse, 303, A. D. 
who wrote the life of Aureiian, Tacitus, Flo- 
ri.mus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. He is 
one of the six authors who are called His- 
toric Augusta scriptores, but he excels all 
others in the elegance of his style, .and the 
manner in which he relates the various ac- 
tions of the emperors. He is not, however, 
without his faults, and we look in vain for 
the purity or perspicuity of the writers of the 
Augustan age. 

\ ORA'NDS, a freed man of Q. Luctatius 
Catulus, famous for his robberies as well a» 
his cunning, Sar.—Ror. 1, s. 8, v. 39. 

VOTIE'NUS MONTANUS, a man of learn- 
ing banished to one of the Baleares for hi< 
(Malevolent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid 
has celebrated him as an excellent poet.— 
Ta. An. 4. c. 42. 

VULCAN ALIA, festivals in honour of Vul- 
can, brought to Rome from Pr*neste, and 
observed in the month of August. The streets 
were illuminated, fires kin u led every where, 
and animals thrown into the flames, as a 
sacrifice to the deitv.— Var. de L.L. 5.— Bio. 
H. I.— Col. \\.—VL 18, c. 13. 

VULCA'Nl INSULA, or VULCAMA, a 
name given to the islands between Sicily and 
Italy, now calied Lipari. — V. 3in. 8. v. 422. 
They received it because there were there 
subterraneous fires, supposed to be excited 
bv V ulcan, the god of fire. 

VULCAN I US, TERENTIANUS, a Latin 
historian, who wrote an account of the life of 
the three Gordians, &c. 

VULCA'NUS, a god the ancients who 
presided over fire, and was the patron of all j 
artists who worked iron and metals. He was 



son of Juno alone, who in this wished to 
imitate Jupiter, who had produced Minerva 
from his brains. According to Homer, he 
was son of Jupiter and Juno, and the mother 
was so disgusted with the deformities of her 
son, that she threw him into the sea, as soon 
as born, where he remained for nine years. 
According to the more received opinion, 
Vulcan was educated in Heaven with the 
rest of the gods, but his father kicked him 
down from Olympus, when he attempted to 
deliver his mother, who had been fastened 
by a golden chain for her insolence. He was 
nine days in coming from heaven upon earth, 
and he fell in the island of Lemnos, where, 
according to Lucian, the inhabitants seeing 
him in the air, caught him in their arms. 
He howeverbroke his leg by the fall, and ever 
after remained lame of one foot. He fixed 
his residence in Lemnos, where he built him- 
self a palace, and raised forges to work 
nielals. The inhabitants of the island became 
sensible of his industry, and were taught all 
the useful arts which could civilize their rude 
manners, and render them serviceable to 
the good of society. The first work of Vul- 
can was, according to some, a throne of gold 
with secret springs, which he presented to his 
mother to avenge himself for her want of 
affection towards him. Juno no sooner was 
seated on the throne, than she found herself 
unable to move. The gods attempted to de- 
liver her by breaking the chains which held 
her, but to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had 
the power to set her at liberty. Bacchus in- 
toxicated him, and prevailed upon him to 
come to Olympus, where he was reconciled 
to his parents. Vulcan has been celebrated 
by the ancient poets for the ingenious works 
and automatical figures which he made, and 
many speak of two golden statues which not 
only seemed animated, but which walked by 
his side, and even assisted him in the work, 
ing of metals. It is said, that at the request 
of Jupiter he made the first woman that ever 
appeared on eartli, well known under the 
name of Pandora. [Vide Pandora.] The 
Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers and at- 
tendants, and with him they fabricated, not 
only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, but also 
arms for the gods and the most celebrated 
heroes. His forges were supposed to be 
under Mount jttna, in the island of Sicily, 
as well as in every part of the earth where 
there were volcanos. The most known of the 
works of Vulcan which were presented to 
mortals are the arms of Achilles, those of 
ifjieas, the shield of Hercules described bj 
Hesiod, a collar given to Hermione the wife 
of Cadmus, and a sceptre, which was in the 
possession of Agamemnon kingof Argosand 
Mycenae. The collar proved fatal to all those 
that wore it, but the sceptre, after the death 
of Agamemnon, was carefully preserved at 
Cheronsea, and regarded as a divinity. The 
amours of Vulcan are not numerous. He 
demanded Minerva from Jupiter, who had 
promised him in marriage whatever goddess 
he should choose, and when she refused his 
addresses, he attempted to offer her violence. 
Minerva resisted with success, though there 
remained on her body some marks of Vul 



VUL— VUL 



f25 



VUL— X AN 



can's passion, which she threw down upon 
earth wrapped up in wool. [Vide Erich- 
sithonius.] This disappointment in his love 
was repaired by Jupiter, who gave him one 
of the Graces. Venus is universally acknow- 
ledged to have been the wife of Vulcan ; her 
infidelity is well known, as well as her 
amours "with Mars, which were discovered 
by Phoebus, and exposed to the gods by her 
own husband. [Vide Aleetryon.] The wor- 
ship of Vulcan was well established, par- 
ticularly in Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome, 
it was usual in "the sacrifices that were offer- 
ed to him to burn the whole victim, and not 
reserve part of it as in the immolations to 
the rest of the gods. A calf and a boar pig 
were the principal victims offered. Vulcan 
was represented as covered with sweat, blow- 
ing with his nervous arm the fires of his 
forges. His breast was hairy, and his fore- 
head was blackened with smoke. Some re- 
present him lame and deformed, holding a 
hammer raised in the air, ready to strike ; 
while with the other hand he turns, with pin- 
cers, a thunderbolt on his anvil, for which 
an eagle waits by his side to carry it to Ju- 
piter. He appears on some monuments with 
a long beard, dishevelled hair, half naked, 
and a small round cap on his head, while he 
holds a hammer and pincers in his hand. 
The Egyptians represented him under the 
figure of a monkey. Vulcan has received the 
names of Midciber, Pamphanes, Clytotech- 
nes, Pandamator, Cyllopodes, Chalaipoda, 
fyc, all expressive of his lameness and his 
profession. He was father of Cupid, by 
Venus ; of Caeculus, Cecrops, Cacus, Piri- 
phetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks 
©f more than one deity of the name of Vul- 
can. One he calls son" of Ccelus and father 
ef Apollo, by Minerva; the second he men- 
tions is son of the Nile, and called Phtas by 
thv Egyptians ; the third was the sou of Ju- 
piter and Juno, and fixed his residence in 
Lemnos; and the fourth, who built his forges 
in the Lipari islands, was son of Menalius. 
Vulcan seems to have been admitted into 
heaven more for ridicule, than any other pur- 
pose. He seems to be the great cuckold of 
Olympus, and even his wife is represented 
as laughing at his deformities, and mimick- 
ing his lameness to gain the smiles of her 
lovers.— Hes. Th.&fin Se.—Her. \A0.-~Apol. 
1, c. 3.— H. II. 1, v. bl.—Diod. 5.— Pans. 1, 
c. 20.-CL de Na. D. 3, c. 22.— Her. 2.— Far. 
de L. L.— V. lEn. 7. 

VULCATIUS, a Roman knight, wlio con- 
spired with Piso against Nero, &c— 7'a. — A 
senator in the reign of Dioclesian, who at- 
tempted to write an history of all such as 
had reigned at Rome, either as lawful sove- 
reigns or by usurpation. Of his works no- 
thing is extant but an account of Avidius 
Cassius, who revolted in the east during the 
reign of M. Aurelius, which some ascribe to 
Spartianus. 

VULSINUM, a town of Etruria, where 
Sejanus was born. Vide Volsinium. 

\ULSO, a Roman consul who invaded 

Africa with Regulus. Another consul. He 

had the provinces of Asia while in office, 
and triumphed over the Galatians. 



VUL'TURA,or VULTURARIA, a inountaii. 
on the borders of Apulia.— Hot. 3, od. 4. v. 9. 
—Luc. 9. v. l 63. 

VULTURIUS, a man whoconspired against 
his country with Catiline; [Vnlturnus. 

VULTURIUS, asurname of Apol!o. Vide 

VU LTURNUiVl, a town of Campania, near 
the mouth of the Vulturnus.— Li. 23, c. 20. 

— PI. 3, c. 5. Also an ancient name of 

Capua.— Li. 4. c. 37. 

VULTURNUS, a river of Campania rising 
in the Apennines, and railing into the Tyr- 
rhene sea,after passing by the town of Capua. 

— Luc. 5, 664.— V. JEn. 7, v. 729. The god 

of the Tiber was also known by that name. 

— Var. de L. L. 4, c. .5. The wind which 

received the name of Vulturnus when it blew 
from the side of the Vulturnus, highly incom- 
moded the Romans at the battle of Cannae. 

— Li. 22, c. 43. A surname of Apollo on 

mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus. The 
god received this name from a shepherd who 
raised him a temple after he had been drawn 
out of a subterraneous cavern by vultures. 



X. 



XANTHE, one of the Oceanides.-H^. 
Th. v. 356. 

XANTHI, a people of Thrace. The in- 
habitants of Xanthusin Asia. Vide Xanthus. 

XANTHIA PHOCEUS, a Roman whom 
Horace addresses in his 2 od. 4, and of whom 
he speaks as enamoured of a servant maid. 

XAN'THICA, a festival observed by the 
Macedonians in the month called Xanthicu«, 
the same as April. It was then usual to 
make a lustration of the army with great 
solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts, 
and one half of the body placed on one side, 
and the other part on the other side, after 
which the soldiers marched between, and 
they imitated areal battle by a sham engage- 
ment. [Xantippe. 

XANTHIPPE, a daughterof Dorus. Vide 

XANTHIPPUS, a son of Melas killed by 
Tydeus. Vide Xantippus. 

XANTHO, one of Cyrene's attendant 
nymphs. — Virg. G. 4, v. 336. 

XANTHUS, or XANTHOS, a river of 
Troas, in Asia Minor. It is the same as the 
Scamander, but according to Homer, it was 
calied Xauthus by the gods and Scamander 

by men. [Vide Scamaixler.] A river of 

Lycia, anciently called Sirbes. It was sacred 
to" Apollo, and fell into the sea, near Patara. 
— H. II. 6, v. J72.— V. MLn. 4, v. 143.— Me. 

I, c. 15- One of the horses of Achilles, 

who spoke to his master when chid with 
severity, and told him that he must soon be 

killed.—//. //. 19. One of the horses given 

to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards to the 

sons of Leda. An historian of Sanies in 

the reign of Darius. A Greek historian 

of Ljdia. who wrote an account of his coun- 
try of which some fragments remain. Vio.H. 

A king of Lesbos. A king of Kreotia, 

who marie war against the Athenians. He 
was killed by the artifice of Melantlius. [Vide 

Apaturia.] A Greek poet.— Ml. V. H. 4, 

3 Q 3 



XAN— XEN 



726 



XEN— XEN 



c. 26.— Sni. A philosopher of Samus, in 

whose iiouse /Esop lived some time as ser- 
vant. A town of Lycia on the river of the 

same name, at the distance of about fifteen 
miles from the sea-shore. The inhabitants 
are celebrated for their /ove of liberty and 
national independence. Brutus laid siege to 
their city, and when at last they were" un- 
able longer to support themselves against 
the enemy, they set fire to their houses and 
destroyed themselves. The conqueror wish- 
ed to spare them, but though he offered 
rewards to his soldiers if they brought any 
of the Xantliians alive into his presence, 
only 150 were saved, much against their will. 
—App. A.— Pin. Br. 

XAN'TTCLES, one of the leaders of the 
10,000 Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. 

XaNTIPPE, a daughter of Dorus who 
married Pleuron, by whom she had Agenor, 
6ic.—Apol. 1 , c.7. The wife of Socrates, re- 
markable for her ill humour and peevish dis- 
position, which are become proverbial. Some 
suppose that the philosopher was acquainted 
with her moroseness and insolence before he 
married her, and that he took her for his 
wife to try his patience, and inure himself to 
the malevolent reflections of mankind. She 
continually tormented him with her imper- 
tinence ; and one day, not satisfied with using 
the most bitter invectives, she •' rtied a ves- 
sel of dirty water on his hea< i pon which 
the philosopher coolly ob vud. "alter 
thunder there generally fail j ain." — JEl. V. 
H. 7, c. 10, I. 9, c. 7, I. 11, c. I y,~ Di.og.in Soc. 

XANTIPPUS, a Lacedaeii or ian general, 
who assisted the Carthagi;»iafis in the first 
Punic war. He defeated che Romans, 256 
B. C, and took the celebrated Regulus pri 
soner. Soch signal sen ices deserved to be 
rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with 
envious jealousy upon Xantippus, and he re- 
tired to Corinth after he had saved them 
from destruction. So .ie authors support that 
the Carthaginians oi dered him to be assas- 
sinated, and his body to be thrown into the 
sea as he was returning home ; while others 
say that they had prepared a leaky ship 
to comey him to Corinth, which he artfully 
avoided.— Lie. 18 & 28, c. 43.— App. de Hun. 

An Athenian general who defeated the 

Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A 
statue was erected to Ids honourin the cita- 
del of Athens. He made some conquests in 
Thrace, and increased the power of Athens. 
He was father to the celebrated Pericles, by 
Agariste, the niece of Ciisthenes, who ex- 
pelled the Pisistratidae from Athens. — Pa. 3, 

c. 7, I. 8, c. 52. A son of Pericles, who 

disgraced his father by his disobedience! 
ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of 
the plague in the Peioponnesian war. — Plu. 

XENAG'ORAS, an historian.— Diu. H. 

A philosopher who measured the height of 
mount Olvmpus. 

XEN ARCH US, a comic poet. A peri 

patetic philosopher of Seleucia, who taught 
at Alexandria and at Rome, and was inti- 
mate with Augustus.— Str. 14. A praetor of 

the Achaean league who wished to favour 
the interest of Perseus, king of Macedonia, 
against the Romans. 



XEN A RES, an intimate friend of Cleome- 
nes king of Sparta. 

XENETUS, a rich Loerian, whose daugh- 
ter Doris married Dionysius of Sicily. — Arts. 
— Pol. 5, c. 7. [an history of his country. 

XENEUS, a Chian writer who composed 

XENI'ADES, a Corinthian who went to 
buy Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a 
slave. He asked him what he could do T 
upon which the Cynic answered, " command 
freemen." This noble answer so pleased 
Xeniades, that he gave the Cynic his liberty, 
and entrusted him with the care and educa- 
tion of his children.— Diod.—Gel. 2, c. 18. 

XEN I US, a surname given to Jupiter as 
the god of hospitality. 

XENO'CLEA, a priestess of Apollo's tem« 
pie at Delphi, from whom Hercines extorted 
an oracle by force when she refused lo an- 
swer him becau-e he was not purified of the 
blood and death of Iphitus.— Pa. 10, c. 13. 

XEN'OCLES, a tragic writer, who ob- 
tained four times a poetical prize in a con- 
tention in which Euripides was competitor, 
either through the ignorance or by the 
bribery of his judges. The names of his 
tragedies which obtained the victory were 
(Edipus, Lycaon, Bacchae, Athamas Satyri- 
cus, against the Alexander, Palamedes, 
Trojani, and Sisyphus Satyricus, of Euripides. 
His grandson bore also the name of Xeno- 
cles, and excelled in tragical compositions. 

— /El. V. H. 2, c. 8. A Spartan officer in 

the expedition which Agesilaus undertook 

against the Persians. An architect of 

Eleusis. A friend of Aratus. One of 

the friends of Cicero. A celebrated rheto 

rician of Adramyttium.— Str. 13. 

XENOC'RATES, an ancient philosopher 
born at Calchedonia, and educated in the 
school of Plato, whose friendship he gained, 
and whose approbation he merited. Though 
of a dull and sluggish disposition, he sup 
plied the defects of nature by unwearied at. 
tention and industry, and was at ia>t found 
capable of succeeding in the school of Plato 
after Speusipuus, about 339 years before 
Christ. He was remarkable as a disciplina- 
rian, and he required that his pupils should 
be acquainted with mathematics before they 
came under his care, and he even rejected 
some who had not the necessary qualification, 
saying that they had not yet found the key 
of"philosophy. "He did not only recommend 
himself to Ids pupils by precepts, but more 
powerfully by example, and since the won- 
derful change he had made upon the conduct 
of one of his auditors, [Fide Polemon,] his 
company was as much shunned by the dissolute 
and extravagant, as it was courted by the vir- 
tuous and the benevolent. Philip of Nlacedon 
attempted to gain his confidence with money, 
but with no success. Alexander in this imitat- 
ed his father, and sent some of his friends with 
50 talents for the philosopher. They were intro- 
dueed, and supped with >. enocrates. The re- 
past was small, frugal, and ilegant,vvithout os- 
tentation. On the morrow, the officers of Alex- 
ander wished to pay down the 50 talents, 
but the philosopher asked them whether they 
had not perceived from the entertainment o 
j the preceding day, that he w as not in waii'to 



XEN-XEN 



~ 2 7 



XEN -XEN 



money : " Tell your master," said he " to 
keep his money, lie has more people to main- 
tain than I have." Yet not to offend the 
monarch, he accepted a small sum, about 
the 200th part of one talent. His character 
■was not less conspicuous in every other par- 
ticular, and he has been cited as an instance 
of virtue from the following circumstance: 
The courtezan Lais had pledged herself to 
forfeit an immense sum of money, if she did 
not triumph over the virtue of Xenocrates. 
She tried every art, assumed the most capti- 
vating looks, and used the most tempting at- 
titudes to gain the philosopher, but in Vain ; 
and she declared at last that she had not lost 
her money, as she had pledged herself to 
conquer an human being, not a lifeless stone. 
Though so respected and admired, Xenocra- 
tes was poor, and lie was dragged to prison, 
because he was unable to pay a small tribute 
to tlie state. He was delivered from con- 
finement by one of his friends. His integrity 
was so weil known that when he appeared 
in the court as a witness, the judges dis- 
pensed with his oath. He died B. C. 314, in 
his 82nd year, after he had presided in the 
academy "for above 25 years. It is said, that 
he fell in the Light with his head into a ba- 
son of water, and that he was suffocated. 
He had written above 60 treatises on differ- 
ent subjects, all now lost. He acknowledged 
no other deity but heaven and the seven 
planets. — Diog — Ci. At. 10, ep. 1, &c. — Tus. 

5, c. 23.— Fa. Ma. 2, C. 10.— Luc. A phy 

sician in the age of Nero, not in great esteem. 

An excellent painter — PL. 

XENODAM US, an illegitimate son of Me- 

nelaus, by Gnossia.— Apnl. 3. c. 11. An 

athlete of Anticyra.— Pa. 10, c. 36. 

XE'NODICE, a daughter of Syleus, killed 

by Hercules. — Apol. 2, c. 6. A daughter 

of Minos and Fasiphae.— lb. 3, c. 1. 

XENO'DOCHUS, a Messenian crowned at 
the Olympic games. — Pa. 4, c. 5. A na- 
tive of Cardia. 

X ENO'PHA NES, a Greek philosopher of 
Colophon, disciple of Archelaus, B. C. 535. 
He wrote several poems and treatises, and 
founded a sect which was called the Eleatic, 
in Sicily. Wild in his opinions about astro- 
nomy, he supposed that the stars were ex- 
tinguished every morning, and rekindled at 
night; that eclipses were occasioned by the 
temporary extinction of the sun ; that the 
moon was inhabited, and 18 times bigger than 
the earth ; and that there were several suns 
and moons for the convenience of the differ- 
ent climates of the earth. He further 
imagined that God and the world were the 
same, and lie credited the eternity of the 
universe, but his incoherent opinion about 
the divinity raised the indignation of his 
countrymen, and he was banished. He died 
very poor when about 100 years old. — Ci.qucz. 
4, c. 37, de di. I, c. 3, de Nat. 2>. 1, c. 11. 

— Lac. Div. Inst. 3, c. 23. A governor 

of Olbus, in the age of M. Antony. — Str. 14. 

One of the ministers of Philip, w ho went 

to Annibal's camp, and made a treaty of al- 
liance between Macedonia and Carthage. 

XENOPHI'LUS, a Pythagorean philoso- 
pher, who lived to his 170th year, and en- 



joyed all his faculties to the last. He wrote 
upon music, and thence he was called the 
musician. — Luc. de Mac— PL 7, c. 50.— Va. 

Ma. 8, c. 13. One of Alexander's generals. 

— Curt. 5, c. 2. A robber of whom Aratus 

hired some troops. 

XEN'OPHON, an Athenian, son of Gryl- 
lus, celebrated as a general, an historian, 
and a philosopher. In the school of Socrates 
he received those instructions and precepts 
which afterwards so eminently distinguished 
him at the head of an army, in literary soli- 
tude and as the prudent father of a family. 
He was invited by Proxenus, one of his inti- 
mate friends, to accompany Cyrus the 
younger in an expedition against his brother 
Artaxerxes, king of Persia; but he refused 
to comply without previously consulting his 
venerable master, and inquiring into the^pro- 
priety of such a measure. Socrates strongly 
opposed it, and observed, that it might raise 
the resentment of his countrymen, as Sparta 
had made analliancewith thePersiau monarch; 
but, however, before he proceeded further he 
advised him to consult the oracle of Apollo. 
Xenophon paid due deference to the injunc- 
tions of Socrates, but as he was ambitious of 
glory, and eager to engage in a distant ex- 
pedition, he hastened with precipitation to 
Sardis, where lie was introduced to the 
young prince and treated with great atten- 
tion/ In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon 
showed that he was a true disciple of Socra- 
tes, and that he had been educated in the 
warlike city of Athens. After the decisive 
battle in the plains of Cunaxa, and the fall 
of young Cyrus, the prudence and vigour of 
his mind were called into action. The ten 
thousand Greeks who had followed the stand- 
ard of an ambitious prince, were now at the 
distance of above six hundred leagues from 
their native home, in a country surrounded on 
every side by a victorious enemy, without 
money, without provisions, and without a 
leader. Xenophon was selected from among 
the officers, to superintend the retreat of his 
countrymen, and though he was often op- 
posed by malevolence and envy , yet his per- 
suasive eloquence and his activity convinced 
the Greeks that no general could extricate 
them from every difficulty, better than the 
disciple of Socrates. He rose superior to 
danger, and though under continual alarms 
from the sudden attacks of the Persians, he 
was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate 
through vast deserts, gain the tops of moun- 
tains, till he could rest secure for a while, 
and refresh his tired companions. This cele- 
brated retreat was at last happily effected, 
the Greeks returned home after a march of 
1155 parasangs, or leagues, which was per- 
formed in 215 days, alter an absence of 15 
months. The whole perhaps might now be 
forgotten, or at least but obscurely known, if 
the great philosopher who planned it, had not 
employed his pen in describing the dangers 
which he escaped, and the difficulties w hich 
he surmounted. He was no sooner returned 
from Cunaxa, than he sought new honours 
in following the fortune of Agesilaus in Asia. 
He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under 
his standard, and conquered with him in the 



XEN-XEN 7". 
Asiatic provinces, a* weti as at the oaltle of 
Corouaea. His fame, however, did not es- 
cape the aspersions of jealousy : he was pub- 
licly banished from Athens for accompany- 
ing: Cyrus against his brother, and being now 
without a home, he retired to Scillus, a small 
town of the Lacadaemonians, in the neigh- 
bourhood of Olympia. In this solitary retreat 
he dedicated his time to literary pursuits, 
and as he had acquired riches in his Asiatic 
expeditions, he be?an to adorn and varie- 
gate by the hand of art, for his pleasure and 
enjoyment, the country which surrounded 
Scillus. He built a magnificent temple to 
Diana, in imitation of that of Ephesus, and 
spent part of his time in rural employments, 
or in hunting in the woods and mountains. 
His peaceful occupations, however, were 
soon disturbed : a war arose between the La- 
cedaemonians and Elis. The sanctity of 
Diana's temple, and the venerable age of the 
philosopher, who lived in the delightful re- 
treats of Scillus, were disregarded, and Xe- 
nophon, driven by the Elians from his fa- 
vourite spot, where he had composed and 
w ritten for the information of posterity and 
honour of his 'country, retired to the' city 
of Corinth. Jn this place he died in the 90th 
year of his age, 359 years before the Chris- 
tian era. The works' of Xenophon are nu- 
merous. He wrote an account of the expe- 
diton of Cyrus, called the Anabasis, and as 
he had no'inconsiderable share in the enter- 
prise, his descriptions must be authentic, as 
he was himself an eye witness. Many, how- 
ever, have accused him of partiality. " He ap- 
peared often too fond of extolling the virtues 
of his favourite Cyrus, and while he de- 
scribes with contempt the imprudent opera- 
tions of the Persians, he does not neglect to 
show that he was a native of Greece. His 
Cyrop&dia, divided into eight books, has 
given rise to much criticism, and while 
some warmly maintain that it is a faithful 
account of the life and the actions of Cy- 
rus the Great, and declare that it is sup- 
ported by the authority of scripture, others 
as vehemently deny its authority. Ac- 
cording to the opinions of Plato and of 
Cicero, the Cyropaedia of Xenophon was a 
moral romance, and these venerable philoso- 
phers support, that the historian did not so 
much write what Cyrils had been.as whateverv 
true, good, and virtuous monarch ought to 
be. His Hellenica were written as a continua- 
tion of the history of Thucydides; and in his 
Memorabilia of Socrates, and in his Apology, 
he has shew n himself, as Valerius Maxim us 
observes, a perfect master of the philosophy 
of that great man, and he lias explained his 
doctrines and moral precepts with all the 
success of persuasive eloquence and consci- 
ous integrity. These are the most famous 
of his compositions, besides which there are 
other small tracts: his eulogium given on Age- 
silaus, his ceconomics on the duties of do- 
mestic life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in 
which he happily describes and compares the 
misery which attended the tyrant, with the 
felicity of a virtuous prince ; a treatise on 
hunting, the symposium of the philosopher's 
on the government of Athens and Sparta, a 



SB XEN-XER 
treatise on the revenues of Attica, &c. Tlie 
simplicity and the elegance of Xenophon's 
diction have procured him the name of the 
Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and 
they have induced Quintiiian to say, that the 
graces dictated his language, and ihat the 
uoddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. 
His sentiments, as to the divinity and reli- 
gion, were the same as those of the venera- 
ble Socrates: he supported the immortality 
of the soul, and exhorted his friends to cul- 
tivate those virtues which insure the happi- 
ness of mankind, with all the zeal and fer- 
vour of a christian. He has been quoted as 
an instance of tenderness and of resignation 
on providence. As he was offering a sacri- 
fice, he was informed thatGryilus, his eldest 
son, had been killed at the battle of Manti- 
nea. Upon this he tore the garland from his 
head, but when he was told that his son had 
died like a Greek, and had given a morta' 
wound to Epaminondas the enemy's general, 
he replaced the dowers on his head, and con- 
tinued the sacrifice, exclaiming that the 
pleasure he derived from the valour of his 
son, was greater than the grief which his 
unfortunate death occasioned.— Ci. in Or. 
19.— Fa. Ma. 5, c. 10.— Quin. 10, c. 2.— 
ML V. H. 3, c. V.i.-Diog. in Xen.—Sen. 

A writer in the beginning of the 

fourth century, known by his Greek ro- 
mance in five books, De Amoribus Anthia 
Abrocomx, published in bvo. and 4to. by 

Cocceius, Lond. 1726. A physician of the 

emperor Claudius, born in the' island of Cos, 
and said to be descended from the Asclepi- 
ades. He enjoyed the emperor's favours, 
and through aim the people of Cos were 
exempt from all taxes. He had the mean- 
ness to poison his benefactor at the instiga- 
tion of Agrippina.— Ta. 12. An. c, 61. An 

officer under Adrian. 

XERA, a town of Spain, now Xerex, 
where the Moors gained a battle over Rode- 
ric king of the Goths, and became masters 
of the country. [Egvpt and Cvrene. 

XEROLIB'VA, a part of Africa, between 

XERXENA. a part of Armenia.— Str. 11. 

XERXES, I. succeeded his father Darius 
on the throne of Persia, and though but the 
second son of the monarch, he was preferred 
to his elder brother Artabazanes. The causes 
alleged for this preference were, that Arta- 
bazanes was son of Darius when a private 
man, and that Xerxes was born, after his 
father had been raised on the Persian throne, 
of AtofFa, the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes 
continued the warlike preparations of his 
father, and added the revolted kingdom of 
Egypt to his extensive possessions. He after- 
wards invaded Europe, and entered Greece 
with an army, which together with the nu- 
merous retinue of servants, eunuchs, and 
women, that attendtd it, amounted to no 
less than 5,263,220 souls. This multitude, 
which the fidelity of historians has not ex- 
aggerated, was stopped at Thermopylae, by 
the valour of 300 Spartans, under king Leo- 
nidas. Xerxes, astonished that such a hand- 
ful of men should dare to oppose his pro- 
gress, ordered some of his soldiers to bring 
them alive into his presence, but for three 



XEH— XER 

successive days the most valiant of the Per- 
sian troops were repeatedly defeated in at- 
tempting- to execute the monarch's injunc- 
tions, and the courage of the Spartans might 
perhaps have triumphed longer, if a Tra- 
cliinian had not led a detachment to the top 
of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon 
the devoted Leonidas. The king himself 
nearly perished on this occasion, and it has 
been reported, that in the night, the despe- 
rate Spartans sought, for a whils, the royal 
tent, which they found deserted, and wander- 
ed through the Persian army, slaughtering 
thousands before them. The battle of Ther- 
mopylae was the beginning- of the disgrace 
of Xerxes: the more he advanced, it. was to 
experience new disappointments ; his fleet 
was defeated at Arte mi si tun and Salamis, 
and though he burnt the deserted city of 
Athens, and trusted to the artful insinuations 
of Themistocles, yet he found his millions 
unable to conquer a nation that was superior 
to him in the knowledge of war and mari- 
time affairs. Mortified with the ill success of 
his expedition, and apprehensive of immi- 
nent danger in an enemy's country, Xerxes 
hastened to Persia, and in 30 days he march- 
ed over all that territory which before he had 
passed with much pomp and parade in the 
space of six months. Mardonius, the best of 
his generals, was left behind with an army 
of 300,000 men, and the rest that had sur- 
vived the ravages of war, of famine, and 
pestilence, followed their timid monarch into 
Thrace, where his steps were marked by the 
numerous birds of prey tiiat hovered round 
him, and fed upon the dead carcasses of the 
Persians. When he reached the Helles- 
pont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats 
which he had erected there totally destroyed 
by the storms, and he crossed the streights 
ifi a small fishing-vessel. Restored to bis 
kingdom and safety, he forgot his dangers, 
bis losses, and his defeats, and gave himself 
up to riot and debauchery. His indolence 
and luxurious voluptuousness offended his 
subjects, and Artahanus the captain of his 
guards conspired against him, and murdered 
hinwin his bed, in the 2 1st year of his reign, 
about 4fi4 years before the Christian era. The 
personal accomplishments of Xerxes have 
been commended by ancient authors, and He- 
rodotus observes that there was not one man 
among the millions of his army, that was 
equal to the monarch in comeliness or sta- 
ture, or that was as worthy to preside over 
a great and extensive empire. The picture is 
finished, and the character of Xerxes com- 
pletely known, when we hear Justin exclaim, 
that the vast armament which invaded Greece 
was without a head. Xerxes has been cited 
as an instance of humanity. When he re- 
viewed his millions from a stately throne in 
the plains of Asia, he suddenly shed a torrent 
of tears on the recollection that the multi- 
tude of men he saw before his eyes, in one 
hundred years should be no more. His pride 
and insolence have been deservedly censured, 
lie ordered chains to be thrown into the sea, 
and the waves to be whipped because the 
first bridge he had laid across the Hellespont 
had been destroyed by a storm. He cut a 



XEU-ZAC 

channel through mount Athos, and saw his 
Reel sail in a place which before was dry 
ground. The very rivers were dried up by 
his army as he advanced towards Greece', 
and the cities which he entered reduced to 
want and poverty.— Her. ],c.]83.— Diod.U. 
Sir. 9.—JEI. 3, V. H. 25.—Jus. 2, c. Id, &c. 
—Pa. 3, C. 4, I. 8, c. 4Q.-L-UC. 2. v. 672.— 
Plu. in Them. &e.—Va. Ma.—Iso. Pan. 

—Sen. de Con. Sap. 4. If. succeeded 

his father Artaxerses Longimanus on the 
throne of Persia, 425 B. C., and was as- 
sassinated in the first year of his reign by his 

brother Sogdianus. A painter of Heraclea, 

who made a beautiful representation ofVenus. 

XEUXES, an officer of Antiochus the 
Great, king of Svria. 

XI LINE, a town of Colchis. 

XIPHONIA, a promontory of Sicily, at the 

north of Syracuse, now Cruce. — Str. 6. 

Also a town near it, now Augusta. 

XOIS, an island formed by the mouths of 
the Nile.— Sir. 17. 

XUTHIA, the ancient name of the plains 
of Leon ti urn in SicWx.—Diod. 5. 

XHTHIIS, a son "of Helen, grandson of 
Deucalion. He was banished from Thessaly 
by his brothers, and came to Athens, where 
he married Creusa, the daughter of king 
Erechtheus, by whom he had Achaeus and 
Ion. He retired after the death of his father- 
in-law into Achaia, where he died. Accord- 
ing to some, he had no children, but adopted 
Ion, the son whom Creusa, before her mar- 
riage, had borne to Apollo. — Apol. I, c. 7.- 
Pa. 7, c. I. — Eur. in Jon. 1, sc. 1. 

XYCHUS, a Macedonian who told Philip 
of his cruelty when he had put his son De- 
metrius to death, at the instigation of Perseus. 

XYLENO'POLIS, a town at the mouth of 
the Indus, built by Alexander, supposed to 
be La fieri.— PI. 6, c. 23. [15. 

XYLINE, a town of Pamphvlia.— Li. 3H, c. 

XYLO'POLIS, a town of Macedonia.— PI. 
4, c. 10. 

X YNIAS, a lake of Thessalv, or, according 
to some, of Bceotia.— Li. 32, c. 13, 1. 33, c, 3. 

XYNOICHIA, an anniversary day observed 
at Athens in honour of Minerva, and in com- 
memoration of the time in which the people 
of Attica left their country seats, and, by ad- 
vice of Theseus, ail united in one body." 



z.. 

ZABATUS, a river of Media, falling in.o 
the Tigris, near which the ten thousand Greeks 
stopped in their return.— Xen. 

ZABDICE'NE, a province of Persia. 

ZABIRNA, a town of Libya, where Bac- 
chus destroyed a large beast that infested the 
countrv, — Diod. 3. [the Tigris. 

ZAB'US, a river of Assyria, falling into 

ZAC YNTHDS, a native of Bceotia, who 
accompanied Hercules when he went into 
Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the 
expedition he was entrusted with the care 
of Geryon's flocks, by the hero, and ordered 
to conduct them to Thebes. As lie went on 
his journey lie was bit by a serpent, aiui 



729 



ZAD— ZAN 



7S0 



ZAR— ZEN 



some time after died. His companions 
carried liis body away, and buried it in an 
island of the Ionian sea, which from that 
time was called Zacynthns. The island of 
Zacynlbus, now called Zante, is situate at 
the south of Cephalenia, and at the west of 
the Peloponnesus. It is about 60 miles in 
circumference.— Li. 26, c. 24.— Pi. 4, c. 12. 
—Sir. 2 & 8.— Me. 2, c. l.—H. Od. 1, v. 246. 
I. 9, v. 24.— Ov. de A. a. 2, v. 432.— Pa. 4, 
c. 2%—V. JEn. 3, v. 270. A son of Darda- 

ZADRIS, a town of Colchis. Lnus.— Pa. 8. 

ZAGRyEUS, a son of Jupiter and Proser- 
pine, the same as the first Bacchus, of whom 
Cicero speaks. Some sav that Jupiter ob- 
tained Proserpine's favours in the form of a 
serpent in one of the caves of Sicily, where 
her mother had concealed her from" his pur- 
suits, and that from this union Za^raeus was 
born. [Media and Babylonia.— Str. II. 

ZAGRUS, a mountain on the routines of 

ZALATES, an effeminate youth brought to 
Rome from Armenia as au hostage, &c— 
T jtv. 20, v. 1G4. 

ZALEUCUS, a lawgiver of the Locrians 
in Italy, and one of the disciples of Pytha- 
goras 550 B. C. He was very humane, and 
at the same time very austere, anr) be at- 
tempted to enforce bis laws more by inspiring 
shame than dread. He had wisely decreed, 
that a person guilty of adultery should lost; 
both his eyes. His philosophy was called to 
a trial, when he was informed that his son 
was an adulterer. He ordered the law to be 
executed ; the people interfered, but Zaleu- 
cus resisted, and rather than violate his own 
institutions, he commanded one of his own 
eyes and one of those of his son to be put 
out. This made such an impre>sion upon 
the people, that while Zaleucus presided over 
the Locrians, no person was again found 
guiltv of aduiterv.— Va. Ma. I, c. 2, 1. 6, c. 
5.— CL de le. 2, c. 6.—^/. V. H. 2, c. 3, 7, 
1. 3, c. 17, 1. 13, c. 24 — Sir. 6. 

ZA.MA, or ZAGMA, a town of Numidia, 
300 miles from Carthage, celebrated for the 
victory which Scipio obtained there over the 
great Annibal, B. C, 202. Metellus besieged 
it, and was oblige;! to retire with great loss. 
After Juba's death it was destroved bv the 
Romans.— Hirt. Af. 91.— C. Nep'. in. An.— 
Liv. 30, c. S9.— Sal. de Jug. — Fl. 3, c. 1.— 

7. 3, v. 261.— Sifr. 17. A town of Cappa- 

docia.— — Of Mesopotamia. 

ZAMEIS, a debauched king of Assyria, 
son of Semiramis and Ninus, as some report. 
He reisrned 38 years. 

ZAMOLXIS, or ZALMOXIS, a slave and 
disciple of Pythagoras. He accompanied his 
master in Egypt, and afterwards retired into 
ti e country of the Getae, which had given 
him birth. He began to civilize his country- 
men, and the more easily to gain reputation, 
he concealed himself for three years in a 
subterraneous cave, and afterwards made 
them believe, that he was just rai-ed from 
the dead. Some place him before the age of 
Pythagoras. Afterdeath he received divine 
honours.— Diod.— Her. 4, c. 19, &c. 

ZANCLE, a town of Sicily, on the straits 
which separate that island "from Italy. It 
received its name from its appearing like 



a scythe, which was called " zanklon," Irj 
the language of the country, or as others say, 
because the scythe with which Saturn muti- 
lated his fathe'r fell there, or because, as 
Diodorus reports, a person named Zanclus 
either built it or exercised its sovereignty. 
Zancle fell into the hands of the Samians, 
497 years before the Christian era, and three 
years after it was recovered by Anaxilaus, 
the Messenian tyrant of Rhegium, who gave 
it the name of his native country, and called 
it Messana. It was founded, as most ehro- 
nologists support, about 1058 years before 
the Christian era, by the pirates of Cumae 
in Italy, and peopled by Samians, lonians, 
and Chalcidians.— Str. 6.— Diod. 4.— It. I, v. 
662.— Ov. F. 4, v. 4b9.— Me. 14, v. 6, 1. 15, V. 
290.— Pa. 4, C. 23. 

ZARAX, a town of Peloponnesus. 

ZARBIE'NUS, a petty monarch of Asia, 
who was gained to the interest of the Ro- 
mans by one of the orricers of Lucullus. Ti- 
granes'put him to death for his desertion, 
and his funeral was celebrated with great 
magnificence by the Roman general. — Plu. 
in Luc. 

ZARIASPES, a Per-ian who attempted to 

revolt from Alexander, be— Curt. 9,c. 10. 

A river, now Deli ash, on which Bactria, the 
capital of Baetriana, was built. It is called 
Bactrus by Curtius, 7, c. 4.— PI. 6, c. 15 & 16. 

ZATHES, a river of Armenia. [193. ; 

ZAUECES, a people of Libya.— Her. 4, c. 

ZEBl'NA, ALEXANDER, " an impostor 
who usurped the throne of Syria, at the in- 
stigation of Ptolemy PhyfCon. 

ZELA, or ZELIA, a town of Pontus near 
the river Lycus, where Ca;sar defeated Phar- 
naces, son of Mithridates. In expressing 
this victory, the general used the words, vtni, 

vidi, vici.'—Sur. Cees. 37. — Hirt. At. 72. 

A town of Troas at the foot of Ida. Ano- 
ther in Lycia. [Li. 31, c. 46. 

ZELASIUM, a promontory of Thessaly.— 

ZELES, a town of Spain. 

ZELUS, a daughter of Pallas. 

ZENO, a philosopher of Elia or Velia i" 
Italy, the disciple, or according to some, tl 
adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed 
inventor of dialectic. His opinions about the 
universe, the unity, incomprehensibility, and 
immutability of all things, were the' same 
as those of Xenophanes and the rest of the 
Elatic philosophers. It is said, that he at- 
tempted to deliver his country from the ty- 
ranny of Nearchus. His plot w'as discovered, 
and he was exposed to the most excrutiating 
torments to reveal the name of his accom- 
plices, but this he bore with unparalleled 
fortitude, and not to be at last conquered by- 
tortures, he cut oft his tongue with his teeth", 
and spititinto the face of the tyrant. Some say 
that he was pounded alive in" a mortar, and I 
that in the midst of his torments he called to 
Nearchus, as if to reveal something of im 
portance ; the tyrant approached him, and 
Zeno, as if willing to whisper to him, caught 
his ear with his teeth and hit it oft".— Ci. Tns. 
2, c. 22, de Nat. D. 3, c. 33.— Diog. in Frag. 

— Va. Ma. 3, c. 3.— Diog. 9. 1 he founder 

of the sect of the stoics, born at Citium, in 
the island of Cyprus. The first part of hi* 



ZEN— ZEN 7%l ■ ZEIS - ZEN 



life was spent in commercial pursuits, but he 
was soon called to more elevated employ- 
ments. As he was returning- from Phoenicia, 
% storm drove his ship on the coast of Attica, 
and he was shipwrecked near the Piraeus. 
This moment of calamity he regarded as the 
beginning- of his fame. He entered the house 
of a bookseller, and to dissipate his melan- 
choly reflections he began to read. The book 
was written by Xenophon, ana the merchant 
was so pleased and captivated by the elo- 
quence and beauties of the philosopher, that 
from that time he renounced the pursuits of 
a busy life, and applied himself to the study 
of philosophy. Ten years were spent in fre- 
quenting- the school of Crates, and the same 
number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Pole- 
mon. Perfect in every branch of knowledge, 
and improved from experience as well as 
observation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, 
and soon saw himself attended by the great, 
the learned, and the powerful. His followers 
were called Stoics, because they received 
the instructions of the philosopher in the 
portico called " stoa." He was so respected 
during- his life-time, that the Athenians pub- 
licly decreed him a brazen statue and a crown 
of g-old, and engraved their decree to give it 
more publicity on two columns in tiie aca- 
demy, and in the Lyceum. His life was an 
example of soberness and moderation, his 
manners were austere, and to his temperance 
and regularity he was indebted for the con- 
tinual flow of health which he always en- 
joyed. After he had taught publicly for 48 
years, he died in the t8th year of his age, 
B. C. 264, a stranger to diseases, and never 
incommoded by a real indisposition. He was 
buried in that part of the city called Cera- I 
micus, where the Athenians raised him a 
monument. The founder of the stoic philo- 
sophy shone before his followers as a pure 
example of imitation. Virtue he perceived 
to be the ultimate of his researches. He 
wished to live in the world as if nothing was 
properly his own ; he loved others, and his 
affections were extended even to his enemies. 
He felt a pleasure in being kind, benevolent, 
and attentive, and he found that these sen- 
timents of pleasure were reciprocal. He 
saw a connection and dependence in the sys- 
tem of the universe, and perceived that from 
thence arose the harmony of civil society, 
the tenderness of parents, and filial grati- 
tude, in the attainment of virtue the goods 
of the mind were to be preferred to those of 
the body, and when tnat point was once 
gained, nothing could equal our happiness 
a:id perfection ; and the stoic could view 
with indifference health or sickness, riches 
or poverty, pain and pleasure, wnicii could 
i^either nio\e nor influence the sereuitv of 
his mind. Zeno recommended resignation, 
he knew that the laws of the universe can- 
not be changed by man, and therefore he 
wished that his disciples should not in prayer 
deprecate impending calamities, but ratner 
beseech Providence to grant them fortitude 
to bear the severest trials with pleasure and 
due resignation to the will of Heaven. An 
arbitary command over the passions was one 
of the rules of stoicism, to assist our friends 



in the hour of calamitj was our duty, but to 
give way to childish "sensations was unbe- 
coming our nature. Pity, therefore, and 
anger, were to be banished from the heart, 
propriety and decorum were to be the guides 
in everything, and the external actions of 
men were the best indications of their in- 
ward feelings, their secret inclinations, and 
their character. It was the duty of the stoic 
to study himself; in the evening lie was en- 
joined to review with critical accuracy the 
events of the day, and to regulate his future 
conduct with more care, and always to find 
an impartial witness within his own breast. 
Such were the leading characters of the stoic 
philosophy, whose followers were so illustri- 
ous, so perfect, and so numerous, and whose 
effects were productive of such exemplary 
virtues in the annals of the human mind. 
Zeno in his maxims used to say, that with 
virtue men could live happy under the most 
pressing calamities. He said that nature had 
given us two ears, and only one month, to 
tell us that we ought to listen more than 
speak. He compared those whose actions 
were dissonant with their professions to the 
coin of Alexandria, which appeared beauti- 
ful to the eye, though made of the basest 
metals. He acknowledged only one God, 
the soul of the universe, which he conceived 
to be the body, and therefore he believed that 
those two together united, the soul and the 
body, formed one perfect animal, which was 
the god of the stoics. Amongst tiie most 
illustrious followers of his doctrine, and as 
the most respectable writers, may be men- 
tioned Epictetetis, Seneca, the emperor 
Antoninus, 6cc— Ci. Ac. 1, c. 12, de Nal. D. 
1, c. 14, J. 2, c. 8 Hi 24, 1. 3, c. 24, pro. Me. 
Sev.-Epic.—Arr.—JEl.F.H. 9,c. '2<5.—Dio?. 

An Epicurean philosopher of Sidon, who 

numbered among his pupils Cicero, Pom- 
ponius Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, &c— Ci. de 
Nal. D. l, c. 21 & 34. A rhetarician, fa- 
ther to Poiemon, who was made king of 
Pontus. The son of Poiemon, who was king 
of Armenia, was also called Zeno. — Str. 12. 

— Ta. An. 2, c. Sti. A native of Lepreos, 

son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olsmpic 
games, and honoured with a statue in the 
grove of Jupiter, and at Olympia.— Pa. 6, c. 
15. A general of Antiochus. A philoso- 
pher of Tarsus, B. C. 207. The name of 

Zeno was common to some of the Roman 
emperors, on the throne of Constantinople, 
in the 5th and 6th centuries. 

ZENOB1A, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rha- 
damistus. She accompanied her husband 
w hen he was banished from his kingdom by 
the Armenians, but as she was unable to 
follow him on account of her pregnancy, she 
entreated him to murder her. tthadaniistus 
long hesitated, but fearful of her falling into 
the hands of his enemy, he obeyed, and threw 
her body into the Araxes. Her clothes Kept 
her up on the surface of the water, where 
she was lound by some shepherds, and as the 
wound was not mortal, her life was preserv- 
ed, and she was carried to Tiridates, w ho 
acknowledged her as queen.— Ta. An. 12, 

c. 51. SEPTIMIA, a celebrated princ-ei-a 

of Palm" raj who married Odenatus, wba 



ZEN-ZEN 



ZEN— ZET 



Galfiehite acknowledged as his partner on the 
Roman throne. After the death of her hus- 
band, which, according to some authors, she 
is ? aid to have hastened, Zenobia reigned in 
(lie east as regent of her infant children, 
who were honoured with the title of Caesars. 
She assumed the name of Augusta, and she 
appeared in imperial robes, and or dered her- 
self to be styled the queen of the east. The 
troubles which at tiiat time agitated, the 
western parts of the empire, prevented the 
emperor from checking the insolence and 
ambition of this princess, who boa>ted to be 
sprung from the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aure- 
lian was no sooner invested with the imperial 
purple than he marched into the east, deter- 
mined to punish the pride of Zenobia. He 
well knew her valour, and he was not igno- 
rant that in her wars against the Persians, 
she had distinguished herself no less than 
Odenatus. She w as the rni>tress of the east ; 
Es-ypt acknowledged her power, and all the 
provinces of Asia Minor were subject to her 
command. When Anrelian approached the 
plains of Syria, the Palmyrean queen appear- 
ed at the head of 700, ooo men. She bore the 
labours of the field like the meanest of her 
soldiers, and walked on foot fearless of 
danger. Two battles were fought, the con- 
rage of the queen sained the superiority, 
but an imprudent evolution of the Palmyrean 
cavalry ruined her cause; and while they 
pursued with spirit the flying enemy, the 
Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main 
body of Zenobia's army, and the defeat was 
inevitable. The queen fled to Palmyra, de- 
termined to support a siege. Aurelian fol- 
lowed her, and after he had almost exhaust- 
ed his stores, he proposed terms of accom- 
modation, which were rejected With disdain 
by the warlike princess. Her hopes of vic- 
tory however soon vanished, and though she 
harassed the Romans night and day by con- 
tinual sallies from her walls, and the work- 
ing of her military engines, she despaired of 
success when she heard that the armies 
which were marching to her relief from Ar- 
menia, Persia, and the east, had partly been 
defeated and partly bribed from her allegi- 
ance. She fled fro'm Palmyra in the night, 
but Aureiian, who was apprized of her 
escape, pursued her, and she was caught as 
she was crossing the river Euphrates. She 
was brought into the presence of Aurelian, 
and though the soldiers were clamorous for 
her death, she was reserved to adorn the tri- 
umph or the conqueror. She was treated 
with great humanity, and Aurelian gave her 
large possessions near Tibur, where she was 
permitted to live the rest of tier days in 
peace, with all the grandeur and majesty 
which became a queen of the east, and a 
warlike princess. Her children were pa- 
tronized by the emperor, and married to 
persons ot the first distinction at Rome. 
Zenobia has been admired not only for her 
military abilities, but also for her literary 
talents. She was acquainted with every 
branch of useful learning, and spoke with 
fluency the language of the Egyptians, the 
Greeks, and the Latins. She composed an 
abridgment of the history of the oriental 



nations, and of Egypt, which was greatly 
commended by the ancients. She received no 
less honour from the patronage she afforded 
to the celebrated Longinus, who was one of 
her favourites, and who taught her the 
Greek tongue. She has also been { raised 
for her great cha-tity, and her constancy, 
though she betrayed "too often her propen- 
sities to cruelty and intoxication when in 
the midst of her officers. She fell into the 
hands of Aureiian about the 273d year of the 
christian era.— Anr. Vic.—Zos.— — A town 
of Syria on the Euphrates. 

ZENOBIF INSULA, small islands at the 
mouth of the Arabian gulf. 

ZENODO'RUS, a sculptor in the age of 
Nero. He made a statue of Mercury, as 
also a colossus for the emperor, which was 
HO or 120 feet high, and which was conse- 
crated to the sun. The head of this colossus 
was some time after broken by Vespasian, 
w ho placed there the head of an Apollo sur- 
rounded with seven beams, each of which 
was seven feet and a half long. From this 
famous colossus the modern coliseum, w hose 
ruins are now so much admired at Rome, 
took its name.— PL 34, c. 7. 

ZENODOT1A, a town of Mesopotamia, 
near Nicephorium. 

ZENODO'TDS, a native of Troezene, who 
wrote an history of (Jmbria. —Dio. H. 2. y 

A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age 

of Ptolemy Soter, by wnom he was appoint- 
ed to take care of the celebrated library of 
Alexandria. He died B. C. 245. [17, c. 30. 

ZENOTH EM IS, a Greek writer.— jLI.V.H. [ 

ZEPHYRIUM, a promontory of Magna f 
Graecia towards the Ionian sea, whence, ac- 
cording to some, the Locrians are called Epi- 

zephyrii. A town of Ciiicia.— Li. 33, c. 20. 

A cape of Crete, now San Zuane. i 

Of Pontus, Sec. 

ZEPH'VRUM, a promontory in the island 
of Cyprus, where Venus had a temple built t 
by Ptolemy Phiiadelphus, whence she was l 
called Zephyria. It was iu this temple that f 
Arsinoe maiie an offering of her hair to the V 
goddess of beauty. 

ZEPH'VRUS, one of the winds, son of As- j 
treus and Aurora, the same as the Favonius B 
of the Latins. He married a nymph called it 
Chloris, or Flora, by whom he had a son , 
called Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce \ 
flowers and fruits by the sweetness of his 
breath. He had a temple at Athens, where 
he was represented as a young man of deli- (- 
cate form, with two wings on his shoulders, 
and with his head covered with all sorts of 
flowers. He was supposed to be the same as d 
the west wind.— Hes. 'J h. 377.— V. HLn. 1, v. i 
135.— Ov. Me. 1, v. 64.— Prop. ', el. 16, v. 34. 

ZERYNTHUS, atown of Samothrace, with J 
a cave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of Ze- % 
rynthhts is applied to Apollo, and also to Ve- 
nus. -Ov. TH. 1, el. 9, v. \9.~Li. 38,C. 41. 

ZETH ES, ZE I ES, or ZETUS, a son of Bo- ' 
reas, king of Thrace and Orithya, who ac- 
companied, with his brother Calais, the Ar- 
gonauts to Colchis. In Bythynia, the two 
brothers, who are represented with wings, 
delivered Phineus from the continual perse- I 
cution of the Harpy es, and ''rove these nion- 



ZET— ZEU 



733 



ZEU-ZOI 



liters as far as the islands called Strophades, 
where at last they were stopped by Iris, who 

Eromised them that Phineus should no longer 
e tormented by them. They were both kill- 
ed, as some, say, by Hercules during the Ar- 
gouautic expedition, and were changed into 
those winds which generally blow eight or 
ten days before the dog-star appears, and 
are cailed f'rodromi by the Greeks. Their 
sister Cleopatra married Phineus king of 
Bilhynia.— Orp, Arg.—Apol. t, c. 9.-Hyg: 
f. 14.— Ov. Me. 8, v. 716.— I'as. 3, c. 18.— 
Va. Flac. 

ZETTA, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, 
now Zerbi.—Str. M.—Hirt. Afr. 68. 

ZETUS, or ZETHUS, a son of Jupiter and 
Antiope, brother to Amphion. The two bro- 
thers were born on mount Cithseron, where 
Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of 
her father Nycteus. When they had attained 
the years of "manhood, they collected a num- 
ber of their friends to avenge the injuries 
which their mother had suffered from Lycus, 
the successor of Nycteus on the throne of 
Thebes, and his wife Dirce. Lycus was put 
to death, and his wife tied to the tale of a 
wild bull, that dragged her over rocks and 
precipices till she died. The crown of 
Thebes was seized by the two brothers, not 
only as the reward of this victory, but as 
their inheritance, and Zethus surrounded the 
capital of his dominions with a strong wall, 
while his brother amused himself with play- 
ing on his lyre. Music and verses were dis- 
agreeable to Zethus, and according to some, 
he prevailed upon his brother no longer to 
pursue so unproducth e a study.— Hyg. fa. 7. 
— Pa. Q,c.6.—Apoi. 3,e.5.—HorA,epA8,\.4\. 

ZEUGIS, a portion of Africa, in which 
Carthage was. The other division was called 
Byzacium. — hid. 14, b.— PL. 5, c. 4. 

ZEUGMA, a town of Mesopotamia, on the 
western bank of the Euphrates, where was a 
well-known passage across the river. It was 
the eastern boundary of the Roman empire, 
and in Pliny's age a chain of iron was said 
to extend across it.— PL. 5, c. 24.— Str. 16. 

—Curt. 3, c.l.—Ta. An. 12, c. 12. A town 

of Dacia. 

ZEUS,a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, 
expressive of his being the father of man- 
kind, and by whom all things live.— Diod. 5. 

ZEUXID'AMUS, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidae. He was father of 
Archidamus, and grandson of 1 heopompus, 
and was succeeded by his son Archidamus. 
— Pa. 3, c. 7. 

ZEUXIDAS, a praetor of the Achaean 
league, deposed because he had proposed 
to his couDtrymen an alliance with the Ro- 
mans. 

ZEUXIPPE, a daughter of Eridanus, mo- 
ther of Butes, one of the Argonauts, &c. — 

Apol. 3, c. 15. A daughter o'f Laomedon. 

She married Sicyon, who after his father-,in- 
law's death became king of that city of Pe- 
loponnesus, which from him has been call- 
ed S'cvon.— Pa. 2, c. 6. 

ZEUXlS, a celebrated painter, bom at 
Heraclwa, which some suppose to be the He- 
ra:lea of Sicily. He flourished about 468 
♦ran, before the christian era, and was the 



disciple of Apollodorus, and contemporary 
with Parrhasius. In the art of painting he 
not only surpassed all his contemporaries^ 
but also his master, and became so sensible^ 
and at the same time so proud of the value 
of his pieces that he refused to sell them, 
observing that no sum of money, however 
great, was sufficient to buy them! His most 
celebrated paintings were his Jupiter, sitting 
on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his 
Hercules strangling the serpents in the pre- 
sence of his affrighted parents; his modest 
Penelope; and his Helen, which was after- 
wards placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, 
in Italy. This last piece he had painted at 
the request of the people of Crotona, and 
that he might not be without a model, they 
sent him the most beautiful of their virgins. 
Zeuxis examined their naked beauties, and 
retained five, from whose elegance and 
graces united, he conceived in his mind the 
form of the most perfect woman in the uni- 
verse, which his pencil at last executed with 
wonderful success. His contest with Par- 
rhasius is well known ; [Vide Parrhasius.] 
but though he represented nature in such 
perfection, and copied all her beauties with 
such exactness, he often found himself de- 
ceived. He painted grapes, and formed an 
idea of the goodness of his piece from the 
birds which came to eat the fruit on the 
canvass. But he soon acknowledged that 
the whole was an ill-executed piece, as the 
figure of the man who carried the grapes 
was not done with sufficient expression to 
terrify the birds. According to some, Zeux- 
is died from laughing at a comical picture 
he had made of an old w oman.— Ci.de Inv. 
2, c. 1.— Plu. in Pur.—Quin. 
ZEUXO, one of the Oceanides.— Hes. 
ZILIA, or ZELIS, a town in Mauritania, 
at the mouth of a river of the same name. 
-PL 5, c. l. 

ZIMARA, a town of Armenia Minor, ]2 
miles fromthe sources of Euphrates. Pl.o,c. 2 1. 

ZINGIS, a promontory of .■Ethiopia, near 
the entrance of the Red Sea, now cape Orfui. 

ZIO'BERIS, a river of Hyrcania, whose 
rapid course is described by Curt. 6, c. 4. 

ZIPvETES, a king of Bithynia, who died 
in his 70th year, B. C. 279. 
ZITHA, a town of Mesopotamia. 
Z1ZA, a town of Arabia. 
ZO'ILUS, a sophist and grammarian of 
Amphipolis, B. C. 259. He rendered himself 
known by his severe criticisms on the works 
of Isocrates and Plato, and the poems of 
Homer, for which he received the name of 
Homer omastic, or the chastiser of Homer. 
He presented his criticisms to Ptolemy Phi- 
ladelphtis, but they were rejected with in- 
dignation, though the author declared that 
he starved for want of bread. Some say, 
that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or 
exposed on a cross by order of Ptolemy, 
while others support, that he was burnt alive 
at Smyrna. The name of Zoilus is generally 
applied to austere critics. The works of this 
unfortunate grammarian are lost.— JEl. V. 
H. M, c. 10.— Dio. H.-Ov. de Rem. Ant. 

266 An officer in the armv of Alexander. 

ZOIPPUS, a son-in-law of Hiero of Sicily. 
3 R 



ZOX— ZOR 



734 



ZOS— ZYG 



ZONA, a town of Africa.— Bio. 48. Of 

Tiirace on the iEgean sea, where the woods 
are said to have followed the strains of Or- 
pheus.— Me. 2, c. 2.— Her. 

ZON'ARAS,one of theByzantine historians. 

ZO'PYRIO, one of Alexander's officers 
left in Greece when the conqueror was in 
Asia, &c.-Cnrt. 10, c. 1. 

ZOPYRTON, a governor of Pontus, who 
made war against Scythia, &c. — Jus. 2, c. 3. 

ZOP'YRUS, a Persian, son of iVlegabyzus, 
who, to show his attachment to Darius", the 
son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, 
cut off his ears and nose, and fled to the 
enemy, telling them that he had received 
such a treatment from his royal master be- 
cause he had advised him to raise the siejje, 
as the city was impregnable. This was cre- 
dited by the Babylonians, and Zopirus was 
appointed commander of all their forces, 
when he had totally gained their confidence, 
he betrayed thecity'into the hands of Darius, 
for which he was 'liberally rewarded. The 
regard of Darius for Zop'yrus could never 
be more strongly expressed than in what he 
used often to say, that he had rather have 
Zopyrus not mutilated thnu twenty Baby Ions. 
Her. 3, c. 154, \c.—Plu. in Apop. reg. 3. 

— Jus. 1, c. 10. An orator of Clazomenae. 

— Quin. 3, c. 6. A physician in the age of 

Mithridates. He gave the monarch a descrip- 
tion of an antidote which would prevail 
against all sorts of poisons. The experiment 
was tried upon criminals, and succeeded. 

A physician in the age of Plutarch. 

An officer of Argos, who cut off the head of 

Pyrrhus.— Plu. A man appointed master 

of Alcibiades, by Pericles.— Pin. A physi- 
ognomist. — Ci. de sat. 5. A rhetorician 

of Colophon. — Diog. 

ZOROANDA, a part of Taurus between 
Mesopotamia and Armenia, near which the 
Tigris flows.— PI. 6, c 27. 

ZOROASTER, a king of Bactria, supposed 
to have lived in the age of Ninus king of As- 
syria, some time before the Trojan wax. Ac- 
cording to Justin, he first invented magic, 
or the doctrines of the Magi, and rendered 
himself known by his deep and acute re- 
searches in philosophy, the origin of the 
world, and the study of astronomy. He was 
respected by his subjects and contemporaries 
for his abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, 
and a philosopher, and though many of his 
doctrines are puerile and ridiculous,' yet his 
followers are still found in numbers" in the 
wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces 
of India. Like Pythagoras, Zoroaster ad- 
mitted no visible object of devotion, except 
fire, which he considered as the most proper 
emblem of a supreme being ; which doctrines 
teem to have been preserved by Nunia, in 



the worship and ceremonies he instituted in 
honour of Vesta. According to some of the 
moderns, the doctrines, the laws, aud regu- 
lations of this celebrated Bactrian are still 
extant, and they have been lately introduced 
in Europe in a French translation by M. An- 
quetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little 
known, that many speak of two, three, four, 
and even six lawgivers of that name. Some 
authors, who support that two persons only 
of this name flourished, describe the first as 
an astronomer, living in Babylon, 2459 years 
B. C, whilst the era of the* other, who is 
supposed to have been a native of Persia, 
and the restorer of the religion of the Magi, 
is fixed 589, and by some, 519 years B. C. — 
Jus. 1, c. 1.— Aug', de Ci. 21," c. 14.— Oros. 
I.— PI. 7, c. 10, 1. 30, c. 1. 

ZOS'IMUS, an officer in the reign of Theo- 
dosius the yountrer, about the vear 410 of the 
Christian era. He wrote the 'history of the 
Roman emperors in Greek, from the age of 
Augustus to the beginning of the 5th century, 
of which only the tir>t live books, and the 
beginning of the sixth, are extant. In the 
first of these he is very succinct in Ids ac- 
count from the time of Augustus to the reign 
of Diocletian, but in the succeeding he be- 
comes more diffuse and interesting. His 
composition is written with elegance, but 
not mucn fidelity, and the author showed his 
malevolence against the Christians in ids 
history of Constautine, and some of his suc- 
cessors. 

ZoSINE, the wife of king Tigranes, led in 
triumph by Pompey. — Plu. 

ZOSTER, a town, harbour, and promon- 
tory of Attica. — Ci. ad At. 5, ep. 12. 

ZOSTERIA, a surname of Minerva. She 
had two statues under that name in the city 
of Thebes, in Bceotia. The word signified 
girt, or armed for battle, words synonimous 
among the ancients. — Pa. 9, c. 17. — Horn. 
It. 2, V. 478, I. 11, V. 15. 

ZO TALE, a place near Antiochia in Mar- 
giana, where the Margus was divided into 
small streams. — PI. 6, c. 16. 

ZOTHRACS TES f a lawgiver among the 
Arimaspi.— Biod. 

ZU-CH1S, a lake to the east of the Syrtis 
Minor, with a town of the same name, fa- 
mous for a purple dye, and salt fish. — Sir. 17. 

Z VGA .VIES, a people of Africa. 

ZYGIA, a surname of Juno, because she 
presided over marriage, a "zengnumi n jungo. 
She is the same as the Pronuba of the Latins. 
— Pind.—Pol. 3, c. 3. 

ZYGI1, a savage nation at the north of 
Colchis.— Str. II. 

ZYGOP'OLIS, a town of Cappadocia, on 
the borders of Colchis — Str. 12. 

ZYGRlTiE, a nation of Libya. 



73b 



TABLES OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



Grecian Measures of Length reduced to 



Dactyhis or digit 
4 Doron 



2\ Lie-has 

lio Orthodoron 



3 

4 

4i 

5 

6 

24 



9600 2400 
76600 19200 7 



in 
5tt 
1i 7 t 

2ft 

872£ 



Spithame 
Ih Foot 



1 

If 

2 

8 

800 
6400 



1£ Cubit 

H U Pygon . 
1^ lfi H Larger Cubit 
6* 54 4 4 4" Pace 
600 533|l480 ' 400)100 Stadium 100 4 4 
4800 4266§ l 3840 3200j300,8 Million 805 5 



Eng. pace. ft. in 

3 
7 
8 
9 
1 
1 1 
1 3 
1 6 
6 



dec. xx 
7554T6 
0218 i 
5546 | 
3101ft 
0656£ 
0875 
5984f 

109| 
13125 

525 

5 



Digitus transversus 
li Uncia 



Roman Measures of Length reduced to 

Eng. 



4 
10 
20 
24 
40 
80 
10000 



12 
15 
16 

30 
60 
7500. 



3 Palmus minor 
4 Pes 

I3 Palmipes 

H Cubitus 
2 I HGradus 
4 3^, 2 Passus 
500 4161 250; 125 Stadium 
4000 |3333||2000|l000;8 Miliiare 



2500 625 



80000 !60000|20000 5000 



pace. ft. 


in. 


dec. 








72oi 








967 





2 


901 





11 


604 


1 


2 


505 


1 


5 


406 


2 


5 


01 


4 


10 


02 


120 4 


4 


5 


967 








The Grecian square measures were the plethro?i, or acre, containing 1,444, as 
some say, or as others report 10,000, square feet ; the aroura, which was 
half the jtlethron. The aroura of the Egyptians was the square of 100 cubits. 
The Roman square measure was the jugerum, which, like their libra and 
their as, was divided into twelve parts, called uncios, as the following table 
shows : — 



ljAs, or 

Deunx 
i Dextans 
\ Dodrans 
§ Bes . 
& Septunx 
\ Semis 
^ 2 Quincunx 
3 Triens 
I Quadrans 
£ Sextans . 

I U ncia . 



Unci(E. 


Sqre. 


Scru- 


Eng. 


Square 


Square 


feet. 


ples . 


roods. 


poles. 


feet. 


. 12 


28800 


288 


2 


18 


250,05 


. 11 


26400 


264 


2 


10 


183,85 


. 10 


24000 


240 


2 


2 


117,64 


. 9 


21600 


216 




34 


5 j, 42 


8 


19200 


192 


1 


25 


257,46 
191,25 


7 


16800 


168 


1 


17 


. 6 


14400 


144 




9 


125,03 


. 5 


12000 


120 


1 


1 


58,82 


. 4 


9600 


96 





32 


264,85 


. 3 


7200 


72 





24 


198,64 


2 


4800 


48 





16 


132,43 


! 1 


400 


24 





8 


66,21 



N.B.— The Actus Major 
was 1-4,400 square feet, 
equal to a Semis. The 
Clima was 3,600 square 
feet, equal to a Sescimcia, 
or an Uncia and a halt, 
and the Actus Minimus 
was equal to a Sextans. 

The rtoman As or 1E$ 
was called so because it 
was made of brass. 



736 TABLES OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



Attic Measures of Capacity for things Liquid, reduced to the English Wine 
Measure. 



Cochlearion 
2 Cheme 



gals. pts. sol. in. dec. 



2£ 


It 


Mystron . 


5 




2 Conshe 


10 




4 


2 


15 


n 

30 


6 


3 


60 


24 


12 


120 


60 


48 


24 


720 


360 


388 


144 


8640 


4320 


3456 


1728 



2 Cyathus 

H Oxybapbon . 
6~ 4 Cotyle 
12 j 8 I 2 Xestes 
72 ' 48 12 I 6 Chous 
864 576 I 144 I 72 I 12 Mecretes 












10 



0356$ 
0712 s 
' 089\|r 
178'} 
356 il 
5351 
141* 
283 " 
698 
626 



Roman Measures of Capacity for things Liquid, reduced to English Wine 
Measure. 



Ligula 

4 Cyathus 
H 



12 
24 
48 
288 
1152 
2304 
46080 



3 
6 
12 
72 
288 
576 
11520 



Acetabulum . 
2 Quartarius 



4 

8 
48 
192 
384 
7680 



2 Hemina 



4 
24 
96 
192 
3840 



2 
12 
48 
96 
190 



Sextarius 
6 Congius 

24 I 4 Urna . . 3 

48 8(2 Amphora . 7 
96 I 160 '40 I 20 Culeus 143 



gals. pis. sol.in, dec 

469§ 
704* 
409 
818 

636 

942 
"33 
G6 
095 



N. B. — The quadrantal is the same as the amphora. The cadus, congiarius, anil dolium, 
denote no certain measure. The Romans divided the sextarius, like the libra, into twelve 
equal parts, called cyalhi, and therefore their calices were called sextantes, quadrunles, 
Irientes, &c, according- to the number of cyalhi which they contained. 



Attic Measures of Capacity for things Dry reduced to English Corn 
Measure. 



Cochlearcon .... 
1 Cyathus .... 
15 1 I2 Oxhybaphou 
60 6 4 Cotyle 
120 12 8 2 Xestes . 
180 I 18 12 3 1 lh Cheenix 
8640 864 576 144 I 72 | 48 Medimnus 

N. B. — Besides this medimnus, which is the medicus, 
equal to six Roman modh. 



pecks 9 gals. pts. sol.in. 
.0 



dec 
276& 
763 ft 
144| 
579 
158 
705$ 
501 



there was a medimnus georgicus, 



Roman Measures of Capacity for things Dry, reduced to English Corn 
Measure. 

Ligula 

4 Cyathus 



6 
24 
48 
384 
768 



U Acetabulum 
6 I 4 Hemina 
12 8|2 Sextarius 
96 j 64 16 I 8 Semimodius 
192 I 128 I 32 I 16 I 2 Modius 



peek 


gal. pts. 


si. in. 


dec. 













01 


. 










04 


. 





t 

1 





06 


. 








24 


. 





1 





48 


. 







3 


84 


. 1 








7 


68 



TABLES OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



737 



TJie most ancient Grecian Weights reduced to English Troy Weight. 

lb. oz. dwt.gr.deem 

Drachma . . . . . . 6 2 %h 

100 Mina . . . . ..1104^ 

6000 | 60 Talentum . . . . . 65 12 5 & 



Less Ancient Grecian and Roman Weights reduced to English Troy Weight. 

lb. oz. dtvi.grs.dec. 

Lentes . . . . . .0 m 

4 Siliquse . . . . . 3 f 



12 
24 
72 
96 
144 
192 
576 
6912 



3 Obolus . . . . . 9 



6 
18 
24 
36 
48 
144 
1728 



2 Scriptulum . . . 18 

6 3 Drachma . . .0 2 6 

8 .4 li Sextula . . .0 3 

12 6 2 
16 8 2§ 



576 



24 

288 



U Sicilius . . 4 13 f 



2 I H Duella . .0 6 1 

6 41 3 Unica . 18 5 

72 48 I 36 I 12 Libra . 10 18 13 



N.B. — The Roman ounce is the English avoirdupois ounce, which was anciently divided intr 
seven denarii, and eight drachmee ; and as they reckoned the denarius equal to an Attic drachma, 
the Attic weights were one-eighth heavier than the correspondent weights among the Romans 

The Greeks divided their obalus into chalci and smaller proportions ; some into six chalci t 
and every chalcus into seven smaller parts; and others divided it into eight chalci, and each 
chalcus into eight parts. 

4> 

The greater Weights reduced to English Troy Weight. 

Ib.oz. dwt. grs. 

Libra . . . . . . 10 18 13 f 

Wi Mina Attica communis . . . 11 7 16| 

H| 1 5 7 5 Mina Attica medica . . . . 1 2 11 10 f 

62 1 | 60 | 46| Talentum Atticum commune . . 56 11 \7 \ 

N.8.— There was also another Attic talent, which consisted of 80, or, according to som", ol 
100 mince. It must however be remembered, that every mind contains 100 drachma, and every 
talent 60 mince. The talents differ according to the different standard of their mince and 
drachmce, as the following table indicates :— 

lb. oz. diot.gr 

The Mina .Egyptiaca ) Consists ( 133^) Equivalent ) 1 5 6 22$ 

Antiachica (of Attic ) 133£ ( to Eng- ( 1 5 6 22$ 

Cleopatra Ptolemaica fdrach- i 144 ( lish troy f 1 6 14 16f| 

Alexandrina Dioscoridis ) mse ( 160 ) weight. J 1 8 16 7«£ 

The Talentum iEgyptiacum 1 f 80 "] ~| 86 8 16 8 

Antiochicum ! Pntl . afa I 80 | Equivalent I 86 8 16 8 

Ptolemaicum Cleop. I ? A l\. j 86g ' to Eng- ! 93 11 11 

■ Alexandria* ^ot Attic < g6 j> Ush trQy ;> J04 19 ]4 

• Insulanum j mm8S * | 120 weight. 130 1 4 12 
Antiochise ' [360 J J 390 3 13 11 



Tlie Value and Propi tion of the Roman Coins. 

£. s. d. 

Terentius . . . . . . nfai 

2 Sembella . . „ . . . 1 & 

4 2 Libella, or As . . . . .0 3 ^ 

10 5 I 2£ Sestertius . . . ..90133 

20 10 5 12 Quinarius, or Victoriatus . . 3 3 | 

40 20 • 10 I 4 | 2 Denarius . . .. 7 3 



733 



ABLES OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



The Value and Proportion of the Grecian Coins. 



Lepton 





















X 71?. 
U ;uoo 


7 


Chalcus 



















w, 


14 


2 Dichalcus 

















1 fa 


28 


4 


o 


Hemibolus 













2 5 


56 


8 


4 


2 


Obolus . 










1 


i» 


112 


16 


8 


4 


2 


Diobolus . . . . 








2 




224 


32 


16 


8 


4 


2 Tetrobolus 








5 





336 


48 


24 


12 


6 


3 


14 Drachma - . . 








7 


3 


062 


96 


48 


24 


12 


6 


3 1 2 Didrachmon 





1 


3 


2 


1324 


112 


96 


48 


24 


12 


6 4 12 Tetradrachmon Stater . 





2 


7 





1660 


384 


120 


60 


30 


15 


7^1 5 I 2£ 1 1£ Pentadrachmon . 





3 


2 


3 



N.B. — The drachma, and the didrachmon, were silver, the others generally of brass. The 
tridruchmon, trioboLus, &c, were sometimes coined. The drachma and the denarius are 
here supposed to be equal, though often the former exceeded in weight. 

The gold coin among the Greeks was the stater aureus, which weighed two Attic 1. s. d, 
drachma; or half the stater argenteus, and was worth 25 Attic dachnice, of silver, or 
in English money . . . . . . . 16 l| 

Or according to "the proportion of gold to silver, at present . . ..109 

The Staler Cyzicenus exchanged for 28 Attic drachma, or . .0181 

The Stater Phitippi and Slater Alexandri were of the same value. 

The Staler Daricus, according to Josephus, was worth 50 Attic drachma, or . 1 12 3Jj 
The Staler Crasi was of the same value. 



The Computation of Money among the < 
£. s. d. q. 

1 Drachmae . .0 7 3 

10 Drachmae . . .0 6 5 2 

100 Drachmae equal to a Mina 3 4 7 
10 Minaa . . . 32 5 10 



Greeks icas by Drachma, as follows: 

£. s. d. 

60 Minse equal to a talent 193 15 

10 Talents . . 1937 10 

100 Talents • . 19375 



Among the Romans, the Computation was by Sestertii Nummi, as — 



A Sestersius . 
10 Sestertii 



Sestertium 
10 Sestertia 
100 Sestertia 



. 807 



1000 Sestertii equal to one ) Q , K 

Spcfert^nrr. (OLD 



£. s. d. g. 

1000 Sestertia or decies Ses- 
tertium (centies und.) or 
decies * centena millia 
nummum . . 8072 18 4 

Centies vel centies H. S. 80729 3 4 
Millies H. S. . . 807291 13 4 

Millies centies H. S. . 888020 16 8 



Mina Syra 

Ptolemaica 

Antiochica 

Euboica 

Babylonica 

Attica major 

■ Tyria 

■ ■ iEgmaea 

— -— Rhodia 



I Was worth, 
)> of Attic 
drachmae 



25 

33| 
100 
100 
<< 116 
133* 
133^ 
166^ 
L166| 



Talentum Syrum 

Ptolemaicum 

Antiochicum 

Euboicum 

Babylonicum 

Atticum majus 

Tyrium 

JEginseum 

Rhodium 

iEgyptium 



r 

Was 
worth, 
J> of < 
Attic 
mines 



15 
20 
60 
60 
70 
80 
80 
100 
100 
L180 



TABLES OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



739 



The value of Coin underwent many changes during the existence of ihz 
Roman republic, and stood, as Pliny mentions it, as follows : 



A. U. C. 547, a scruple of gold was worth 20 sestertii ; coined afterwards 
of the pound of gold, 20 denarii aurei j and in Nero's reign, of the 
pound of gold, 45 denarii aurei. 



In the above tables of money, it is to be observed, that the silver has been 
reckoned at 5s., and the gold at 41., per ounce. 

A talent of gold among the Jews was worth 5475/., and one of silver 3421. Ss. 9d. 

The greater talent of the Romans was worth 99/. 6s. &d., and the less 60/., or 
as some say, 75/., and the great talent 1125/. 

The value of the Roman pondo is not precisely known, though some suppose 
it equivalent to an Attic mina, or 31. 4s. Id. It is used indifferently by ancient 
authors for ces, as, and mina, and was supposed to consist of 100 or 96 denarii. 
It is to be observed, that whenever the word pondo is joined to numbers, it 
signifies the same as libra ; but when it is used with other words, it bears the 
same signification as the " stathme " or "olke" of the Greeks, or the pondus of the 
Latins. The word nummus, when mentioned as a sum of money, was supposed 
to be equivalent to a sestertius ; and though the words sestertius and nummus 
are often joined together, yet their signification is the same, and they intimate 
no more than either does separately. 

We must particularly remark, that in reckoning their sesterces, the Romans 
had an art which can be rendered intelligible by the observation of these rules : 
if a numeral noun agreed in case, gender, and number, with the word sestertius, 
it denoted precisely as many sestertii— as, for example, decern sestertii was ten 
sestertii. If a numeral noun of another case was joined with the genitive plural 
of sestertius, it denoted so many thousand — as, decern sestertium, signified so 
many thousand sestertii. If the adverb numeral was joined, it denoted so 
many hundred thousand — as, decies sestertium was ten hundred thousand 
sestertii. If the numeral adverb was put by itself, the signification was not 
altered— therefore, decies, vigesies, &c, in a sentence, imply as many hundred 
thousand sestertii, or hundred sestertia, as if the word sestertium was 
expressed. 

The denarius, which was the chief silver coin used at Rome, received its 
name because it contained denos ceris, ten asses. 

The as is often expressed by an L., because it was one pound weight ; and the 
sestertius, because it was equivalent to two pound and a half of brass, is fre- 
quently denoted by H. S., or by L. L. S. 

The Roman libra contained twelve ounces of silver, and was worth about 
8/. sterling. 

The Roman talent was supposed to be equivalent to twenty-four sestertia, cr 
nearly 193/. sterling. 



In the reign of Servius . 




A. U. C. 400 
A. U. C. 537 
A. U. C. 586 



A. U. C. 485 
A. U. C. 537 



THE EN'D. 



028 023 017 



